Journal articles: 'Swimmers Australia'

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Climstein, Mike, Brendan Doyle, Michael Stapelberg, Nedeljka Rosic, Isolde Hertess, James Furness, Vini Simas, and Joe Walsh. "Point prevalence of non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers in Australian surfers and swimmers in Southeast Queensland and Northern New South Wales." PeerJ 10 (April 28, 2022): e13243. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13243.

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Background Surfing and swimming are two popular outdoor aquatic activities in Australia with an estimated 2.7 million surfers and three million swimmers; however, these activities are associated with intermittent exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Our aim was to determine the point prevalence of pre-skin cancer (actinic keratosis (PSC)), non-melanoma (NMSC) and melanoma skin cancers (MSC) in Australian surfers and swimmers. Methods This cross-sectional study involved Australian surfers who completed a survey that included physiological demographics, aquatic activity-specific demographics, history of skin cancer followed by screening. Results A total of 171 surfers (n = 116) and swimmers (n = 55) participated in the study. Both groups were identified as having a history of skin cancer (surfers 41.4%, swimmers 36.4%) and a family history of skin cancer (surfers 52.6%, swimmers 43.6%). The majority of both groups reported using a high percentage of a chemical or physical skin cancer prevention strategy (surfers 100%, Swimmers 92.7%, P = 0.003). Significantly more surfers were identified with a skin cancer of any type vs. swimmers (50% vs. 27.3%; OR 2.67; P = 0.005) with most the common skin cancer being PSC (44.7% vs. 11.3%, P = 0.076) followed by basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (24.2% vs. 7.6%, P = 0.068). There was a total of seven MSC identified in surfers and swimmers (4.6% vs. 0.8%, respectively, P = 0.137). Most skin cancers in surfers were located on the face (28.0%) followed by the arm and back (12.1% each), whereas in swimmers, the majority of skin cancers were identified on the face (17.3%), followed by the arm and lower leg (15.4% each). The highest number of melanomas were identified in surfers (n = 6) and mainly located on the face (n = 2) and back (n = 2). There was a single melanoma identified on the back in a swimmer. With the groups combined, the majority (42.9%) of melanomas were identified on the back in participants, followed by the face (28.6%). Rates per 100,000 of NMSC and MSC in surfers and swimmers (respectively) were BCC (11,206 vs. 14,545), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ (13,793 vs. 12,727), SCC (1,724 vs. 3,636) and MSC (5,172 vs. 1,818). When compared to the general Australian population, surfers and swimmers had higher odds ratios (OR), which included BCCs (OR 7.3 and 9.4, respectively), SCCs (OR 1.7 and 3.5, respectively) and MSC (OR 96.7 and 18.8, respectively). Conclusion Surfers and swimmers had consistently higher rates of PSC, NMSC and MSC than the general Australian population. Point prevalence of MSC (groups combined) was 76-fold higher than the general Australian population. These findings highlight the clinical importance of regular skin cancer screenings in individuals who surf or swim for early detection and treatment of skin cancer. Additionally, these aquatic enthusiasts should be advised of the benefits of sun protection strategies such as chemical and physical barriers to reduce the likelihood of developing skin cancer.

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Shaw, Gregory, Gary Slater, and Louise M. Burke. "Supplement Use of Elite Australian Swimmers." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 26, no. 3 (June 2016): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2015-0182.

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This study examined the influence the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) Sport Supplement Program had on supplement practices of elite Australian swimmers, comparing those guided by the Program with others in the same national team. Thirty-nine elite swimmers (13 AIS, 26 Other; 20 female, 19 male; age 21.8 ± 3.3 y) completed a questionnaire investigating supplement use. Ninety-seven percent of swimmers reported taking supplements or sports foods over the preceding 12 months. AIS swimmers reported using more total brands (p = .02) and supplements considered Ergogenic (p = .001) than Other swimmers who used more supplements considered to be lacking scientific support (p = .028). Swimmers rated the risk of a negative outcome from the use of supplements available in Australia (Mdn = 3.0) as less than the risk of supplements from international sources (Mdn = 4.0; p < .001). AIS swimmers were more likely to report dietitians (p < .001) and sports physicians (p = .017) as advisors of their supplement use. Other swimmers more frequently reported fellow athletes as a source of supplement advice (p = .03). AIS swimmers sourced a greater percentage of their supplements from an organized program (94 ± 16%) compared with Other (40 ± 32%; p < .001) who sourced a greater percentage (30 ± 30%) of their dietary supplements from supermarkets. These findings suggest that swimmers influenced by this sport supplement program more frequently use supplements that are recommended by allied health trained individuals, classified as evidence based and provided by the program.

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Li, Bo, Olan K. M. Scott, Stirling Sharpe, Qingru Xu, and Michael Naraine. "“Clean Athlete” or “Drug Cheat and a Jerk”? A Comparative Analysis of the Framing of an Athlete Conflict in Australian and Chinese Print Media." International Journal of Sport Communication 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 531–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2019-0061.

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Media coverage in China and Australia examined a conflict between 2 Olympic swimmers, Chinese Sun Yang and Australian Mack Horton, during the 2016 Rio Olympic Games. While both swimmers performed well, there were several conflicts between the 2 leading to both nations’ media coverage portraying the foreign athlete negatively. An analysis of 398 print-media articles revealed there were sharp differences between the 2 nations in both the amount of coverage and the valence of the information sources. From a theoretical perspective, the framing of this conflict showed an “us vs. them” dichotomy, suggesting that both countries’ coverage was strongly influenced to protect the reputation and honor of the home athlete. Coverage in both nations was markedly different, suggesting a home-nation favoritism. Implications for sport communicators are discussed.

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Baylis, Anna, David Cameron-Smith, and Louise M. Burke. "Inadvertent Doping through Supplement Use by Athletes: Assessment and Management of the Risk in Australia." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 11, no. 3 (September 2001): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.11.3.365.

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Many athletes report using a wide range of special sports foods and supplements. In the present study of 77 elite Australian swimmers, 99% of those surveyed reported the use of these special preparations, with 94% of swimmers reporting the use of non-food supplements. The most popular dietary supplements were vitamin or mineral supplements (used by 94% of the group), herbal preparations (61%), and creatine (31%). Eighty-seven percent of swimmers reported using a sports drink or other energy-providing sports food. In total, 207 different products were reported in this survey. Sports supplements, particularly supplements presented as pills or other non-food form, are poorly regulated in most countries, with little assurance of quality control. The risk of an inadvertent “positive doping test” through the use of sports supplements or sports foods is a small but real problem facing athletes who compete in events governed by anti-doping rules. The elite swimmers in this survey reported that information about the “doping safety” of supplements was important and should be funded by supplement manufacturers. Although it is challenging to provide such information, we suggest a model to provide an accredited testing program suitable for the Australian situation, with targeted athlete education about the “sports safety” of sports supplements and foods.

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Osmond, Gary. "The Nimble Savage: Press Constructions of Pacific Islander Swimmers in Early Twentieth-Century Australia." Media International Australia 157, no. 1 (November 2015): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1515700116.

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In the decades around Australian Federation in 1901, a number of Pacific Islanders gained prominence in aquatic sport on the beaches and in the pools of Sydney in particular. Two swimmers, brothers Alick and Edward (Ted) Wickham from the Solomon Islands, were especially prominent. This article examines racial constructions of these athletes by the Australian press. Given the existence of well-entrenched negative racial stereotypes about Pacific Islanders, and legislative manifestations of the White Australia policy that sought to deport and exclude Islanders, racially negative portrayals of the Wickhams might have been expected in the press. Instead, newspapers constructed these men in largely positive terms, idealising the supposedly natural ability of Islanders in water and reifying an aquatic Nimble Savage stereotype. While largely contained to a few individuals, this nonetheless powerful press construction presented an alternative perspective to the prevailing negative stereotypes.

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Seffrin, Aldo, Beat Knechtle, Rodrigo Luiz Vancini, Douglas de Assis Teles Santos, Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira, Lee Hill, Thomas Rosemann, and Marilia Santos Andrade. "Origin of the Fastest 5 km, 10 km and 25 km Open-Water Swimmers—An Analysis from 20 Years and 9819 Swimmers." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 11369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111369.

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In elite pool swimmers competing at world class level, mainly athletes from the United States of America and Australia are dominating. Little is known, however, for the nationality of dominating swimmers in elite open-water long-distance swimming races such as the official FINA races over 5 km, 10 km and 25 km—held since 2000. The aim of this study was to investigate the participation and performance trends by nationality of these elite open-water swimmers. Race results from all female and male swimmers competing in 5 km, 10 km and 25 km FINA races between 2000 and 2020 were analyzed. A total of 9819 swimmers competed between 2000 and 2020 in these races. The five countries that figure most times among the top ten in 5 km, 10 km and 25 km races over the years were Italy, Germany, Russia, Brazil and the Netherlands. In 10 km races, considering the all the athletes from each country, male athletes from Germany, Italy, and France presented faster race times than the other countries. In 10 km, female athletes presented no significant difference among the countries. In 5 and 25 km races, there were no differences between countries, for male and female athletes. Moreover, comparing only the 10 best results (top 10) from each country, there were no differences between countries in 5 km, 10 km and 25 km, for male and female athletes. Men were faster than women for all three distances. In summary, male swimmers from Europe (i.e., Germany, Italy, France) are dominating the 10 km FINA races. In the 5 km and 25 km FINA races, there is no dominating nationality, but among the top five countries in the top 10 over the years, three are European countries.

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Birtles, RA, PW Arnold, and A. Dunstan. "Commercial Swim Programs With Dwarf Minke Whales On The Northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia: Some Characteristics Of The Encounters With Management Implications." Australian Mammalogy 24, no. 1 (2002): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am02023.

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Commercial swim programs with the dwarf minke whale Balaenoptera ?acutorostrata occur seasonally (primarily June - July) within the Cairns and Far Northern sections of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) Marine Park. Observations of whale-swimmer interactions over five seasons indicate that initiation and maintenance of contact with vessel and swimmers is largely voluntary and thus the swim programs can comply with the general principle that the whales control the initiation and nature of interactions. Preliminary data on within-season (13 whales in 1999) and between year (four whales from 1999 in 2000, 2001) re-sightings within the study area suggest that any impacts from swim programs may affect a particular subset of the population. The extent of possible cumulative effects can be assessed by continuation of the existing photo and video-ID program. No signs of aggression have been documented but some behaviour (bubble blasts, jaw gape) could be considered as threat display. More detailed analysis of behaviour is necessary to monitor such behaviour. A risk analysis is given for aspects of the interactions, with suggested research to monitor such risks.

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Zhao, Wanqing. "The development of Chinese Swimming Leagues in recent years." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 5 (November 23, 2022): 355–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v5i.2975.

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So this study aims to explore and examine the future development and prospects of the Chinese Swimming League. This study provides some novel approaches to quantifying; the first is to analyze the current situation of the Chinese swimming team and why China's swimming strength is not as good as that of the US and Australia teams. What can we learn from them?t. Second, collect the number of prize winners in current China's key leagues, analyze how to do better in the next competition, and learn other countries' strategies. The third is to compare the training ways of the Chinese swimming team with other countries swimming. Moreover, providing suggestions to promote swimming in the school or society to train more outstanding swimmers. Although the history of the Chinese Swimming League is not long, there is a measureless development space in the future. It still takes time and relatively strives to catch up with the world's first-place swimming team. Everyone firmly believes that Chinese swimmers will achieve better results in major international games in the next few years.

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Ganchar, Alexey, Oleg Chernyavsky, Serhii Medynskyi, and Ivan Ganchar. "ESTIMATION OF SKILLS FORMATION OF SWIMMING AMONG THE STRONGEST SWIMMERS-STUDENTS AT THE XXX WORLD UNIVERSIADE IN NAPLES-2019." Science and Education 2019, no. 4 (April 2019): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2414-4665-2019-4-5.

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In this article the dynamics of the rating of command performances of strongest swimmers-students according to the results of receiving prize-winning among men and women, participants-winners of the final Universiade in Naples-2019. Swimmers-winners, who won gold medals for men (900 points) and women (881) in “points” equivalent almost indistinguishable (19 points). We determine the ranking of team performance of different countries in the representatives of different sex in the distances of sports swimming according to the results of winning the medals at the start of XXX World Universiade in Naples-2019. The authors' collective was studied: a) revealing the ranking in the performance of team performance of male and female swimmers at the start of the World Universiade-2019; b) introduction of the results of the study into the practice of physical education and sports in order to identify an objective rating of the success of the team performance of swimmers-students. In addition, professional interest is in studying the evaluation of swimmers' results, having won awards with gold, silver and bronze medals. The results of our study identified the unconditional leaders (top ten) of student swimming at the XXX World Universiade in Naples2019: USA-40 medals (17 men + 23 women), Japan-20 (9 men + 11 women), Russia-18 (15 men + 3 women), Italy-11 (5 men + 6 women), South Africa-6 (2 men + 4 women), United Kingdom-6 (2 men + 4 women), Australia-5 (2 men + 3 women), Brazil4 (3 men + 1 woman), Germany-3 (3 women), Sweden- 1 (men) medal. This trend is also seen among the award-winning silver medals (886 respectively, and 863 points, the difference-23 points) and received bronze medals (respectively 874 and 852 points, the difference-22 points). Thus, in the general summary table of the rating of teams-participants in Naples-2019, it should be included, not only the existing state of qualitative indexes of medals (gold, silver, bronze), but first of all quantitative indicators. Since the generalized gender differences (887 + 865 = 1752 – Average 876 points), allows to assess the advantages of achievement in points.

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Drozdzewski, D., W. Shaw, D. Dominey-Howes, R. Brander, T. Walton, A. Gero, S. Sherker, J. Goff, and B. Edwick. "Surveying rip current survivors: preliminary insights into the experiences of being caught in rip currents." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 4 (April 26, 2012): 1201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-1201-2012.

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Abstract. This paper begins a process of addressing a significant gap in knowledge about people's responses to being caught in rip currents. While rip currents are the primary hazard facing recreational ocean swimmers in Australia, debate exists about the best advice to give swimmers caught in rip currents. Such surf rescue advice – on what to do and how to respond when caught in a rip – relies on empirical evidence. However, at present, knowledge about swimmers reactions and responses to rip currents is limited. This gap is a considerable barrier to providing effective advice to beach goers and to understanding how this advice is utilised (or not) when actually caught in the rip current. This paper reports the findings of a pilot study that focussed on garnering a better understanding of swimmers' experiences when caught in rip currents. A large scale questionnaire survey instrument generated data about rip current survivors' demographics, knowledge of beach safety and their reactions and responses when caught in a rip current. A mix of online and paper surveys produced a total of 671 completed surveys. Respondents were predominantly an informed group in terms of rip current knowledge, beach experience and had a high self-rated swimming ability. Preliminary insights from the survey show that most respondents recalled a "swim across the rip/parallel to the beach" message when caught in the rip and most escaped unassisted by acting on this message. However, while nearly a quarter of respondents recalled a message of "not to panic", short answer responses revealed that the onset of panic inhibited some respondents from recalling or enacting any other type of beach safety message when caught in the rip current. Results also showed that despite the research sample being younger, competent and frequent ocean swimmers, they were more likely to swim at unpatrolled beaches and outside of the red and yellow safety flags. Moreover, they were still caught in a rip current and they panicked. The findings of this study have significant implications for a range of demographic groups of differing beach safety knowledge and swimming ability who may be caught in rip currents behave, we know very little about how beach goers may respond to being caught in them.

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Stafford-Bell, Richard. "Behavioural Responses of the Australian Fur Seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) to Vessel Traffic and Presence of Swimmers in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia." Aquatic Mammals 38, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1578/am.38.3.2012.241.

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Gorkin, Robert, Kye Adams, Matthew J. Berryman, Sam Aubin, Wanqing Li, Andrew R. Davis, and Johan Barthelemy. "Sharkeye: Real-Time Autonomous Personal Shark Alerting via Aerial Surveillance." Drones 4, no. 2 (May 4, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones4020018.

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While aerial shark spotting has been a standard practice for beach safety for decades, new technologies offer enhanced opportunities, ranging from drones/unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that provide new viewing capabilities, to new apps that provide beachgoers with up-to-date risk analysis before entering the water. This report describes the Sharkeye platform, a first-of-its-kind project to demonstrate personal shark alerting for beachgoers in the water and on land, leveraging innovative UAV image collection, cloud-hosted machine learning detection algorithms, and reporting via smart wearables. To execute, our team developed a novel detection algorithm trained via machine learning based on aerial footage of real sharks and rays collected at local beaches, hosted and deployed the algorithm in the cloud, and integrated push alerts to beachgoers in the water via a shark app to run on smartwatches. The project was successfully trialed in the field in Kiama, Australia, with over 350 detection events recorded, followed by the alerting of multiple smartwatches simultaneously both on land and in the water, and with analysis capable of detecting shark analogues, rays, and surfers in average beach conditions, and all based on ~1 h of training data in total. Additional demonstrations showed potential of the system to enable lifeguard-swimmer communication, and the ability to create a network on demand to enable the platform. Our system was developed to provide swimmers and surfers with immediate information via smart apps, empowering lifeguards/lifesavers and beachgoers to prevent unwanted encounters with wildlife before it happens.

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Allen, Sian V., Tom J. Vandenbogaerde, David B. Pyne, and Will G. Hopkins. "Predicting a Nation’s Olympic-Qualifying Swimmers." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 4 (May 2015): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2014-0314.

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Talent identification and development typically involve allocation of resources toward athletes selected on the basis of early-career performance.Purpose:To compare 4 methods for early-career selection of Australia’s 2012 Olympic-qualifying swimmers.Methods:Performance times from 5738 Australian swimmers in individual Olympic events at 101 competitions from 2000 to 2012 were analyzed as percentages of world-record times using 4 methods that retrospectively simulated early selection of swimmers into a talent-development squad. For all methods, squad-selection thresholds were set to include 90% of Olympic qualifiers. One method used each swimmer’s given-year performance for selection, while the others predicted each swimmer’s 2012 performance. The predictive methods were regression and neural-network modeling using given-year performance and age and quadratic trajectories derived using mixed modeling of each swimmer’s annual best career performances up to the given year. All methods were applied to swimmers in 2007 and repeated for each subsequent year through 2011.Results:The regression model produced squad sizes of 562, 552, 188, 140, and 93 for the years 2007 through 2011. Corresponding proportions of the squads consisting of Olympic qualifiers were 11%, 11%, 32%, 43%, and 66%. Neural-network modeling produced similar outcomes, but the other methods were less effective. Swimming Australia’s actual squads ranged from 91 to 67 swimmers but included only 50−74% of Olympic qualifiers.Conclusions:Large talent-development squads are required to include most eventual Olympic qualifiers. Criteria additional to age and performance are needed to improve early selection of swimmers to talent-development squads.

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Pirotta, Vanessa, David P. Hocking, Jason Iggleden, and Robert Harcourt. "Drone Observations of Marine Life and Human–Wildlife Interactions off Sydney, Australia." Drones 6, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones6030075.

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Drones have become popular with the general public for viewing and filming marine life. One amateur enthusiast platform, DroneSharkApp, films marine life in the waters off Sydney, Australia year-round and posts their observations on social media. The drone observations include the behaviours of a variety of coastal marine wildlife species, including sharks, rays, fur seals, dolphins and fish, as well as migratory species such as migrating humpback whales. Given the extensive effort and multiple recordings of the presence, behaviour and interactions of various species with humans provided by DroneSharkApp, we explored its utility for providing biologically meaningful observations of marine wildlife. Using social media posts from the DroneSharkApp Instagram page, a total of 678 wildlife videos were assessed from 432 days of observation collected by a single observer. This included 94 feeding behaviours or events for fur seals (n = 58) and dolphins (n = 33), two feeding events for white sharks and one feeding event for a humpback whale. DroneSharkApp documented 101 interactions with sharks and humans (swimmers and surfers), demonstrating the frequent, mainly innocuous human–shark overlap off some of Australia’s busiest beaches. Finally, DroneSharkApp provided multiple observations of humpback and dwarf minke whales with calves travelling north, indicating calving occurring well south of traditional northern Queensland breeding waters. Collaboration between scientists and citizen scientists such as those involved with DroneSharkApp can greatly and quantitatively increase the biological understanding of marine wildlife data.

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Reid, D. D., W. D. Robbins, and V. M. Peddemors. "Decadal trends in shark catches and effort from the New South Wales, Australia, Shark Meshing Program 1950 - 2010." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 6 (2011): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10162.

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The New South Wales (NSW) government has operated a program of netting beaches for the protection of swimmers and surfers against shark attack since 1937 in Sydney, and since 1949 in Newcastle and Wollongong. The scope and directives of the Shark Meshing Program have remained constant since its inception, with operational modifications in net specifications in 1972, changes in spatial deployment in 1972, 1987 and 1992, and the elimination of winter netting since 1989. This markedly increased meshing effort in 1972, and again in 1987. In the present study, we examine the trends in catch and effort for the period from 1950–1951 to 2009–2010 over this 200-km section of the NSW coast. Significant temporal trends in species, size and sex composition are described herein. Catches were consistently dominated by three shark taxa, hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna spp.), whaler sharks (Carcharhinus spp.) and Australian angel sharks (Squatina australis), although their relative contributions to catches varied over time. Catch per unit effort has significantly declined for five of the most abundant shark taxa over the study period, increasing only for a single taxon, the sevengill shark (Notorynchus cepedianus). Catches of larger, potentially dangerous white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) and tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) saw fewer large animals being caught over time. This pattern was not observed across other taxa. Four different monthly trends were observed in landings of the most abundant eight taxa, reflecting differences in the biology of the catch species. The current study also provides useful information on catches and sizes of grey nurse (Carcharias taurus) and white sharks before and after their protection in NSW waters in 1984 and 1998, respectively.

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Fish, Adam. "Seadrones: Sensing Oceancultures." Journal of Environmental Media 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jem_00012_1.

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Drones are airborne sensing technologies that transform how we see from above and respond to crises on the ground. Nowhere does the drone revolution have more potential applications than in Australia’s ocean sciences. Drones give oceanographers fast, safe, mobile, high-definition and affordable ways of seeing, identifying and monitoring endangered marine species such as sharks, whales and corals. They are used in Australia to document the rate of coral death in the Great Barrier Reef, the health of humpback whales and the presence of great white sharks near swimmers. However, scientific data collected by drones has, thus far, failed to translate into effective environmental policy. Understanding how seeing informs science ‐ and why or why not science influences policy ‐ has serious consequences for how Australia’s oceans are sustainably managed. This is not only important for the survival of marine species but also renovates central debates about sensing and political action within science and technology studies. I will briefly outline a research agenda that would hope to make contributions to the seeing and management of the sea and advance our knowledge of seacultures ‐ the convergence of the sea and the culture.

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Abbott, Shaun, Goshi Yamauchi, Mark Halaki, Marcela Torres Castiglioni, James Salter, and Stephen Cobley. "Longitudinal Relationships Between Maturation, Technical Efficiency, and Performance in Age-Group Swimmers: Improving Swimmer Evaluation." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 16, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 1082–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2020-0377.

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Purpose: The study aimed to (1) accurately examine longitudinal relationships between maturity status and both technical skill indices and performance in Australian male (N = 64) age-group Front-crawl swimmers (10–15 y) and (2) determine whether individual differences in maturation influenced relationships between technical skill level and swimming performance. Methods: A repeated-measures design was used to assess maturity status and performance on 200-m Front-crawl trial across 2 competition seasons (2018–2020). Assessments were made on 3 to 5 occasions (median = 3) separated by approximately 4 months. Average horizontal velocity and stroke frequency were used to calculate technical skill indices, specifically stroke index, and arm propelling efficiency. Relationships between variables were assessed using linear mixed models, identifying fixed, and random effect estimates. Results: Curvilinear trends best described significant longitudinal relationships between maturity status with horizontal velocity (F = 10.33 [1, 233.77]; P = .002) and stroke index (F = 5.55 [1, 217.9]; P = .02) during 200-m Front-crawl trials. Maturity status was not significantly related to arm propelling efficiency (P = .08). However, arm propelling efficiency was an independent predictor of Front-crawl velocity (F = 55.89 [1, 210.45]; P < .001). Conclusions: Maturity status predicted assessment of swimmer technical skill (stroke index) and swimming performance. However, technical skill accessed via arm propelling efficiency was independent of maturation and was predictive of performance. Maturity status influences performance evaluation based on technical skill and velocity. Findings highlight the need to account for maturation and technical skill in age-group swimmers to better inform swimmer evaluation.

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Shaw, Gregory, and Iñigo Mujika. "Anthropometric Profiles of Elite Open-Water Swimmers." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0741.

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Reports detailing the physiques of open-water (OW) swimmers are limited. Data from anthropometric screening around competition provides a unique opportunity to describe the current physical attributes of elite OW swimmers peaking for international competition. Anthropometric screening was undertaken on a group of Australian and French OW swimmers as part of performance monitoring within 2 wk of the 2015 FINA World Championships. Height, mass, and sum of 7 skinfolds were measured using ISAK standardized measurement techniques by 2 trained anthropometrists. Data were collated and compared with previously published data on OW and pool swimmers. French swimmers had lower skinfolds (57.3 ± 6.1 vs 80.5 ± 21.3 mm, P = .0258), were lighter (64.7 ± 10.8 vs 74.6 ± 11.8 kg, P = .013), and had lower lean-mass index (LMI) (34.7 ± 7.3 vs 38.2 ± 8.8, P = .035) than Australian swimmers. Male and female OW swimmers had skinfolds similar to their contemporary OW swimmers but were lower than earlier reports of OW swimmers; however, they were higher than those of pool swimmers. Male and female OW swimmers had 9% and 6% lower LMI, respectively, than pool swimmers. Lower body mass and LMI were correlated with better World Championships finishing positions (R2 = .46, P = .0151, and R2 = .45, P = .0177, respectively). These data are a unique report of elite OW swimmers’ physiques around international competition and demonstrate a potential morphological optimization in OW swimmers that warrants further investigation in larger populations.

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Lindley, Jade, and Liam Quinn. "Compliance in recreational fisheries: Case study of two blue swimmer crab fisheries." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): e0279600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279600.

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Comparing two Australian regions, Western Australia (WA) and South Australia (SA), this research investigates official noncompliance datasets of recreational blue swimmer crab (Portunus armatus) fishing between 2009 and 2019. These recreational fisheries in both jurisdictions are license-free and therefore participating fisher information is limited. Analyses provide a glimpse at the (noncompliant) fisher population profiles against the application of management strategies. The data provide (1) an evidence-base to optimize regulatory strategies by balancing education and enforcement activities with recreational fisher enjoyment. The results of this research enable application within and beyond these fisheries and jurisdictions; and (2) drawing from the criminology discipline, deterrence theory offers insight to enhance compliance tools. Further, it shows the importance of a multi-disciplinary approach to assessing compliance and identifies some practical approaches to data collection that can be readily undertaken to assist with more detailed analysis and enhance compliance strategies.

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Bryars, Simon R., and Mark Adams. "An allozyme study of the blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus (Crustacea : Portunidae), in Australia: stock delineation in southern Australia and evidence for a cryptic species in northern waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 1 (1999): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98075.

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Allozyme analysis was used to examine the species-level systematics and stock structure of the Australian blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus. Fifty-seven crabs from eight sites were screened in an overview study for allozyme variation at 35 loci. This overview study revealed the presence of two species, differing at a Nei D of 0.14 (2% fixed differences), in the Darwin region of northern Australia. One of these species corresponds to the common P. pelagicus found throughout Australia, whereas the other is most likely either an undescribed ‘cryptic’ species, or the east-Asian species P. trituberculatus. In total, 609 P. pelagicus from 11 sites covering three regions in South Australia and two regions in the Northern Territory were then genotyped at seven polymorphic loci and these data assessed, using goodness- of-fit and F-statistics, for the existence of subpopulations. Four discrete subpopulations could be discerned, namely West Coast, Spencer Gulf, and Gulf St Vincent in South Australia, and Darwin–Gove in the Northern Territory. No evidence of population substructuring among sites within each subpopulation was evident from the allozyme data. The results support the current recognition of the three South Australian regions as separate stocks, and suggest that a taxonomic revision of Indo-Pacific Portunus is warranted.

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Moreno, Berta, Santiago Veiga, Antonio J. Sánchez-Oliver, Raúl Domínguez, and Esther Morencos. "Analysis of Sport Supplement Consumption by Competitive Swimmers According to Sex and Competitive Level." Nutrients 14, no. 15 (August 6, 2022): 3218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14153218.

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Sports supplements (SS) are commonly used by athletes to improve their performance. SS use by competitive swimmers is reported to be prevalent but there is no evidence of such use by elite swimmers, either male or female. The objective of this research was to study the patterns of SS use by competitive swimmers based on sex and competitive levels (national and international); Methods: Using the categories of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), a total of 102 competitive swimmers (59 men and 43 women) completed a validated self-administered questionnaire on the use of SS; (3) Results: Overall, 86.9% of swimmers had consumed SSs with no differences observed between males and females (p = 0.247) or between competitive levels (p = 0.597). The SS that were most consumed by swimmers were caffeine (53.5%), sport drinks (52.5%), sport bars (51.5%), and vitamin C (43.4%). SSs categorized as medical supplements were consumed significantly more frequently by international swimmers (p = 0.012), with significant differences also found in the level—sex interaction (p = 0.049); (4) Conclusions: Compared to other sports disciplines, the prevalence of SS consumption is high in competitive swimmers regardless of performance level or gender. However, the consumption of medical supplements was greater in swimmers at a higher performance level.

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Hurst, William, Michael Bailey, and Benjamin Hurst. "Prevalence of external auditory canal exostoses in Australian surfboard riders." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 118, no. 5 (May 2004): 348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002221504323086525.

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This paper assessed 300 surfboard riders, comprising 229 males and 71 females to determine the prevalence and rate of growth of exostoses in this population. A group of cold water swimmers and a control group were also examined. Significant obstruction, defined as two thirds or more occlusion of the ear canal was noted in 90 of the male surfers and 10 female surfers. This degree of occlusion was found in seven of the 32 cold water swimmers. A male surfer who has surfed regularly for 20 years or more has a one in two chance of developing significant obstruction of the external ear canal resulting from exostoses and this is a three in seven chance for females.

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Newton, Robert U., Julian Jones, William J. Kraemer, and Harry Wardle. "Strength and Power Training of Australian Olympic Swimmers." Strength and Conditioning Journal 24, no. 3 (June 2002): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200206000-00001.

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Kumar, Martin S., Yongshun Xiao, Sonja Venema, and Graham Hooper. "Reproductive cycle of the blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus, off southern Australia." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 5 (September 19, 2003): 983–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403008191h.

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The proportion of berried (externally egg-bearing) females, fecundity, gonadosomatic index, and egg size of the blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus off southern Australia were examined by analysing data from samples of commercial catches using generalized linear models. Ovarian development was studied morphologically and histologically. Female blue swimmer crabs spawn from October to January and can spawn more than once per season. The fecundity of female blue swimmer crabs initially increased with carapace width, maximized at a carapace width of 134 mm, and decreased thereafter. Thus, fecundity increased 83.9% with an increase of carapace width from 105 to 125 mm, implying a single large female can produce as many eggs as two or more small females. The gonadosomatic index of female crabs from Spencer Gulf increased 2.4% from October 1998 to November 1998, increased an additional 15.9% by December 1998, and then decreased 62.3% to its minimum in January 1999. Gonadosomatic index also increased with 1/3 power of their body weight. Thus, the commonly used gonadosomatic index is overly simplistic for blue swimmer crabs. Unlike tropical or subtropical female blue swimmer crabs which often continually spawn, those off southern Australia spawn only in certain times of the year. The implications of this work lead to suggestions for three management measures for the commercial fishery: maintaining the prohibition of catching berried females, extending the seasonal closure from October to January, and maintaining the current legal minimum carapace width of 110 mm.

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Burke, Louise M., David B. Pyne, and Richard D. Telford. "Effect of Oral Creatine Supplementation on Single-Effort Sprint Performance in Elite Swimmers." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 6, no. 3 (September 1996): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.6.3.222.

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Oral supplementation with creatine monohydrate (Cr.0) has been reported to increase muscle creatine phosphate levels. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of such supplementation on performance of a single-effort sprint by elite swimmers. Thirty-two elite swimmers (M = 18, F = 14; age = 17-25 years) from the Australian Institute of Sport were tested on two occasions, 1 week apart. Tests performed were 25-m, 50-m, and 100-m maximal effort sprints (electronically timed with dive start, swimmers performing their best stroke), each with approximately 10 min active recovery. A 10-s maximal leg ergometry test was also undertaken. Swimmers were divided into two groups matched for sex, stroke/event, and sprint time over 50 m, and groups were randomly assigned to 5 days of Cr.0 supplementation (4 · day−1x 5 g Cr.0 + 2 g sucrose,n= 16) or placebo (4 · day−1x 5 g Poly cose + -2 g sucrose,n= 16) prior to the second trial. Results revealed no significant differences between the group means for sprint times or between 10-s maximal leg ergometry power and work. This study does not support the hypothesis that creatine supplementation enhances single-effort sprint ability of elite swimmers.

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Jiménez-Alfageme, Rubén, Raúl Domínguez, Antonio Jesús Sanchez-Oliver, Paola Tapia-Castillo, José Miguel Martínez-Sanz, and Isabel Sospedra. "Analysis of the Consumption of Sports Supplements in Open Water Swimmers According to the Competitive Level." Nutrients 14, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 5211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14245211.

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Background: Sports supplements (SS) are widely consumed by many types of athletes to improve their performance. These SS are classified according to their level of scientific evidence, by the ABCD system from the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). In open water swimming, their use may be necessary due to the physiological challenges posed by this sport discipline. However, there is currently little literature on the use of SS in open water swimmers. The aim of this work is to analyze the pattern of consumption of SS by open water swimmers, by studying the differences according to the competitive level (regional vs. national). Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study on the consumption and use of SS by federated open water swimmers in Spain in the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons. The data were collected through a validated questionnaire. Results: 79.5% of the participants consumed SS, with significant differences according to their level, being higher in athletes at the national level. The most-consumed SS by the swimmers studied were sports drinks, energy bars, caffeine, vitamin C, and vitamin D. Conclusions: It was observed that the consumption of SS in open water swimmers was high, and of the five most-consumed SS, four of them belonged to the category of greatest scientific evidence.

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Shaw, Gregory, Gary Slater, and Louise M. Burke. "Changes in the Supplementation Practices of Elite Australian Swimmers Over 11 Years." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 26, no. 6 (December 2016): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0060.

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Thirty nine elite Australian swimmers (13 AIS, 26 OTHER) completed a standardized questionnaire regarding their supplement use during a pre competition camp. The data were compared with a similar study conducted 11 years earlier (11 AIS, 23 OTHER) and framed around the classification system of the Sport Supplement Program of the Australian Institute of Sport. The prevalence of supplement use remained constant over time (2009: 97%, 1998: 100%). However, the current swimmers used a greater number of dietary supplements (9.2 ± 3.7 and 5.9 ± 2.9; p = .001), accounted for by an increase in the reported use of supplements with a greater evidence base (Sports Foods, Ergogenics, and Group B supplements). In contrast, fewer supplements considered less reputable (Group C and D) were reported by the 2009 cohort (0.7 ± 1.0 and 1.6 ± 1.3; p = .003). AIS swimmers reported a greater use of Ergogenics (4.3 ± 1.8 and 3.1 ± 1.7; p = .002), and less use of Group C and D supplements overall (0.8 ± 1.2 and 1.3 ± 1.2; p = .012), which was explained primarily by a smaller number of these supplements reported by the 2009 group (1998 AIS: 1.5 ± 1.4, 2009 AIS: 0.2 ± 0.6; p = .004). Although the prevalence of supplement use has not changed over time, there has been a significant increase in the number and type of products they are using. The potential that these changes can be attributed to a Sports Supplement Program merit investigation.

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McMahon, Jennifer, and Dawn Penney. "Body pedagogies, coaching and culture: three Australian swimmers’ lived experiences." Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy 18, no. 3 (July 2013): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.666786.

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Staub, Ilka, Robert K. Stallman, and Tobias Vogt. "The relative age effect in German 11- to 18-year-old male and female swimmers." German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research 50, no. 4 (October 6, 2020): 453–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12662-020-00677-4.

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Abstract Relatively older athletes have a greater probability of being selected and subsequently exposed to a higher level of coaching, training and other talent-promoting factors. Grouping by chronological age is, therefore, considered to be one of the weaknesses in talent identification. A large number of studies have confirmed the prevalence of the relative age effect (RAE) across various sports, including swimming. This investigation aims to quantify the prevalence, magnitude and transient pattern of the RAE according to sex and events across German swimmers. The RAE was examined top-100 ranked swimmers (2004–2013) according to birth month, of three cohorts (born 1993–1995; n = 3630) for the age groups 11–18. The Χ2 tests and Cramer’s V estimated effect sizes; odd’s ratios and confidence intervals calculated relative discrepancies between the quartiles. The RAE is significantly present over all events for female swimmers until 13–15 and for males until 16–18 years of age. Effect sizes were moderate until 12/13 years of age for females and 14/15 years of age for males. No inverted effects were visible. Compared to previous reports on Australian as well as Portuguese cohorts, the RAE was prevalent over a longer time period. Therefore, the impact of negative outcomes from RAE appears to be greater among German age group swimmers.

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McMahon, Jenny, and Maree DinanThompson. "‘Body work—regulation of a swimmer body’: an autoethnography from an Australian elite swimmer." Sport, Education and Society 16, no. 1 (January 2011): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2011.531960.

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Walker, H., K. Bennell, B. Gabbe, P. Blanch, and H. Wajswelner. "295 A prospective investigation of shoulder pain in Australian competitive swimmers." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 8 (December 2005): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(17)30792-2.

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Junk, Emily J., James A. Smith, Iain M. Suthers, and Matthew D. Taylor. "Bioenergetics of blue swimmer crab (Portunus armatus) to inform estimation of release density for stock enhancement." Marine and Freshwater Research 72, no. 9 (2021): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf20363.

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Stock enhancement is a contemporary management method employed to support fisheries productivity. Blue swimmer crab (Portunus armatus) is a widely distributed species that has been identified as a candidate for stock enhancement; however, the release strategy and ecological impact of releases have not yet been assessed. Here, we (1) quantify the bioenergetics of blue swimmer crab, (2) estimate consumption rates, and (3) develop these relationships in a stocking model to assess appropriate release densities and associated trophic impacts. Static respirometry was used to measure the resting metabolic rate (RMR) of blue swimmer crab at three temperatures (19, 24, and 29°C). RMR was found to increase with temperature (Q10=2.32), and was 73% higher when crabs were at a premoult or moulting stage. Parameters derived from respirometry experiments were applied to estimate blue swimmer crab stocking density in a south-eastern Australian estuary, by adapting an existing production-based simulation model. The model estimated a median stocking density of ~1.2 crabs per 100m2. A sensitivity analysis showed that the growth rate was the most influential parameter in this model, showing the importance of this parameter when assessing stocking scenarios.

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Hogan, Clorinda, Shaun Abbott, Mark Halaki, Marcela Torres Castiglioni, Goshi Yamauchi, Lachlan Mitchell, James Salter, Michael Romann, and Stephen Cobley. "Maturation-based Corrective Adjustment Procedures (Mat-CAPs) in youth swimming: Evidence for restricted age-group application in females." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): e0275797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275797.

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Inter-individual differences in maturation-associated development can lead to variations in physical performance, resulting in performance (dis)advantages and maturation selection bias within youth sport systems. To address such bias and account for maturational differences, Maturation-based Corrective Adjustment Procedures (Mat-CAPs) could be beneficial. The present study aimed to: (1) determine maturity timing distributions in youth female swimming; (2) quantify the relationship between maturation status and 100-m front-crawl (FC) performance; (3) implement Mat-CAPs to remove maturational influences upon swimming performance. For Aim 1 and 2, participants were 663 female (10–15 years) swimmers who participated in 100-m FC events at Australian regional, state, and national-level competitions between 2016–2020 and underwent anthropometric assessment (mass, height and sitting height) to estimate maturity timing and offset. For Aim 3, participants aged 10–13 years were categorised into maturity timing categories. Maturity timing distributions for Raw (‘All’, ‘Top 50%’ and ‘Top 25%’) and Correctively Adjusted swim times were examined. Chi-square, Cramer’s V and Odds Ratios determined the presence of maturation biases, while Mat-CAPs identified whether such biases were removed in targeted age and selection-groups. Results identified that between 10–13 years, a significantly higher frequency of ‘early’ maturers was apparent, although tapered toward higher frequencies of ‘Late-normative’ maturers by 14–15 years. A curvilinear relationship between maturity-offset and swim performance was identified (R2 = 0.51, p<0.001) and utilised for Mat-CAPs. Following Mat-CAPs application, maturity timing biases evident in affected age-groups (10–13 years), and which were magnified at higher selection levels (‘Top 50%’ & ‘25%’ of swim performances) were predominantly removed. Findings highlight how maturation advantages in females occurred until approximately 13 years old, warranting restricted Mat-CAPs application. Mat-CAPS has the potential to improve female swimmer participation experiences and evaluation.

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Moulds, Kylie, Shaun Abbott, Johan Pion, Cecilia Brophy‐Williams, Mark Heathcote, and Stephen Cobley. "Sink or Swim? A survival analysis of sport dropout in Australian youth swimmers." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 30, no. 11 (August 6, 2020): 2222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.13771.

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Drozdzewski, Danielle, Amelia Roberts, Dale Dominey-Howes, and Robert Brander. "The Experiences of Weak and Non-Swimmers Caught in Rip Currents at Australian Beaches." Australian Geographer 46, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2014.953735.

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McMahon, Jenny, Dawn Penney, and Maree Dinan-Thompson. "‘Body practices—exposure and effect of a sporting culture?’Stories from three Australian swimmers." Sport, Education and Society 17, no. 2 (March 2012): 181–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2011.607949.

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Johnston, Danielle J., and Daniel E. Yeoh. "Carapace width-weight relationships of blue swimmer crab Portunus armatus (A. Milne-Edwards, 1861) (Crustacea: Brachyura: Portunidae) in southwestern Australia: influences of sex, decadal change, environment, and season." Journal of Crustacean Biology 40, no. 5 (July 25, 2020): 526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa046.

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Abstract The relationship between carapace width (CW) and weight (W) of the blue swimmer crab Portunus armatus (A. Milne-Edwards, 1861) was determined for southwestern Australian populations using measurements collected over two decades from a range of nearshore marine and estuarine environments. A strong and significant positive linear relationship occurred between the natural logarithm (ln) of CW and ln(W) for both sexes overall and individually for males and females (R2 = 0.985–0.987; P < 0.001). The relationships were: overall ln(W) = −10.2262 + 3.1708 ln(CW); males ln(W) = −10.4641 + 3.234 ln(CW), and females ln(W) = −10.0595 + 3.1246 ln(CW). Significant differences in the relationship were detected between sexes, decadal sampling periods, environments, and seasons (P < 0.001), with sex and decadal period being most influential. Males were heavier than females at any given CW, which was most apparent at larger (>100 mm CW) sizes. Crabs were also generally heavier at CW in a recent sampling period (2014–2019) than historically (1995–2000), with the greatest decadal differences occurring in the estuarine environment. These relationships have direct applicability for use in stock assessments of this valuable fishery species. Moreover, observed changes in the CW-W relationships over time highlight the importance of regularly reviewing biological parameters used in fisheries assessments, particularly in response to climate change as in the case of southwestern Australia.

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Tor, Elaine, David L. Pease, and Kevin A. Ball. "The Reliability of an Instrumented Start Block Analysis System." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 31, no. 1 (February 2015): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2014-0155.

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The swimming start is highly influential to overall competition performance. Therefore, it is paramount to develop reliable methods to perform accurate biomechanical analysis of start performance for training and research. The Wetplate Analysis System is a custom-made force plate system developed by the Australian Institute of Sport—Aquatic Testing, Training and Research Unit (AIS ATTRU). This sophisticated system combines both force data and 2D digitization to measure a number of kinetic and kinematic parameter values in an attempt to evaluate start performance. Fourteen elite swimmers performed two maximal effort dives (performance was defined as time from start signal to 15 m) over two separate testing sessions. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to determine each parameter’s reliability. The kinetic parameters all had ICC greater than 0.9 except the time of peak vertical force (0.742). This may have been due to variations in movement initiation after the starting signal between trials. The kinematic and time parameters also had ICC greater than 0.9 apart from for the time of maximum depth (0.719). This parameter was lower due to the swimmers varying their depth between trials. Based on the high ICC scores for all parameters, the Wetplate Analysis System is suitable for biomechanical analysis of swimming starts.

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McCarroll, R. Jak, Rob W. Brander, Jamie H. MacMahan, Ian L. Turner, Ad J. H. M. Reniers, Jenna A. Brown, and Anthony Bradstreet. "Assessing the effectiveness of rip current swimmer escape strategies, Shelly Beach, NSW, Australia." Journal of Coastal Research 65 (January 2, 2013): 784–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si65-133.1.

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Reid, HP, and DA Holdway. "Early development of the Australian crimson-spotted rainbowfish, Melanotaenia fluviatilis (Pisces: Melanotaeniidae)." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 2 (1995): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9950475.

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This paper describes the early ontogeny of the crimson-spotted rainbowfish Melanotaenia fluviatilis. Eggs ranged in size from 0.98 to 1.07 mm and 35-45 oil droplets were present, as were numerous adhesive filaments which originated from one point. Hatching was predominantly 7-9 days after spawning at 25.5�C. At hatching, larvae (4.2 mm standard length) had a reduced but still present yolk sac and were strong enough swimmers to remain in the upper 1 cm water layer. The swim bladder inflated within 10 h of hatching and the first ingested food was observed after 12 h. At 32 days after hatching, the mean larval length was 13.86 rnm and at 72 days was 21 mm. Knowledge of the critical developmental stages described in the paper is important in understanding the impact of the major biotic modifying factors influencing the impact of chemicals and other pollutants on rainbowfish, especially given that they are used by ecotoxicologists as a surrogate species for Australian freshwater fish in general.

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Hammond, Andrew M., Janet A. Young, and Loretta Konjarski. "Attitudes of Australian Swimming Coaches towards Inclusion of Swimmers with an Intellectual Disability: An Exploratory Analysis." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 9, no. 6 (December 2014): 1425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.9.6.1425.

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Nolan, Samuel E. F., Daniel D. Johnson, Roshan Hanamseth, Iain M. Suthers, and Matthew D. Taylor. "Reproductive biology of female blue swimmer crabs in the temperate estuaries of south-eastern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 73, no. 3 (December 2, 2021): 366–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf21191.

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The blue swimmer crab (BSC, Portunus armatus) is an economically and culturally important species distributed throughout the coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific region. Reproduction of BSC is poorly understood in south-eastern Australia, a region that is experiencing substantial tropicalisation from global warming. We examined gonadal development, egg–mass relationships, and the influence of temperature on gonadal development and egg production within five different estuaries spanning ~2.5° of latitude. A negative correlation between the gonadosomatic index (GSI, an index of gonadal development and reproductive investment) and hepatosomatic index (HSI, an index of energy storage) was observed in only the final stages of ovarian development. The weight of the egg mass increased logarithmically with body mass, accounting for up to 55% of total body mass, which was significantly larger than observed in other studies. Thermal performance curves showed a peak in individual reproductive output at a mean monthly temperature of ~24°C, at which the individual egg mass weight reached a maximum and the HSI reached a minimum. Environmentally driven variation in BSC reproduction has implications for population productivity and inter-annual variation in recruitment.

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Campbell, Matthew J., and Wayne D. Sumpton. "Ghost fishing in the pot fishery for blue swimmer crabs Portunus pelagicus in Queensland, Australia." Fisheries Research 95, no. 2-3 (January 2009): 246–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2008.09.026.

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Anshel, Mark H. "An Examination of Self-regulatory Cognitive-Behavioural Strategies of Australian Elite and Non-Elite Competitive Male Swimmers." Australian Psychologist 30, no. 2 (July 1995): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00050069508258907.

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Magdalinski, Tara. "Performance Technologies: Drugs and Fastskin at the Sydney 2000 Olympics." Media International Australia 97, no. 1 (November 2000): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0009700109.

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Throughout preparations for the Sydney 2000 Olympics, there was substantial discussion of a range of technological innovations in sport. On the one hand, performance-enhancing drugs have been rejected as ‘unfair’ or ‘unhealthy’ whilst other technologies have been welcomed with little critique. The debate around drugs in sport and Fastskin bodysuits exposes key elements and contradictions within dominant discourses of sporting performance. At the same time that most athletes and administrators were arguing that equality of access by all Australian team members was the key factor in determining whether Australian swimmers should use bodysuits, other athletes clearly recognised the potential criticism that these suits represent some sort of ‘unnatural’ body enhancement. The issue of performance enhancement was effectively isolated from debates around performance-enhancing drugs by the distinction between the ingestion of drugs and the wearing of suits. As such, the use of the Fastskin suit was depicted as a temporary and function-specific enhancement of the body's natural’ ability and form, rather than a complete molecular transformation of the body — and therefore ‘unnatural’. In this debate, the Fastskin bodysuit and its performance-enhancing potential are presented and legitimated as an acceptable application of human scientific endeavour to the improvement of athletic achievement.

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Johnston, Danielle J., Daniel E. Yeoh, and David C. Harris. "Environmental drivers of commercial blue swimmer crab (Portunus armatus) catch rates in Western Australian fisheries." Fisheries Research 235 (March 2021): 105827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2020.105827.

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Butcher, Paul A., Jesse C. Leland, Matt K. Broadhurst, Brian D. Paterson, and David G. Mayer. "Giant mud crab (Scylla serrata): relative efficiencies of common baited traps and impacts on discards." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 8 (June 15, 2012): 1511–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss109.

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Abstract Butcher, P. A., Leland, J. C., Broadhurst, M. K., Paterson, B. D., and Mayer, D. G. 2012. Giant mud crab (Scylla serrata): relative efficiencies of common baited traps and impacts to discards. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: . This study was initiated in response to a scarcity of data on the efficiency, selectivity and discard mortality of baited traps to target Scylla serrata. Five replicates of four traps, including “hoop nets”, rigid “wire pots”, and collapsible “round” and “rectangular” pots were deployed for 3, 6 and 24 h in two Australian estuaries. Trapped S. serrata were “discarded” into cages and monitored with controls over 3 d. All S. serrata were assessed for damage, while subsets of immediately caught and monitored individuals had haemolymph constituents quantified as stress indices. All traps retained similar-sized (8.1–19.1 cm carapace width) S. serrata, with catches positively correlated to deployment duration. Round pots were the most efficient for S. serrata and fish—mostly Acanthopagrus australis (3% mortality). Hoop nets were the least efficient and were often damaged. No S. serrata died, but 18% were wounded (biased towards hoop nets), typically involving a missing swimmeret. Physiological responses were mild and mostly affected by biological factors. The results validate discarding unwanted S. serrata for controlling exploitation, but larger mesh sizes or escape vents in pots and restrictions on hoop nets would minimise unnecessary catches, pollution and ghost fishing.

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Gaddes, Shane W., and Wayne D. Sumpton. "Distribution of barnacle epizoites of the crab Portunus pelagicus in the Moreton Bay region, eastern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 55, no. 3 (2004): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf02136.

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The parasites of some decapod crustaceans are known to cause sterilisation of their hosts, and can thus have an important impact on the population dynamics of infested species. Blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus) collected in three areas around Moreton Bay, Australia were examined for the presence of epizoic barnacles in their branchial chambers and on their carapace. Of the 952 crabs inspected 92% were infested with Octolasmis spp. The mean number of barnacles (predominantly Octolasmis warwickii) per carapace and gill chamber (mainly O. angulata) were 2.35 and 71.1, respectively. Barnacle infestation of gills was found to differ significantly by area, season and sex with the deeper offshore areas exhibiting the highest number of barnacles. The distribution within the hosts showed barnacles were more likely to be distributed in areas closer to the inhalant aperture. Highest abundances were found on the proximal surface of the hypobranchial side of gills 3, 4 and 5. Host moult stage and parasitism by Sacculina granifera were also found to affect the abundance of epizoic barnacles in some areas.

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Cosh, Suzanne, Shona Crabb, and Phillip J. Tully. "A champion out of the pool? A discursive exploration of two Australian Olympic swimmers' transition from elite sport to retirement." Psychology of Sport and Exercise 19 (July 2015): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.02.006.

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Harris, David, Danielle Johnston, Errol Sporer, Mervi Kangas, Nieves Felipe, and Nick Caputi. "Biology and management of a multi-sector blue swimmer crab fishery in a subtropical embayment - Shark Bay, Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 11 (2012): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12038.

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Abstract:

Stock assessments to support sustainable management in data-limited fisheries present a challenge to fisheries scientists and managers. This is the case with the Shark Bay Crab Fishery, which has expanded rapidly in the past 10 years, to become Australia’s highest-producing blue swimmer crab fishery. The resource is harvested commercially by two sectors, the Shark Bay crab trap and trawl fisheries (combined catch of ~800 t), as well as supporting a small but important recreational fishery. Commercial catch and effort data have been collected for the fishery since the early 1980s, commercial trap-monitoring data since 1999, and fishery-independent trawl-survey data since 2001. There is conflicting evidence on the impact that significant increases in catch and effort over the past decade has made on this fishery, such as legal catch rates remaining relatively constant, but declines occurring in the abundance of large crabs. There has also been concern over the level of latent effort in the fishery, with the trap sector currently operating at 70–80% of its potential effort and the capacity for further increases in crab landings by the trawl fleet. Since July 2011, the relative abundance of all size classes of crabs declined significantly. The reasons for this unexpected decline are yet to be understood, but are likely to be linked to adverse environmental extremes (flooding and very warm water temperatures) during the summer of 2010–2011, associated with a very strong La Niňa event. Preliminary assessment indicated that the spawning stock that led to the low recruitment was within historic ranges. The current challenge for the research and management of this fishery is to clarify the causes for this recent decline, and establish suitable biological indicators that will determine the appropriate level of catch and harvest strategy to ensure the future sustainability of the stock.

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