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Journal articles on the topic 'Swimming for children – Western Australia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Paterson, B. "Western Australia with 2.4 children." BMJ 325, no. 7374 (November 23, 2002): 175Sa—175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7374.s175a.

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2

Abbott, B., R. Lugg, B. Devine, A. Cook, and P. Weinstein. "Microbial risk classifications for recreational waters and applications to the Swan and Canning Rivers in Western Australia." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 1 (February 3, 2011): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.016.

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Protecting recreational water quality where ‘whole-of-body contact’ activities occur is important from a public health and economic perspective. Numerous studies have demonstrated that infectious illnesses occur when swimming in faecally polluted waters. With the release of the 2008 Australian recreational water guidelines, the Western Australian (WA) Department of Health conducted a formal evaluation to highlight the advantages of applying the microbial risk management framework to 27 swimming beaches in the Swan and Canning Rivers in Perth, WA. This involved a two-phase approach: (i) calculation of 95th percentiles using historical enterococci data; and (ii) undertaking sanitary inspections. The outcomes were combined to assign provisional risk classifications for each site. The classifications are used to promote informed choices as a risk management strategy. The study indicates that the majority of swimming beaches in the Swan-Canning Rivers are classified as ‘very good’ to ‘good’ and are considered safe for swimming. The remaining sites were classified as ‘poor’, which is likely to be attributed to environmental influences. Information from the study was communicated to the public via a series of press releases and the Healthy Swimming website. The guidelines provide a sound approach to managing recreational water quality issues, but some limitations were identified.
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3

NG-HUBLIN, J. S. Y., D. HARGRAVE, B. COMBS, and U. RYAN. "Investigation of a swimming pool-associated cryptosporidiosis outbreak in the Kimberley region of Western Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 5 (June 26, 2014): 1037–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095026881400106x.

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SUMMARYCryptosporidiosis is a gastroenteric disease caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium, which manifests primarily as watery diarrhoea. Transmitted via the faecal–oral route, infection with the parasite can occur through ingestion of water, food or other fomites contaminated with its infective oocyst stage. In the months of November and December 2012, there were 18 notified cases of cryptosporidiosis from Broome, Western Australia. The 5-year average for the Kimberley region for this period is <1 case. Interviews conducted by Broome local government staff on the notified cases revealed that 11/18 cases had been swimming at the Broome public swimming pool. Molecular analyses of extracted DNA performed on 8/18 microscopy-positive faecal samples from interviewed cases and three water samples from different locations at the hypervariable glycoprotein 60 (gp60) gene, identified the C. hominis IbA10G2 subtype in all human samples and one water sample.
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4

Lehmann, D. "Benefits of swimming pools in two remote Aboriginal communities in Western Australia: intervention study." BMJ 327, no. 7412 (August 23, 2003): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7412.415.

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5

Douglas, M. "Educating Blind and Visually Impaired Children in Western Australia." Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 83, no. 1 (January 1989): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x8908300117.

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The vastness of Western Australia presents special problems for the provision of equal education to blind and visually impaired children who are mainstreamed in schools throughout the state, especially those who are in underpopulated areas. This article describes the history of education of blind and visually impaired people in the state, culminating in the granting of integrated education in the 1970s and the subsequent effects of mainstreaming. It also discusses the special problems of itinerant teachers, who often travel hundreds of miles, by car, and airplane, to see one student.
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6

JONES, T. W., and T. R. HENDERSON. "Urinary calculi in children in Western Australia: 1972–86." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 25, no. 2 (April 1989): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1989.tb01424.x.

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7

Threlfall, Timothy, Neil Kent, Peter Garcia-Webb, Elizabeth Byrnes, and Paul Psaila-Savona. "Blood lead levels in children in Perth, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 12, 2010): 379–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1993.tb00172.x.

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8

Close, Paul G., Tom J. Ryan, David L. Morgan, Stephen J. Beatty, and Craig S. Lawrence. "First record of ‘climbing’ and ‘jumping’ by juvenile Galaxias truttaceus Valenciennes, 1846 (Galaxiidae) from south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 62, no. 2 (2014): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo14004.

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Upstream migration of juvenile stages of temperate Australian amphidromous fish typically coincides with seasonally low river discharge when hydraulic (e.g. cascades) and physical (e.g. rock bars) barriers may be common. The ability to ‘climb’ or ‘jump’ may be expected to assist in negotiating low-flow barriers; however, it is presumed to be limited to a few native Australian freshwater fishes. Juvenile stages of Galaxias truttaceus Valenciennes, 1846 were observed ‘climbing’ and ‘jumping’ to successfully negotiate a low, vertical weir wall during their upstream recruitment migrations in south-western Australia. Based on this observation, we propose initial definitions for ‘climbing’ and ‘jumping’ to describe locomotory strategies employed by fishes to negotiate obstacles that would otherwise prevent free passage by normal swimming behaviour. Greater knowledge of the climbing, jumping and swimming performance, especially for small-bodied species and early life stages, will help improve the management of instream barriers for this critically endangered species and other freshwater fishes of southern Australia.
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9

KARANOVIC, TOMISLAV, and STEFAN M. EBERHARD. "Second representative of the order Misophrioida (Crustacea, Copepoda) from Australia challenges the hypothesis of the Tethyan origin of some anchialine faunas." Zootaxa 2059, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2059.1.5.

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A new species of the genus Speleophria is described from a cave in the Nullarbor region in southern Western Australia. Its congeners include species from the Balearics, Croatia, Bermuda, Yucatan peninsula and north-western Western Australia, all considered to be Tethyan relicts. However, the discovery of the new speleophriid in the Nullarbor region has important biogeographic and ecological implications. From the biogeographic perspective, it either suggests dispersal as the process determining the current distribution pattern of the aquatic fauna found on the Roe Plains or significantly extends the Tethyan track across Australia, from the north-western coastal margin of the continent to the southern coastal margin. From an ecologic perspective, the new speleophriid suggests the possible existence of anchialine habitats in southern Australia. Speleophria nullarborensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from its four congeners by its plesiomorphic 3-segmented endopod of the first swimming leg (2-segmented in other species) and unusually long innermost apical seta on the caudal ramus. Another character that easily distinguishes our new species, and seems to be an autapomorphic feature, is its constricted preanal somite.
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10

Petrass, Lauren A., Kate Simpson, Jenny Blitvich, Rhiannon Birch, and Bernadette Matthews. "Exploring the impact of a student-centred survival swimming programme for primary school students in Australia: the perceptions of parents, children and teachers." European Physical Education Review 27, no. 3 (February 3, 2021): 684–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1356336x20985880.

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Teaching basic swimming, water safety and rescue skills is recommended by the World Health Organization for all school-aged children. However, there is a lack of evidence on effective pedagogies to develop swimming competency and the success of swimming lessons as a drowning prevention intervention. This study used a self-report questionnaire and practical testing procedures to examine the effectiveness of a 10-week student-centred aquatic programme designed for children aged 10–12 years. The study also determined whether the non-traditional swimming programme was accepted by swim teachers, school teachers and principals, and parents from a range of schools from different geographical regions in Victoria, Australia. A total of 204 students were enrolled in the programme. The pre-programme results indicated a good level of swimming, water safety and aquatic knowledge, but low swimming ability. Swimming ability significantly improved from pre-programme to post-programme, with no significant post-programme ability differences between male and female children or for participants from different programmes. Qualitative feedback collected through questionnaires, interviews and/or focus groups from students ( n = 73) and parents ( n = 69), school teachers and principals ( n = 14), swim teachers and swim school managers ( n = 21) indicated strong support from principals and swim teachers for the student-centred pedagogy, and all stakeholders valued the focus on survival swimming competencies. This research highlights the importance of including stakeholders when designing and implementing aquatics programmes. The study has resulted in a well-founded, effective programme with tailored resources and instructional materials that are available for swim centres and schools that would enable schools globally to adopt and implement this programme.
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11

Khatami, Ameneh, Fouzia Khan, and Kristine K. Macartney. "Enteric Fever in Children in Western Sydney, Australia, 2003–2015." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 36, no. 12 (December 2017): 1124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000001606.

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12

HANNA, J. N., B. E. WILD, and P. D. SLY. "The epidemiology of acute epiglottitis in children in Western Australia." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 28, no. 6 (December 1992): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1992.tb02718.x.

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13

Lazenby, V., A. Hinwood, and P. Franklin. "Personal Exposure of Children to Formaldehyde in Perth, Western Australia." Epidemiology 17, Suppl (November 2006): S405—S406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200611001-01081.

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14

Pilgaard, Frida I. H., Per-Olof Östergren, Anna Olin, Stefan Kling, Maria Albin, and Jonas Björk. "Socioeconomic differences in swimming ability among children in Malmö, southern Sweden: Initial results from a community-level intervention." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 48, no. 5 (January 11, 2019): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494818821478.

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Aims: To investigate to what extent socioeconomic differences in swimming abilities persist among children in the city of Malmö, Sweden, after a community-level swimming intervention programme in public primary schools. Methods: A compulsory swimming education programme was launched in 2014 in second grade (at age 8) in all public primary schools in Malmö, Sweden. Data for the present study on sociodemographic conditions and self-reported swimming ability in fourth grade (age 10) were used for the last birth cohort unexposed ( n = 1695) and the first birth cohort exposed ( n = 1773) to the intervention. Results: The swimming ability was 78 and 77%, respectively, in the pre- and post-intervention cohorts. Significantly lower self-reported swimming ability was found both pre- and post-intervention among children with support activities in school, with parents born outside Europe, North America and Australia, with manual working, unemployed or studying parents and in children enrolled in schools with socioeconomic index below median. Conclusions: The findings do not suggest that sociodemographic differences in swimming ability have decreased in the first birth cohort exposed to the community-level intervention in Malmö. Striking differences in self-reported swimming ability were noted when the children reached the fourth grade both pre- and post-intervention with marked lower abilities in socially disadvantaged groups. Monitoring of swimming abilities should continue for the present, and similar interventions aimed at reducing inequalities among children. Efforts to increase water comfort at preschool age ought to be considered.
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15

Aubret, Fabien. "Aquatic locomotion and behaviour in two disjunct populations of Western Australian tiger snakes, Notechis ater occidentalis." Australian Journal of Zoology 52, no. 4 (2004): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo03067.

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Adaptive phenotypic plasticity can be viewed as an evolutionary strategy that enables organisms to match their phenotypes to local conditions. I studied two neighbouring populations of amphibious fresh-water tiger snakes, Notechis ater occidentalis, from Western Australia. One mainland population occurs around a lake, feeds primarily on frogs, and is under strong predation pressure, whereas the second population inhabits a small offshore island with no standing water and no known predators, and feeds primarily on chicks. The availability of water and its use as a habitat differ considerably between the two populations. I compared experimentally the locomotor capacities and behaviour of individuals from both populations in water, treating neonates and adults separately. Sex did not significantly influence any trait in both populations, in either adults or neonates. At birth, the two populations exhibited very little difference in swimming speed, stamina, apnoea capacities or behaviour. However, adult mainland snakes had greater apnoea capacities and faster burst swimming speed than island snakes. Mainland adult snakes also spontaneously swam underwater for longer, and a higher proportion filled their lungs while surface swimming compared with island specimens. This study suggests strong behavioural flexibility in tiger snakes depending on habitats.
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16

GRIFFITHS, MARGARET I. "HANDICAPPED CHILDREN IN AUSTRALIA: a glimpse of facilities in Western Australia & New South Wales." Journal of the Institute of Mental Subnormality (APEX) 3, no. 1 (August 26, 2009): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.1975.tb00142.x.

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17

Cromie, Elizabeth, Carrington Shepherd, Stephen Zubrick, and Wendy Oddy. "Breastfeeding Duration and Residential Isolation amid Aboriginal Children in Western Australia." Nutrients 4, no. 12 (December 13, 2012): 2020–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu4122020.

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18

Clark, Antony, Swati Sinkar, Kate Barnes, Geoffrey C. Lam, Alice H. Johnson, and David A. Mackey. "Non‐accidental and accidental eye injuries in children in Western Australia." Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 48, no. 5 (March 16, 2020): 708–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ceo.13741.

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19

SLACK‐SMITH, LM, AW READ, and FJ STANLEY. "The use of medication in children attending childcare in Western Australia." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 34, no. 2 (April 1998): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1754.1998.00196.x.

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20

Hanna, Jeffrey N., and Beryl E. Wild. "Bacterial meningitis in children under five years of age in Western Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 155, no. 3 (August 1991): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb142183.x.

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21

McMahon, Sarah K., Aveni Haynes, Nirubasini Ratnam, Maree T. Grant, Christine L. Carne, Timothy W. Jones, and Elizabeth A. Davis. "Increase in type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in Western Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 180, no. 9 (May 2004): 459–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06023.x.

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22

Leonard, Helen, Beverly Petterson, Nicholas De Klerk, Stephen R. Zubrick, Emma Glasson, Richard Sanders, and Carol Bower. "Association of sociodemographic characteristics of children with intellectual disability in Western Australia." Social Science & Medicine 60, no. 7 (April 2005): 1499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.08.014.

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23

Bourke, Jenny, Wendy N. Nembhard, Kingsley Wong, and Helen Leonard. "Twenty-Five Year Survival of Children with Intellectual Disability in Western Australia." Journal of Pediatrics 188 (September 2017): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.06.008.

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24

Gracey, M., and J. Cullinane. "Gastroenteritis and environmental health among Aboriginal infants and children in Western Australia." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 39, no. 6 (August 2003): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1754.2003.00182.x.

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25

Jenkins, Suzanne. "Are Children Protected in the Family Court? A Perspective from Western Australia." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy 23, no. 3 (September 2002): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1467-8438.2002.tb00504.x.

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26

Nicholls, Wendy. "Dental anomalies in children with cleft lip and palate in Western Australia." European Journal of Dentistry 10, no. 02 (April 2016): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.178317.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this paper was to describe the prevalence and type of dental anomalies in the primary and permanent dentition in children with a cleft condition at Princess Margaret Hospital in Perth, Western Australia. Materials and Methods: The details of 162 current dental patients extracted from the main dental database through their year of birth for the period 1998–2001 were selected consecutively. Dental records and X-rays were examined by one examiner (WN) and verified by a second examiner (RB) to determine dental development. The mean age of the subjects was 10.8 years with equal numbers of males and females. Subjects were further divided into cleft type; unilateral cleft lip (UCL) and palate, bilateral cleft lip (BCL) and palate, UCL, BCL, and cleft palate. Results: One hundred sixty-two subjects were grouped into 21 categories of anomaly or abnormality. Prevalence rates for the categories were calculated for the overall group and for gender and cleft type. Conclusion: Overall, 94% of patients were found to have at least one dental anomaly, with fifty-six (34%) patients having more than one anomaly or abnormality.
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27

Goldhahn, Joakim, Sally K. May, Josie Gumbuwa Maralngurra, and Jeffrey Lee. "Children and Rock Art: A Case Study from Western Arnhem Land, Australia." Norwegian Archaeological Review 53, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00293652.2020.1779802.

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28

Nossent, Johannes C., Warren D. Raymond, Helen I. Keen, and Charles A. Inderjeeth. "Septic Arthritis in Children: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study in Western Australia." Rheumatology and Therapy 8, no. 2 (April 25, 2021): 877–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40744-021-00307-x.

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29

How, Richard A., and Richard Shine. "Ecological traits and conservation biology of five fossorial ‘sand-swimming’ snake species (Simoselaps: Elapidae) in south-western Australia." Journal of Zoology 249, no. 3 (November 1999): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095283699900998x.

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30

How, Richard A., and Richard Shine. "Ecological traits and conservation biology of five fossorial 'sand-swimming' snake species (Simoselaps: Elapidae) in south-western Australia." Journal of Zoology 249, no. 3 (November 1999): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00764.x.

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31

Moore, Hannah C., Nicholas de Klerk, Christopher C. Blyth, Ruth Gilbert, Parveen Fathima, Ania Zylbersztejn, Maximiliane Verfürden, and Pia Hardelid. "Temporal trends and socioeconomic differences in acute respiratory infection hospitalisations in children: an intercountry comparison of birth cohort studies in Western Australia, England and Scotland." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e028710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028710.

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ObjectivesAcute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a global cause of childhood morbidity. We compared temporal trends and socioeconomic disparities for ARI hospitalisations in young children across Western Australia, England and Scotland.DesignRetrospective population-based cohort studies using linked birth, death and hospitalisation data.Setting and participantsPopulation birth cohorts spanning 2000–2012 (Western Australia and Scotland) and 2003–2012 (England).Outcome measuresARI hospitalisations in infants (<12 months) and children (1–4 years) were identified through International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition diagnosis codes. We calculated admission rates per 1000 child-years by diagnosis and jurisdiction-specific socioeconomic deprivation and used negative binomial regression to assess temporal trends.ResultsThe overall infant ARI admission rate was 44.3/1000 child-years in Western Australia, 40.7/1000 in Scotland and 40.1/1000 in England. Equivalent rates in children aged 1–4 years were 9.0, 7.6 and 7.6. Bronchiolitis was the most common diagnosis. Compared with the least socioeconomically deprived, those most deprived had higher ARI hospitalisation risk (incidence rate ratio 3.9 (95% CI 3.5 to 4.2) for Western Australia; 1.9 (1.7 to 2.1) for England; 1.3 (1.1 to 1.4) for Scotland. ARI admissions in infants were stable in Western Australia but increased annually in England (5%) and Scotland (3%) after adjusting for non-ARI admissions, sex and deprivation.ConclusionsAdmissions for ARI were higher in Western Australia and displayed greater socioeconomic disparities than England and Scotland, where ARI rates are increasing. Prevention programmes focusing on disadvantaged populations in all three countries are likely to translate into real improvements in the burden of ARI in children.
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32

Wilson, Steven G., Timothy Pauly, and Mark G. Meekan. "Distribution of zooplankton inferred from hydroacoustic backscatter data in coastal waters off Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 53, no. 6 (2002): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf01229.

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Hydroacoustic surveys were used to examine zooplankton distributions in coastal waters off Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Surveys were timed to coincide with the seasonal aggregation of whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, and other large zooplanktivores in these waters. The surveys examined scattering features of lagoon/shelf fronts, a series of cross-shelf transects and waters surrounding whale sharks swimming at the surface. These suggested that lagoon waters flow intrusively into shelf waters at reef passages in a layered exchange. Cross-shelf transects identified three vertical scattering layers: a surface bubble layer; a near-surface minimum layer; and a bottom maximum layer. Regions of intense mixing of lagoon and shelf waters were detected seaward and to the north of reef passages. Integrated acoustic mean volume backscatter of the bottom maximum layer increased with depth and distance offshore. Large subsurface aggregations of unidentified fauna were detected beneath whale sharks in the same area that manta rays and surface schools of euphausiids were also observed.
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33

Carroll, John, and Noel Howieson. "Is Australia Neglecting its Creative Potential?" Gifted Education International 6, no. 3 (January 1990): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026142949000600313.

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The article begins from a cross-cultural study of creative thinking which showed Australian children as one of the least creative groups tested. A longitudinal study of this group is compared with its American equivalent showing the Australians as comparatively low creative achievers in adult life. A sample of Western Australian children is tested to see how they perform today, and a programme which selects highly able children for special advancement is examined to see if it bypasses the highly creative children. Finally, the value that teachers place on pupil characteristics that appear to be congruent with creativity is examined.
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34

Nunez, Llifen Palacios, and Anna Copeland. "Solitary Confinement within Juvenile Detention Centres in Western Australia." International Journal of Children’s Rights 25, no. 3-4 (November 17, 2017): 716–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02503007.

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This article examines the use of solitary confinement of juveniles within the Western Australian justice system. Examining the legal framework, it points to the issues of inadequate accountability and oversight. Often manifesting itself under different names such as regression or simply confinement, it still results in extended periods of social isolation, minimal environmental stimulation and minimal opportunity for social interaction. The negative consequences of such confinement on children and young people are briefly examined before it is considered within the international human rights framework, specifically, in light of Australia’s international obligations and their stated commitment to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Beijing Rules and Havana Guidelines.
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35

Naughton, Kate M., and Timothy D. O'Hara. "A new brooding species of the biscuit star Tosia (Echinodermata:Asteroidea:Goniasteridae), distinguished by molecular, morphological and larval characters." Invertebrate Systematics 23, no. 4 (2009): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is08021.

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The biscuit star Tosia australis Gray, 1840 is a well known component of the shallow rocky reef fauna of south-eastern Australia. The putative T. australis species complex was subjected to reproductive, morphometric and molecular analyses. Molecular analyses of the data from three markers (mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA and the nuclear non-coding region ITS2) confirmed the presence of a cryptic species, the morphology of which does not agree with any of the existing nominal species. Two separate reproductive modes were observed within the complex and documented via scanning electron microscopy. T. neossia, sp. nov., described herein from south-eastern Australia, is shown to release gametes from gonopores on the actinal surface. Embryos develop first into non-feeding, non-swimming brachiolaria, and then into tripod brachiolaria before metamorphosis. No surface cilia are present at any point throughout development of T. neossia. T. australis sensu stricto is shown to release gametes from the abactinal surface. Embryos develop into non-feeding, swimming brachiolaria before metamorphosis. Whereas T. australis var. astrologorum is confirmed as synonymous with T. australis, the status of the putative Western Australian taxon T. nobilis remains unresolved.
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36

Silva, Desiree T., Deborah Lehmann, Mary T. Tennant, Peter Jacoby, Helen Wright, and Fiona J. Stanley. "Effect of swimming pools on antibiotic use and clinic attendance for infections in two Aboriginal communities in Western Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 188, no. 10 (May 2008): 594–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01800.x.

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37

Roe, Yvette, and Robyn A. McDermott. "Effect of swimming pools on antibiotic use and clinic attendance for infections in two Aboriginal communities in Western Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 190, no. 10 (May 2009): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02579.x.

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38

Mathew, Anu A., Collin J. McDonnell, Jill Benson, and Hugh R. Taylor. "Effect of swimming pools on antibiotic use and clinic attendance for infections in two Aboriginal communities in Western Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 191, no. 7 (October 2009): 410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02857.x.

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39

Martin, Lisa, Sally A. Burrows, and Fiona M. Wood. "Heatwave and risk of heat‐related burn injury in children in Western Australia." Medical Journal of Australia 203, no. 2 (July 2015): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/mja14.01544.

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40

Cross, Caroline, Helen Moriarty, and John Coakley. "Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency in Infants and Young Children in Western Sydney, Australia." ICAN: Infant, Child, & Adolescent Nutrition 2, no. 5 (August 27, 2010): 284–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941406410382656.

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41

Blyth, Christopher C., Allen C. Cheng, Carolyn Finucane, Peter Jacoby, Paul V. Effler, David W. Smith, Heath Kelly, Kristine K. Macartney, and Peter C. Richmond. "The effectiveness of influenza vaccination in preventing hospitalisation in children in Western Australia." Vaccine 33, no. 51 (December 2015): 7239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.122.

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42

Arrow, P. "Incidence and progression of approximal carious lesions among school children in Western Australia." Australian Dental Journal 52, no. 3 (September 2007): 216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1834-7819.2007.tb00492.x.

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43

Pingault, Nevada M., Jacinta M. Bowman, Deborah Lehmann, and Thomas V. Riley. "Antimicrobial susceptibility of Moraxella catarrhalis isolated from children in Kalgoorlie–Boulder, Western Australia." Pathology 42, no. 3 (April 2010): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00313021003631270.

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44

O'Donoghue, Thomas A., and Chalmers Ron. "The Education of Children with Intellectual Disabilities in Western Australia: an historical perspective." Journal of Educational Administration and History 30, no. 1 (January 1998): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022062980300101.

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45

Larsen, Ann-Claire. "The Child Health Service: Governing Families of Pre-School Children in Western Australia." Annual Review of Health Social Science 6, no. 1 (January 1996): 113–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/hesr.1996.6.1.113.

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46

Durey, A., L. Hearn, S. Lund, M. O’Grady, and L. Slack‐Smith. "Dental professionals’ perspectives working with Aboriginal children in Western Australia: a qualitative study." Australian Dental Journal 66, no. 3 (February 2021): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/adj.12819.

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47

Nossent, J., D. Preen, H. Keen, W. Raymond, and C. Inderjeeth. "POS0084 SEPTIC ARTHRITIS IN CHILDREN. A LONGITUDINAL POPULATION-BASED STUDY IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 250.2–250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2269.

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Background:The incidence of Septic arthritis (SA) in adults is rising, but few data are available for children (1). SA symptomatology in young children is often atypical and delayed diagnosis can cause significant morbidity.Objectives:To describe the incidence, risk factors and long-term outcomes in children hospitalised with septic arthritis (SA) in Western Australia (WA).Methods:We extracted population-based longitudinally linked administrative health data for patients under 16 years with a first inpatient primary or secondary code of 711.xx (ICD9-CM) and M00.xx (ICD10-AM) in WA for the study period 1990-2010 (to allow a minimum 5 year followup). We report annual incidence rates per 100.000 (AIR), prior conditions during lookback (median 15 months, IQR 5-45) as well as joint and other comorbidities including Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and standardised mortality rates (SMR) during a median follow-up of 10 years. Age and gender speficic population and mortality rate data were obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics.Results:A total of 891 patients (62% male, median age 6.4 (IQR 1.9-10.6) years with 34% <3 years of age) had a first admission for SA. AIR was 9.85 (CI 4.79-14.41) overall with higher rates in males (11.9 vs 7, p<0.01) and no apparent period (Figure 1) or seasonal variation. Knees (43.9%), hips (34.6%), and ankles (13.3%) were most frequently affected with Staphylococci (49%) the predominant organism in patients with positive cultures (41.5%). Prior infections (40.4%) and respiratory disease (7 %) were the main preexisting morbidities. Mean hospital stay was 5.78 (± 6.4) days with ICU admission required in 1.9%, while 30-day readmittance rate was 10.4%. During follow-up 25 patients (3%) had recurrent/persistent osteomyelitis, nine patients were diagnosed with osteoarthrosis (1.1%) and five patients (0.6%) underwent joint replacement. More female patients developed new comorbidity (CCI>0, 34.6 vs 27.2%, p=0.02) including diabetes (4.2% vs 0%, p=0.001), cardiovascular events (4.2 vs 1.4%, p=0.002) and chronic arthritis (1% vs 0, p=0.05). While the crude mortality rate was low (0.3%) SMR was significantly increased for female patients (10.52, CI 1.59-41.6).Conclusion:The statewide incidence of septic arthritis in children in WA is similar to a recent report (1) and did not change over a 20-year period. In this large population based study, subsequent bone/joint disease occured in 4.6 %, while a third of patients developed other comorbidity before the age of 18. Such (subclinical) comorbidity may thus be a contributing factor to SA development and to the increased mortality risk in female SA patients.References:[1]Cohen E, Katz T, Rahamim E, Bulkowstein S, Weisel Y, Leibovitz R, Fruchtman Y, Leibovitz E. Septic arthritis in children: Updated epidemiologic, microbiologic, clinical and therapeutic correlations. Pediatr Neonatol. 2020 Jun;61(3):325-330. doi: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2020.02.006Figure 1.Annual incidence of septic arthritis per 100,000 population <16 years in Western Australia over period 1990-2010 by gender.Acknowledgements:The authors wish to thank the Arthritis Foundation of WA for their support and would like to acknowledge the support of the Western Australian Data Linkage Branch, the Western Australian Department of Health, and the data custodians of, the Hospital and Morbidity Data Collection, the Emergency Department Data Collection the WA Cancer Register and the WA Death Register for their assistance with data collection.Disclosure of Interests:None declared.
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48

Alsharif, Alla, Estie Kruger, and Marc Tennant. "Future projections of child oral-related hospital admission rates in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 22, no. 6 (2016): 491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py15132.

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This study aimed to project the hospital admission rates of Western Australian children for oral conditions, with a particular focus on dental caries, embedded and impacted teeth, and pulp and periapical conditions through to the year 2026. Two methods were used to generate projection data through to the year 2026, using the Western Australian Hospital Morbidity Dataset for the period 1999–2000 to 2008–2009. The projected admission rate increase in those children aged 14 years and younger from 2000 to 2026 was 43%. The admission rates are expected to more than double over time (7317 cases in 2026 compared to only 3008 cases in 2000) for those children living in metropolitan areas. Dental caries, embedded and impacted teeth, and pulp and periapical conditions will remain the top (mostly) preventable causes of admission throughout this time. Anticipating the future burden of oral-related hospital admissions in children, in terms of expected numbers of cases, is vital for optimising the resource allocation for early diagnosis, prevention and treatment. A concerted effort will be required by policymakers and oral healthcare communities to effect substantial change for the future.
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Lima, Fernando, Carrington Shepherd, Janice Wong, Melissa O’Donnell, and Rhonda Marriott. "Trends in mental health related contacts among mothers of Aboriginal children in Western Australia (1990–2013): a linked data population-based cohort study of over 40 000 children." BMJ Open 9, no. 7 (July 2019): e027733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027733.

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ObjectiveThis study examines the scale of maternal mental health related contacts among Australian Aboriginal children over time, and associations with socio-economic characteristics, geographical remoteness and maternal age.DesignA retrospective cohort study of the prevalence of maternal mental health related contacts among Aboriginal children born in Western Australia between 1990 and 2013.SettingPopulation of Western Australia with de-identified linked administrative data from the Western Australian Department of Health.ParticipantsAll Aboriginal children born in Western Australia between 1990 and 2013 and their mothers.Primary outcome measurePrevalence of maternal mental health related contacts among Aboriginal children born between 1990 and 2013. Mental health related contacts were identified using mental health related inpatient hospitalisations and outpatient contacts.ResultsAlmost 30% of cohort children were born to a mother with at least one mental health contact in the 5 years prior to birth, with 15% reported in the year prior to birth and the year post birth. There was a distinct increase in the prevalence of maternal mental health contacts between 1990 and 2013 (4–5% per year, with a peak in 2007). Maternal mental health contacts were associated with living in more disadvantaged areas and major cities, and having a mother aged over 20 years at birth.ConclusionsThe study affirms that mental health issues place a considerable burden on Aboriginal Australia, and suggests that many of the mental health issues that women develop earlier in life are chronic at the time of conception, during pregnancy and at birth. Early intervention and support for women in the earliest stages of family planning are required to alleviate the burden of mental health problems at birth and after birth. There is a clear need for policies on the development of a holistic healthcare model, with a multisector approach, offering culturally appropriate services for Aboriginal people.
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Parvaresh, Laila, Shopna K. Bag, Jin-Gun Cho, Neil Heron, Hassan Assareh, Sophie Norton, Stephen Corbett, and Ben J. Marais. "Monitoring tuberculosis contact tracing outcomes in Western Sydney, Australia." BMJ Open Respiratory Research 5, no. 1 (October 2018): e000341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2018-000341.

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Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is an important component of strategies to achieve global tuberculosis (TB) elimination, but implementation is rarely monitored. This is a retrospective review of TB contact tracing outcomes at one of the busiest TB clinics in Australia, measured against the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention performance indicators. In total, 45 of 53 (85%) pulmonary TB cases had 171 close contacts, of whom 139 (81%) were evaluated with a tuberculin skin test (TST); 58 of 139 (42%) were positive at baseline. Among 57 close contacts of 16 sputum smear-positive TB cases, the elicitation, evaluation, initiation of LTBI treatment and completion rates were 93%, 86%, 14% and 100%, and among 114 close contacts of 37 sputum smear-negative pulmonary TB cases 81%, 83%, 16% and 89%, respectively. Of 79 contacts with an initial negative TST, 19 of 47 (40%) demonstrated TST conversion when retested; 5 of 19 (26%) were offered LTBI treatment. Four secondary TB cases were identified. One incident TB case developed a pleural effusion 5 months after TST conversion, despite LTBI treatment. Apart from young children, LTBI treatment was inconsistently initiated in household TB contacts. Safe and pragmatic treatment options, as well as functional monitoring frameworks, are essential to improve LTBI treatment implementation.
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