Journal articles on the topic 'Swine – Fetuses'
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1
Polaček, Vladimir, Biljana Đurđević, Tamaš Petrović, Jasna Prodanov-Radulović, Milena Samojlović, Ivana Vučićević, and Sanja Kovačević-Aleksić. "CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS DETECTION IN FETAL SWINE TISSUES BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 13, no. 1 (August 10, 2020): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v13i1.235.
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The classical swine fever virus has the ability to cross the placental barrier, resulting in the infection of fetuses, which may consequently lead to persistent infection in piglets. The aim of this study was to report the lesions in fetuses naturally infected with CSFV during late gestation and clarify the nature of infected cells and the distribution of viral antigen in different tissues. A total of twenty-nine fetuses aged 82, 83 and 95 gestational days originating from three naturally CSFV infected sows were examined in this study. In all tested sows and their fetuses CSFV was detected using RT-PCR method. Immunohistochemistry method was used to detect viral antigen and monoclonal antibody WH303 was used on formalin fixed tissue samples of brain, spleen, heart, tonsils, kidney, ileocecal valve and umbilical cord. The most common lesions in the majority of fetuses were hyperemia, petechial haemorrhages in the skin, lymph nodes and kidneys. With the exception of myocardium, CSF viral antigen was detected in all the examined tissues. WH303 positive cells included endothelial cells, monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes. The largest number of positive cells was found in kidneys in all of the examined fetuses. Reticular cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and endothelial cells in the spleen were also intensely and widely stained in most of the fetuses. These results showed that CSFV antigen can be detected in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded fetal tissue specimens originating from naturally CSFV infected sows by using monoclonal antibody WH303. Fetal kidneys proved to be a very useful organ for diagnosis of the CSF virus. Having that in mind, it is assumed that persistently infected piglets may shed a high amount of viral particles through urine. However, further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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INOMATA, Tomoo, Seiya INOUE, Toshio OSHIDA, and Tsunenori NAKAMURA. "Development of External Genitalia in Swine Fetuses." Japanese journal of animal reproduction 35, no. 4 (1989): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1262/jrd1977.35.228.
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Kim, Hyun S., Han S. Joo, and Martin E. Bergeland. "Serologic, Virologic, and Histopathologic Observations of Encephalomyocarditis Virus Infection in Mummified and Stillborn Pigs." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1, no. 2 (April 1989): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063878900100201.
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Stillborn and mummified swine fetuses from swine farms experiencing reproductive problems were investigated for evidence of infection with encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus by fetal serology, virus isolation, and histopathologic examination. Fetal sera or thoracic fluids of 478 abnormal fetuses collected during January through December 1987 were tested for the presence of antibody specific to EMC virus. Of 478 samples tested, 175 (36.6%) had EMC virus serum neutralizing antibody titers of 1:64 or greater. The samples positive for EMC virus antibody were obtained from 38 swine farms located in 9 states in the United States. In addition to serologic observations, tissue samples of some abnormal fetuses were examined for the presence of virus and histopathologic lesions. The EMC virus was isolated in 1 case from the fetuses of an aborted litter. The isolate was serologically identical to a reference EMC virus. Nonsuppurative encephalitis and myocarditis were observed in the fetal samples collected from 2 different herds. Thoracic fluid of 1 stillborn pig with lesions was positive for EMC virus antibody at a titer of 1:512. We suggest that a widespread reproductive problem recently experienced in several major swine-producing areas of the United States may have been caused by EMC virus infection.
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Kim, H. S., W. T. Christianson, and H. S. Joo. "Pathogenic properties of encephalomyocarditis virus isolates in swine fetuses." Archives of Virology 109, no. 1-2 (March 1989): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01310517.
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DYCK, G. W., and R. M. McKAY. "INTRAUTERINE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING FETAL WEIGHT AT MID-PREGNANCY IN SWINE." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 4 (December 1, 1986): 945–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-104.
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The relationship between fetal weight (FW) at mid-pregnancy, and uterine weight of the area of placental attachment (UW), fetal membrane weight (FMW), allantoic fluid volume (ALFV), amniotic fluid volume (AMFV), fetal sex (FS), left vs. right uterine horn (UH), number of fetuses per uterine horn (NF), fetal location within the uterine horn (FL), fetal age (FA), dietary intake (DI) and year group of gilts (YG) was determined on 935 fetuses from 93 Lacombe gilts, bred to Yorkshire boars, that were slaughtered at 58–62 d of gestation. A stepwise regression analysis was utilized with 9 of the 11 variables found to have a significant effect and accounted for 66.5% of the variation in fetal weight. Uterine weight of the area of placental attachment (UW) accounted for 47.5% of the variation in fetal weight. The next five variables (FA, AMFV, FS, FMW and ALFV) accounted for a further 17.9% of the variation in fetal weight. The remaining 1.1% reduction in variation in fetal weight occurred with the inclusion of FL, DI and NF. The effects of the UH and YG were not significant. Thus, the parameters associated with the individual fetus are the most important variables influencing fetal weight with the uterine weight of the area of placental attachment being of greatest importance. Key words: Gilts, mid-pregnancy, fetal weight
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Choi, C. S., T. W. Molitor, H. S. Joo, and R. Gunther. "Pathogenicity of a skin isolate of porcine parvovirus in swine fetuses." Veterinary Microbiology 15, no. 1-2 (October 1987): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1135(87)90125-8.
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Cornell, William D., Muckatira M. Chengappa, Louis A. Stuart, Roxanna L. Maddux, and Robert I. Hail. "Brucella Suis Biovar 3 Infection in a Kentucky Swine Herd." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1, no. 1 (January 1989): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063878900100107.
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Sows from a large far-row-to-finish operation in western Kentucky had late-term abortions. Boars and breeding-age sows were tested serologically for brucellosis, and 83 of 125 were classified as reactors. No brucellae were isolated from the tissues of 6 unbred reactor sows, but Brucella suis biovar 3 was recovered from 5 aborted fetuses. Epidemiological studies failed to determine the source of the infection.
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Kwit, Krzysztof, Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól, and Iwona Markowska-Daniel. "Infectious agents involved in reproduction failure in swine." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 72, no. 6 (2016): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5523.
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Problems in the reproduction of pigs may be the result of interaction of various factors, both infectious and non-infectious. Among the infectious agents, the greatest economic losses are caused by viral infection of pregnant gilts and sows. In the present study the most important pathogens causing reproductive disorders in pigs, including parvovirus (PPV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), enteroviruses, encephalitis virus (EMCV), Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Leptospira spp., Brucella suis and Erysipelotrix rhusiopathiae are characterized. So far, three possible ways of natural infection of the embryo or fetus are identified: via placenta, through the cervical canal, and by infection of the egg cell. The consequences of infection of pregnant females depend on the species of the virus, the gestation period, wherein there is an infection and immune status of pregnant females. The most common changes included: embryo death, resorption of embryos, mummification of fetuses, malformations, abortions, birth of dead or very weak piglets. Because of the importance of the reproduction sector for the competitive production of pigs, the monitoring of the health status of breeding stock, including compliance with all biosecurity rules and vaccination schedules, should be strictly respected by veterinarians taking care of pig breeding herds
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Salogni, Cristian, Massimiliano Lazzaro, Enrico Giacomini, Stefano Giovannini, Mariagrazia Zanoni, Matteo Giuliani, Jessica Ruggeri, et al. "Infectious agents identified in aborted swine fetuses in a high-density breeding area." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 28, no. 5 (July 11, 2016): 550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638716656024.
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Polacek, V., B. Bozic, J. Prodanov-Radulovic, T. Petrovic, I. Vucicevic, Z. Becskei, and S. Kovacevic-Aleksic. "Immunohistochemical Detection of Classical Swine Fever Virus in Fetuses from Naturally-Infected Sows." Journal of Comparative Pathology 156, no. 1 (January 2017): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.11.154.
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Pescador, Caroline A., Paulo M. Bandarra, Luiza A. Castro, Nadia A. B. Antoniassi, Ana Paula Ravazzolo, Luciana Sonne, Cláudio E. F. Cruz, and David Driemeier. "Co-infection by porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus in aborted fetuses and stillborn piglets in southern Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 27, no. 10 (October 2007): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2007001000007.
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Porcine circovirus types 1 and 2 (PCV1, PCV2) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) are widespread in pig populations around the world. Nevertheless, only PCV2 has been associated with different clinical syndromes, thus representing a major problem to the pig industry. The association of cases of swine abortions and stillborns with PCV1 and PCV2 and PPV was studied retrospectively (2005-2007). Additional pathogens were also investigated in lesioned fetuses. The studied litters included stillborn piglets and several mummified fetuses of varied sizes. Ventricular dilatation, myocardial pale areas, and mesocolic edema were the gross lesions. Escherichia coli was detected as co-infecting with PCV2 the cases in which mesocolic edema was seen. Microscopic lesions included non-suppurative myocarditis, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, mineralization foci and intranuclear inclusion bodies in cardiomyocytes, and interstitial mononuclear pneumonia. Samples from 7 (5.78 per cent) of 121 aborted fetuses and stillborn piglets had lesions consistent with a viral cause and showed both positive anti-PCV2 immunostaining as well as PCV2-PCR. In samples from 3 (2.47 per cent) of these 7 fetuses, co-infection with PPV was confirmed by Nested-PCR. Both viruses were detected in fetuses at different stages of gestation. Viral antigens of PCV2 were detected by immunohistochemistry mainly in macrophages and myocytes. PCV1 individually was not detected in any of these affected fetuses, but it was associated with PCV2 and/or PPV in some of them. These findings indicate that PCV2 alone or in association with PPV should be kept in mind when investigating causes of infectious abortion in pigs in Brazil.
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Lager, Kelly M., and Patrick G. Halbur. "Gross and Microscopic Lesions in Porcine Fetuses Infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 8, no. 3 (July 1996): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879600800301.
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Diagnosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-induced reproductive failure in swine is difficult because of the rapid inactivation of virus in fetuses that have died prior to abortion or farrowing. In this report, we describe gross and microscopic lesions of diagnostic value found in fetuses transplacentally infected with PRRSV during late gestation. Seven sows free of PRRSV-specific antibody and 1 sow (#8) that had been previously infected with PRRSV were oronasally exposed to a PRRSV inoculum at or about 90 days of gestation (DG). One control sow (#9) was oronasally exposed to a sham inoculum at 90 DG. Sows were euthanized 21 days postexposure, and fetuses were tested for virus. Transplacental infection was detected in litters 1–7, and gross lesions of the umbilical cord were observed in some fetuses in 6 of the 7 litters. No transplacental infection or fetal lesions were found in litters 8 and 9. The gross lesions in the umbilical cords ranged from segmental hemorrhagic areas 1–2 cm in length to a full length involvement of the cord, which was grossly distended with frank hemorrhage. All live fetuses that had gross lesions in the umbilical cord were viremic, and histopathologic examination revealed a necrotizing umbilical arteritis with periarterial hemorrhage. This was the most consistent microscopic lesion in fetuses infected with PRRSV. Sows 1–7 had endometritis and myometritis of various degrees, suggesting PRRSV also may induce these lesions. Careful gross and microscopic examination of the umbilical cord may aid in the diagnosis of PRRSV-induced reproductive failure.
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Johnson, Charles S., Han S. Joo, Kochakorn Direksin, Kyoung-Jin Yoon, and Young K. Choi. "Experimental in Utero Inoculation of Late-Term Swine Fetuses with Porcine Circovirus Type 2." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 14, no. 6 (January 2002): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870201400612.
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FURUYA, Tokujiro, Takeshi FUJII, Kenichi MORI, Arata NAGAI, and Naoya KIKUCHI. "Survey on Swine Leptospirosis in Premature and Stillborn Fetuses, by PCR and Antibody Test." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 59, no. 7 (2006): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.59.459.
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Saporiti, Viviane, Laura Valls, Jaime Maldonado, Mónica Perez, Florencia Correa-Fiz, Joaquim Segalés, and Marina Sibila. "Porcine Circovirus 3 Detection in Aborted Fetuses and Stillborn Piglets from Swine Reproductive Failure Cases." Viruses 13, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020264.
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Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has been widely detected in healthy and diseased pigs; among different pathologic conditions, the strongest evidence of association comes from reproductive disease cases. However, simple viral detection does not imply the causality of the clinical conditions. Detection of PCV-3 within lesions may provide stronger evidence of causality. Thus, this study aimed to assess the frequency of PCV-3 detection in tissues from fetuses/stillborn piglets in cases of reproductive problems in domestic swine, as well as the histopathologic assessment of fetal tissues. Fetuses or stillborn piglets from 53 cases of reproductive failure were collected and analyzed by PCV-3 qPCR. The presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2), and porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) was also checked. PCV-3 qPCR positive samples with a high viral load were tested by PCV-3 in situ hybridization (ISH), sequenced, and phylogenetically analyzed. PCV-3 DNA was detected in 18/53 (33.9%) reproductive failure cases and in 16 of them PCV-3 was the only pathogen found. PCV-2 DNA was found in 5/53 (9.4%), PRRSV RNA in 4/53 (7.5%) and PPV1 was not detected. Four out of the six PCV-3 qPCR-positive cases with Ct value <30 were positive when tested by ISH. In these samples, PCV-3 was detected within mild histopathologic lesions, such as arteritis and periarteritis in multiple tissues. The present work emphasizes the need to include PCV-3 as a potential causative agent of reproductive failure in swine.
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Park, Youngmin, Yeonsu Oh, Miaomiao Wang, Llilianne Ganges, José Alejandro Bohórquez, Soohong Park, Sungmin Gu, et al. "A Novel E2 Glycoprotein Subunit Marker Vaccine Produced in Plant Is Able to Prevent Classical Swine Fever Virus Vertical Transmission after Double Vaccination." Vaccines 9, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050418.
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The efficacy of a novel subunit vaccine candidate, based in the CSFV E2 glycoprotein produced in plants to prevent classical swine fever virus (CSFV) vertical transmission, was evaluated. A Nicotiana benthamiana tissue culture system was used to obtain a stable production of the E2-glycoprotein fused to the porcine Fc region of IgG. Ten pregnant sows were divided into three groups: Groups 1 and 2 (four sows each) were vaccinated with either 100 μg/dose or 300 μg/dose of the subunit vaccine at 64 days of pregnancy. Group 3 (two sows) was injected with PBS. Groups 1 and 2 were boosted with the same vaccine dose. At 10 days post second vaccination, the sows in Groups 2 and 3 were challenged with a highly virulent CSFV strain. The vaccinated sows remained clinically healthy and seroconverted rapidly, showing efficient neutralizing antibodies. The fetuses from vaccinated sows did not show gross lesions, and all analyzed tissue samples tested negative for CSFV replication. However, fetuses of non-vaccinated sows had high CSFV replication in tested tissue samples. The results suggested that in vaccinated sows, the plant produced E2 marker vaccine induced the protective immunogenicity at challenge, leading to protection from vertical transmission to fetuses.
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Collins, James E., David A. Benfield, William T. Christianson, Louis Harris, Jane C. Hennings, Daniel P. Shaw, Sagar M. Goyal, et al. "Isolation of Swine Infertility and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (Isolate ATCC VR-2332) in North America and Experimental Reproduction of the Disease in Gnotobiotic Pigs." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 4, no. 2 (April 1992): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879200400201.
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A recent epizootic of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (SIRS) in a Minnesota swine herd was investigated. Examination of a sow, neonatal piglets, and stillborn fetuses obtained during the epizootic from the affected herd revealed interstitial pneumonitis, lymphomononuclear encephalitis, and lymphomononuclear myocarditis in the piglets and focal vasculitis in the brain of the sow. Fetuses did not have microscopic lesions. No cause for the infertility and respiratory syndrome was determined. Therefore, attempts were made to experimentally reproduce the disease. Eleven 3-day-old gnotobiotic piglets exposed intranasally to tissue homogenates of piglets from the epizootic became inappetent and febrile by 2–4 days postexposure and had interstitial pneumonitis and encephalitis similar to that seen in the field outbreak. After 2 blind passages in gnotobiotic piglets, tissue homogenates were cultured on continuous cell line CL2621, and a cytopathic virus (ATCC VR-2332), provisionally named SIRS virus, was isolated. Gnotobiotic piglets exposed intranasally to the SIRS virus developed clinical signs and microscopic lesions that were the same as those in piglets exposed to the tissue homogenates, and the virus was reisolated from their lungs. This is the first isolate of SIRS virus in the United States that fulfills Koch's postulates in producing the respiratory form of the disease in gnotobiotic piglets and the first report of isolation and propagation of the virus on a continuous cell line (CL2621). The virus is designated as American Type Culture Collection VR-2332.
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Saporiti, Viviane, Susanna Martorell, Taís F. Cruz, Francini Klaumann, Florencia Correa-Fiz, Mònica Balasch, Marina Sibila, and Joaquim Segalés. "Frequency of Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) in Healthy Primiparous and Multiparous Sows and Their Mummified Fetuses and Stillborn." Pathogens 9, no. 7 (July 2, 2020): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070533.
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Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) has been suggested as a putative causal agent of swine reproductive disease. A number of different studies have pointed out this association, but there is still a lack of information regarding the normal rates of PCV-3 infection in farms with normal reproductive parameters. The objective of the present study was to assess the frequency of PCV-3 detection in primiparous and multiparous sows and in tissues from their respective fetuses from farms with average reproductive parameters. Sera from 57 primiparous and 64 multiparous sows from 3 different farms were collected at two time points. Brain and lung tissues from 49 mummies and 206 stillborn were collected at farrowing. Samples were tested by PCR, and when positive, quantified by quantitative PCR. Thirty-nine complete genomes were obtained and phylogenetically analyzed. All sera from multiparous sows were negative, while 19/57 (33.3%) primiparous sows were PCV-3 PCR positive. From the 255 tested fetuses, 86 (33.7%) had at least one tissue positive to PCV-3. The frequency of detection in fetuses from primiparous sows (73/91, 80.2%) was significantly higher than those from multiparous ones (13/164, 7.9%). It can be concluded that PCV-3 is able to cause intrauterine infections in absence of overt reproductive disorders.
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KAWANO, Tateo, and Tokuzo SAKAKIBARA. "Growth of Swine Fetuses and Conceptus, and Morphological Changes in Genital Organs of Pregnant Sows." Nihon Yoton Gakkaishi 35, no. 4 (1998): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5938/youton.35.126.
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Farmer, C., and H. Lapierre. "Negative feedback of insulin-like growth factor-I on growth hormone secretion by porcine pituitary cells." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-007.
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Pituitaries from female Yorkshire pig fetuses (90 d, n = 26; 110 d, n = 17) and 6-mo-old pigs (n = 5) were enzymatically dispersed, plated, and cultured for 47 h. The cells were then rinsed and incubated for 22 h with testing media containing 0, 50, 100, 200, 300 or 400 ng mL−1 of IGF-I. Half of the wells from each concentration of IGF-I were then incubated for an additional 3 h with concentrations of IGF-I similar to those in the previous incubation, while the other half also had GRF added to the testing media to reach a final concentration of 10−8 M. Culture media were then collected from all the wells, were frozen, and later assayed for GH. Irrespective of whether GRF was present, IGF-I decreased pituitary secretion of GH (P < 0.001). A significant negative response to IGF-I was already present at the dose of 50 ng mL−1 (P < 0.0001). However, the extent of the GH response to IGF-I seen in pigs of various ages differed depending on whether GRF was present. The present results therefore establish that IGF-I does exert a negative feedback on pituitary GH secretion in swine and that the age-related changes in this feedback are dependent on the presence of GRF. In swine, it appears that high circulating concentrations of GH in late-gestation fetuses are not a result of a lesser sensitivity of the somatotroph to the inhibitory actions of IGF-I. Key words: Pig, cell culture, pituitary, IGF-I, growth hormone, age
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Ramsay, T. G., C. K. Wolverton, and N. C. Steele. "Alteration in IGF-I mRNA content of fetal swine tissues in response to maternal diabetes." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, no. 5 (November 1, 1994): R1391—R1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.5.r1391.
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Diabetes alters the level of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA in tissues of postnatal animals, but the impact of maternal diabetes or gestational diabetes on IGF-I mRNA abundance in fetal tissues has not been examined. Pregnant pigs were injected with either buffer or alloxan (50 mg/kg) at day 75 of gestation to induce diabetes. Fetal tissue samples were collected at day 105 of gestation, and IGF-I mRNA abundance (densitometric units/10 micrograms total RNA) were estimated by specific ribonuclease protection assay. Fetal glucose and IGF-I concentrations were increased 166 and 34%, respectively, by maternal diabetes. Maternal diabetes induced an increase in abundance of IGF-I mRNA in fetal skeletal muscle, liver, heart, kidney, and placenta. IGF-I mRNA levels were depressed by maternal diabetes in fetal adipose tissue and brain compared with the respective tissues from fetuses of control pigs. These data indicate that circulating levels of IGF-I and the steady-state levels of IGF-I mRNA in fetal tissues can respond to the metabolic and endocrine alterations occurring during maternal diabetes. The large variation in expression and degree of response among fetal tissues indicates that the fetus experiences tissue-specific regulation of IGF-I expression during development.
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Garcia-Contreras, Consolación, Marta Vazquez-Gomez, José Luis Pesantez-Pacheco, Laura Torres-Rovira, Ana Heras-Molina, Teresa Encinas, Susana Astiz, and Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes. "Maternal Metformin Treatment Improves Developmental and Metabolic Traits of IUGR Fetuses." Biomolecules 9, no. 5 (April 29, 2019): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9050166.
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Metformin is an anti-hyperglycemic drug widely used for the treatment of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance and is currently considered for preventing large-for-gestational-age (LGA) offspring in pregnant women affected by obesity or diabetes. Our hypothesis was the opposite—metformin may be used for improving the development of offspring affected by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preventing the appearance of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonates in non-obese and non-diabetic but malnourished pregnancies. The current study, performed in a swine preclinical model of IUGR by undernutrition, showed that fetuses in the treated group showed no significant increases in body-weight, but showed a significantly higher weight of the brain, the total thoracic and abdominal viscera, the liver, the kidneys, the spleen, and the adrenal glands. Maternal metformin treatment was also related to significant increases in the fetal plasma concentration of parameters indicative of glycemic (glucose and fructosamine) and lipid profiles (triglycerides). Overall, these results suggest a protective effect of the treatment on the developmental competence of the fetuses. These findings may be of high value for human medicine in case of maternal malnutrition, since metformin is a cheap drug easily available, but also in case of placental deficiency, since metformin seems to improve placental development and function.
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Khokhlov, A. M., D. I. Baranovskyi, and T. M. Danilovа. "Constitution of swine in ontogenesis and phylogenesis." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 24 (August 30, 2019): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v24.1098.
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Aim. Determination of the peculiarities of the formation of constitutional types in ontogenesis in animals of the modern large white breed of pigs in comparison with the wild european boar (Sus scrofa ferus) is a form of the breeding process, that has both theoretical and practical significance. Methods. The objects of the study are embryos, fetuses, newborns and adult animals of large white breed of pigs and wild boar in different periods of ontogenesis using zootechnical, morphological and mathematical-statistic methods of research. Results. Individual development of animals can be conventionally divided into two main periods: morphogenetic (or embryonic prenatal) and postmorphogenetic (or post-embryonic, postnatal). The morphogenetic period is the most crucial period in the ontogenesis of animals, the period of the highest activity of genes, which provides a fundamental placement and development of the basic functional systems of the body. Therefore, for the consideration of signs of embryonic development becomes one of the criteria of artificial selection of individuals for their natural hereditarily determined type of exteriors, constitutions, and metabolism. It particularly reflects the leading role of embryogenesis in the formation of the body structure and productive qualities of animals. Conclusions. For the species practice of selection, breeding and domestication consisted of changes in quantitative and qualitative relationships in growth and development, which, combined with subsequent targeted selection, contributed to the formation of modern breeds of pigs. The constitutional type analysis of the animals formation in ontogenesis has the most selective significance, which is primarily manifested in the exterior features. Domestication of the Sus scrofa consisted of consequently the exterior is expediently evaluated at different stages of ontogenesis, starting with the embryonic period and, especially, from birth.
Keywords: phylogeny, domestics, ontogenesis, constitution, selection, species, breed.
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Stone, R. T., D. R. Campion, J. Klindt, and R. J. Martin. "Blood Parameters and Body Composition in Fetuses from Reciprocal Crosses of Genetically Lean and Obese Swine." Experimental Biology and Medicine 180, no. 1 (October 1, 1985): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-180-42163.
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INOMATA, Tomo, Seiya INOUE, Hiroshi SUGAWARA, Hirofumi KAJIHARA, Tatsuro SHINOMIYA, Ichiro WAGAI, Hiroyoshi NINOMIYA, Toshio OSHIDA, Mitsuyuki SHIRAI, and Yutaka HASHIMOTO. "Developmental Changes in Paramesonephric and Mesonephric Ducts and the External Genitalia in Swine Fetuses during Sexual Differentiation." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 55, no. 3 (1993): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.55.371.
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Radojicic, Biljana, Bosiljka Djuricic, and M. Gagrcn. "Epizootiological and diagnostic significance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome control." Veterinarski glasnik 56, no. 1-2 (2002): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0202021r.
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The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a new viral disease in swine, designated exclusively under the acronym PRRS by the European Commission in 1991. The cause of this disease was isolated and determined in 1991 at the Lelystad Institute in The Netherlands as Lelystad aretrivirus. The PRRSV is an RNA virus of the order Nidovirales, the family Arteriviridae, the genus Arterivirus (Cavanaugh, 1997). Different genomic and pheriotypic varieties of the virus are significant. It is replicated in macrophages, it induces permanent viraemia, causes the creation of antibodies, and leads to persistent and latent infections. It is isolated from tonsil tissue, alveolar macrophages, the uterus, and fetal homogenate composed of different tissues (Wills et al., 1997). All production categories of swine can contract PRRS, but pregnant sows, suckling piglets and fattening swine are considered endangered categories. Morbidity and mortapty is between 8-80%, which also depends on the animal category. Economic damages are substantial when one considers the high percentage of still-born piglets, mummified fetuses and suckling piglets. Irregular successive cycles in sows are also expressed. In fattening swine, in addition to a respiratory form of the clinical picture, the time period until animals reach abattoir weight is extended even up to 30 days, which is also a considerable economic loss. Costs of treating possible secondary bacterial infections, diagnostics and immunoprophylaxis are not negligible. The OIE placed PRRS on the B list in 1992 as a contagious disease of swine which incurs economic losses in almost all countries of the world. Diagnosis is made by isolating and determining the virus and/or by serodiagnostics (ELISA and PCR). Certain countries have already made up protocols for the implementation of constant diagnostics and suggested eradication measures (Dee S.A. et al., 2000). In our country, the first clinical cases of PRRS were recorded in Herceg Novi in 1998 (Radojicic Biljana et al., 2002). It is our opinion that the implementation of PRRS diagnostics must begin in our country as well, especially since the disease has a clinical picture which is similar to swine plague, so that wrong diagnoses are possible.
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Cilia, Giovanni, Fabrizio Bertelloni, Domenico Cerri, and Filippo Fratini. "Leptospira fainei Detected in Testicles and Epididymis of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)." Biology 10, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10030193.
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Leptospirosis is a re-emerging and worldwide diffused zoonosis. Recently, the high importance of their epidemiology was explained by the intermediate Leptospira strains. Among these strains, Leptospira fainei was the first intermediate strain detected in domestic and wild swine. Wild boars (Sus scrofa) are well known as a reservoir, as well as all swine, for pathogenic Leptospira, but very little information is available concerning intermediate Leptospira infection. The investigation aim was to evaluate if intermediate Leptospira can infect the reproductive systems of wild boars hunted in the Tuscany region (Italy), as previously demonstrated for pathogenic ones. The reproductive system tissue (testicles, epididymides, uteri), and placentas and fetuses, were collected from 200 regularly hunted animals. Bacteriological examination and real-time PCR were performed to detect intermediate Leptospira DNA. Unfortunately, no isolates were obtained. Using real-time PCR, in six (3%) male organs (both testicles and epididymis), intermediate Leptospira DNA was found. The amplification of the 16S rRNA gene identified that all DNA obtained belong to Leptospira fainei. The results of this investigation highlighted for the first time the localization of Leptospira fainei in the male wild boar reproductive system, opening up a new avenue to further investigate.
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Singh, G. D., J. Johnston, W. Ma, and S. Lozanoff. "Cleft Palate Formation in Fetal Br Mice with Midfacial Retrusion: Tenascin, Fibronectin, Laminin, and Type IV Collagen Immunolocalization." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 35, no. 1 (January 1998): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1998_035_0065_cpfifb_2.3.co_2.
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Objective This study tested the hypothesis that altered craniofacial morphology does not affect the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules such as fibronectin (FN), laminin (LN), type IV collagen, and tenascin-C (TN) but is associated with failure of palatal shelf elevation and fusion concomitant with cleft palate formation. Design To test this hypothesis, a comparative immunohistological analysis of FN, LN, type IV collagen, and TN was undertaken on brachyrrhine (Br/Br) mice and normal (+/+) fetuses during secondary palate formation. Normal and Br/Br fetuses were collected at gestational days E13 and E14 (representing prefusion stages) and E15 and E18 (representing postfusion stages). Cryostat palatal sections (8 μm) were postfixed in methanol, washed, and stained with primary antibody. All sections were washed and coated with secondary antibody (swine-anti-rabbit IgG) and mounted with citifluor. Results Immunohistological analysis showed that LN and type IV collagen were located near the presumptive medial epithelial seam (MES) or edge (MEE) in +/+ or Br/Br fetuses, respectively. Fibronectin showed a homogeneous distribution at all stages in both groups of mice. In contrast, TN became localized below the presumptive MES or MEE in both groups of mice at E14. In +/+ animals at E15, TN dissipated and became confined to the oral basement membrane by E18. At E15 and E18 in cleft Br/Br mutants, TN stained beneath the MEE. Conclusion Although the distributions of ECM molecules are similar during normal and cleft palatogenesis, differences in TN expression are associated with cleft palate formation.
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Rossow, K. D. "Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome." Veterinary Pathology 35, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589803500101.
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In 1987, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) was recognized in the USA as a new disease of swine causing late-term reproductive failure and severe pneumonia in neonatal pigs. The syndrome is caused by an RNA virus referred to as PRRS virus (PRRSV), which is classified in the family Arteriviridae. Swine macrophages are the only indigenous cell type known to support PRRSV replication. Direct contact between infected and naive pigs is the predominant route of PRRSV transmission. Exposure of a mucosal surface to PRRSV leads to virus replication in regional macrophages, a prolonged viremia and systemic distribution of virus to other macrophage populations. Reproductive failure induced by PRRSV infection in late-gestation sows is characterized by premature farrowing of stillborn, partially autolyzed, and mummified fetuses. Pneumonia caused by PRRSV infection is more severe in young pigs compared to adults and may be complicated by concurrent bacterial infections. Gross lung lesions associated with PRRSV infection vary from none to diffuse consolidation. In addition, multiple lymph nodes may be markedly enlarged. Microscopically, PRRSV-pneumonia is characterized by multifocal, interstitial thickening by macrophages and necrotic cell debris in alveoli. Other less common microscopic lesions of PRRSV infection include myocarditis, vasculitis, encephalitis, and lymphoid hypertrophy and hyperplasia. In acute or subacute PRRSV infections, serum and lung are the best specimens for diagnosis. Persistent PRRSV infections can be produced by transplacental or intranasal infection. Persistent PRRSV infections are an important factor for virus survival and transmission within a swine herd and will complicate control programs.
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Mora-Díaz, Juan, Pablo Piñeyro, Huigang Shen, Kent Schwartz, Fabio Vannucci, Ganwu Li, Bailey Arruda, and Luis Giménez-Lirola. "Isolation of PCV3 from Perinatal and Reproductive Cases of PCV3-Associated Disease and In Vivo Characterization of PCV3 Replication in CD/CD Growing Pigs." Viruses 12, no. 2 (February 16, 2020): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12020219.
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Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) has been identified as a putative swine pathogen with a subset of infections resulting in stillborn and mummified fetuses, encephalitis and myocarditis in perinatal, and periarteritis in growing pigs. Three PCV3 isolates were isolated from weak-born piglets or elevated stillborn and mummified fetuses. Full-length genome sequences from different passages and isolates (PCV3a1 ISU27734, PCV3a2 ISU58312, PCV3c ISU44806) were determined using metagenomics sequencing. Virus production in cell culture was confirmed by qPCR, IFA, and in situ hybridization. In vivo replication of PCV3 was also demonstrated in CD/CD pigs (n = 8) under experimental conditions. Viremia, first detected at 7 dpi, was detected in all pigs by 28 dpi. IgM antibody response was detected between 7–14 dpi in 5/8 PCV3-inoculated pigs but no IgG seroconversion was detected throughout the study. Pigs presented histological lesion consistent with multi systemic inflammation characterized by myocarditis and systemic perivasculitis. Viral replication was confirmed in all tissues by in situ hybridization. Clinically, all animals were unremarkable throughout the study. Although the clinical relevance of PCV3 remains under debate, this is the first isolation of PCV3 from perinatal and reproductive cases of PCV3-associated disease and in vivo characterization of PCV3 infection in a CD/CD pig model.
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Antonson, Adrienne M., Marcus A. Lawson, Megan P. Caputo, Stephanie M. Matt, Brian J. Leyshon, and Rodney W. Johnson. "Maternal viral infection causes global alterations in porcine fetal microglia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 40 (September 16, 2019): 20190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817014116.
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Maternal infections during pregnancy are associated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, although the precise mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Previously, we established a maternal immune activation (MIA) model using swine, which results in altered social behaviors of piglet offspring. These behavioral abnormalities occurred in the absence of microglia priming. Thus, we examined fetal microglial activity during prenatal development in response to maternal infection with live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Fetuses were obtained by cesarean sections performed 7 and 21 d postinoculation (dpi). MIA fetuses had reduced brain weights at 21 dpi compared to controls. Furthermore, MIA microglia increased expression of major histocompatibility complex class II that was coupled with reduced phagocytic and chemotactic activity compared to controls. High-throughput gene-expression analysis of microglial-enriched genes involved in neurodevelopment, the microglia sensome, and inflammation revealed differential regulation in primary microglia and in whole amygdala tissue. Microglia density was increased in the fetal amygdala at 7 dpi. Our data also reveal widespread sexual dimorphisms in microglial gene expression and demonstrate that the consequences of MIA are sex dependent. Overall, these results indicate that fetal microglia are significantly altered by maternal viral infection, presenting a potential mechanism through which MIA impacts prenatal brain development and function.
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Maldonado, J., J. Segalés, D. Martı́nez-Puig, M. Calsamiglia, P. Riera, M. Domingo, and C. Artigas. "Identification of viral pathogens in aborted fetuses and stillborn piglets from cases of swine reproductive failure in Spain." Veterinary Journal 169, no. 3 (May 2005): 454–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.05.007.
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Pacini, Maria Irene, Mario Forzan, Giovanni Cilia, Lucrezia Bernardini, Filippo Marzoli, Francesca Pedonese, Patrizia Bandecchi, Filippo Fratini, and Maurizio Mazzei. "Detection of Pseudorabies Virus in Wild Boar Foetus." Animals 10, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020366.
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Pseudorabies, or Aujeszky’s disease, is a notifiable worldwide infection of domestic and feral swine that causes economic losses for the swine industry. In domestic pigs, the virus is responsible for nervous and/or respiratory symptoms; in pregnant sows, it is one of the major causes of stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility (SMEDI). It is known that PRV infection in wild boar is associated with low pathogenicity and attenuated or absent symptomatology, but limited information is available about the ability of the virus to infect the foetuses of infected wild boar pregnant sows. Due to scarce information about the reproductive consequences, we investigate the possible intrauterine vertical transmission of the virus in wild boar pregnant sow living in a highly infected area. A number of 54 hunted wild boar were sampled during 2018–2019, and blood, genital and nasal swabs, placenta, and fetuses were collected for serological and molecular investigations. A seroprevalence of 74% (40/54) was detected, while 1/24 pregnant sow and 1/24 pooled foetuses tested positive by PCR (gene gB). This is the first evidence of viral detection in foetuses from seropositive pregnant wild boar. This finding suggests the possible pathogenetic role of PRV on pregnancy in wild boar and the existence of an additional transmission route.
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Lupulovic, Diana, Nenad Milic, Tamas Petrovic, Jasna Prodanov, and Sava Lazic. "Investigations of significance of vaccination against swine parvovirosis in persistently infected sows." Veterinarski glasnik 61, no. 5-6 (2007): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0706251l.
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Parvoviral infection of swine is a disease which is manifested in reproductive disorders in sows and gilts in the form of anestria, premature births, miscarriages, mummified fetuses, the birth of poorly vital piglets and/or a reduced number of piglets in the litter. The infection is present in farms with intensive breeding conditions in the form of an endemic infection, all over the world, and also in our country. Timely diagnostics and adequate prophylaxis prevent the occurrence and spread of this disease. Experimental investigations covered 21 sows, divided into two experimental and a third, the control, group. Animals of the first experimental group were vaccinated once before exposure to the boar using an inactivated vaccine, Porcilis Parvo, and animals of the second experimental group were vaccinated twice at an interval of 3 weeks, also using an inactivated vaccine, Parvovax. Sows of the control group were not vaccinated. Blood samples were taken from all animals four times during the course of the experiment, and specific antibodies against the swine parvovirus were determined using the method of hemagglutination inhibition (HI test). The results of the investigations indicate that there was an increase in the titre of specific antibodies following the vaccination of persistently infected sows with the swine parvivirus, and that the present antibodies did not prevent the creating of an immune response. It was established following a comparison of the geometric mean values of antibody titres of vaccinated sows that there was a significant increase in the antibody level following the two vaccinations using the Parvovax vaccine, against the titre values in sows vaccinated once with the Porcilis Parvo vaccine. In control animals, the average value of the antibody level was many times lower in comparison with the established values in the experimental groups. This provides justification for the implementation of immunoprophylaxis against swine parvovirosis by the vaccination of sows and gilts before mating using inactivated vaccines.
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Sachuk, R. N. "Дослідження ембріотоксичної дії препарату для зовнішнього використання «Мазь для ран» на лабораторних тваринах." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 19, no. 78 (April 15, 2017): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7833.
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The results of experiments showed one of the aspects of the application safety of the new preparation «Ointment for Wounds», which is intended for external use to bovine cattle, horses, sheep, goats, swine, fur-bearing animals, rabbits, dogs and cats. The preparation formula includes essential oils of Siberian Cedar, Eucalyptus, Tea Tree, Cedar, Clove, and chlorophyllipt oil solution. Pre-clinical trial of the «Ointment for Wounds» were carried out on pregnant rats, through repeated dermal application in the period from the 1st to the 19th day of pregnancy, and it did not cause toxic effects on animals. At the autopsy post-mortem examination of the rats on the 20th day of pregnancy, the quantity of yellow bodies in the ovaries, the implantation and resorption sites in the uterus, the number of live and dead fetuses were estimated. It was defined that the gestation course in control and experimental groups of animals did not differ significantly. The pre-implantation and total embryonic mortality in the experimental group (intervention group) of rats for which «Ointment for Wounds», was used dermally proved to be lower than that of the control group, respectively, by 16.3% and 10.2%. Post-implantation mortality exceeded by 7.0% the similar indicator of the control group. Morphometry of embryos did not reveal the growth retardation of the fetuses. During the external examination, significant visible development anomalies (deformities) of the fetuses extracted from the uterus have not been observed. During the external examination, significant visible development anomalies (deformities) of the fetuses extracted from the uterus have not been observed. Investigation of the fetuses’ internal organs did not reveal defects in their development, as well as defects in the development of the bone system have not been established, that suggests that this preparation does not cause a violation in the osteogenesis processes.The skin application of «Ointment for Wounds» to rats in a dose of 0.5 g/kg in the studied period of pregnancy effects neither on the number of newborns, nor the percentage of stillborns. Parturation of the experimental does took place, as a rule, at the 23rd day of pregnancy, as well as in control group. Consequently, the drug does not cause embryotoxic effects, does not affect the parameters of preimplantation, post-implantation, general embryonic mortality and postnatal development of offspring. Further research will focus on clinical trials of the preparation in the treatment of hyperkeratosis of the dams of the cow dummy.
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Eberlin, L. S., C. R. Ferreira, and R. G. Cooks. "65 THREE-DIMENSIONAL CHEMICAL IMAGING OF A WHOLE PIG FETUS BY DESORPTION ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 24, no. 1 (2012): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv24n1ab65.
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Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is an ambient ionization technique in mass spectrometry (MS) used for 2-dimensional (2D) imaging of drugs, metabolites and lipids directly from biological samples such as tissue sections with high chemical specificity and no need for sample preparation. From a selected representative set of 2D images it is possible to construct 3-dimensional models (3D) to illustrate the spatial distributions of specific biomolecules. Recently, the use of a dimethylformamide-based solvent system was introduced, which allows non-destructive DESI-MS analysis of tissue sections. This work describes the application of 3D DESI-MS chemical imaging capability to allow the unambiguous matching of chemical and morphological information in a whole swine fetus at the end of the embryonic phase of the gestational period. Fifty longitudinal sections (15-μm thick) spaced by an average of 160 μm from a swine fetus were used for the experiments. Tissue sections were stored under –80°C and placed in desiccator for 15 min before analysis. Mass spectra were directly acquired in the negative ion mode at the mass-to-charge (m/z) range of 150 to 1000 using 1:1 (vol/vol) acetonitrile/DMF as solvent at 1.0 μL min–1 flow rate and 300 μm of spatial resolution. The mass spectrometer used was an LTQ linear ion trap controlled by Xcalibur 2.0 software (Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA). An in-house program allowed the conversion of mass spectra files into a format compatible with BioMap (freeware; Novartis International AG, Basel, Switzerland), used to generate 2D ion images of specific m/z values. The 2D images were processed and exported to the software 3D-Doctor (Able Software Corp., Lexington, MA, USA), on which the 3D models were built. Extensive chemical information was unambiguously matched with morphological features by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of samples after DESI-MS analysis. The lipid species detected in the mass spectra were deprotonated free fatty acids, fatty acid dimers and complex lipids represented mainly by glycerophospholipids, which were identified by tandem MS experiments. Multiple lipid species were chosen to construct 3D models, such as the ion m/z 788.7 (phophatidylserine 36:1) and the ion m/z 885.8 (phosphatidylinositol 38:4). Several structures of the swine fetus were chemically distinguished, such as the nervous system (brain and spinal cord), liver, heart and connective tissue, within others. Statistical multivariate analysis was additionally used to better individualize chemical features observed in the fetus body chemical imaging and to correlate the organs lipid profiles to their embryologic origin. Since DESI-MS 3D models allow the investigation of a variety of lipid species related to specific organs without the need of fluorescent or radioactive labelling, we expect that this approach will be used to increase the understanding and the development of strategies to avoid aberrations in organogenesis observed in fetuses generated by biotechnologies such as nuclear transfer and transgenesis. Supported by ACS IRG Purdue University Center for Cancer Research.
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Fischer, K., K. P. Brüssow, H. Schlegel, and M. Wähner. "Cluster analysis as a tool to assess litter size in conjunction with the amount of embryonic and fetal losses in pigs." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 27, no. 3 (2011): 785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1103785f.
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High numbers of live born and vital piglets are required for an effective piglet production. It has been reported that embryonic losses in swine can be as high as 20 to 50%. Generally, up to 30% of embryonic losses are considered within the normal biological range. The aim of our study was first to determine embryonic and fetal losses in sows of the German Landrace breed, and second to identify sows, which are able to realize high numbers of intact embryos and fetuses in combination with low rates of embryonic and fetal losses. This study was conducted on a commercial farrow-finish operation and involved 64 gilts. Gilts were synchronized for ovulation and inseminated artificially (AI) twice at fixed times. Pregnant gilts were slaughtered on Day 30 (n=34) and Day 80 (n=30) after second AI. Corpora lutea (CL) and embryos/fetuses (E/F) were counted. The length of uterine horns was measured. Based on the difference between the number of CL and the number of E/F, embryonic and fetal losses were 36.9 and 37.9%, respectively. The results obtained regarding the number of CL, the number E/F (intact and total), the rate of embryonic or fetal losses and uterine space per E/F underwent a cluster analysis. The results show that several gilts are able to realize high numbers of intact E/F in combination with low rates of losses and limited uterine space per E/F. Numbers of 15 to 20 intact fetuses on day 80 of pregnancy are considered as a minimum for an adequate litter size at the end of pregnancy. In this study only 35% of gilts at Day 30 and 37% of gilts at Day 80 demonstrate this potential. Cluster analysis is a useful mathematical tool which helps to assess results of embryonic and fetal losses and to group gilts according to their performance. As a consequence cluster analysis provides clues which gilts or family structures should be analyzed more intensively.
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Heras-Molina, Ana, José Luis Pesántez-Pacheco, Consolación Garcia-Contreras, Marta Vázquez-Gómez, Adrián López, Rita Benítez, Yolanda Núñez, et al. "Maternal Supplementation with Polyphenols and Omega-3 Fatty Acids during Pregnancy: Prenatal Effects on Growth and Metabolism." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061699.
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Maternal supplementation with antioxidants and n-3 PUFAs may be a promising strategy to reduce the risk of intrauterine growth restriction and preterm delivery, which may diminish the appearance of low-birth-neonates. A previous studies showed beneficial outcomes of the combination of hydroxytyrosol and linoleic acid, but there is no data of its prenatal effects. The present study aimed to determine the possible prenatal implications of such maternal supplementation at prenatal stages in swine, a model of IUGR pregnancies. Results showed effects on litter size, with treated sows having larger litters and, therefore, smaller fetuses. However, the brain/head weight ratio showed a positive effect of the treatment in development, as well as in some other major organs like lungs, spleen, or kidneys. On the other hand, treated piglets showed better glycemic and lipidemic profiles, which could explain postnatal effects. However, further research on the implications of the treatment on litter size and prenatal and postnatal development must be done before practical recommendation can be given.
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Sozzi, Enrica, Antonio Lavazza, Alessandra Gaffuri, Fabio Carlo Bencetti, Alice Prosperi, Davide Lelli, Chiara Chiapponi, and Ana Moreno. "Isolation and Full-Length Sequence Analysis of a Pestivirus from Aborted Lamb Fetuses in Italy." Viruses 11, no. 8 (August 13, 2019): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11080744.
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Pestiviruses are distributed worldwide and are responsible for a variety of economically important diseases. They are not very host-specific, and thus sheep can be infected by well-known pestiviruses like bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV), as well as by other recently discovered pestivirus species. The aim of this study is to describe the isolation and characterization of four pestivirus strains detected in aborted lamb fetuses from a single farm in the Brescia province (Northern Italy). A total of twelve aborted fetuses were collected and examined. After necropsy, organs were tested for the presence of infectious agents known as potential causes of abortion (Brucella spp., Listeria spp., Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydophila spp., Mycoplasma spp., Neospora caninum, and Toxoplasma gondii), and submitted to viral identification by isolation on Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell culture and by PCR assay for Schmallenberg virus and pan-pestivirus RT-PCR real time assay. Three viral strains (Ovine/IT/1756/2017, Ovine/IT/338710-2/2017, and Ovine/IT/338710-3/2017) were isolated in the absence of cytopathic effects (CPEs) in cell cultures and identified with RT-PCR. Another pestivirus strain (Ovine/IT/16235-2/2018) was detected by PCR, but was not successfully isolated. Complete sequence genomic data of the three isolated viruses showed that they were highly similar, differed genetically from known pestivirus species, and were closely related to classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Beyond the identification of new ovine pestiviruses, this study indicates that a systematic diagnostic approach is important to identify the presence and map the distribution of both known and emerging pestiviruses.
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Tremblay, G. F., J. J. Matte, J. J. Dufour, and G. J. Brisson. "Survival Rate and Development of Fetuses during the First 30 Days of Gestation after Folic Acid Addition to a Swine Diet." Journal of Animal Science 67, no. 3 (1989): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1989.673724x.
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McConico, Andrea, Kim Butters, Karen Lien, Bruce Knudsen, Xiaosheng Wu, Jeffrey L. Platt, and Brenda M. Ogle. "In utero cell transfer between porcine littermates." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, no. 2 (2011): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd10165.
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Trafficking of cells between mother and fetus during the course of normal pregnancy is well documented. Similarly, cells are known to travel between twins that share either a placenta (i.e. monozygotic) or associated chorion (i.e. monochorionic). Transferred cells are thought to be channelled via the vessels of the placenta or vascular connections established via the chorion and the long-term presence of these cells (i.e. microchimerism) can have important consequences for immune system function and reparative capacity of the host. Whether cells can be transferred between twins with separate placentas and separate chorions (i.e. no vascular connections between placentas) has not been investigated nor have the biological consequences of such a transfer. In the present study, we tested the possibility of this type of cell transfer by injecting human cord blood-derived cells into a portion of the littermates of swine and probing for human cells in the blood and tissues of unmanipulated littermates. Human cells were detected in the blood of 78% of unmanipulated littermates. Human cells were also detected in various tissues of the unmanipulated littermates, including kidney (56%), spleen (33%), thymus (11%) and heart (22%). Human cells were maintained in the blood until the piglets were sacrificed (8 months after birth), suggesting the establishment of long-term microchimerism. Our findings show that the transfer of cells between fetuses with separate placentas and separate chorions is significant and thus such twins may be subject to the same consequences of microchimerism as monozygotic or monochorionic counterparts.
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Garcia-Contreras, Consolacion, Marta Vazquez-Gomez, José Pesantez-Pacheco, Ana Heras-Molina, Teresa Encinas, Susana Astiz, and Antonio Gonzalez-Bulnes. "The Effects of Maternal Metformin Treatment on Late Prenatal and Early Postnatal Development of the Offspring Are Modulated by Sex." Pharmaceuticals 13, no. 11 (November 4, 2020): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph13110363.
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Metformin is currently used to improve pregnancy outcome in women affected by polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or diabetes. However, metformin may also be useful in pregnancies at risk of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) since it improves placental efficiency and the fetuses’ developmental competence. There is no data on the duration of the effect of this treatment from the prenatal up to the postnatal stages. Therefore, the present trial aimed at determining the impact of metformin treatment on the offspring neonatal traits and early postnatal development (i.e., during lactation) using an in vivo swine model. The results support that maternal metformin treatment during pregnancy induces protective changes in body shape and composition of the progeny (i.e., larger head size and body length at birth and higher total viscera weight at weaning). However, there were also major effects of the offspring sex (smaller corpulence in females and lower relative weight of main viscerae in males), which should be considered for further preclinical studies and when even the current clinical application in women affected by PCOS or diabetes is implemented.
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Choe, Kim, Kim, Song, Kang, Kim, Park, et al. "Impact of a Live Attenuated Classical Swine Fever Virus Introduced to Jeju Island, a CSF-Free Area." Pathogens 8, no. 4 (November 20, 2019): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040251.
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Here, we examine the effects of LOM(Low virulence of Miyagi) strains isolated from pigs (Jeju LOM strains) of Jeju Island, where vaccination with a live attenuated classical swine fever (CSF) LOM vaccine strain was stopped. The circulation of the Jeju LOM strains was mainly caused by a commercial swine erysipelas (Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae) vaccine mixed with a LOM vaccine strain, which was inoculated into pregnant sows of 20 pig farms in 2014. The Jeju LOM strain was transmitted to 91 pig farms from 2015 to 2018. A histopathogenic investigation was performed for 25 farms among 111 farms affected by the Jeju LOM strain and revealed pigs infected with the Jeju LOM strain in combination with other pathogens, which resulted in the abortion of fetuses and mortality in suckling piglets. Histopathologic examination and immunohistochemical staining identified CSF-like lesions. Our results also confirm that the main transmission factor for the Jeju LOM strain circulation is the vehicles entering/exiting farms and slaughterhouses. Probability estimates of transmission between cohabiting pigs and pigs harboring the Jeju LOM strain JJ16LOM-YJK08 revealed that immunocompromised pigs showed horizontal transmission (r = 1.22). In a full genome analysis, we did not find genetic mutation on the site that is known to relate to pathogenicity between Jeju LOM strains (2014–2018) and the commercial LOM vaccine strain. However, we were not able to determine whether the Jeju LOM strain (2014–2018) is genetically the same virus as those of the commercial LOM vaccine due to several genetic variations in structure and non-structure proteins. Therefore, further studies are needed to evaluate the pathogenicity of the Jeju LOM strain in pregnant sow and SPF pigs and to clarify the characteristics of Jeju LOM and commercial LOM vaccine strains.
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Cezario, K. C., P. E. Bennemann, J. M. Maciel, G. Herdt, M. Martins, A. A. Tonin, A. M. Prestes, and S. A. Machado. "A molecular survey reveals high occurrence of co-infections in intensive pork production farms with increased rates of mummified swine fetuses in Southern Brazil." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 73, no. 3 (May 2021): 757–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12215.
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Corredor, Flor-Anita, Letícia P. Sanglard, Jason W. Ross, Aileen F. Keating, and Nick Serão. "92 Phenotypic and genomic relationships between vulva score and reproductive performance in first-parity sows." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.049.
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Abstract Reproductive efficiency is critical to maximizing productivity in the swine industry. A recent study indicated that vulva score (VSC) assessed prior to puberty may be predictive of reproductive performance in sows, in which gilts with greater VSC had greater reproductive performance. The objective of this study was to validate the effect of VSC on reproductive performance, to estimate genetic parameters, and to perform genomic analysis of VSC. A total of 5494 phenotypes and 1326 genotypes (~50K SNPs) from two farms were available for this study. Measurements included VSC assessed using a three-point scale: small (VSC-S), medium (VSC-M), and large (VSC-L), at 15 and 14 weeks of age, for Farm 1 and 2, respectively, and subsequent first parity performance. Genetic parameters were estimated using single-step GBLUP. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed for VSC using BayesB (p=0.999). For Farm1, VSC-L was associated with a greater (P-value=0.04) farrow rate (0.68±0.03) than VSC-S (0.53±0.07). For Farm2, VSC-L was associated with greater (P-value=0.04) number of piglets born alive (NBA; 11.4±0.17) and less mummified fetuses (P-value=0.03; 0.09±0.01) than VSC-S (10.9±0.14; 0.14±0.01). Heritability estimates of VSC were 0.35±0.06 for Farm1 and 0.34±0.05 for Farm2. Moderate genetic correlations between VSC with reproductive traits were found for total number born (0.61±0.21) and NBA (0.62±0.19). The GWAS identified multiple genomic regions associated with VSC. Of these, a QTL located on chromosome 1 at 85Mb accounted for >3% of the genetic variance. This region harbors ADAM21, a gene that has been associated with early embryonic development in pigs. These results validated the use of VSC for prediction of first-parity performance, identified genomic regions controlling VSC, and indicate that selection for increased VSC is possible and could improve reproductive efficiency in swine. We are grateful to Fast Genetics for providing the data and the Iowa Pork Industry Center for financial support.
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Piedrahita, J., S. Bischoff, J. Estrada, B. Freking, D. Nonneman, A. Martin, B. Mir, G. Rohrer, and S. Tsai. "263 USE OF PORCINE PARTHENOTES AND GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING USING MICROARRAYS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF IMPRINTED GENES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv18n2ab263.
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Genomic imprinting arises from differential epigenetic markings including DNA methylation and histone modifications and results in one allele being expressed in a parent-of-origin specific manner. For further insight into the porcine epigenome, gene expression profiles of parthenogenetic (PRT; two maternally derived chromosome sets) and biparental embryos (BP; one maternal and one paternal set of chromosomes) were compared using microarrays. Comparison of the expression profiles of the two tissue types permits identification of both maternally and paternally imprinted genes and thus the degree of conservation of imprinted genes between swine and other mammalian species. Diploid porcine parthenogenetic fetuses were generated using follicular oocytes (BOMED, Madison, WI, USA). Oocytes with a visible polar body were activated using a single square pulse of direct current of 50 V/mm for 100 �s and diploidized by culture in 10 �g/mL cycloheximide for 6 h to limit extrusion of the second polar body. Following culture, BP embryos obtained by natural matings, and PRT embryos, were surgically transferred to oviducts on the first day of estrus. Fetuses recovered at 28-30 days of gestation were dissected to separate viscera including brain, liver, and placenta; the visceral tissues were then flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Porcine fibroblast tissue was obtained from the remaining carcass by mincing, trypsinization, and plating cells in �-MEM. Total RNA was extracted from frozen tissue or cell culture using RNA Aqueous kit (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Gene expression differences between BP and PRT tissues were determined using the GeneChip� Porcine Genome Array (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) containing 23 256 transcripts from Sus scrofa and representing 42 genes known to be imprinted in human and/or mice. Triplicate arrays were utilized for each tissue type, and for PRT versus BP combination. Significant differential gene expression was identified by a linear mixed model analysis using SAS 5.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Storey's q-value method was used to correct for multiple testing at q d 0.05. The following genes were classified as imprinted on the basis of their expression profiles: In fibroblasts, ARHI, HTR2A, MEST, NDN, NNAT, PEG3, PLAGL1, PEG10, SGCE, SNRPN, and UBE3A; in liver, IGF2, PEG3, PLAGL1, PEG10, and SNRPN; in placenta, HTR2A, IGF2, MEST, NDN, NNAT, PEG3, PLAGL1, PEG10, and SNRPN; and in brain, none. Additionally, several genes not known to be imprinted in humans/mice were highly differentially expressed between the two tissue types. Overall, utilizing the PRT models and gene expression profiles, we have identified thirteen genes where imprinting is conserved between swine and humans/mice, and several candidate genes that represent potentially imprinted genes. Presently, our efforts are focused in the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to more carefully evaluate the behavior of these genes in normal and abnormal gestations and to test whether the candidate genes are indeed imprinted. This research was supported by USDA-CSREES grant 524383 to J. P. and B. F.
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Choe, SeEun, Jae-Hoon Kim, Ki-Sun Kim, Sok Song, Ra Mi Cha, Wan-Choul Kang, Hyeun-Ju Kim, et al. "Adverse Effects of Classical Swine Fever Virus LOM Vaccine and Jeju LOM Strains in Pregnant Sows and Specific Pathogen-Free Pigs." Pathogens 9, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9010018.
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In Jeju island of South Korea, a classical swine fever (CSF) non-vaccinated region, many pig farmers insisted on abortion and stillbirth in pregnant sows and high mortality of suckling/weaning piglets by circulating CSF virus from 2014 to 2018. We investigated whether CSF viruses isolated from pigs in Jeju Island (Jeju LOM) have recovered their pathogenicity by conducting experiments using pregnant sows and specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs. The CSF modified live LOM vaccine (MLV-LOM) and Jeju LOM strains induced abortion and stillbirth in pregnant sows. Viral antigens were detected in the organs of fetuses and stillborn piglets in the absence of specific pathological lesions associated with the virulent CSF virus in both groups (MLV-LOM and Jeju LOM strain). However, antigen was detected in one newborn piglet from a sow inoculated with a Jeju LOM strain, suggesting that it may cause persistent infections in pigs. SPF pigs inoculated with the MLV-LOM or Jeju LOM strains were asymptomatic, but virus antigen was detected in several organ and blood samples. Virus shedding in both groups of animals was not detected in the feces or saliva until 21 days post inoculation. The serum concentration of the three major cytokines, IFN-α, TNF-α, and IL-10, known to be related to lymphocytopenia, were similar in both groups when the MLV-LOM or Jeju LOM strains were inoculated into SPF pigs. In conclusion, Jeju LOM strains exhibited most of the characteristics of the MLV-LOM in pigs and resulted in the same adverse effects as the MLV-LOM strain.
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Sper, R., S. Simpson, X. Zhang, B. Collins, and J. Piedrahita. "1 GENERATION OF A STABLE TRANSGENIC SWINE MODEL FOR CELL TRACKING AND CHROMOSOME DYNAMIC STUDIES." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, no. 2 (2016): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab1.
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Transgenic pigs are an attractive research model in the field of translational research, regenerative medicine, and stem cell therapy due to their anatomic, genetic, and physiological similarities with humans. The development of a transgenic murine model with a fusion of green fluorescent protein (GFP) to histone 2B protein (H2B, protein of nucleosome core) resulted in an easier and more convenient method for tracking cell migration and engraftment levels after transplantation as well as a way to better understand the complexity of molecular regulation within cell cycle/division, cancer biology, and chromosome dynamics. Up to now the development of a stable transgenic large animal model expressing H2B-GFP has not been described. Our objective was to develop the first transgenic porcine H2B-GFP model via CRISPR-CAS9 mediated recombination and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Porcine fetal fibroblasts were cotransfected with CRISPR-CAS9 designed to target the 3′ untranslated region of ACTB locus and a targeting vector containing 1Kb homology arms to ACTB flanking an IRES-H2B-GFP transgene. Four days after transfection GFP cells were fluorescence activated cell sorted. Single cell colonies were generated and analysed by PCR, and heterozygous colonies were used as donor cells for SCNT. The custom designed CRISPR-CAS9 knockin system demonstrated a 2.4% knockin efficiency. From positive cells, 119 SCNT embryos were generated and transferred to a recipient gilt resulting in three positive founder boars (P1 generation). Boars show normal fertility (pregnancies obtained via AI of wild type sows). Generated P1 clones were viable and fertile with a transgene transmission rate of 55.8% (in concordance with Mendel’s law upon chi-square test with P = 0.05). Intranuclear H2B-GFP expression was confirmed via fluorescence microscopy on 8-day in vitro cultured SCNT blastocysts and a variety of tissues (heart, kidney, brain, bladder, skeletal muscle, stomach, skin, and so on) and primary cultured cells (chondrocytes, bone marrow derived, adipocyte derived, neural stem cells, and so on) from P1 cloned boars and F1 42-day fetuses and viable piglets. In addition, chromosome segregation could be easily identified during cell cycle division in in vitro cultured stem cells. Custom designed CRISPR-CAS 9 are able to drive homologous recombination in the ACTB locus in porcine fetal fibroblasts, allowing the generation of the first described viable H2B-GFP porcine model via SCNT. Generated clones and F1 generation expressed H2B-GFP ubiquitously, and transgene transmission rates were with concordance of Mendel’s law. This novel large animal model represents an improved platform for regenerative medicine and chromosome dynamic and cancer biology studies.
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Hines, Elizabeth A., Matthew R. Romoser, Zoë E. Kiefer, Aileen F. Keating, Lance H. Baumgard, Jarad Niemi, Nicholas K. Gabler, et al. "The impact of dietary supplementation of arginine during gestation in a commercial swine herd: I. Gilt reproductive performance." Journal of Animal Science 97, no. 9 (July 11, 2019): 3617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz233.
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Abstract Supplemental arginine (Arg) during gestation purportedly benefits fetal development. However, the benefits of a gestational Arg dietary strategy in commercial production are unclear. Therefore, the objectives of this study examined Arg supplementation during different gestational stages and the effects on gilt reproductive performance. Pubertal gilts (n = 548) were allocated into 4 treatment groups: Control (n = 143; 0% supplemental Arg) or 1 of 3 supplemental Arg (1% as fed) treatments: from 15 to 45 d of gestation (n = 138; Early-Arg); from 15 d of gestation until farrowing (n = 139; Full-Arg); or from 85 d of gestation until farrowing (n = 128; Late-Arg). At farrowing, the number of total born (TB), born alive (BA), stillborn piglets (SB), mummified fetuses (MM), and individual piglet birth weights (BiWt) were recorded. The wean-to-estrus interval (WEI) and subsequent sow reproductive performance (to third parity) were also monitored. No significant effect of supplemental Arg during any part of P0 gestation was observed for TB, BA, SB, or MM (P ≥ 0.29). Offspring BiWt and variation among individual piglet birth weights did not differ (P = 0.42 and 0.89, respectively) among treatment groups. Following weaning, the WEI was similar among treatments (average of 8.0 ± 0.8 d; P = 0.88). Litter performance over 3 parities revealed a decrease (P = 0.02) in BA for Early-Arg fed gilts compared with all other treatments, whereas TB and WEI were similar among treatments over 3 parities (P > 0.05). There was an increased proportion of sows with average size litters (12 to 16 TB) from the Full-Arg treatment sows (76.8% ± 3.7%) when compared with Control (58.7% ± 4.2%; P = 0.01); however, the proportion of sows with high (>16 TB) and low (<12 TB) litters was not different among treatments (P = 0.20). These results suggest that gestational Arg supplementation had a minimal impact on reproductive performance in first parity sows. These data underscore the complexity of AA supplementation and the need for continued research into understanding how and when utilizing a gestational dietary Arg strategy can optimize fetal development and sow performance.
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Lee, K., and Z. Machaty. "405 COMPARISON OF TARGETING PARAMETERS FOR THE HPRT GENE BETWEEN DOMESTIC AND OSSABAW SWINE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, no. 1 (2007): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv19n1ab405.
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Nuclear transfer using genetically engineered cells is the only method available to generate pigs with targeted genetic modifications. The Ossabaw swine has a unique genotype and can manifest components of the metabolic syndrome including insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypertension. Although the production of genetically modified Ossabaw pigs would be beneficial for modeling a number of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, no work has been reported so far on gene targeting in Ossabaw pigs. We examined whether the targeting parameters obtained from domestic pigs can be used for gene targeting in the Ossabaw pig, using the hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) gene as a model. The HPRT gene is located on the X-chromosome and this makes it ideal for gene targeting studies in males. Fibroblast cells were isolated from 50-day-old Ossabaw fetuses. The cells were maintained in culture and exposed to 300 �g mL-1 of G418, an antibiotic to test the sensitivity of Ossabaw fibroblast cells to G418. The sensitivity was compared with that of fetal fibroblast cells isolated from domestic pigs. Sex of the Ossabaw cell lines was identified by amplifying a part of the SRY gene using primers designed for sexing in domestic pigs; DNA from adult male and female Ossabaw pigs was used as control. The CHORI-242 pig BAC library was screened for the HPRT gene using probes designed on the basis of the pig HPRT mRNA sequence from Genbank. Two fragments were subcloned and partially sequenced. Based on the sequences, primers were designed to amplify arms from Ossabaw male DNA for the targeting vector. Sexing of Ossabaw fetal fibroblast cells showed that 5 out of 8 isolated cell lines were male. After 5 days of G418 incubation, fibroblast cells of both domestic and Ossabaw pigs died due to exposure to the antibiotic. Primers designed on the basis of domestic pig HPRT sequences could successfully amplify 2 PCR products of 6 kb and 3.5 kb as the arms of the targeting vector. Sequence information of these fragments was compared to that of domestic pig DNA. A total length of 1657 bp was compared and we found a number of differences between the 2 types of DNA in both intron and repetitive sequences. The differences included 8 mismatches, 29 additional base pairs in the Ossabaw, and 2 extra base pairs in the domestic pig sequence (e.g. domestic pig DNA possessed a 27 bp microsatellite marker whereas the same marker in the Ossabaw pig was 52 bp long). Overall, Ossabaw fetal fibroblasts showed a sensitivity to G418 similar to that of domestic pig cells, indicating that neomycin resistance can be used as a positive selection marker for targeting Ossabaw pig genes. Although more sequence analysis is needed to draw a final conclusion, differences between Ossabaw and domestic pig HPRT sequences suggest that the targeting vectors produced from domestic pigs must be used with caution when targeting the gene in Ossabaw cells. This information for gene targeting in Ossabaw pigs will be useful for future studies in comparative medicine programs.