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Fitria, Putri Maulida, Rizki Nurul Nugraha, and Yohana Gaius Bule. "7P Marketing Mix Strategy at Batoe 54 Swimming Pool, Jakarta." West Science Interdisciplinary Studies 2, no. 04 (April 30, 2024): 864–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.58812/wsis.v2i04.809.
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The study was conducted at Batoe 54 Swimming Pool located in Jl.HM Nalim Jagakarsa, South Jakarta. The formulation of this research problem is what is the tourist attraction in the Batoe 54 swimming pool, how to implement the 7P marketing mix strategy in the Batoe 54 Swimming Pool, and why a marketing mix strategy is needed in these destinations. The purpose of the study was to find out the tourist attraction offered by the Batoe 54 swimming pool, find out more about the 7P marketing mix strategy implemented by the Batoe 54 swimming pool, and provide insight into how artificial tourist destinations can increase their competitiveness in an increasingly competitive tourism market. Data collection was carried out by direct observation and interviews with destination managers and several visitors. The research method uses qualitative, with a qualitative descriptive approach. The results showed that Batoe 54 Swimming Pool is suitable for lower middle class visitors because the prices offered are cheap, the facilities provided are complete, employee service is good, and the location is strategic. Batoe 54 Swimming Pool has shortcomings such as moss in the pool, lack of promotion, and some facilities are still not suitable for use. Strategies to overcome these shortcomings are improving product quality, adjusting prices more competitively, more effective promotions, paying attention to customer service aspects, and the physical environment so that the visitor experience becomes better.
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Zhang, Wen Long, Xiao Hui Liu, and De Ming Liu. "The Visual Sense Creation Strategy of Natatorium Arena which Consideration to Leisure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 1160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.1160.
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The natatorium arena as a regular competitions and a swimming fitness place makes the formation of its users’ visual sensory to correspond with characteristics and regulations. Though the analysis of a design case—the Swimming Natatorium of Yueyang Sports Center , this article puts forward a design strategy of creating the visual senses of the swimming natatorium arena which gives consideration to both competition events and leisure.
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Su, Shijie, Yushuo Chen, Cunjun Li, Kai Ni, and Jian Zhang. "Intelligent Control Strategy for Robotic Manta via CPG and Deep Reinforcement Learning." Drones 8, no. 7 (July 13, 2024): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones8070323.
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The robotic manta has attracted significant interest for its exceptional maneuverability, swimming efficiency, and stealthiness. However, achieving efficient autonomous swimming in complex underwater environments presents a significant challenge. To address this issue, this study integrates Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) with Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) and proposes a CPG-based DDPG control strategy. First, we designed a CPG control strategy that can more precisely mimic the swimming behavior of the manta. Then, we implemented the DDPG algorithm as a high-level controller that adaptively modifies the CPG’s control parameters based on the real-time state information of the robotic manta. This adjustment allows for the regulation of swimming modes to fulfill specific tasks. The proposed strategy underwent initial training and testing in a simulated environment before deployment on a robotic manta prototype for field trials. Both further simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed control strategy.
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Nøttestad, Leif, Justine Diaz, Hector Penã, Henrik Søiland, Geir Huse, and Anders Fernö. "Feeding strategy of mackerel in the Norwegian Sea relative to currents, temperature, and prey." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 4 (December 24, 2015): 1127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv239.
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Abstract High abundance of Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus L.), combined with limited food resources, may now force mackerel to enter new and productive regions in the northern Norwegian Sea. However, it is not known how mackerel exploit the spatially varying feeding resources, and their vertical distribution and swimming behaviour are also largely unknown. During an ecosystem survey in the Norwegian Sea during the summer feeding season, swimming direction, and speed of mackerel schools were recorded with high-frequency omnidirectional sonar in four different regions relative to currents, ambient temperature, and zooplankton. A total of 251 schools were tracked, and fish and zooplankton were sampled with pelagic trawl and WP-2 plankton net. Except for the southwest region, swimming direction of the tracked schools coincided with the prevailing northerly Atlantic current direction in the Norwegian Sea. Swimming with the current saves energy, and the current also provides a directional cue towards the most productive areas in the northern Norwegian Sea. Average mean swimming speed in all regions combined was ∼3.8 body lengths s−1. However, fish did not swim in a straight course, but often changed direction, suggesting active feeding in the near field. Fish were largest and swimming speed lowest in the northwest region which had the highest plankton concentrations and lowest temperature. Mackerel swam close to the surface at a depth of 8–39 m, with all schools staying above the thermocline in waters of at least 6°C. In surface waters, mackerel encounter improved foraging rate and swimming performance. Going with the flow until temperature is too low, based on an expectation of increasing foraging rate towards the north while utilizing available prey under way, could be a simple and robust feeding strategy for mackerel in the Norwegian Sea.
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Kong, Siew Mui, Rajendran Muthuveloo, Josephine Ie Lyn Chan, and Ai Ping Teoh. "TopSteel: swimming sustainably in the blue metal ocean." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 11, no. 2 (August 13, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-09-2020-0328.
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Learning outcomes This paper aims to enable students craft a winning corporate strategy applicable for organizations in various contexts. The practical approach consists of conducting scenario planning based on internal and external environment analysis, identifying the winning factor, proposing an implementation strategy of entry and exit strategies, and future customers, and evaluating matching of business ethics and legality. Case overview/synopsis Wesley Chen, the executive director and group chief executive officer, has the ultimate challenge of leading his management team to operate from a sole proprietorship management style to a listed large company in the Malaysian Stock Exchange. He identified the gap in the need to craft a winning corporate strategy for business sustainability. The corporate strategy should address expansion of their service offerings and needs to be carefully crafted to suit TopSteel’s risk appetite and overall business strategy. The strategy must also consider the internal and external factors that TopSteel faced with, identify the core competency of TopSteel, build in strategic agility in the implementation plans to address the dynamic business landscape, and most importantly ensure the corporate strategy must be in compliance to ethical and legal standards. The case study documents the one year of transition of TopSteel’s operations with a strong focus on the strategic management process direction for a winning OEM+ model through the use of SWIM concept. Complexity academic level This case is suitable for undergraduate or postgraduate programs or even executive courses in strategic management. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy
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Gellman, E. D., T. R. Tandler, and D. J. Ellerby. "Swimming from coast to coast: a novel fixed-gear swimming gait in fish." Biology Letters 15, no. 6 (June 2019): 20190270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2019.0270.
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Bluegill sunfish use intermittent propulsion during volitional swimming. The function of this propulsive mode during routine swimming has not been well quantified. At low speeds, propulsive cycle frequencies and amplitudes were constant, and average speed and power output were controlled by modulating coasting duration. This fixed-gear gait may accommodate muscle level constraints on power production. At higher speeds bluegills switched to a mixed power-modulation strategy, increasing speed and power through increased propulsive cycle frequency and reduced coasting time.
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Deslauriers, D., and J. D. Kieffer. "Swimming performance and behaviour of young-of-the-year shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) under fixed and increased velocity swimming tests." Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, no. 3 (March 2012): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-004.
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Swimming performance and behaviour in fish has been shown to vary depending on the investigation method. In this study, an endurance swimming curve was generated for young-of-the-year shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum LeSueur, 1818) (~7 cm total length, ~2 g) and compared with values determined in a separate incremental swimming (critical swimming, Ucrit) test. Using video, tail-beat frequency (TBF) was quantified and compared for fish swimming under both swimming tests. From the endurance-curve analysis, it was found that sturgeon did not display a statistically significant burst swimming phase. Maximum sustainable swimming speed (calculated to be 18.00 cm·s–1) from the endurance curve occurred at ~80% of Ucrit (22.30 cm·s–1). TBF was similar at all speeds for both swimming tests, except at speeds approaching Ucrit, where fish displayed TBFs of 4.29 Hz for the endurance protocol and 2.26 Hz for the Ucrit protocol. TBF was more variable between individuals swimming at the same speed within the Ucrit compared with the endurance protocol. Finally, a significant negative correlation was found between TBF and Ucrit in individual fish, suggesting that station-holding may be an important energy saving strategy during swimming in this size class of sturgeon.
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Denay, Naluri, Afrizal Afrizal, Argantos Argantos, M. Iqbal Pratama, Wasti Danardani, and Suci Nanda Sari. "KUALITAS TEKNIK RENANG GAYA BEBAS ATLET TIRTA KALUANG." Riyadhoh : Jurnal Pendidikan Olahraga 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/rjpo.v5i2.9712.
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This study plans to decide the nature of the free-form swimming method. This examination is a sort of unmistakable exploration. The populace in this study were all swimming competitors from Tirta Kaluang Padang, adding up to 13 individuals. This testing was completed utilizing an all out inspecting method, which was 13 individuals. This examination instrument is through a free-form swimming strategy test. The information investigation strategy utilized recurrence circulation examination procedure with rate computation. The consequences of the review are, (1) The degree of evaluation for the nature of the body position procedure with an adequate level. (2) The degree of dominance of the nature of the arm procedure with an adequate level. (3) The degree of dominance of the nature of the foot development method with an adequate level. (4) The degree of dominance of the nature of breathing strategies with an adequate level. (5) The degree of dominance of the nature of coordination methods with an adequate level. Subsequently, the general examination results from 13 examples of swimming competitors from Tirta Kaluang Padang, acquired that the nature of free-form swimming procedures is in the adequate classification.
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Cornett, Andrew C., and Joel M. Stager. "Large N: A Strategy for Improving Regional Sport Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 5 (July 2015): 626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0390.
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It has been hypothesized that large differences in maximal performance can arise between various geopolitical regions solely on the basis of differing numbers of participants in the target activity. While there is evidence in support of this hypothesis for a measure of intellectual performance, the same relationship has not been examined for a measure of physical performance.Purpose:To determine whether the number of participants is a predictor of the best athletic performance in a region.Methods:The 2005–2010 USA Swimming Age Group Detail reports were used to determine the number of competitive swimmers participating in each age group for the 59 local swimming communities in the United States. The USA Swimming performance database provided 50-yd-freestyle times in each community for boys and girls for each age (6–19 y). Simple linear regression was used to examine the relationship between the outcome variable (fastest time) and the predictor variable (log of the number of swimmers) for each combination of age, sex, and calendar year.Results:The log of the number of swimmers in a region was a significant predictor of the best performance in that region for all 168 combinations of age, sex, and calendar year (P < .05) and explained, on average, 41%, and as much as 62%, of the variance in the fastest time.Conclusions:These findings have important implications for the development of regional sport strategic policy. Increasing the number of participants in the target activity appears a viable strategy for improving regional performance.
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Michalec, François-Gaël, Sami Souissi, and Markus Holzner. "Turbulence triggers vigorous swimming but hinders motion strategy in planktonic copepods." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 106 (May 2015): 20150158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0158.
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Calanoid copepods represent a major component of the plankton community. These small animals reside in constantly flowing environments. Given the fundamental role of behaviour in their ecology, it is especially relevant to know how copepods perform in turbulent flows. By means of three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry, we reconstructed the trajectories of hundreds of adult Eurytemora affinis swimming freely under realistic intensities of homogeneous turbulence. We demonstrate that swimming contributes substantially to the dynamics of copepods even when turbulence is significant. We show that the contribution of behaviour to the overall dynamics gradually reduces with turbulence intensity but regains significance at moderate intensity, allowing copepods to maintain a certain velocity relative to the flow. These results suggest that E. affinis has evolved an adaptive behavioural mechanism to retain swimming efficiency in turbulent flows. They suggest the ability of some copepods to respond to the hydrodynamic features of the surrounding flow. Such ability may improve survival and mating performance in complex and dynamic environments. However, moderate levels of turbulence cancelled gender-specific differences in the degree of space occupation and innate movement strategies. Our results suggest that the broadly accepted mate-searching strategies based on trajectory complexity and movement patterns are inefficient in energetic environments.
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Cheng, J. Y., and M. E. DeMont. "Jet-propelled swimming in scallops: swimming mechanics and ontogenic scaling." Canadian Journal of Zoology 74, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 1734–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z96-192.
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Scallop locomotion was investigated on the basis of an analysis of fluid forces acting on the body and the balance of the forces during swimming. A hydrodynamic model for unsteady jet propulsion was developed in which propulsion performance is characterized by three nondimensional parameters: the storage/discharge volume ratio, reduced clapping frequency, and reduced discharge frequency. Pulsed jet propulsion is designed to achieve high thrust, although not necessarily with low hydrodynamic propulsive efficiency, as was previously widely considered. Swimming in scallops is realized by orientating the body at a certain angle of attack and maintaining a minimum swimming speed to prevent sinking. The working frequency of the locomotor system is determined and adjusted by the swimming strategy (angle of attack, swimming speed, and trajectory angle). For Placopecten magellanicus, the optimum angle of attack is about 6° – 12°, at which swimming requires the lowest energy input (lowest frequency) and hydrodynamic behaviour is ideal (without severe separation and stall). To maintain level swimming, P. magellanicus, during almost all their life, must swim at 5 – 7 body lengths per second if postured at a 6° – 12° angle of attack. The estimated Froude efficiency decreases during growth from about 0.5 to 0.3 for level swimming and from about 0.4 to 0.2 for climbing at an angle of 25°. It is suggested that the heavy body and inferior hydrodynamic characteristics (low aspect ratio and imperfect planform shape) have prevented scallops from becoming good swimmers. These problems are enhanced as the animals grow.
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Cindy Rohadatul ‘Aisy Jannah, Hanik Amaria, and Nik Haryanti. "Analisis Bauran Pemasaran Dalam Meningkatkan Kepuasan Pengunjung Kolam Renang Kendedes di Desa Sragi." Konstitusi : Jurnal Hukum, Administrasi Publik, dan Ilmu Komunikasi 1, no. 4 (September 28, 2024): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.62383/konstitusi.v1i4.162.
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This research method uses qualitative research, researchers use Purposive Sampling sampling. Data Collection Techniques using interviews, documentation, observation. Data Validity Testing Techniques using source triangulation and data analysis techniques using several stages (Sugiyono, 2020): organizing data, grouping based on categories, themes, and answer patterns, testing assumptions or problems that exist against data, looking for alternative explanations for data and writing research results. The formulation of the problem in this study is how is the marketing strategy in increasing visitor satisfaction of the Kendedes swimming pool in Sragi Village, Talun District, Blitar Regency and what factors support and hinder the implementation of marketing strategies in increasing visitor satisfaction of the Kendedes swimming pool in Sragi Village, Talun District, Blitar Regency. The purpose of this study is how is the marketing strategy in increasing visitor satisfaction of the Kendedes swimming pool in Sragi Village, Talun District, Blitar Regency and what factors support and hinder the implementation of marketing strategies in increasing visitor satisfaction of the Kendedes swimming pool in Sragi Village, Talun District, Blitar Regency. The results of this study are that the Kendedes swimming pool uses a 4 P marketing mix (Product, Price, Place & Promotion). Consumer satisfaction is the conformity of expectations that customers and visitors to the Kendedes swimming pool in Sragi Village, Talun District, Blitar Regency feel that the facilities and infrastructure and services from the Kendedes swimming pool in Sragi Village, Talun District, Blitar Regency are in accordance with the expectations of customers and visitors to the Kendedes swimming pool in Sragi Village, Talun District, Blitar Regency. Then the factor of interest in reuse, that customers and visitors to the Kendedes swimming pool in Sragi Village, Talun District, Blitar Regency feel satisfied so they want to come back to the Kendedes swimming pool in Sragi Village, Talun District, Blitar Regency. The next factor is the willingness to recommend, that customers and visitors to the Kendedes swimming pool in Sragi Village, Talun District, Blitar Regency provide information and share experiences with others so that other people are also interested in visiting the Kendedes swimming pool in Sragi Village, Talun District, Blitar Regency. The supporting factors for the promotion of the Kendedes swimming pool in Sragi Village, Talun District, Blitar Regency are social media because it is free of charge and of course used by many people. The inhibiting factors for the promotion of the Kendedes swimming pool in Sragi Village, Talun District, Blitar Regency are limited to using only social media and not doing other more effective forms of promotion.Send feedback,Side panels,History,Saved
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Jakše, Boštjan, and Dorica Šajber. "Menstrual status and perceived coaching strategy and training methodology in high-performance female swimmers from Slovenia - Preliminary study." Exercise and Quality of Life 14, no. 1 (June 14, 2022): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31382/eqol.220601.
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Female swimmers participate in intensive swimming training during their menstrual periods, and they may appreciate additional understanding and flexibility regarding their training volume/intensity. Male coaches often view menstruation contemptuously as an unfortunate state that “is not a disease,” and high-performance female swimmers perceive coaching methods differently. Our study aimed to examine menstrual status and perceived coaching and training methodology. In a cross-sectional study, members of the Slovenian women’s national swim team (n = 14, age: 16.6 ± 3.1 years, body mass index: 20.1 ± 1.9 kg/m2) competing at international and national levels were included. The menstrual status (i.e., regularity, duration, perceived pain before and during menstruation, bleeding) and the opinion of these female swimmers regarding training during their menstrual periods were assessed via our in-depth questionnaire, and the athletes responded to additional questions pertaining to the motivation of swimming, coaching strategy and training methods via a questionnaire. All swimmers included in our study had experienced their first menstrual period, and the majority (85%) reported moderate or heavy menstrual bleeding. Most swimmers (93%) reported that their swimming training was “undisturbed” during their menstrual period; however, 64% of swimmers requested a reduction in training frequency or at least the usual training volume/intensity. In terms of the motivation for swimming, 74% of swimmers reported that they like swimming and like spending time with their friends. In terms of coaching and training methods, the swimmers reported polarized responses, probably because most of them are members of two major swimming clubs with different coaching styles. To conclude, when executed correctly, a similar kind of systematic screening method (i.e., anonymously and perhaps by experienced psychologists) may serve as a valuable tool to further modify training methods at a high-performance level. Moreover, unpleasant issues related to menstrual periods from the athlete’s perspective (i.e., pain, bleeding, malaise, discomfort, inability to achieve maximum effort) should not be ignored, left for swimmers to handle alone, or taken for granted. Male coaches need to seek to understand the impact of menstruation and work with athletes to maximize training.
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Czarnecka, Karolina, Katarzyna Burda, Anna Korczak, Oliwia Szewczyk, Ewa Olek, Justyna Jędrzejczyk, Olga Łopacińska, Katarzyna Stańczyk, Aleksandra Korn, and Emilia Wójcik. "The complicated relationship between asthma and swimming." Quality in Sport 17 (August 5, 2024): 53375. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/qs.2024.17.53375.
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Introduction: Apart from pharmacological treatment, non-pharmacological strategies including physical activity play a significant role in the management of asthma. The aim of this paper is to examine various topics related to swimming and asthma. They include the detailed effect of swimming on asthma control,the potential role of swimming in early childhood asthma development, exercise induced asthma in swimmers as well as the relationship between asthma and cold water swimming. Review methods: This article is based on the literature found in the PubMed Database from the period of 1971-2024 with the use of keywords such as “asthma”, “swimming”, “cold water swimming”, “exercise induced asthma”, “childhood asthma” Description of the state of knowledge: Swimming is a safe form of physical activity for asthma patients.Swimming training enhances aerobic capacity, reduces exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and improves lung function in both pediatric and adult patients. However, there is a concern regarding indoor swimming pools that chlorine can potentially induce airway inflammation. There is research suggesting that early life swimming pool exposure may contribute to the asthma development in atopic children. There is some premise to the thought that cold water swimming may help alleviate asthma symptoms, but it also carries many risks.Swimming is a major cause of exercise induced asthma in professional athletes. Conclusions: Alongside appropriate pharmacological treatment, swimming is a valuable strategy in asthma management in both pediatric and adult asthma patients. The risks of chlorinating pools are still not known to outweigh the benefits of swimming for asthmatics. Further research should be carried out on safety of early swimming in atopic children. Cold water swimming should also be evaluated in terms of safety and potential benefits for asthma patients.
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Chang, Yu Sang, and Seung Jin Baek. "Limit to improvement in running and swimming." International Journal of Applied Management Science 3, no. 1 (2011): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijams.2011.037710.
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Vasile, Luciela. "Theoretical and Methodical Aspects Regarding the Stroke Strategy in Swimming." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 117 (March 2014): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.224.
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Ayu, Maristiana, Meilinda Safitri, and Rio Pambudi. "ANALISIS STRATEGI PEMASARAN DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN USAHA KOLAM RENANG DI KABUPATEN TULANG BAWANG BARAT." Jurnal Ekobis : Ekonomi Bisnis & Manajemen 12, no. 2 (September 24, 2022): 302–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37932/j.e.v12i2.616.
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Renang adalah salah satu olahraga dengan konsep yang menarik. Hal ini mendorong para pelaku usaha kolam renang berlomaba mengembangkan usahanya untuk meningkatkan pendapatannya agar usahanya bisa bertahan.Permasalahan yang ada pada kolam renang di kabupaten Tulang Bawang barat yaitu belum optimalnya promosi yang dilaksanakan sehingga jumlah pengunjung masih ada yang belum maksimaldan belum melaksanakan perencanaan yang strategis dalam pemasaran kolam renangnya. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini melihat bagaimana analisis strategi pemasaran yang dilakukan untuk dapat meningkatkan pendapatan usaha. Objek yang diteliti meliputi 4 kolam renang di Kabupaten Tulang Bawang Barat yaitu Kolam Renang Wahana Banyu Biru, Waterboom Pelangi, Kolam Renang Bang Ari dan Waterpark Kali Miring dengan menganalisa indikator strategi pemasaran dan analisis SWOT. Hasil yang diperoleh dari analisis bauran pemasaran yang terdiri dari price, place, promotion, product, process, customer servicedan people yang telah dilakukan oleh Kolam Renang Wahana Banyu Biru, Waterboom Pelangi, Kolam Renang Bang Ari, Waterpark Kali Miring menunjukan bahwa Waterboom Pelangi paling baik. Dilihat dari segi pendapatan dalam kurun waktu 4 bulan terakhir Waterboom Pelangi memperoleh pendapatan yang paling tinggi. Berdasarkan hasil SWOT diperoleh diagram SWOT Kolam Renang Wahana Banyu Biru Berada pada titik (1.38 : 1.00), Waterboom Pelangi berada pada titik (1.14 : 1.04), Kolam Renang Bang Ari berada pada titik (0.46 : 1.39) dan Waterpark Kali Miring berada pada titik (0.33 : 1.39). Diagram SWOT tersebut menunjukan keempat objek penelitian berada di kuadran I, menandakan bahwa posisi tersebut ialah posisi yang tepat dan menguntungkan. Dengan terus melakukan strategi pengembangan yang “agresif (Growth)” dan meminimalisir ancaman serta kelemahan yang ada sehingga dapat meningkatakan kinerja usaha kolam renang, dan mampu bersaing dalam dunia bisnis serta dalam jangka panjang akan meningkatkan pendapatan perusahaan secara berkesinambunganSwimming is a sport with an interesting concept. This encourages Berlomaba swimming pool businesses to develop their business to increase their income so that their business can survive. The problems in the swimming pool in Tulang Bawang Barat Regency are not yet optimal promotion so the number of visitors is still not optimal and has not carried out strategic planning in the pool marketing. The purpose of this study is to see how the analysis of marketing strategies is carried out to increase business income. The object under study includes 4 swimming pools in Tulang Bawang Barat Regency, namely the Banyu Biru Wahana Swimming Pool, Waterboom Pelangi, Bang Ari Swimming Pool and Kali Waterpark Tilted by analyzing the indicators of the SWOT marketing and analysis strategy. The results obtained from the marketing mix analysis consisting of Price, Place, Promotion, Product, Process, and Customer Service and People that have been carried out by the Banyu Biru Wahana Swimming Pool, Waterboom Pelangi, Bang Ari Swimming Pool, Waterpark Kali Milling shows that the most Waterboom Rainbow Waterboom good. In terms of income, in the last 4 months, Waterboom Pelangi got the highest income. Based on the SWOT results obtained SWOT diagrams of the Banyu Biru Wahana Swimming Pool are at the point (1.38: 1.00), Waterboom Pelangi is at the point (1.14: 1.04), Bang Ari's swimming pool is at the point (0.46: 1,39) and Waterpark Kali Milling is at the point (0.33: 1.39). The SWOT diagram shows that the four research objects are in quadrant I, indicating that the position is the right and profitable position. development strategy (growth threats and weaknesses that exist so that they can increase the performance of the pool business, and be able to compete in the business world and in the long run will increase the company's revenue on a continuous
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Browman, Howard I., and W. John O'Brien. "Foraging and Prey Search Behaviour of Golden Shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) Larvae." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 813–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-092.
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The juveniles of several species of freshwater fish search for zooplankton prey using a strategy intermediate between cruise and ambush: "saltatory search" (SS) or "pause–travel" search. Unlike ambush or cruise search, saltatory search involves scanning for prey throughout the search space and only during the brief stationary periods that punctuate repositioning movements. If no prey are located, these fish swim a short distance, stop, and scan again. In this paper, we describe the ontogeny of prey search in a cyprinid, the golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), a species whose search pattern has not been examined. Swimming and pursuit speeds and prey location distances increased with fish size. Golden shiner larvae searched for prey throughout the search space and only during the pauses that punctuated swimming movements. Only 1–10% of all of the stationary pauses that punctuated swimming movements were followed by attacks on prey. We conclude that golden shiner larvae employ a saltatory-search strategy similar to that described in other zooplanktivorous fish and their larvae.
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Fish, F. E., R. V. Baudinette, P. B. Frappell, and M. P. Sarre. "Energetics of swimming by the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus: metabolic effort associated with rowing." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 20 (October 1, 1997): 2647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.20.2647.
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The metabolism of swimming in the platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus Shaw was studied by measurement of oxygen consumption in a recirculating water flume. Platypuses swam against a constant water current of 0.45-1.0 ms-1. Animals used a rowing stroke and alternated bouts of surface and submerged swimming. Metabolic rate remained constant over the range of swimming speeds tested. The cost of transport decreased with increasing velocity to a minimum of 0.51 at 1.0 ms-1. Metabolic rate and cost of transport for the platypus were lower than values for semiaquatic mammals that swim at the water surface using a paddling mode. However, relative to transport costs for fish, the platypus utilized energy at a similar level to highly derived aquatic mammals that use submerged swimming modes. The efficient aquatic locomotion of the platypus results from its specialised rowing mode in conjunction with enlarged and flexible forefeet for high thrust generation and a behavioral strategy that reduces drag and energy cost by submerged swimming.
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Zhong, Q., J. Zhu, F. E. Fish, S. J. Kerr, A. M. Downs, H. Bart-Smith, and D. B. Quinn. "Tunable stiffness enables fast and efficient swimming in fish-like robots." Science Robotics 6, no. 57 (August 11, 2021): eabe4088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scirobotics.abe4088.
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Fish maintain high swimming efficiencies over a wide range of speeds. A key to this achievement is their flexibility, yet even flexible robotic fish trail real fish in terms of performance. Here, we explore how fish leverage tunable flexibility by using their muscles to modulate the stiffness of their tails to achieve efficient swimming. We derived a model that explains how and why tuning stiffness affects performance. We show that to maximize efficiency, muscle tension should scale with swimming speed squared, offering a simple tuning strategy for fish-like robots. Tuning stiffness can double swimming efficiency at tuna-like frequencies and speeds (0 to 6 hertz; 0 to 2 body lengths per second). Energy savings increase with frequency, suggesting that high-frequency fish-like robots have the most to gain from tuning stiffness.
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McGibbon, Katie E., Megan E. Shephard, Mark A. Osborne, Kevin G. Thompson, and David B. Pyne. "Pacing and Performance in Swimming: Differences Between Individual and Relay Events." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 8 (September 1, 2020): 1059–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0381.
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Purpose: Although pacing is considered crucial for success in individual swimming events, there is a lack of research examining pacing in relays. The authors investigated the impact of start lap and pacing strategy on swimming performance and whether these strategies differ between relays and the corresponding individual event. Methods: Race data for 716 relay (4 × 200-m freestyle) finals from 14 international competitions between 2010 and 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. Each swimmer’s individual 200-m freestyle season’s best time for the same year was used for comparison. Races were classified as a fast, average, or slow start lap strategy (lap 1) and as an even, negative, or positive pacing strategy (laps 2–4) to give an overall race strategy, for example, average start lap even pacing. Results: A fast start lap strategy was associated with slower 200-m times (range 0.5–0.9 s, P ≤ .04) irrespective of gender, and positive pacing led to slower 200-m (0.4–0.5 s, P ≤ .03) times in females. A fast start lap strategy led to positive pacing in 71% of swimmers. Half of the swimmers changed pacing strategy, with 13% and 7% more female and male swimmers, respectively, displaying positive pacing in relays compared with individual events. In relays, a fast start lap and positive pacing was utilized more frequently by swimmers positioned on second to fourth relay legs (+13%) compared with lead-off leg swimmers (+3%). Conclusion: To maximize performance, swimmers should be more conservative in the first lap and avoid unnecessary alterations in race strategy in relay events.
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Wyczarska-Kokot, Joanna, Anna Lempart-Rapacewicz, and Mariusz Dudziak. "Analysis of Free and Combined Chlorine Concentrations in Swimming Pool Water and an Attempt to Determine a Reliable Water Sampling Point." Water 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020311.
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The analysis of free chlorine concentrations in swimming pool water makes it possible to assess the antiseptic effect of the disinfectant. The concentration of combined chlorine determines the comfort of swimming and indicates if there is a threat from DBP (disinfection by-products). The distribution of free and combined chlorine concentration was analyzed in four basins differing in seasonality of use and in the applied water flow systems. After considering the distribution of free and combined chlorine content in characteristic points of pools, an attempt was made to determine the most reliable point for assessing the quality of water and its suitability for swimming. Such searches should aim to identify the places with the worst water quality. The most uniform distribution of the concentrations of both free and combined chlorine was observed at the middle point of swimming pools, while at points near the corners and walls of swimming pools a varied distribution was observed. Such a control strategy, based on the least favorable test results at a point considered as characteristic, would make it possible to verify the parameters of the swimming pool water treatment system and thus minimize the risk to swimmers’ health.
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Demarie, Sabrina, Jean Renaud Pycke, Alessia Pizzuti, and Veronique Billat. "Pacing of Human Locomotion on Land and in Water: 1500 m Swimming vs. 5000 m Running." Applied Sciences 13, no. 11 (May 25, 2023): 6455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13116455.
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The study of pace strategy in different environments could help to understand its dependence on athletes’ energetic limits or on sport-specific factors. The aim of this study was to analyse the pacing strategy of finalists during seven swimming and running world events held in 2021–2022. The speed of 32 swimmers every 50 m in 1500 m freestyle competitions, and the speed of 55 runners every 100 m in 5000 m track competitions, were analysed. Differences between swimming and running were statistically significant for Total Time (p = 0.00, ES = 1.9), Average Time of splits (p = 0.00, ES = 2.0), Median Time of splits (p = 0.00, ES = 2.0), and Maximal length of split sequences (p = 0.00, ES = 1.3), and non-significantly different for number of Sequences of splits (p = 0.12, ES = 0.5), Percentage of total splits faster than the median speed (p = 0.08, ES = 0.2), Percentage of splits faster than the median speed in the first half (p = 0.16, ES = 0.4) and Percentage of splits faster than the median speed in the second half (p = 0.21, ES = 0.3). In conclusion, despite similar metabolic requirements of 1500 m swimming and 5000 m running, the influence of specific environment and sport type on the pacing strategy of world level competitions seems to be supported.
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Kern, Stefan, Philippe Chatelain, and Petros Koumoutsakos. "Reverse Engineering of Self-Propelled Anguilliform Swimmers." Advances in Science and Technology 58 (September 2008): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.58.203.
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Biological mimesis pertains usually to the translation of a natural form or mechanism into an engineering design. Mimesis however can also apply to the design process itself as one may employ the principles of natural evolution to the optimization of engineering problems. As an exemplary case study for this approach, we present the application of an Evolutionary Strategy to the optimization of anguilliform swimming. This investigation uses three-dimensional simulations of the flow past a self-propelled body. The motion of the body is not specified a priori but is instead the result of a reverse engineering process. This procedure helps us identify systematically the links between swimming kinematics and biological function. Three distinct objectives are considered: the swimming efficiency, the burst swimming speed, and the acoutic far field signature. We focus on the acoustic and dynamic features, and in particular, we extract phaseshift information for motion controllers..
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Darmawan, D., Sutinem, M. Yaskun, MW Taqiyuddin, and FYD Maulydya. "Social media influence on the promotion of sustainable fisheries management: Insight from Indonesian blue swimming crab." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1400, no. 1 (September 1, 2024): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1400/1/012038.
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Abstract Blue swimming crab is one of potential fisheries commodities in Indonesia that has been mainly exported to America. Crab industry contributed to national economy due to high export volume and value. The use of social media has surged due to digitalization, becoming a crucial marketing strategy for maximizing business profits. The role of social media in non-profit organizations for fisheries sustainability campaigns remains unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze to the role of social media in promoting sustainable blue swimming crab fisheries programs in Indonesia. Data was collected for 14 days from 31 social media users on various platforms, such as Instagram, Facebook, LinkedIn, and YouTube. SmartPLS 3.2.9 was applied to analyze the effect of recall, recognition, alternative, and recalling on blue swimming crabs fishery programs on interaction and effectiveness consumer brand engagement (CBE). Results showed that the most recognized fisheries sustainability programs for blue swimming crabs were crab apartment and GTK-5 Minutes. Meanwhile, the crab enlargement program and APRI Youth Innovation were known through moment-open recruitment. Knowing and following APRI’s social media has significant effect on CBE’s interaction and effectiveness. Social media could also be used as a marketing strategy to promote sustainable fisheries management programs The research reveals the significance of social media in fostering consumer engagement and promoting sustainable practices in fisheries management programs by non-profit organization through effective marketing strategies.
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Ma, Zhao Wei, Han Zhou, Guang Ming Wang, Lin Cheng Shen, and Tian Jiang Hu. "A Bio-Inspired Strategy for Robotic Fish Swimming in Unsteday Flows." Applied Mechanics and Materials 341-342 (July 2013): 754–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.341-342.754.
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Fish can swim swiftly in complicated flow environments, which conceives inspirations for man-made underwater vehicles. The paper concentrates on some bio-inspired strategies to enable robotic fish better adaptability within changing environments. An adaptive neural method corresponding to environment is proposed and developed with a pair of coupled neural oscillators. A parameters forecasting algorithm is also designed. On the other hand, a notional four joints robotic fish is designed to validate the effectiveness of the model. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms predict the altering kinematics parameters exactly and improved model can depict the fishs adaptable behaviors. Therefore the effectiveness is further validated for potential applications into robotic fish.
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MAUGER, ALEXIS R., JOSHUA NEULOH, and PAUL C. CASTLE. "Analysis of Pacing Strategy Selection in Elite 400-m Freestyle Swimming." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 44, no. 11 (November 2012): 2205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3182604b84.
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YANAGI, TETSUO, HIDESHI TSUKAMOTO, SHUJO IGAWA, and KOHJI SHIOTA. "Recruitment strategy of swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus, in Hiuchi-Nada, Japan." Fisheries Oceanography 4, no. 3 (September 1995): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.1995.tb00145.x.
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Emami, Ali, and Behnaz Bazargani-Gilani. "Effect of oral CoQ10supplementation along with precooling strategy on cellular response to oxidative stress in elite swimmers." Food & Function 9, no. 8 (2018): 4384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8fo00960k.
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Neil, Thomas R., and Graham N. Askew. "Swimming mechanics and propulsive efficiency in the chambered nautilus." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 2 (February 2018): 170467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170467.
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The chambered nautilus ( Nautilus pompilius ) encounters severe environmental hypoxia during diurnal vertical movements in the ocean. The metabolic cost of locomotion ( C met ) and swimming performance depend on how efficiently momentum is imparted to the water and how long on-board oxygen stores last. While propulsive efficiency is generally thought to be relatively low in jet propelled animals, the low C met in Nautilus indicates that this is not the case. We measured the wake structure in Nautilus during jet propulsion swimming, to determine their propulsive efficiency. Animals swam with either an anterior-first or posterior-first orientation. With increasing swimming speed, whole cycle propulsive efficiency increased during posterior-first swimming but decreased during anterior-first swimming, reaching a maximum of 0.76. The highest propulsive efficiencies were achieved by using an asymmetrical contractile cycle in which the fluid ejection phase was relatively longer than the refilling phase, reducing the volume flow rate of the ejected fluid. Our results demonstrate that a relatively high whole cycle propulsive efficiency underlies the low C met in Nautilus , representing a strategy to reduce the metabolic demands in an animal that spends a significant part of its daily life in a hypoxic environment.
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Clemente-Suárez, Vicente Javier, and Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo. "Effectiveness of Reverse vs. Traditional Linear Training Periodization in Triathlon." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15 (August 6, 2019): 2807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152807.
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The present research aimed to analyze the modification in performance, body composition, and autonomic modulation of reverse and traditional linear training periodization in amateur triathletes. We analyzed running and swimming performance, strength manifestation, body composition, and autonomic modulation before and after a traditional linear training periodization (four weeks of volume-based training plus four weeks of intensity-based training plus two-week tapering), a reverse linear training periodization (four weeks of intensity-based training plus four weeks of volume-based training plus two-week tapering), and a free training control physical active group (10-week free training) in 32 amateur athletes. Independently of the periodization model, the combination of two four-week mesocycles followed by a two-week taper is an efficiency strategy to avoid overreaching, obtaining an increase in parasympathetic modulation. Moreover, both types of training periodization proposed in this study do not modified body composition of amateur triathletes. Also, compared with traditional periodization, reverse periodization efficiently improves horizontal jump performance. Finally, reverse and traditional periodization were an effective strategy to improve running biomechanical, performance, and physiological variables, as well as efficient periodization strategies to improve swimming technical ability, aerobic, and anaerobic swimming performance.
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Lambert, Ruth A., Francesco Picano, Wim-Paul Breugem, and Luca Brandt. "Active suspensions in thin films: nutrient uptake and swimmer motion." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 733 (September 25, 2013): 528–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.459.
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AbstractA numerical study of swimming particle motion and nutrient transport is conducted for a semidilute to dense suspension in a thin film. The steady squirmer model is used to represent the motion of living cells in suspension with the nutrient uptake by swimming particles modelled using a first-order kinetic equation representing the absorption process that occurs locally at the particle surface. An analysis of the dynamics of the neutral squirmers inside the film shows that the vertical motion is reduced significantly. The mean nutrient uptake for both isolated and populations of swimmers decreases for increasing swimming speeds when nutrient advection becomes relevant as less time is left for the nutrient to diffuse to the surface. This finding is in contrast to the case where the uptake is modelled by imposing a constant nutrient concentration at the cell surface and the mass flux results to be an increasing monotonic function of the swimming speed. In comparison to non-motile particles, the cell motion has a negligible influence on nutrient uptake at lower particle absorption rates since the process is rate limited. At higher absorption rates, the swimming motion results in a large increase in the nutrient uptake that is attributed to the movement of particles and increased mixing in the fluid. As the volume fraction of swimming particles increases, the squirmers consume slightly less nutrients and require more power for the same swimming motion. Despite this increase in energy consumption, the results clearly demonstrate that the gain in nutrient uptake make swimming a winning strategy for micro-organism survival also in relatively dense suspensions.
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Steel, C., and A. Morrice-West. "A survey of trainers on the use of swimming and other water-based exercise for Thoroughbred racehorses in Australia." Comparative Exercise Physiology 15, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep190012.
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We aimed to determine the extent of use of water-based exercise and to describe swimming training practices in Thoroughbred racehorses in Victoria, Australia. A convenience sample of 118 trainers were interviewed, information relating to swimming protocols, perceived benefits and contra-indications, and use of other water-based exercise recorded and descriptive data analyses performed. Water-based exercise was used by 85.6% (n=101) trainers: 82.2% (n=97) swimming, 25.4% (n=30) using a water walker, 13.6% (n=16) incorporating ridden trotting (‘surging’) exercise in chest deep water, and 1.7% (n=2) using an underwater treadmill. Common reasons (and trainer %) for swimming were training variety and mental ‘freshness’ (62.9%), part of the exercise regime on ‘slow’ days (61.9%) and fitness benefits (60.8%). These horses swam a median of 50-90 m (ranging from a minimum of 40-180 m to a maximum of 40-450 m), continuously or as intervals, after track work, once or twice daily a median 3 days/week (range 0.5-7). Swimming for 50 (range 40-120 m) to 90 m (range 40-200 m) before track work 7 days/week (range 3-7) was used by 43 of the 97 trainers (44.3%) to manage horses prone to exertional rhabdomyolysis. Swimming was used to replace fast work by three trainers who swam horses with limb injuries up to 270-450 m. Common reasons (and % trainers) for not swimming individual horses were demeanour/distress (73.2%), previous swim colic (35.1%) or exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (35.1%) although only five trainers had ever seen epistaxis after swimming exercise. Swimming is widely used in training Thoroughbred horses in Australia yet trainer opinions particularly on fitness benefits, contra-indications and protocols vary widely and need to be scientifically validated. Diversifying training activities is a common strategy for managing racehorses in training, yet a better understanding of the best use of swimming and other cross-training options is needed so that evidence-based recommendations can be made.
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Kolok, A. S., M. R. Spooner, and A. P. Farrell. "THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON THE CARDIAC OUTPUT AND BLOOD FLOW DISTRIBUTION OF THE LARGESCALE SUCKER CATOSTOMUS MACROCHEILUS." Journal of Experimental Biology 183, no. 1 (October 1, 1993): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.183.1.301.
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Cardiac output (Q.) and blood flow distribution were measured in adult largescale suckers at rest and while swimming. Cardiac output was directly measured using an ultrasonic flowprobe in fish during the summer (16°C), fall (10°C) and winter (5°C). Largescale suckers were adept at holding station against a current without swimming and, when engaged in this behavior, they did not significantly increase Q. relative to that found in fish in still water. When fish began to swim, Q. increased significantly. From 16 to 10°C, the critical swimming speed (Ucrit), maximum Q. and scope for Q. of the suckers did not change. However, from 10 to 5°C all three traits were significantly reduced. Thus, these fish respond to variation in water temperature in two different ways. From 16 to 10°C, the fish compensate perfectly for the change in temperature with respect to cardiac and swimming performance. From 10 to 5°C, however, largescale suckers experience a dramatic decline in cardiac and swimming performance that may be associated with a quiescent overwintering strategy. Blood flow distribution in the fish at rest and while swimming was measured at 16°C using injection of colored microspheres. In the resting fish, over 10 % of the microspheres were recovered from the kidney and over 43 % were recovered from white muscle. When the fish were swimming, there was a 60-fold increase in blood flow to the red muscle while blood flow to all other tissues remained consistent with that at rest.
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Rubio-Gracia, Francesc, Emili García-Berthou, Helena Guasch, Lluís Zamora, and Anna Vila-Gispert. "Size-related effects and the influence of metabolic traits and morphology on swimming performance in fish." Current Zoology 66, no. 5 (March 18, 2020): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoaa013.
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Abstract Energy metabolism fuels swimming and other biological processes. We compared the swimming performance and energy metabolism within and across eight freshwater fish species. Using swim tunnel respirometers, we measured the standard metabolic rate (SMR) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and calculated the critical swimming speed (Ucrit). We accounted for body size, metabolic traits, and some morphometric ratios in an effort to understand the extent and underlying causes of variation. Body mass was largely the best predictor of swimming capacity and metabolic traits within species. Moreover, we found that predictive models using total length or SMR, in addition to body mass, significantly increased the explained variation of Ucrit and MMR in certain fish species. These predictive models also underlined that, once body mass has been accounted for, Ucrit can be independently affected by total length or MMR. This study exemplifies the utility of multiple regression models to assess within-species variability. At interspecific level, our results showed that variation in Ucrit can partly be explained by the variation in the interrelated traits of MMR, fineness, and muscle ratios. Among the species studied, bleak Alburnus alburnus performed best in terms of swimming performance and efficiency. By contrast, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus showed very poor swimming performance, but attained lower mass-specific cost of transport (MCOT) than some rheophilic species, possibly reflecting a cost reduction strategy to compensate for hydrodynamic disadvantages. In conclusion, this study provides insight into the key factors influencing the swimming performance of fish at both intra- and interspecific levels.
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Mitra, Santanu, Vaibhav Sehgal, Shubham Rathore, Raghav Puri, Shivani Chouhan, and Aditya Sharma. "Design and Control Strategy of Bio-inspired Underwater Vehicle with Flexible Propulsor." Journal of Modern Mechanical Engineering and Technology 8 (December 7, 2021): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31875/2409-9848.2021.08.7.
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Biomimetics aims to take inspiration from nature and develop new models and efficient systems for a sustainable future. Bioinspired underwater robotics help develop future submarines that will navigate through the water using flexible propulsor. This research has focused on the Manta Ray species as batoid has a unique advantage over other species. This study also aims to improve AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) efficiency through biomimetic design, the purpose of which is to observe and study the marine environment, be it for sea exploration or navigation. The design and prototyping process of bioinspired AUVs have been mentioned in this study, along with testing a propulsive mechanism for efficient swimming and turning capabilities. The Robot was designed taking structural considerations from the actual Manta-Ray locomotion and body design. The propulsion mechanism and control circuit were then implemented on the developed systems. The prototype of the Manta Ray was able to generate a realistic swimming pattern and was tested in an acrylic tank. The experimental results obtained in the tank basin are very close to the results we observe in the real-world scenario in terms of the vehicle's forward and turning motion.
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Ozturk, Nihal, and Semir Ozdemir. "The effect of swimming exercise on age-dependent electrophysiological changes in female rat myocardium." Archives of Biological Sciences 72, no. 3 (2020): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs200620033o.
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The effects of swimming exercise on age-associated electrical changes in female rat hearts were investigated. Four- and 24-month-old Wistar female rats were divided into three groups as follows: sedentary young, sedentary old and exercise old. Swimming exercise was performed for 8 weeks (60 min/day, 5 days/week). All recordings were taken from freshly isolated left ventricular myocytes of rat heart. Aging caused a significant increase in the size of myocytes; swimming exercise did not affect this change. The repolarization period of the action potential was prolonged in aged myocytes, but exercise training had no effect on this prolongation. Exercise suppressed the transient outward potassium currents, while the inactivation and reactivation kinetics did not change between the groups. Moreover, aging caused suppression in the inward rectifier potassium currents, and exercise increased this suppression. Consequently, changes in the action potential and potassium currents may contribute to the impaired cardiac function in the elderly female myocardium, and swimming exercise is not an effective strategy in reversing these electrical changes.
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Abbott, B., R. Lugg, B. Devine, A. Cook, and P. Weinstein. "Microbial risk classifications for recreational waters and applications to the Swan and Canning Rivers in Western Australia." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 1 (February 3, 2011): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.016.
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Protecting recreational water quality where ‘whole-of-body contact’ activities occur is important from a public health and economic perspective. Numerous studies have demonstrated that infectious illnesses occur when swimming in faecally polluted waters. With the release of the 2008 Australian recreational water guidelines, the Western Australian (WA) Department of Health conducted a formal evaluation to highlight the advantages of applying the microbial risk management framework to 27 swimming beaches in the Swan and Canning Rivers in Perth, WA. This involved a two-phase approach: (i) calculation of 95th percentiles using historical enterococci data; and (ii) undertaking sanitary inspections. The outcomes were combined to assign provisional risk classifications for each site. The classifications are used to promote informed choices as a risk management strategy. The study indicates that the majority of swimming beaches in the Swan-Canning Rivers are classified as ‘very good’ to ‘good’ and are considered safe for swimming. The remaining sites were classified as ‘poor’, which is likely to be attributed to environmental influences. Information from the study was communicated to the public via a series of press releases and the Healthy Swimming website. The guidelines provide a sound approach to managing recreational water quality issues, but some limitations were identified.
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Standen, Emily M., Scott G. Hinch, and Peter S. Rand. "Influence of river speed on path selection by migrating adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f04-035.
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We applied stereovideographic techniques to investigate path selection, ground speed, and swimming speed in adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) ascending the Seton River, British Columbia. We tracked three-dimensional trajectories of salmon through 10 reaches and characterized the current profile at each site. At sites with relatively slow currents, the encountered river current speeds along the fish's trajectory were significantly lower than the mean current speed of the site. However, at higher current speed sites, fish experienced current speeds at or above the average current speed of the site and increased their ground speed through these sites. Observed in situ swimming speeds were 1.476.0 times greater than swimming speeds expected based on tailbeat frequency swimming speed predictive relationships established in flume studies. We conclude that (i) at sites with relatively slow or moderate current speeds, fish minimize exposure to high-speed currents to minimize energy expenditure, (ii) at sites with high-speed currents, fish may change their migration strategy, minimizing time spent searching for low current speed pathways and increasing their ground speed to expedite passage, and (iii) laboratory-derived predictive equations may only be appropriate for predicting in situ swimming costs at sites with moderate and linearly flowing currents.
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Li, Minne, Ruidong An, Min Chen, and Jia Li. "Evaluation of Volitional Swimming Behavior of Schizothorax prenanti Using an Open-Channel Flume with Spatially Heterogeneous Turbulent Flow." Animals 12, no. 6 (March 17, 2022): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12060752.
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Effective fishway design requires knowledge of fish swimming behavior in streams and channels. Appropriate tests with near-natural flow conditions are required to assess the interaction between fish behavior and turbulent flows. In this study, the volitional swimming behavior of S. prenanti was tested and quantified in an open-channel flume with three (low, moderate, and high) flow regimes. The results showed that, when confronted with alternative flow regimes, S. prenanti preferred to select regions with low flow velocities (0.25–0.50 m/s) and turbulent kinetic energy (<0.05 m2/s2) for swimming, while avoiding high-turbulence areas. Moreover, S. prenanti primarily employed steady swimming behavior to search for flow velocities lower than the average current to conserve energy in low- and moderate-flow regimes. It is hypothesized that in regions with higher flow velocities, fish may change their swimming strategy from energy conservation to time conservation. Additionally, the average and maximum burst speeds of S. prenanti were 2.63 ± 0.37 and 3.49 m/s, respectively, which were 2.21- and 2.28-fold higher than the average (1.19 m/s) and maximum (1.53 m/s) burst speeds estimated from the enclosed swim chamber for fish of similar length. This study contributes a novel research approach that provides more reliable information about fish volitional swimming behavior in natural habitats, as well as recommendations for hydraulic criteria for fishways and the identification of barriers to fish migrations.
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Ishikawa, Takuji. "Suspension biomechanics of swimming microbes." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 6, no. 39 (August 12, 2009): 815–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0223.
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Micro-organisms play a vital role in many biological, medical and engineering phenomena. Some recent research efforts have demonstrated the importance of biomechanics in understanding certain aspects of micro-organism behaviours such as locomotion and collective motions of cells. In particular, spatio-temporal coherent structures found in a bacterial suspension have been the focus of many research studies over the last few years. Recent studies have shown that macroscopic properties of a suspension, such as rheology and diffusion, are strongly affected by meso-scale flow structures generated by swimming microbes. Since the meso-scale flow structures are strongly affected by the interactions between microbes, a bottom-up strategy, i.e. from a cellular level to a continuum suspension level, represents the natural approach to the study of a suspension of swimming microbes. In this paper, we first provide a summary of existing biomechanical research on interactions between a pair of swimming micro-organisms, as a two-body interaction is the simplest many-body interaction. We show that interactions between two nearby swimming micro-organisms are described well by existing mathematical models. Then, collective motions formed by a group of swimming micro-organisms are discussed. We show that some collective motions of micro-organisms, such as coherent structures of bacterial suspensions, are satisfactorily explained by fluid dynamics. Lastly, we discuss how macroscopic suspension properties are changed by the microscopic characteristics of the cell suspension. The fundamental knowledge we present will be useful in obtaining a better understanding of the behaviour of micro-organisms.
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LEE, Shu Lin, and Yi Fang LEE. "Respiratory Health and Nutritional Strategy for Competitive Swimmers." Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24112/ajper.201812.
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LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
There is growing interest in the potentially harmful effects in swimming pools, and the potential for swimming-related health hazards, which is gaining importance in competitive swimmers. This review was focused to discuss the following topics: (1) prevalence of respiratory difficulties in swimmers; (2) the possible factors and mechanisms which lead to the development of airway disorders in elite swimmers; (3) diet and nutrient supplementation for the management and prevention of airway problems. Summaries were concluded in this review according to the current knowledge of the respiratory problems in swimmers: (1) a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms and respiratory diseases in the elite swimmer population; (2) the potentially harmful effects in airway epithelial damage and lung permeability may caused by exposure in cold air, chlorinated products in swimming pools, and high intensity training in swimmers. (3) Observational studies have reported associations between airway symptoms and nutritional intervention (i.e. polyunsaturated fatty acid, dietary antioxidants, and vitamin D), which may have application for promoting health and sports performance for swimmers.
運動選手(如游泳選手)發生呼吸系統疾病問題逐漸受到重視，本篇綜評旨在討論下列課題：(1)選手發生呼吸道疾病之發生率；(2)發生呼吸疾病之可能原因及機轉；(3)飲食與營養補充對減低呼吸疾病症狀之探討。統整相關文獻後，獲以下結語：(1)游泳選手發生呼吸道疾病之情形高於其他運動者(如：冬季運動項目、短跑與長跑等)；(2)長期處於含氯物質及其氯產物環境，對吸呼道黏膜及肺組織將有所傷，而冷空氣環境及高強度訓練模式，亦是增加游泳選手發生呼吸道不適症狀的影響因素；(3)多元不飽和脂肪酸、抗氧化物質及維生素D等營養素，在減低呼吸疾病臨床研究上證實有改善效益，對於呼吸道疾病發生率較高的游泳選手而言，應是不錯的飲食及營養補充介入不錯的選擇。
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Xin, Zhiqiang, and Chuijie Wu. "Vorticity dynamics and control of the turning locomotion of 3D bionic fish." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 14 (January 8, 2018): 2524–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217751556.
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Numerical simulations of the turning manoeuvre of a 3D bionic fish in a viscous flow are conducted in the present study using a 3D computational fluid dynamics package, which includes the adaptive multi-grid finite volume method, the immersed boundary method, the volume of fluid method, and the control strategy of fish swimming. The 3D bionic fish can turn quickly primarily using the directional control strategy of the swing of the head, in which the impacts of the swing of the fish body and the caudal fin on the directional control are also taken into account. This result demonstrates that the directional control strategy of the swing of the head is effective. An in-depth analysis of the fluid mechanism of the swimming manoeuvre of the 3D bionic fish reveals that the rotation moment in favour of turning motion is obtained by the pressure around the body of the fish, which is induced by the wake vortex, and the swing of the fish can manipulate the location and the strength of vortices shed from the fish body.
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Williams, Terrie M. "Intermittent Swimming by Mammals: A Strategy for Increasing Energetic Efficiency During Diving1." American Zoologist 41, no. 2 (April 2001): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1668/0003-1569(2001)041[0166:isbmas]2.0.co;2.
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Hata, Sachiko, and Yasuo Sugiyama. "Invisible Defense Mechanism: Qualitative Research on Strategy of Entrepreneurs Swimming with Sharks." Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, no. 1 (August 2020): 13387. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.13387abstract.
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Butler, Victoria J., Robyn Branicky, Eviatar Yemini, Jana F. Liewald, Alexander Gottschalk, Rex A. Kerr, Dmitri B. Chklovskii, and William R. Schafer. "A consistent muscle activation strategy underlies crawling and swimming in Caenorhabditis elegans." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 102 (January 2015): 20140963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0963.
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Although undulatory swimming is observed in many organisms, the neuromuscular basis for undulatory movement patterns is not well understood. To better understand the basis for the generation of these movement patterns, we studied muscle activity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Caenorhabditis elegans exhibits a range of locomotion patterns: in low viscosity fluids the undulation has a wavelength longer than the body and propagates rapidly, while in high viscosity fluids or on agar media the undulatory waves are shorter and slower. Theoretical treatment of observed behaviour has suggested a large change in force–posture relationships at different viscosities, but analysis of bend propagation suggests that short-range proprioceptive feedback is used to control and generate body bends. How muscles could be activated in a way consistent with both these results is unclear. We therefore combined automated worm tracking with calcium imaging to determine muscle activation strategy in a variety of external substrates. Remarkably, we observed that across locomotion patterns spanning a threefold change in wavelength, peak muscle activation occurs approximately 45° (1/8th of a cycle) ahead of peak midline curvature. Although the location of peak force is predicted to vary widely, the activation pattern is consistent with required force in a model incorporating putative length- and velocity-dependence of muscle strength. Furthermore, a linear combination of local curvature and velocity can match the pattern of activation. This suggests that proprioception can enable the worm to swim effectively while working within the limitations of muscle biomechanics and neural control.
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Williams, Terrie M. "Intermittent Swimming by Mammals: A Strategy for Increasing Energetic Efficiency During Diving." American Zoologist 41, no. 2 (April 2001): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/41.2.166.
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Ducharme, Michel B., and David S. Lounsbury. "Self-rescue swimming in cold water: the latest advice." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 32, no. 4 (August 2007): 799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h07-042.
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According to the 2006 Canadian Red Cross Drowning Report, 2007 persons died of cold-water immersion in Canada between 1991 and 2000. These statistics indicate that prevention of cold-water immersion fatalities is a significant public health issue for Canadians. What should a person do after accidental immersion in cold water? For a long time, aquatic safety organizations and government agencies stated that swimming should not be attempted, even when a personal flotation device (PFD) is worn. The objective of the present paper is to present the recent scientific evidence making swimming a viable option for self-rescue during accidental cold-water immersion. Early studies in the 1960s and 1970s led to a general conclusion that “people are better off if they float still in lifejackets or hang on to wreckage and do not swim about to try to keep warm”. Recent evidence from the literature shows that the initial factors identified as being responsible for swimming failure can be either easily overcome or are not likely the primary contributors to swimming failure. Studies over the last decade reported that swimming failure might primarily be related not to general hypothermia, but rather to muscle fatigue of the arms as a consequence of arm cooling. This is based on the general observation that swimming failure developed earlier than did systemic hypothermia, and can be related to low temperature of the arm muscles following swimming in cold water. All of the above studies conducted in water between 10 and 14 °C indicate that people can swim in cold water for a distance ranging between about 800 and 1500 m before being incapacitated by the cold. The average swimming duration for the studies was about 47 min before incapacitation, regardless of the swimming ability of the subjects. Recent evidence shows that people have a very accurate idea about how long it will take them to achieve a given swimming goal despite a 3-fold overestimation of the absolute distance to swim. The subjects were quite astute at deciding their swimming strategy early in the immersion with 86% success, but after about 30 min of swimming or passive cooling, their decision-making ability became impaired. It would therefore seem wise to make one’s accidental immersion survival plan early during the immersion, directly after cessation of the cold shock responses. Additional recommendations for self-rescue are provided based on recent scientific evidence.
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Das, Asimanshu, Matthew Styslinger, Daniel M. Harris, and Roberto Zenit. "Force and torque-free helical tail robot to study low Reynolds number micro-organism swimming." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 044103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0079815.
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Helical propulsion is used by many micro-organisms to swim in viscous-dominated environments. Their swimming dynamics are relatively well understood, but a detailed study of the flow fields is still needed to understand wall effects and hydrodynamic interactions among swimmers. In this letter, we describe the development of an autonomous swimming robot with a helical tail that operates in the Stokes regime. The device uses a battery-based power system with a miniature motor that imposes a rotational speed on a helical tail. The speed, direction, and activation are controlled electronically using an infrared remote control. Since the robot is about 5 cm long, we use highly viscous fluids to match the Reynolds number, Re, to be less than 0.1. Measurements of swimming speeds are conducted for a range of helical wavelengths, λ, head geometries, and rotation rates, ω. We provide comparisons of the experimental measurements with analytical predictions derived from resistive force theory. This force and torque-free neutrally buoyant swimmer mimics the swimming strategy of bacteria more closely than previously used designs and offers a lot of potential for future applications.
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Zonia, Laura, and Dennis Bray. "Swimming patterns and dynamics of simulated Escherichia coli bacteria." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 6, no. 40 (February 25, 2009): 1035–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2008.0397.
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A spatially and temporally realistic simulation of Escherichia coli chemotaxis was used to investigate the swimming patterns of wild-type and mutant bacteria within a rectangular arena in response to chemoattractant gradients. Swimming dynamics were analysed during long time series with phase-space trajectories, power spectra and estimations of fractal dimensions (FDs). Cell movement displayed complex trajectories in the phase space owing to interaction of multiple attractors that captured runs and tumbles. Deletion of enzymes responsible for adaptation (CheR and CheB) restricted the pattern of bacterial swimming in the absence of a gradient. In the presence of a gradient, there was a strong increase in trajectories arising from runs and attenuation of those arising from tumbles. Similar dynamics were observed for mutants lacking CheY, which are unable to tumble. The deletion of CheR, CheB and CheY also caused significant shifts in chemotaxis spectral frequencies. Rescaled range analysis and estimation of FD suggest that wild-type bacteria display characteristics of fractional Brownian motion with positive correlation between past and future events. These results reveal an underlying order in bacterial swimming dynamics, which enables a chemotactic search strategy conforming to a fractal walk.