Academic literature on the topic 'Swimming – Physiological aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Swimming – Physiological aspects"
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CHATARD, JEAN-CLAUDE, JEAN-MARC LAVOIE, HELENE OTTOZ, PIERRE RANDAXHE, GEORGES CAZORLA, and JEAN-RENE LACOUR. "Physiological aspects of swimming performance for persons with disabilities." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 24, no. 1 (November 1992): 1276???1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199211000-00013.
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Knechtle, Beat, Athanasios A. Dalamitros, Tiago M. Barbosa, Caio Victor Sousa, Thomas Rosemann, and Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis. "Sex Differences in Swimming Disciplines—Can Women Outperform Men in Swimming?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 3651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103651.
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In recent years, the interest of female dominance in long-distance swimming has grown where several newspaper articles have been published speculating about female performance and dominance—especially in open-water ultra-distance swimming. The aim of this narrative review is to review the scientific literature regarding the difference between the sexes for all swimming strokes (i.e., butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle and individual medley), different distances (i.e., from sprint to ultra-distances), extreme conditions (i.e., cold water), different ages and swimming integrated in multi-sports disciplines, such as triathlon, in various age groups and over calendar years. The influence of various physiological, psychological, anthropometrical and biomechanical aspects to potentially explain the female dominance was also discussed. The data bases Scopus and PUBMED were searched by April 2020 for the terms ’sex–difference–swimming’. Long-distance open-water swimmers and pool swimmers of different ages and performance levels were mainly investigated. In open-water long-distance swimming events of the ’Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming’ with the ’Catalina Channel Swim’, the ’English Channel Swim’ and the ’Manhattan Island Marathon Swim’, women were about 0.06 km/h faster than men. In master swimmers (i.e., age groups 25–29 to 90–94 years) competing in the FINA (Fédération Internationale de Natation) World Championships in pool swimming in freestyle, backstroke, butterfly, breaststroke, individual medley and in 3000-m open-water swimming, women master swimmers appeared able to achieve similar performances as men in the oldest age groups (i.e., older than 75–80 years). In boys and girls aged 5–18 years—and listed in the all-time top 100 U.S. freestyle swimming performances from 50 m to 1500 m—the five fastest girls were faster than the five fastest boys until the age of ~10 years. After the age of 10 years, and until the age of 17 years, however, boys were increasingly faster than girls. Therefore, women tended to decrease the existing sex differences in specific age groups (i.e., younger than 10 years and older than 75–80 years) and swimming strokes in pool-swimming or even to overperform men in long-distance open-water swimming (distance of ~30 km), especially under extreme weather conditions (water colder than ~20 °C). Two main variables may explain why women can swim faster than men in open-water swimming events: (i) the long distance of around 30 km, (ii) and water colder than ~20 °C. Future studies may investigate more detailed (e.g., anthropometry) the very young (<10 years) and very old (>75–80 years) age groups in swimming
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Seidel, Wojciech, Andrzej Klarowicz, Marek Rejman, and Stefan Szczepan. "An Evaluation of the Usefulness of Stroke Index Values in the Swimming Training of People with Disabilities." Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjst-2016-0018.
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Abstract Introduction. When evaluating the swimming technique of people with disabilities, a particularly important factor, besides physiological aspects, is the efficiency of the effort expended. This suggests that assessing and monitoring the effectiveness of swimming should be a regular part of training for swimmers with disabilities. Therefore, it seems important to distinguish how changes occur in the parameters that determine the effectiveness of swimming. This is especially true of anaerobic lactic exercise as the lactic acid concentration in the blood increases significantly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of calculating velocity and the stroke index in the swimming training of people with disabilities, along with the progressive fatigue of a high-intensity interval training workout. Material and methods. The sample comprised 12 elite competitors with a disability. The experiment consisted in swimming sequential distances of 48 m, 50 m, 52 m, and 54 m at maximum intensity. Competitors performed four sets of four repetitions with a 75-second interval between repetitions and 15 minutes of active resting between sets. All sets were recorded using five digital cameras with a frequency of 50 frames per second. The recorded material was analysed with the use of motion analysis software, and the stroke index was calculated. Results. There was found to be no significant change in the average swimming velocity during each set and corresponding repetition, which means that the participants were able to tolerate the training intensity. Also, the stroke index did not change to a statistically significant degree in either of the subsequent sets or the subsequent repetitions (p < 0.05). Conclusions. We conclude that analysing the value of the swimming stroke index for people with disabilities can be a diagnostic method for assessing the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training.
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Hurst, Thomas P. "Thermal effects on behavior of juvenile walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma): implications for energetics and food web models." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 449–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-025.
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The behavioral responses of fishes to temperature variation have received little attention despite their direct implications to bioenergetics-based models of production and encounter-based models of food web dynamics. Behavioral characteristics of juvenile walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), a pelagic marine zooplanktivore, were examined between 2 and 9 °C in large arenas. Routine swim speed, path sinuosity, and schooling cohesiveness of fish in small groups were described from overhead video observations. In a separate experiment, maximum swimming speeds were measured in a recirculating flume. Routine and maximum swimming speeds had contrasting responses to temperature demonstrating a behavioral rather than physiological regulation of activity level. Routine swim speed was 48% faster at 2 °C than at 9 °C. This result is inconsistent with the assumption of a constant activity multiplier for metabolism incorporated into most bioenergetics models of fish growth. Increased swim speed, along with the reduced path sinuosity observed at low temperatures, may reflect kinetic aspects of habitat selection. Group cohesion increased at low temperatures, with nearest neighbors averaging 32% closer at 2 °C than at 9 °C. These results demonstrate that representative models of energy flow through marine food webs depend on an improved understanding of the behavioral as well as physiological responses of fishes to thermal variation.
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Baratto de Azevedo, Otávio Joaquim, Hélio Roesler, Suzana Matheus Pereira, Caroline Ruschel, and Nícolas Erwig Pulz. "Nado amarrado: uma revisão histórica e sua aplicabilidade." Caderno de Educação Física e Esporte 17, no. 1 (February 14, 2019): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36453/2318-5104.2019.v17.n1.p331.
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Introdução: o desempenho na natação pode ser influenciado por diferentes fatores, como a técnica de nado, as forças envolvidas na tarefa ou, ainda, aspectos fisiológicos e biomecânicos, dentre estes as análises das forças propulsiva (FP) e resistivas (FR) são de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento da natação competitiva. O nado amarrado é um método largamente utilizado por técnicos pesquisadores nos últimos 50 anos, podemos atribuir isso a sua praticidade e custo reduzido quando comparado a outros métodos. Objetivo: elucidar a aplicabilidade do nado amarrado em nível histórico e prático. Método: foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico em bases de dados cujos trabalhos utilizaram de alguma forma o nado amarrado ou que o estudaram. Resultados: foi observado que o nado amarrado é uma ferramenta com alta reprodutibilidade, possui boa relação com o desempenho na natação e pode ser utilizada para o acompanhamento de atletas ao longo de um programa de treino, bem como servir de potencial preditor de talentos esportivos. Conclusão: o nado amarrado possui lacunas quando a descrição detalhada dos métodos utilizados, contudo devido ao volume de trabalhos produzidos nas últimas décadas, podemos afirmar que este possui base sólida para ser aplicado para pesquisas e treinamento de natação.ABSTRACT. Tethered swim: a historical review and applicability. Background: swimming performance can be influenced by different factors, such as swimming technique, the forces involved in the task or, also, physiological and biomechanical aspects, among which the analyzes of the propulsive (PF) and resistive (FR) forces are of fundamental importance for the development of competitive swimming. The tied swim is a method widely used by technical researchers in the last 50 years, we can attribute this to its practicality and reduced cost when compared to other methods. Objective: to elucidate the applicability of the tied swim in historical and practical level. Methods: a bibliographic survey was carried out in databases whose works somehow used the tethered swimming or studied it. Results: It has been observed that the tied swim is a tool with high reproducibility, has a good relationship with swimming performance and can be used to accompany athletes throughout a training program, as well as to serve as a potential predictor of sports talents. Conclusion: the tied swim has gaps when the detailed description of the methods used, however due to the volume of work produced in the last decades, we can affirm that it has a solid base to be applied for research and swimming training.
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Williamson, David, Earl McCarthy, and Massimiliano Ditroilo. "Acute Physiological Responses to Ultra Short Race‐Pace Training in Competitive Swimmers." Journal of Human Kinetics 75, no. 1 (October 31, 2020): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2020-0040.
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Abstract Ultra Short Race Pace training (USRPT) is an emerging training modality devised in 2011 to deviate from high-volume swimming training that is typically prescribed. USRPT aims to replicate the exact demands of racing, through its unique prescription of race-pace velocity sets with short rest intervals. It has been surmised, with little physiological evidence, that USRPT provides swimmers with the best opportunity to optimize the conditioning, technique, and psychology aspects of racing at the most specific velocity of the relevant event, with low blood lactate concentration. The aim of this study was to examine acute physiological responses of USRPT. Fourteen swimmers were recruited to perform a USRPT set: 20 x 25 m freestyle with a 35-s rest interval. Swimmers were required to maintain the velocity of their 100 m personal best time for each sprint. Sprint performance, blood lactate, heart rate and the RPE were measured. Blood lactate was taken before, during (after every 4 sprints) and 3 minutes after the USRPT protocol. Heart rate monitors were used to profile the heart rate. Athletes reported the RPE before- and after completion of the USRPT set. Sprint times increased by 3.3-10.8% when compared to the first sprint (p < 0.01). There was high blood lactate concentration (13.6 ± 3.1mmol/l), a significant change in the RPE from 8 ± 1.6 to 18 ± 1.6 (p < 0.01) and a substantially high heart rate profile with an average HRmax of 188 ± 9 BPM. The results show the maximal intensity nature of USRPT and portray it as an anaerobic style of training.
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Wegener, G., and U. Krause. "Different modes of activating phosphofructokinase, a key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis, in working vertebrate muscle." Biochemical Society Transactions 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0300264.
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Glycolytic flux in white muscle can be increased several-hundredfold by exercise. Phosphofructokinase (PFK; EC 2.7.1.11) is a key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis, but how its activity in muscle is controlled is not fully understood. In order not to neglect integrative aspects of metabolic regulation, we have studied in frogs (Rana temporaria) a physiological form of muscle work (swimming) that can be triggered like a reflex. We analysed swimming to fatigue in well rested frogs, recovery from exercise, and repeated exercise after 2 h of recovery. At various times, gastrocnemius muscles were tested for glycolytic intermediates and effectors of PFK. All metabolites responded similarly to the two periods of exercise, with the notable exception of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6P2), which we proved to be a most potent activator of frog muscle PFK. The first bout of exercise triggered a more than 10-fold increase in F2,6P2; PFK activity and the content of F2,6P2 in muscle were well correlated. F2,6P2 decreased to pre-exercise levels in fatigued frogs and it virtually disappeared during recovery. Varying by a factor of 70, F2,6P2 was the most dynamic of all metabolites in muscle. Even more surprisingly, F2,6P2 did not respond at all to a second bout of exercise. Other activators of PFK, such as Pi, AMP and ADP, are increased as a consequence of increased ATP turnover in contracting muscle cells. This does not apply to F2,6P2, which is likely to respond to extracellular signals and could be involved in mechanisms by which muscle metabolism is integrated into the metabolism of the whole body. Whether this phenomenon exists in vertebrates other than the frog, and maybe even in humans, and how the content of F2,6P2 in muscle is controlled are intriguing open questions.
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Jørgensen, Christian, Christian Lydersen, Ole Brix, and Kit M. Kovacs. "Diving development in nursing harbour seal pups." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 22 (November 15, 2001): 3993–4004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.22.3993.
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SUMMARY This study investigated physiological and behavioural aspects of diving development in pups of the harbour seal Phoca vitulina. Behavioural data (4280 h, 6027 dives) from time/depth recorders (N=13) deployed on pups aged 0–19 days are presented concomitantly with physiological measurements (N=8, sampled both early and late in the nursing period) of blood oxygen stores and body composition. Pups grew from 12.6±1.8 kg (mean age 2 days, total body fat 16±4 %) to 22.2±2.5 kg (mean age 16 days, total body fat 35±5 %; means ± s.d.) over the duration of the experiment. Pups less than 5 days of age had an elevated haematocrit and reduced plasma volume compared with older pups. Although plasma volume and blood volume increased, mass-specific blood oxygen stores (total haemoglobin) fell during the study period. Simultaneously, the following behavioural indicators of diving ability increased: the proportion of time spent in the water, dive depth, dive duration, bottom time and maximum daily swimming velocity. In addition, the proportion of dives that were identified by cluster analyses as being U-shaped increased significantly with age. On the basis of the measured blood oxygen stores, less than 1 % of the recorded dives exceeded the calculated aerobic dive limit. Thus, development in blood oxygen stores or rates of oxygen consumption did not seem to restrain the rate of neonatal dive development in harbour seals. It appears that behavioural modifications (experience and learning) may be the primary rate-limiting factors for ontogeny of diving skills in neonates of this species.
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Neumeister, H., B. Ripley, T. Preuss, and W. F. Gilly. "Effects of temperature on escape jetting in the squid Loligo opalescens." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 3 (February 1, 2000): 547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.3.547.
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In Loligo opalescens, a sudden visual stimulus (flash) elicits a stereotyped, short-latency escape response that is controlled primarily by the giant axon system at 15 C. We used this startle response as an assay to examine the effects of acute temperature changes down to 6 C on behavioral and physiological aspects of escape jetting. In free-swimming squid, latency, distance traveled and peak velocity for single escape jets all increased as temperature decreased. In restrained squid, intra-mantle pressure transients during escape jets increased in latency, duration and amplitude at low temperature. Recordings of stellar nerve activity revealed repetitive firing of the giant motor axon accompanied by increased activity in the non-giant motor axons that run in parallel. Selective stimulation of giant and non-giant motor axons in isolated nerve-muscle preparations failed to show the effects seen in vivo, i.e. increased peak force and increased neural activity at low temperature. Taken together, these results suggest that L. opalescens is able to compensate escape jetting performance for the effects of acute temperature reduction. A major portion of this compensation appears to occur in the central nervous system and involves alterations in the recruitment pattern of both the giant and non-giant axon systems.
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Waller, Jesica D., Richard A. Wahle, Halley McVeigh, and David M. Fields. "Linking rising pCO2 and temperature to the larval development and physiology of the American lobster (Homarus americanus)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 4 (September 12, 2016): 1210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw154.
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Few studies have evaluated the joint effects of elevated temperature and pCO2 on marine organisms. In this study we investigated the interactive effects of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicted temperature and pCO2 for the end of the 21st century on key aspects of larval development of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, an otherwise well-studied, iconic, and commercially prominent species in the northeastern United States and Atlantic Canada. Our experiments showed that larvae (stages I–III) and postlarvae (stage IV) reared in the high temperature treatments (19 °C) experienced significantly lower survival, developed twice as fast, and had significantly higher oxygen consumption rates, than those in ambient treatments (16 °C). Larvae from the ambient temperature/high pCO2 (750 ppm) treatment had significantly longer carapace lengths, greater dry masses in stages I–III and higher C: N ratios in stage IV than larvae from all other treatments. Stage IVs raised in the high pCO2 treatment at 19 °C had significantly higher feeding rates and swimming speeds than stage IVs from the other three treatments. Together these results suggest that projected end-century warming will have greater adverse effects than increased pCO2 on larval survival, and changing pCO2 may have a complex effect on larval metabolism and behaviour. Understanding how the most vulnerable life stages of the lobster life cycle respond to climate change is essential in connecting the northward geographic shifts projected by habitat quality models, and the underlying physiological and genetic mechanisms that drive their ecology.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Swimming – Physiological aspects"
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Beltz, John D. "Physiological response to interval training." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/486191.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of swimming distance and rest interval on the intensity of swimming (relative to VO2 max) and the contributions of the three energy systems (aerobic, anaerobic, and alactic) during these interval sets. Nine male college swimmers performed fourteen different interval training sets. Distances were 25, 50, 100, or 200 yards with rest intervals of 10 seconds, 1, and 3 minutes. During these sets only the distance to be swum and the rest interval for the set was given. No qualitative information from the coach was provided. These interval sets were performed by the swimmers with the influence from timers being kept minimal. Oxygen cost during the swim was determined from the velocity of the swim based on a linear regression for swimming velocity and oxygen uptake for each swimmer. The same interval sets were completed with pace controled where venous blood samples were obtained 1, 3, 5, and 7 minutes after the completion of each training set. 81ood samples were analyzed for lactate accumulation, blood pH, p0.,, pCO2, and hemoglobin. From these values bicarbonate, base excess, and blood oxygen saturation were calculated using equations developed by Siggard-Anderson. The results of this study do indicate that there is a predictable relationship between swimming distance and rest interval on swimming intensity (relative to VO., max). There was a curvilinear L relationship between swimming intensity (relative to VO max) and rest interval for 50, 100, and 200 yard interval sets. The correlation at these distances were r-0.96, 0.93, and 0.94 respectively. There was a linear relationship between intensity and the distance swum for the 10 second, 1, and 3 minute rest intervals. The correlation for these rest intervals were r= 0.99, 0.99, and 1.00 respectively. There was an increase in the relative contribution of aerobic energy as the distance of the swim increased for all three rest intervals. At a given swiming distance there was a greater contribution of non-aerobic energy as the rest interval increased. Contrary to continuous swimming, greater swimming velocity does not directly correspond to greater contributions of anaerobic energy during intermittent swimming. The distance and rest interval during intermittent training greatly effect the relative contributions of the three energy systems. The intensity of the swim and the relative contributions of each energy system should be considered when planning specific training regimens.
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Kerr, Chadwick G. "Hypothermia during Olympic triathlon : influence of body heat storage during the swimming stage." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1014852.
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The purpose of this study was to determine if mild heat stress induced by wearing a wet suit while swimming in relatively warm water (25.4 ± 0.1°C) increases the risk of heat injury during the subsequent cycling and running stages. Specificlly, during an Olympic distance triathlon in a hot and humid environment (32°C & 65% RH). Five male triathletes randomly completed two simulated triathlons (Swim=30 min; Bike=40 km; Run=10 km) in the laboratory using a swimming flume, cycle ergometer, and running treadmill. In both trials, all conditions were identical, except for the swimming portion in which a full length, sleeveless neoprene wet suit was worn during one trial (WS) and a competitive brief swimming suit during the other (SS). The swim portion consisted of a 30 min standardized swim in which oxygen consumption (V02) was replicated, regardless of WS or SS. During the cycling and running stages, however, the subjects were asked to complete the distances as fast as possible. Core Temperature (T) was not significantly different between the SS and WS trials at any time point during the triathlon. However, mean skin temperature (TSk) and mean body temperature (Tb) were higher (p<0.05) in the WS at 15 (TSk=+4.1°C, Tb=+1.5°C) and 30 min (TSk=+4°C, Tb=+1.6°C) of the swim. These TSk and Tb differences were eliminated by 15 min of the cycling stage and remained similar (p>0.05) through the end of the triathlon. Moreover, there were no differences (p>0.05) in V02, heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), or thermal sensation (TS) between the WS and SS. Additionally, no significant differences were found in cycling (SS=1:14:46 ± 2:48 vs. WS=1:14:37 ± 2:54 min), running (SS=55:40 ± 1:49 vs. WS=57:20 ± 4:00 min) or total triathlon times (SS=2:40:26 ± 1:58 vs. WS=2:41:57 ± 1:37 min). Therefore, the primary finding was that wearing a wet suit during the swimming stage of an Olympic distance triathlon in 25.4°C water does not adversely affect the thermal responses or the triathlete's ability to perform on the subsequent cycling and running stages.School of Physical Education
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Flynn, Michael Gerald. "Fat storage in athletes : the metabolic and hormonal responses to swimming and running exercise." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/516210.
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Despite similar rates of energy expenditure during training, competitive swimmers have been shown to store significantly greater amounts of body fat than competitive runners. In an attempt to explain these discrepancies, male collegiate swimmers (n=8) and runners (n=8) were monitored during 45 min of swimming and running, respectively (75% V02 max), and during two hours of recovery. In addition, a group of male competitive triathletes (n=6) were similarly monitored during and after both swimming and running exercise.Blood samples were obtained after 15 min rest prior to exercise and at 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min of recovery and were analyzed for glucose, lactate, glycerol, free fatty acids, insulin, glucagons, norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E). Respiratory gases were collected at 15 min intervals during exercise and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min of recovery. Heart rate and mean body temperature were recorded at 10 min intervals throughout recovery. There were no differences in post-exercise oxygen consumption or heart rate while the RER suggested increased fat oxidation after exercise for the swimmers and the swimming triathletes. The mean body temperature and mean skin temperatures were significantly lower throughout 120 min of recovery for the swimmers compared to the runners. The triathletes demonstrated a similar tendency but these differences were not significant. The serum glucose levels were significantly greater (P<0.05) immediately post-exercise for the runners compared to the swimmers (6.71 +0.29 and 4.97 +0.19 mmol•1-1, respectively). Blood glucose values were also significantly greater immediately post-run for the triathletes (6.40 +0.26 and 4.87 ±0.18 mmol-l-1 for running and swimming, respectively). Blood glucose values remained elevated for runners and the running triathletes up to 30 min of recovery. Free fatty acids were similar after the run and the swim, but glycerols were increased immediately after running in the runners (P<0.05) and the triathletes (P<0.05). Differences in blood glucose levels or fat release were not explained by differences in NE, E or cortisol. The glucagon-to-insulin (G:I) ratio was significantly increased after exercise in the swimmers and the swimming triathletes. This, combined with a reduced RER after the swimming trials, suggests that the reduced glucose levels were due to reduced hepatic glycogen stores. The results of this study suggest that there were differences in substrate utilization during running and swimming exercise of the same intensity. These differences were not explained by NE, E or cortisol; however, the increased G:T ratio suggests increased carbohydrate use during exercise in the swimmers. Finally, body fat differences between runners and swimmers were not explained by differences in post-exercise energy expenditure or fat oxidation.
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D'Acquisto, Leonardo J. "Relationship between swimming economy, skill, power, and performance in the breaststroke." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/486593.
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A "velocity-video" system was developed with the intent of measuring forward body velocity changes and technical skill during swimming. The system consists of a "swim-meter", video camera, A-D converter, Apple IIE computer, Microkey system, VCR and monitor. A correlation of 1.0 was found between the velocity computed by the "velocity-video" system and a known speed. Furthermore, comparison of the velocity pattern of breaststroke from video with digitized film revealed a correlation of 0.95. These results suggest that the "velocity-video" system is a valid method of describing swimming velocity and corresponding changes in body position. The second part of this investigation examined the relationship between physiological economy (ml 02-U_1-LBW-7L), technical skill, swim power, and performance between "superior" and "good" male and female breaststrokers. Swimmers were categorized based on best 100 yd performance time. To study physiological economy oxygen uptake was determined after a 400 yd submaximal breaststroke swim. No significant difference in economy (ml 02•m-1 -LBW-1) was noted between the superior and good swimmers for both males and females. The superior male swimmers, however, were found to have lower blood lactate values compared to the good male breaststrokers', 1.85 + 0.39 vs. 4.49 ± 0.86 mM•1-1. The superior males and females were found cover a greater distance per stroke compared to the good males and females, respectively. The ability to generate power and/or peak power was found to be an important factor in sprint performance (r = 0.91 and 0.92, respectively). During a submaximal effort the superior swimmers spent a greater amount of time during the glide and leg recovery phases of the breaststroke cycle than the good swimmers. The results of the present study suggest that the superior breaststrokers were characterized by there ability to minimize drag during the glide and leg recovery phases of the stroke cycle. This suggests greater technical skill as evidenced by the superior swimmers' ability to cover a greater distance per stroke cycle at a given speed.
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Gao, Jiaping. "The influence of NaHCOb3s ingestion on interval swimming : acid-base balance and performance." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/487342.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of oral NaHCOa administration on the alteration of acid-base balance and performance of high-intensity interval swimming. Ten male college swimmers were studied on five test days within a two-week period. Each test day consisted of five 100-yd freestyle swims with a two-minute rest interval between each bout. Subjects received two NaHCO3, two placebo and one no-drink treatments for the five test days. One hour before the onset of swimming the subjects were given 300 ml of citric acid flavored solution containing either NaCl (placebo) or NaHC03 (experimental), or received no drink. The dose of NaHCO3 solution was 0.25 9/kg-1 body weight. Before the sprint trial test a 300-yd warmup swimming was performed followed by a nine-minute rest. Performance times for each 100-yd swim were recorded. Blood samples were obtained before and one hour after treatment, two minutes after warmup and the last bout of swim. Blood, pH, lactate, standard bicarbonate (SBC) and base excess (BE) were measured. After the statistical analysis had shown there were no differences between the corresponding values of two trials for the same treatment, the data for identical treatments were combined and reanalyzed statistically as one group. All the corresponding variables between placebo and no-drink revealed no differences. Performance times of the fourth and fifth swimming bouts were faster (P < 0.05) and blood lactate after exercise was higher (P < 0.05) in NaHCO3 condition. Blood pH, SBC, BE were higher (P < 0.05) at post-treatment, post-warmup and post-last bout of swim in NaHCO3 condition. The difference between NaHCO3 and the other two conditions on the increment of lactate (2.0 mM) was proportional to that on the decrement of SBC (2.2 meq/1) after exercise. The data from the placebo and NaHCO3 treatments shown a positive correlation between hydrogen ion and lactate concentrations (r = 0.923) and a negative correlation between SBC and lactate concentrations (r = -0.941) after warmup and exercise. These data are in agreement with previous findings that during repeated bouts of exercise pre-exercise administration of NaHCO3 improves performance, possibly by facilitating the efflux of lactate and hydrogen ions from working muscles and thereby delaying the onset of fatigue.
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Vitelli, Carol A. "Comparison of heart rate to lactate as related to performance of competitive male swimmers." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/445247.
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Twelve competitive male swimmers were studied for a comparison of lactate/velocity profiles to heart rate/velocity profiles during a season of swim training. Lactate concentration (mM) and post-exercise heart rate (sum of three) after a 200-yard submaximal swim (approximately 90% of maximal attainable velocity) and a maximal swim were determined three times during the season: at the beginning (T1), after two months of training (T2) and after four months of training (T3). Both profiles demonstrated a significant rightward shift at T2 and a smaller, further shift at T3. Both lactate and heart rate significantly decreased at an absolute and relative exercise intensity in response to training. It is concluded that either parameter can be useful in monitoring training progress and for determining optimal training intensities. Because of the expense and difficulty of blood lactate measurements, heart rate/ velocity profiles can provide a practical and non-invasive alternative to blood lactate testing.
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Lyttle, Andrew. "Hydrodynamics of the human body during the freestyle tumble turn." University of Western Australia. Dept. of Human Movement and Exercise Science, 2000. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0126.
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This thesis contains three cross-sectional studies and an equipment development study, presented in the form of journal submissions, regarding the hydrodynamics experienced by swimmers during the various phases of the freestyle tumble turn.
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Hawley, John A. "The effect of treadmill running and swimming on citrate synthase activity and glycogen levels in the rat." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/450972.
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Thirty-eight female Wistar rats were studied to determine the response of citrate synthase (CS) and glycogen (GLY) to two similar programs of endurance training. Animals were randomly assigned to one of three groups: run-trained (RUN), swim-trained (SWIM) or sedentary control (CON). The treadmill trained animals ran at a speed of 27 m/min. up an eight degree incline. The swim-trained animals swam with 2% of body weight attached to their tails. The duration of the exercise protocols was 2 hours/day, the frequency 5 days/week and the length of the training regimen was 10 weeks. Liver GLY content (mmoles/g) for the exercise trained groups was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than CON. There were no significant differences between RUN and SWIM animals in the GLY levels of the hindlimb muscles. The GLY levels of the forelimb muscles were significantly greater (p0.01) in the SWIM animals compared to the RIJN animals, apart from the pectoralis (EEC). The CS activity in the soleus (SOL) and red -vastus (RV) of the RUN animals was significantly larger (p <; 0.01) than SWIM. The plantaris (PLANT) of the SWIM animals had significantly greater CS activity than the RUN animals. In the forelimb muscles, only -the deltoid (DEL) of the SWIM group was higher in CS activity than the RUN groups. The results of this study indicate that the mechanisms responsible for increased GLY storage in skeletal muscle are under independent control to those factors governing the changes in the oxidative enzyme CS. Differences in muscle GLY levels and CS activity between RUN and SWIM rats can be explained by contrasting mechanics in these two (nodes of exercise and the resulting fiber recruitment patterns.
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Upshaw, Kris. "The effects of stroke rate and stroke length on upper quadrant stroke patterns in competitive swimming." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/958784.
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The purpose of this study was to describe women collegiate swimmers' armstroke sequence at selected velocities. In addition, this study was designed to determine the timing angle during the course of a stroke cycle. Seven members of the Ball State University Women's Swim Team were asked to participate in this study. The test consisted of the subject swimming approximately fifteen meters freestyle (front crawl) at stroke rates of 24, 30, 40, 48, 60 strokes per minute. The subjects attempted three trials at each stroke rate, on a continuum from slow to fast. The following parameters were determined from video analysis: stroke length (SL), velocity (m/s), time of one complete stroke cycle (SCT), timing between the arm cycles (RAE), recovery arm entry as a percentage of SCT (RAE%) and the timing angle. A correlation between the timing angle and V of r = 0.48 was found to be significant at the 0.05 level. A correlation between the SCT and the timing angle of r = -0.62 was found to be significant at the 0.05 level. A correlation of r = -0.43 between SL and the timing angle of less than 90 degrees is believed to benefit theangle was found to be significant at the 0.05 level. This indicates that as the swimmers' SCT decreased, the timing angle increased. And, as the swimmers' SL decreased the timing angle increased. It appears that timing angles increase with increasing V. The mean timing angle for ninety trials was 66.03 degrees with a SD of 17.68. This study indicates that women collegiate swimmers use a timing angle of less than 90 degrees. A timing swimmers' body position, balance and SL.School of Physical Education
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Slawson, Sian. "A novel monitoring system for the training of elite swimmers." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6292.
Full textAbstract:
Swimming performance is primarily judged on the overall time taken for a swimmer to complete a specified distance performing a stroke that complies with current regulations defined by the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), the International governing body of swimming. There are three contributing factors to this overall time; the start, free swimming and turns. The contribution of each of these factors is event dependent; for example, in a 50m event there are no turns, however, the start can be a significant contributor. To improve overall performance each of these components should be optimised in terms of skill and execution. This thesis details the research undertaken towards improving performance-related feedback in swimming. The research included collaboration with British Swimming, the national governing body for swimming in the U.K., to drive the requirements and direction of research. An evaluation of current methods of swimming analysis identified a capability gap in real-time, quantitative feedback. A number of components were developed to produce an integrated system for comprehensive swim performance analysis in all phases of the swim, i.e. starts, free swimming and turns. These components were developed to satisfy two types of stakeholder requirements. Firstly, the measurement requirements, i.e. what does the end user want to measure? Secondly, the process requirements, i.e. how would these measurements be achieved? The components developed in this research worked towards new technologies to facilitate a wider range of measurement parameters using automated methods as well as the application of technologies to facilitate the automation of current techniques. The development of the system is presented in detail and the application of these technologies is presented in case studies for starts, free swimming and turns. It was found that developed components were able to provide useful data indicating levels of performance in all aspects of swimming, i.e. starts, free swimming and turns. For the starts, an integrated solution of vision, force plate technology and a wireless iii node enabled greater insight into overall performance and quantitative measurements of performance to be captured. Force profiles could easily identify differences in swimmer ability or changes in technique. The analysis of free swimming was predominantly supported by the wireless sensor technology, whereby signal analysis was capable of automatically determining factors such as lap times variations within strokes. The turning phase was also characterised in acceleration space, allowing the phases of the turn to be individually assessed and their contribution to total turn time established. Each of the component technologies were not used in isolation but were supported by other synchronous data capture. In all cases a vision component was used to increase understanding of data outputs and provide a medium that coaches and athletes were comfortable with interpreting. The integrated, component based system has been developed and tested to prove its ability to produce useful, quantitative feedback information for swimmers. The individual components were found to be capable of providing greater insight into swimming performance, that has not been previously possible using the current state of the art techniques. Future work should look towards the fine-tuning of the prototype system into a useable solution for end users. This relies on the refinement of components and the development of an appropriate user interface to enable ease of data collection, analysis, presentation and interpretation.
Books on the topic "Swimming – Physiological aspects"
1
Sports Performance Orthopedic Rehabilitation and Training., ed. Efficiency swimming. Toronto: Bantam Books, 1987.
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2
W, Maglischo Ernest, ed. Swimming fastest. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2003.
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3
Maglischo, Ernest W. Swimming fastest. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2003.
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Guillain, Charlotte. Swimming. London: Raintree, 2009.
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Maglischo, Ernest W. Swimming even faster. Mountain View, Calif: Mayfield Pub. Co., 1993.
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1948-, Ungerechts Bodo E., Wilke Kurt, and Reischle Klaus 1940-, eds. Swimming science 5. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1988.
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Costill, David L. Swimming. Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1992.
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Azuma, Akira. The biokinetics of flying and swimming. Tokyo: Springer-Verlag, 1992.
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Swimming anatomy. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics, 2010.
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Swimming into the 21st century. Champaign, Ill: Leisure Press, 1992.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Swimming – Physiological aspects"
1
"Behavior in Salmon." In Physiological Aspects of Imprinting and Homing Migration in Salmon, 94–112. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2054-3.ch005.
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The recent rapid development of biotelemetry technologies has made it possible to continuously observe the underwater behavior of salmon in open water. Homing migratory behaviors were studied using anadromous chum salmon from the Bering Sea to Hokkaido and lacustrine sockeye salmon and masu salmon in Lake Toya. Biotelemetry results on the migratory behavior of adult chum salmon in a reconstructed reach of the Shibetsu River; the investigation of cardiac arrest during gamete release in chum salmon; the comparison of the swimming ability and upstream-migration behavior of chum salmon and masu salmon in Hokkaido, Japan; and the analysis of site fidelity and habitat use in Formosan landlocked salmon during the typhoon season in the Chichiawan stream, Taiwan were also performed. This chapter describes the homing migration of anadromous chum salmon from the Bering Sea to Hokkaido, Japan; the homing migration of lacustrine sockeye salmon and masu salmon in Lake Toya, Hokkaido, Japan; and biotelemetry research on various behaviors in salmon.