Academic literature on the topic 'Swimming – Psychological Aspects'

Visually impaired students and non-visually impaired students can excel in sports activities and appreciate themselves in the surrounding environment. This research will reveal the sports achievement profile of visually impaired students and their psychological impact. Survey research was conducted at SLB Negeri A Citeureup, Cimahi. Survey research used a qualitative research strategy. It used open-ended questions through interviews with 6 participants consisting of the principal, physical education teacher, class teacher, and three visually impaired students. The data collection used purposive sampling and applied Nvivo 12 Plus for Windows to analyze the data. The study results indicated that visually impaired students who excel in sports activities such as swimming and athletics positively impact themselves, especially psychologically. The leading indicators of the psychological elements are confidence, motivation and emotional stability. Still, it needs cooperation between school officials and parents to support psychological peace, especially self-confidence, inspiration, and emotional stability of visually impaired students to get a good life in their environment.

INTRODUÇÃO: A prática esportiva, especificamente a natação, está entre as principais modalidades praticadas por crianças e adolescentes no Brasil. OBJETIVO: Descrever condutas de treinadores de natação e verificar como essas condutas são percebidas pelos atletas. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados 30 nadadores (15,31±2,47 anos) e 5 treinadores, através da Escala de Comportamento do Treinador - Visão Atleta e da Escala de Comportamento de Treinadores Desportivos - Versão Treinadores. RESULTADOS: Foi identificada correspondência entre as opiniões, demonstrando que as percepções dos treinadores são similares às percepções dos atletas de natação. CONCLUSÃO: Os treinadores investigados apresentaram preocupação com a formação abrangente dos praticantes, sobretudo em relação aos aspectos técnicos, físicos e psicológicos. ABSTRACT. How do coaches and swimmers see themselves? BACKGROUND: Sport, specifically swimming, is among the main sports practiced by children and adolescents in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To describe the conduct of swimming coaches and to verify how these behaviors are perceived by athletes. METHODS: 30 swimmers (15.31±2.47 years) and 5 coaches were interviewed through the Coach Behavior Scale - Athlete Vision and the Sports Coach Behavior Scale - Coach Version. RESULTS: We identified a correspondence between opinions, demonstrating that coaches ‘perceptions are similar to swimming athletes’ perceptions. CONCLUSION: The investigated coaches were concerned with the comprehensive training of practitioners, especially regarding the technical, physical and psychological aspects.

In recent years, the interest of female dominance in long-distance swimming has grown where several newspaper articles have been published speculating about female performance and dominance—especially in open-water ultra-distance swimming. The aim of this narrative review is to review the scientific literature regarding the difference between the sexes for all swimming strokes (i.e., butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle and individual medley), different distances (i.e., from sprint to ultra-distances), extreme conditions (i.e., cold water), different ages and swimming integrated in multi-sports disciplines, such as triathlon, in various age groups and over calendar years. The influence of various physiological, psychological, anthropometrical and biomechanical aspects to potentially explain the female dominance was also discussed. The data bases Scopus and PUBMED were searched by April 2020 for the terms ’sex–difference–swimming’. Long-distance open-water swimmers and pool swimmers of different ages and performance levels were mainly investigated. In open-water long-distance swimming events of the ’Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming’ with the ’Catalina Channel Swim’, the ’English Channel Swim’ and the ’Manhattan Island Marathon Swim’, women were about 0.06 km/h faster than men. In master swimmers (i.e., age groups 25–29 to 90–94 years) competing in the FINA (Fédération Internationale de Natation) World Championships in pool swimming in freestyle, backstroke, butterfly, breaststroke, individual medley and in 3000-m open-water swimming, women master swimmers appeared able to achieve similar performances as men in the oldest age groups (i.e., older than 75–80 years). In boys and girls aged 5–18 years—and listed in the all-time top 100 U.S. freestyle swimming performances from 50 m to 1500 m—the five fastest girls were faster than the five fastest boys until the age of ~10 years. After the age of 10 years, and until the age of 17 years, however, boys were increasingly faster than girls. Therefore, women tended to decrease the existing sex differences in specific age groups (i.e., younger than 10 years and older than 75–80 years) and swimming strokes in pool-swimming or even to overperform men in long-distance open-water swimming (distance of ~30 km), especially under extreme weather conditions (water colder than ~20 °C). Two main variables may explain why women can swim faster than men in open-water swimming events: (i) the long distance of around 30 km, (ii) and water colder than ~20 °C. Future studies may investigate more detailed (e.g., anthropometry) the very young (<10 years) and very old (>75–80 years) age groups in swimming

In this research we aim: To identify the psychological mechanisms that enhance the effectiveness of teamwork (i.e., the work coaches, psychologists, sports specialists etc. do with the athletes); To identify the aspects of communication and coach-sportsperson relationships that determine athletic performance; To determine the need to adopt a managerial style, on the part of the coach, that is tailored to the needs of the athletes so that performance is more effective. We combined several research methods in order to accurately identify the needs of the coach, but also those of the athletes, so we applied questionnaires to managers, coaches and athletes, we designed grids to observe behaviours relevant to the performance of athletes, and we applied evaluation grids selecting cardiometabolic and biochemical tests that directly correlate with sporting performance. By assessing the motivational trainability of athletes, using tests including the determination of biochemical phenomena and the optimization of athletes’ nutrition, and using individualized motivational techniques and tools, we were able to validate hypotheses such as: if the leadership style is appropriate to the athlete and/or group, then the athletes’ performance will be superior; if we apply scientific methods in real time, biochemical testing and cardiometabolic testing, then we provide a higher chance for performance in swimming at European and world level; if the leader finds appropriate motivational methods for each athlete, then evolution of performance will be on an upward trend.

Children between the ages of 4–6 years represent the population most affected by drowning accidents, while their early involvement in physical activity, and more specifically in aquatic activities is a key factor in their future physical life journey. The systematic review’s purpose was to identify aspects in the intervention’s studies with children and/or their parents that had a significant impact on the Aquatic Literacy (AL) dimensions mentioned as motor, psychological, affective, and cognitive. The PICO method was used to define the research question and PRISMA checklist searched for articles in nine databases: Cochrane, Embase, ERIC, ProQuest, PsychInfo, PubMed, Scopus, SportDiscus, and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria were: (1) English language, (2) primary research, (3) population of 4–6 year old children or their parents, (4) intervention study design, and (5) results related to at least one of the AL domains. The strength of evidence and the risk of bias were assessed. Results showed relatively poor number of studies for such a vulnerable population regarding the drowning risk (n = 8 for parents and n = 14 for children intervention). Studies did not show a consensus on which educational approach was more beneficial than others. Concerning parental education, results were rather homogeneous, especially concerning the theoretical frameworks employed and the relevancy to include parents in swimming programs. The development of pedagogical tools for promotion and evaluation, based on the AL theoretical framework, could help to clarify the question of “how to teach” children to prevent drowning and engage young children in long-term physical activities.

Abstract Introduction: Cancer-related fatigue (CrF) is a frequent and disabling symptom in hematological malignancies and associated with significant impairment in quality of life (QoL). Patients suffer from tiredness, weakness and limited capability. CrF involves physical, psychological, mental and social aspects, and often leads to inactivity or depressive mood. There is evidence for the benefit of exercise and physical activity on CrF, but clinical trials targeting patients with MDS are missing. Methods: We conducted a prospective, non-randomized trial to assess the feasibility, safety and efficacy of a home-based exercise intervention in patients with IPSS low to intermediate risk MDS. Subjects underwent an introduction and first exercise session at baseline (T0) under supervision of a physiotherapist. Workout sessions were then performed unsupervised in an outpatient setting. Patients were asked to record results in a sports diary. Exercise schedule contained six sessions per week - endurance or strength training in daily turns - over 12 weeks (T1). Follow-up assessment was performed at week 24 (T2). Endurance training included walking, running, cycling or swimming at patient´s preference. Strength training consisted of six exercises with an elastic strap for both upper and lower limb and the spine. Subjects were examined three times (T0, T1, T2). All examinations included 6-minutes walking distance (6-MWD), an ergometer check, isometric strength measurement of lower limb and isokinetic strength measurement of the abdomen and back. Quality of life and fatigue were assessed by the EORTC QLQ-C30 and Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI). Results: Twenty-one patients (13 male, 8 female) with low to intermediate risk MDS were included. Median age was 66 years (range 29-87). Fifteen patients completed the program at week 12 (T1). Twelve patients voluntarily continued the exercise program until week 24 (T2). The primary endpoint was met, since 11 patients (52%) performed more than 75% of all planned session. Median number of individual workout session was 54 (range 1-72). There were no adverse events reported due to the intervention. Main reasons for missed training sessions were doctor´s appointments or hospitalization, other private appointments, followed by acute infection and general weakness. Six-minute walking distance (6-MWD) improved from 570 meters (m) (T0) to 645 m (T1, +13%) and 660 m (T2, +16%). Among other parameters of physical capacity, strength of lower limbs increased from 2230 Newton (N) (T0) to 2570 (T1, +15%) and 2730 (T2, +22%). Between T0, T1 and T2 most functional measures like global health status (53 vs. 50 vs. 52), role functioning (62 vs. 49 vs. 61) and social functioning (63 vs. 58 vs. 53) were equal or slightly decreased. General fatigue did not significantly change over time (49 vs. 52 vs. 47 using the EORTC QLQ-C30 score [scale 0-100] and 12.2 vs. 12.4 vs. 11.9 on MFI [scale 0-21]. Results of all endurance and resistance parameters and QoL measures including fatigue subscales are displayed in Table 1. Conclusion: These data provide evidence that an unsupervised outpatient exercise program is feasible in MDS patients. The results of this pilot study also demonstrate that patients' acceptance of the program is high and physical capacity can be improved. Fatigue as a predominant symptom did not worsen during observational period. Further studies are therefore warranted. Figure 1. Results of all endurance and resistance parameters and QoL measures including fatigue subscales Figure 1. Results of all endurance and resistance parameters and QoL measures including fatigue subscales Disclosures Schuler: PharmaMar: Research Funding. Ehninger:Cellex GmbH: Equity Ownership. Platzbecker:Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding; Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Boehringer: Research Funding.

The article deals with the main directions of correction of emotional and volitional sphere of children of senior preschool and primary school age with disorders of the musculoskeletal system by means of swimming. Emotional and volitional sphere of a child with musculoskeletal disorders has its own peculiarities and requires a specific approach in the correction of disorders and development. It should be noted that the intellectual development of children with musculoskeletal disorders is directly related to the child's ability to experience complex emotions at different age stages. In this regard, it is appropriate to consider the phenomenon of emotions and the human psyche in general. Disorders of the musculoskeletal system is a complex disease of the central nervous system, which leads not only to motor disorders, but also often leads to mental retardation or pathology, speech impairment, emotional and volitional disorders. The use of water environment for correction of emotional and volitional sphere of children can be based on two methodological bases. Firstly, the acquaintance with a relatively new environment (water), being in it, motor and game activities with adults, peers and toys is a kind of return of the child to its primary natural environment both in the phylogenetic sense (evolution of fish, amphibians, reptiles) and in the ontogenetic aspect (the child's presence in the uterus in the amniotic fluid before birth). This process, reinforced by the method of the atricalization (dosed dramatization) of swimming lessons always fills the child with a capacious spectrum of emotions with the dominance of positive ones (satisfaction, joy, pleasure, elation, interest, etc.). Secondly, being in the water, learning to swim involves the systematic overcoming by the child through his volitional manifestations of various psychologically and physically uncomfortable situations for him: the unknown, anxiety, doubts, uncertainty, fears, fatigue, tactile and muscle discomfort, natural physiological reflexes, etc. This will allow the teacher to form the volitional component of the mental development of children of this contingent. The prospects of research in this direction lie in the search for new opportunities to use swimming equipment in the correction of the emotional and volitional sphere of this category of children. Key words: correction, children, disorders, musculoskeletal system, swimming, emotional-volitional sphere.

Background. Today, COVID-19 disease has caused fear and anxiety in all societies. The main purpose of this study was to find out the level of panic and fear of citizens over 20 years of age in East Azerbaijan province from the emerging disease of COVID-19 and to determine the role of some psychological and social variables related to it. Methods. In this research, a survey method has been used. The statistical population includes all citizens over 20 years of age in East Azerbaijan province in Iran while the statistical sample is estimated to be 384 people based on Lin sampling table with 95% confidence level. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaires were completed and collected in two stages in April 2020 and March 2021. The goal behind this time interval was to observe and compare the extent of coronary changes. SPSS software was used to test the relationship between variables and analyze the collected data. Results. About 45% of the participants were women and more than 55% were men. 24% of the respondents were single and 76% were married. In terms of education, the highest frequency (nearly 39%) was related to those with a bachelor's degree. In terms of age, the highest frequency is related to the age group of 41-50 years, which included about 30% of the participants. The mean score of corona phobia among the participants was 97.75 in April and 83.25 in March. Most of the psychosocial variables studied, including housekeeping, trust in medical staff and history of underlying diseases showed a statistically significant relationship with corona phobia (p<0.001). All variables in total were able to explain and predict about 70% of the variance of corona phobia. Conclusion. This study showed that corona phobia is closely related to psychological and social variables that should be considered by all institutions and people. Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the latest virus to be discovered from the Coronaviruses family. COVID-19 is a global epidemic that has spread over the world. COVID-19 has affected the people of the world not only physically but also psychologically. Most virologists and health professionals hope that in the near future, control and treatment of this disease will be achieved through health and treatment measures and injection of vaccines and drugs. The prevalence of COVID-19 in the world over the past year has risen so much that one can see the disease in almost all countries of the world. This study aims to investigate the level of fear and anxiety of people with COVID-19 disease in the course of a year and study some psycho-social variables related to this disease. The level of fear, apprehension and concern of people about this disease has been called "corona phobia". Material In this study, due to its nature, which has examined the extent of corona phobia among the citizens of East Azerbaijan province, one of the largest states of Iran, a survey method was used. The statistical population included all citizens over 20 years of age in East Azerbaijan province. The statistical sample was calculated to be 348 on the basis of Lin sampling table The samples were selected through multi-stage clustering. In this way, first the areas of each city were determined, then from each area, several districts, and from each district, several blocks, and from each block, several neighborhoods, alleys and houses of the respondents were selected. If a person was identified to be over 20 years in the selected homes, he/she was asked to complete the questionnaires. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. This questionnaire is based on two parts, one of which is to measure the dependent variable, the degree of corona phobia among citizens. This part of the questionnaire consisted of 22 items that evaluated different aspects and dimensions of people's fear of Covid-19 based on the Likert scale. Formal validity has been used to determine the validity of the content of the items of the measuring device. For this purpose, the questionnaire was evaluated and refined by four experts in psychology, sociology, social work and social medicine. Cronbach's alpha was used to calculate the reliability of the Corona phobia test as well as tests related to three independent variables, including the level of observance of health tips, housing, and the level of trust in medical staff. After ensuring that the test has significant validity and reliability, the questionnaires were distributed and completed. Results The dependent variable, the degree of corona phobia, was measured using 22 items based on the Likert scale at the ordinal scale level. The average score obtained for this variable was 97.75 in April and 83.25 in March. Thus, it can be said that the level of corona phobia among respondents in early 2020 was higher than late in the same year. In order to find the relationship between the degree of corona phobia and psycho-social variables, Pearson correlation coefficient test was used. In order to answer to the question which psycho-social variables play more important role in explaining and predicting the degree of corona phobia, multivariate regression was used through stepwise method. Certainly, regression assumptions were considered first so that there was no deviation from the assumptions of normality, linearity, uniformity of residual variance, and non-alignment of independent variables. The results of this test showed that home living has the greatest share in explaining and predicting the degree of corona phobia. This variable with a beta coefficient of 0.704, was able to predict about 50 % of the variance of corona phobia. The variables of the level of trust in the medical staff and the history of psychiatric disorders were the next important variables. All studied variables were able to explain and predict about 70% of corona phobia changes. Conclusion According to the results obtained in late 2021, the level of corona phobia has been declining compared to before, but it is still worthy of attention. In this study, the role of four psychological variables were studied, including the level of Self-confidence in the face of Covid-19 disease, the level of anxiety and stress against this disease, the rate of remedy of prayer and worship, and the history of mental disorders related to corona phobia. All of these variables showed a statistically significant relationship with corona phobia. As the level of self-confidence increases, there is a decrease in the fear and anxiety about the Covid-19. As anxiety and stress increase, so does the fear about the disease. Psycho-social variables that have entered the regression equation, altogether, have been able to explain and predict about 70 % of the variance of the dependent variable, the degree of corona phobia. Practical Implications of Research One of the practical suggestions of this research is that in times of epidemics, various social institutions invite people to calm down, increase their self-confidence and reduce the level of stress and psychological pressures. Another is that now that the lifestyles of most social groups have changed, appropriate programs should be prepared for their proper and healthy use in these conditions. For example, with the closure of sports facilities such as swimming pools and clubs, other substitutes such as walking, cycling and the like should be replaced for physical activities so that sports that is necessary for the body and mind might not be neglected. Given the important role of staying home and people's trust in health care personnel, which was established in this study, it is recommended that the country's health professionals continue to emphasize the need for people to stay at home and follow health protocols. Considering the trust different groups of people have in medical personnel, the government should also use their expert opinions to prepare appropriate vaccines to fight the epidemic and impose restrictions, especially during travel times such as Nowruz and summer holidays. Research suggestions are also presented in several sections as follows: Considering the fact that limited psychosocial variables were studied in relation to crona phobia that in this study, other researchers should examine other variables in relation to different dimensions of this disease. Since this disease will probably be present at least in the coming months, researchers should conduct similar studies in other provinces and regions of the country to make the results more generalizable. In future research, in addition to examining the factors associated with this disease, it is suggested that other factors such as psychological, social, economic and even political and educational consequences related to coronary heart disease should be studied at different levels. Ethical Considerations In this research, the ethical principles set out in the Helsinki Declaration have been observed. Participants knowingly and with full consent participated in the study, without their names or other information being mentioned in completing the questionnaires and their answers are reserved by the researcher. The present article is documented by the approval No. 4251/7/P of the Research Ethics Committee of Payame Noor University. Conflict of Interest This article is the result of an independent study and has no conflict of interest with other organizations and individuals. Aknowledgment We would like to thank the undergraduate students of Psychology and Sociology at Payame Noor University of Maragheh for their hard work in collecting data and completing the questionnaires.

Sports research has been focused on the assessment of basic needs satisfaction, considering its absence as a representation of needs frustration. However, recent findings have suggested needs satisfaction and frustration as asymmetrical factors leading to differentiated outcomes. An accurate measurement of needs poses itself as a crucial aspect, facilitating coaches’ understanding of athlete’s motivational processes. This study aimed to examine the psychometric proprieties of the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (BPNSFS) in a sample of Portuguese athletes. A multigroup analysis was conducted of gender, sport type, age, and years of sports practice. Additionally, needs satisfaction and needs frustration were tested as predictors of behavioral regulations examining the nomological validity of the BPNSFS. Data from 594 Portuguese athletes (38.6% female; Mage = 15.21; SD = 0.97) that represent two different sports (football and swimming) were analyzed. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling procedures were followed to test the factor structure and nomological validity of the scale, respectively. Analyses indicated that the six-factor model provided an adequate fit (Comparative Fit Index = 0.947, Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.936, Standardized Root Mean Square = 0.039, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.048 (CI 90% = 0.043, 0.054)). Moreover, the multigroup analysis suggested invariance in the observed structure across groups. In addition, findings indicated a strong prediction between needs satisfaction and autonomous forms of motivation, whereas needs frustration predicted significantly controlled forms of motivation. The sport-adapted BPNSFS in a sample of Portuguese athletes seemed to be an adequate measure for the assessment of basic psychological needs satisfaction and frustration. Our findings suggested that this scale may be worth testing in future research in the sport context.

Children in upper primary school who have not made progress along the Swimming and Water Safety Continuum may be at a greater risk in an aquatic environment because they have not developed the swimming competency, endurance and skills needed for survival in threatening aquatic situations. Three groups representing different socio-economic and geographical areas were selected to explore the relationships between psycho-social factors and the development of swimming ability among year seven students. Two groups from lower socio-economic areas were chosen. The first group was directly on the coast with easy access to the beach, while the second group was inland in the foothills of Perth. As higher socio-economic areas in Perth are generally not far from the coast only one group from a higher socio-economic coastal area was chosen. The participants were 540 year seven students, 282 of whom were males and 258 of whom were females. The primary variable of interest was the current swimming stage of year seven participants, and the differences between genders and/or locality groups. The primary research questions investigated differences between locality groups and/or genders for; a) perceived athletic competence and global self-worth, b) perceived swimming competency, confidence in deep water and importance placed on learning to swim well. c) perceived social support for sport and swimming activities and d) attendance at Interm, Vacswim and other swimming programs and aquatic venue experience. Relationships between swimming stage and the above variables were analysed. The secondary research questions investigated the most frequent reasons given by the students for not attending or discontinuing participation inVacswim, and whether there were differences between locality groups or genders. Findings indicated that the lower socio-economic groups had a significantly lower swimming stage and lower perceived self-worth than the higher socioeconomic group. Students from the lower socio-economic inland area had the lowest mean swimming stage as well as lower perceived social support for sport and swimming than either of the other two groups in the study. The two lower socioeconomic groups also attended less swimming instruction and placed less emphasis on the importance of learning to swim well than the higher socio-economic group. Despite these findings, the lower socio-economic groups did not view themselves as any less able in terms of athletic and swimming competence. However, as the two lower socio-economic groups have not progressed along the Swimming and Water Safety Continuum to the 'desirable standards' of the RLSSA (1999), these groups could be viewed as at-risk in an aquatic environment. At the same time, there was evidence that attendance at Interm along with attendance at another swimming program enabled participants to reach the 'desirable standards' of the RLSSA (1999). Girls generally had a higher swimming stage than boys in the lower socio-economic areas, attended year seven Interm and Vacswim more than boys, reported more social support for sport and swimming, and placed more emphasis on the importance of learning to swim well than boys. While many of these relationships between swimming stage and psycho-social factors have been intuitively accepted within the swimming teaching industry, we now have a better understanding of the strength and direction of these relationships.

This study examined Hanin's (1980) zone of optimal functioning (ZOF) theory. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether being in or out of a ZOF could be used to predict performance of 19 female and 16 male varsity college swimmers. Determining ZOFs required a two part strategy. In part one, subjects retrospectively revealed optimal anxiety using the SAI and CSAI-2 anxiety inventories. Standard deviations from this portion of the study were used to determine the size of individual ZOFs. Each swimmer was assigned SAI, cognitive, somatic, and selfconfidence ZOFs. In part two, swimmers rated level of anxiety prior to competition. Pre-competition anxiety scores were compared to individual ZOFs to determine if swimmers were within or outside their ZOFs prior to performance. A performance score of 1 was assigned to swimmers whose competition time was better than their mean time for previous competition, while a score of 0 was assigned to those swimmers whose performance time was worsethan their mean time for previous competition. Tetrachoric correlations were computed to determine the magnitude of relationship between location about ZOF and subsequent performance score. Results indicated that being within SAI and somatic ZOFs were related to above average performance for male swimmers. A somatic-cognitive interaction was also significant for male swimmers. No significant relationships were identified for female swimmers possibly due to questionable reliability and validity of anxiety responses for females. It was concluded that data for male swimmers supported ZOF theory.
School of Physical Education

[Truncated abstract] Resilience is a concept that originated from behavioural science; a branch of research aimed at explaining unexpected benign or malignant outcomes associated with human development. It is a psychological construct that encompasses both cognitive and behavioural responses to negative situations and appears to exist at both an individual and group level. As a concept, resilience receives considerable attention from researchers within developmental psychology fields, who primarily identify numerous risk and protective factors. Within sport, however, researchers have demonstrated a preference for the examination of more traditional concepts, such as coping strategies. Moreover, few investigations in either domain employ a cogent theoretical framework to guide the research. Therefore, the present research program utilises Personal Construct Psychology (PCP; Kelly, 1955) principles to direct the proposed research. PCP is a theory about theories that emphasised our underlying ambition to make sense of the world, the events people encounter and themselves. According to Kelly, PCP is guided by the fundamental postulate and 11 corollaries. The PCP research template employed by the current research program promotes the utilisation of multimethod designs (i.e., qualitative and quantitative investigations) in order to understand and facilitate the development of resilience in swimming. Three research investigations are proposed to examine resilience in swimming, and are structured according to PCP. Each investigation is outlined below. Study 1. An interview protocol based upon key elements of Kelly s (1955) psychotherapy retrospective interview protocol was employed to elicit an understanding of resilience in swimming. Fourteen interviews were scheduled with elite Australian swimmers and swimming coaches, utilising the interview schedule. ... Study 3. The aim of this study was to design, implement and evaluate a resilience intervention for youth swimmers. Utilising the data generated from the first study, a resilience enhancement program was designed and delivered to 16 developmental swimmers over a period of three months. Resilience was measured pre, during and post intervention, and three months after the intervention. Resilience was also measured on an age and ability matched control group (n = 20), at the same time points. Results revealed improvements in resilience for the experimental group following the completion of the resilience program. In summary, the present research program employed a PCP (Kelly, 1955) research template to guide the aforementioned studies of resilience. The data collected from the research investigations contributed considerable knowledge to the resilience concept, and the sport psychology field. The qualitative study was the first of its kind to examine the concept in swimming, revealing several elements and process pertaining to resilience that later formed the foundations for the resilience intervention. General conclusions propose that future research combine psychological measurement of resilience and more traditional sport psychology concepts, in addition to the development of a sport specific psychometric measure of resilience.