Journal articles: 'SWELLING NATURE'

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Jayawardane, NS, and EL Greacen. "The nature of swelling in soils." Soil Research 25, no. 1 (1987): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9870107.

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While existing swelling models adequately describe the swelling in extensively-swelling soils, their applicability to moderately-swelling soils has not been previously tested. The swelling of different layers of a transitional red-brown earth measured in situ using swelling gauges could not be described using existing swelling models. Values of �, defined as the ratio of change in bulk volume of the soil to change in gravimetric moisture content, were less than 0.33 over the whole of the measured moisture range in all layers of this soil, except the 0.25-0.55 m depth. This indicates that the extent of swelling was less than the normal, three-dimensional swelling described by existing models. Modifications to these existing models are proposed to describe the swelling in soils with moderate swelling characteristics. The compressibility factor (�), defined as the ratio of the change in void ratio to the change in moisture ratio, measures the same soil property as the values. Values of � determined in previous field studies and on soil cores of several clay soils are also less than the 0.33 specified for normal swelling, in keeping with the expectations of the modified swelling model. However, the need for further field testing of this model for moderately-swelling soils is emphasized. The limitations of existing methods for determining swelling characteristics of soils using core samples are discussed and several alternative procedures for in situ measurements are suggested.

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Bihani, Ameya, and Jyoti P. Dabholkar. "Cystic schwannoma of cervical sympathetic chain masquerading as type II second branchial cleft cyst." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 1, no. 1 (July 4, 2015): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20150588.

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Brachial cleft cyst is the most common differential diagnosis of benign lateral neck swelling but other cystic swellings like carotid body tumours and cystic schwannomas should be kept in mind. MRI of neck is of great assistance in determining the nature of the swelling as fine needle aspiration cytology will fail in diagnosing such swellings accurately. We present a case of 22 year old female who presented with a slow growing swelling which was diagnosed as brachial cyst on FNAC and CT but turned out to be cystic schwannoma of cervical sympathetic chain which highlights the importance of considering various differentials of lateral neck swelling and limitation of FNAC and importance of pre-operative MRI in such cases.

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Blau, J. N., and F. Solomon. "MIGRAINE AND INTRACRANIAL SWELLING: AN EXPERIMENT OF NATURE." Lancet 326, no. 8457 (September 1985): 718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92949-6.

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Shrestha, Sujan, Dinesh Khadka, and Sujita Bhandari. "Head and Neck Swelling: A Cytopathological Perspective in a Hospital Based Study." Birat Journal of Health Sciences 6, no. 2 (November 3, 2021): 1460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bjhs.v6i2.40319.

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Introduction: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology is a simple, relatively less painful, cost-effective minimal invasive procedure commonly employed in the evaluation of head and neck swellings. There are limited studies on cytological findings of head and neck swelling in Nepal. Objectives: The objective of this study was to study cytological findings of head and neck swellings. This study further intends to classify the nature of the swelling and use standardized international reporting system wherever required. Methodology: This is a retrospective hospital-based study done in the Department of Pathology at the Helping Hands Community Hospital, Kathmandu between 1 January 2019 and 32 December 2019. Slides of all FNAC from head and neck swelling done during this period was retrieved and evaluated for the study. Chi-Squared (χ2) test was used to investigate the significance of epidemiological and cytological parameters. Results: Males (56%) had more head and neck swelling than females (44%). The younger age group of less than twenty-five (< 25) years had more frequency of head and swelling followed by the older age group of more than fifty (>50) years. The most common site for Fine needle aspiration was lymph nodes (58%) followed by thyroid swelling (23%). Salivary gland swellings were the least frequent (5%). Of all the swelling, 17% of cases were attributed to malignant causes. Infective/Inflammatory causes (55%) were the most common cause of lymph node swellings. Metastatic carcinoma was more prevalent in the older age group of more than fifty (>50) years with a prevalence of 21% of total cases studies. Most of the thyroid swellings were found to be benign (58%) whereas 16% of thyroid swellings belonged to the malignant category. The total numbers of salivary gland swelling were the least with 55% of cases having benign neoplastic etiology. Diagnosis of developmental anomalies like a thyroglossal cyst, lymphangioma, branchial cyst, though relatively less common (10%) were also made with the help of cytologic studies. Conclusion: Fine Needle Aspiration is a useful method to differentiate benign and infective cases of head and neck swelling from neoplastic cases.

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Ravishankar, M. V., N. M. Shama Sundar, and Pushpalatha K. "Giant Papilloma on the Back of the Knee Joint - A Case Report." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 31 (August 2, 2021): 2517–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/515.

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Papilloma is a benign tumour projecting above the surface of the skin. It grows from the epithelial tissue; develops as finger like fronds. Human contact with human papilloma virus (HPV) is one of the important causes for its occurrence. It feels rubbery and semisolid in consistency. Papilloma is a slow growing and long-lasting common tumor seen in various parts of the body like skin, breast, cervix, conjunctiva, etc. Its location on the exposed parts of the body like, around the face, neck, limbs, etc. causes much discomfort. Hence most of them prefer an early medical and surgical intervention to restore the cosmetic profile of the body to avoid growing physiopsychological discomforts. Clinical resemblance of any such swellings may require a meticulous examination and evaluation to differentiate them from other commonly seen external growths from the body surface; like sebaceous cyst, dermoid cyst, wart, haemangioma, neurofibroma, etc. One such clinical rare case of unusually large papilloma in an elderly lady aged about 65 years was presented with a swelling in her left popliteal region and excised under local anaesthesia, will be presented along with discussions. Human body is prone to show some solitary or multiple swellings on the inner or outer surface of the body. For the clinical diagnosis of a swelling, it is important for a clinician to know its source of origin. Swellings may arise from the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, vessel, nerve, bone, etc. It is also important to consider whether it is a congenital or acquired defect or it is caused due to any trauma, or could be a mere inflammatory response which lasts temporarily.1 An abnormal growth of cells which grow more rapidly than other normal cells in the body are called neoplasms. They may be benign (harmless) or malignant (cancerous). Benign swellings are usually localized, may grow big without spreading or invading into other structures whereas malignant swellings can spread and invade the nearby tissues directly or through the blood or lymph nodes to different organs through metastasis, hence they need a thorough clinical evaluation. Soft tissue swelling especially in the young individuals often may be missed or delayed in the diagnosis of malignancy due to asymptomatic nature of the lesion with unfamiliar age. The nature of the swelling, its duration, location, and tissue of origin also matters in the final diagnosis. Hence it is important to differentiate a benign swelling from a malignant swelling at the earliest. 2

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S., Gangadhara K., Chaitanya Vadva, and Sridhara S. "Comparative study of fine needle aspiration cytology and histopathology of thyroid swellings in tertiary health centre." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 8, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20214900.

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Background: Thyroid swelling being the most common presentation in ENT clinical practice, a prospective study was done to assess the role of Fine needle aspiration cytology in diagnosing the nature of thyroid swellings and comparing its results with histopathological examination findings.Methods: This is a prospective institutional based study comparing cytology and corresponding histopathology findings reported in 60 cases of thyroid swelling. The statistical analysis included sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy in thyroid swelling.Results: Out of 60 cases, FNAC showed 93.3% and 6.6% of benign and malignant cases respectively whereas HPE showed 86.7% and 13.3% of benign and malignant cases respectively. On FNAC-HPE correlation using HPE as standard reference the diagnostic accuracy of present study is 91.66%.Conclusions: It was observed that FNAC is a reliable tool, safe and accurate method in evaluating thyroid swelling thus having great influences in treatment decision. Thus FNAC is the investigation of choice in thyroid swellings with excellent patient compliance, simple, safe and cost effective.

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Islam, Md Zahidul, Md Abdur Rahman, and Md Sirajul Islam Mahfuz. "Congenital Anomalies Presenting as Head-Neck Swellings: A Study of 50 Cases." Bangladesh Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 23, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v23i2.45164.

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Purpose: To analyse the prevalence, distribution and presentation of different congenital head-neck lesions with their age, sex, site and side predilection. Methods: 50 patients of head-neck congenital swelling was selected from january/2013 upto december/2013 in the OPD of otorhino-laryngology, head and neck deptt. of Dhaka medical college hospital under a specific prospective study protocol. Results: The most frequent swelling was thyroglossal cyst(42%), followed by branchial arch anomalies (18%),dermoid cyst(14%),pre-auricular sinus(14%),lymphangioma(8%) and haemangioma(4%).Amongst the cervical swellings the sequential preponderence was thyroglossal cyst(52%),branchial arch anomalies(23%),dermoid cyst(13%), lymphangioma(10%) and haemangioma (2%).The majority of branchial arch anomalies(100%) were of second arch. The majority of patients were of first(52%) and second(30%) decade and the male to female ratio for thyroglossal cysts was 1:1.1.The majority of lesions were painless swelling and all were surgically excised. Conclusion: The overall frequency and age-sex distribution of congenital head-neck swellings as well as site, nature and type specific predominance of some of them in OPD of Dhaka medical college hospital are almost similar to international findings. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol; October 2017; 23(2): 171-179

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Chauhan, Ghanshyam S., and Swati Mahajan. "Structural aspects and nature of swelling medium as equilibrium swelling determinants of acrylamide and cellulosic-based smart hydrogels." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 85, no. 6 (May 24, 2002): 1161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.10721.

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Kh Tursunova, G., K. h. R Karimov, K. h. T Trobov, and D. j. A Rakhmanov. "CALCULATION OF THE GIBBS ENERGY OF WATER SORPTION ON SWELLING OF POLYMER GELS IN VARIOUS SOLUTIONS." 2022-yil, 3-son (133/1) ANIQ FANLAR SERIYASI 1, no. 131/2 (February 22, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.59251/2181-1296.v1.1312.112.

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The effect of the nature and concentration of solutions of various metals, the nature of co-ions, the amount of cross-links, and the activity of water on the swelling of gels based on polystyrene and divinylbenzene in solutions of these compounds has been studied. Using the osmotic coefficients of these electrolytes on the basis of the experimental results, the change in the Gibbs energy of the swelling process was calculated.

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Makitra, R. G., and D. V. Bryk. "Effect of the nature of solvents on the swelling of coals." Solid Fuel Chemistry 44, no. 3 (June 2010): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0361521910030031.

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Kobayashi, I., K. Suzuki, H. Asano, P. Sellin, C. Svemar, and M. Holmqvist. "Mechanical interpretations of the homogeneous nature of bentonite due to swelling." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 400, no. 1 (2014): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp400.21.

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Das, Kallol Prasad, Pronami Borah, Mondita Borgohain, Rudra Kanta Gogoi, and Raamseena N.A. "A Hospital Based Observational Study on Diagnostic Role of High-Resolution Ultrasound and Doppler Imaging in Evaluation of Non-Thyroidal Neck Masses of Patients Attending the Department of Radiodiagnosis, AMCH, Dibrugarh with FineNeedle Aspiration / Histopathological Correlation." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 11 (March 15, 2021): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/117.

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BACKGROUND Neck swellings consists of a wide spectrum of pathological entities. These swelling can occur due to a variety of aetiologies consisting of congenital, acquired inflammatory, neoplastic, or vascular origin. It is essential to have an extensive knowledge of the anatomy and contents of each cervical compartment to achieve a diagnosis. The age of presentation and clinical findings often narrows down the differential diagnosis. Ultrasonography (USG) is helpful in differentiating the nature of the lesions and differentiating solid from cystic neck lesions. Ultrasound is often used as an initial modality for pre-treatment assessment of any neck swelling. METHODS Patients with clinically palpable / non-palpable neck swellings were scanned using 7.5 - 11 MHz transducers, excluding patients with diagnosed thyroid swellings. RESULTS In total 120 cases were studied; the mean age of patients was 34 years with a male to female ratio of 1.1:1. The age wise categorisation included paediatric population (34.2 %) and adult population (65.8 %). 96 (80 %) cases presented with painless neck swelling, 76 (63.3 %) cases were non-neoplastic and 44 (36.7 %) cases were neoplastic in nature. Cervical lymphadenopathy being the most common ultrasound finding in both paediatric and adult population. Malignant lesions were most common in adult age group. Heterogeneous echotexture, rounded nodes, intranodal necrosis, loss of echogenic hila, peripheral nodal blood flow and increased pulsatility index (PI) and resistive index (RI) were important features of malignant lymph nodes. Sensitivity and specificity of USG and Doppler in differentiating neoplastic from non-neoplastic lesions were 97.7 % and 98.3 % respectively and for differentiating benign from metastatic nodes were 97.7 % and 98.3 % respectively. CONCLUSIONS Considering the study results and observations, USG is the best initial investigation for the evaluation of inflammatory, cystic and neoplastic swellings in various age groups. It is non-invasive, cost effective readily available and repeatable technique. It is relatively easier to use and does not involve radiation hazards. Colour Doppler can evaluate the vascularity of the lesions and provide details of any vascular invasion of metastatic lesions. Ultrasound can differentiate aetiology of lymph node enlargement to a significant extent. KEYWORDS High Resolution Ultrasound, Paediatric Neck Mass, Metastatic Lymph Node, Histopathology, FNAC, Tubercular Lymph Nodes, Colour Doppler, Non-Thyroidal

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Khrapatova, I. V., and O. V. Krotov. "THE ANALYSIS OF THE STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF THE SYSTEM «BASEMENT - PILE FOUNDATION – STRUCTURE» CONSIDERING SWELLING PROPERTIES OF SOILS." ACADEMIC JOURNAL Series: Industrial Machine Building, Civil Engineering 2, no. 49 (October 17, 2017): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.26906/znp.2017.49.824.

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This work analyzes factors affecting swelling soils and presents a calculation algorithm of structure on swelling soils base for the plane problem. In this work an analysis of the factors influencing the swelling of soils is made, the algorithm for calculating the structure with the base with swellable soils for a plane problem is given. At the same time, the swelling process is considered as an additional influence, close in nature to temperature, and the swelling soil is considered a material having orthotropic properties. The value of the relative swelling depends on the level of the stress state, while the value of the main stresses is compared with the magnitude of the pressure of swelling. Therefore, to determine the deformation characteristics of the swelling soil, several variants of the stressed state of the soil have to be considered. The effectiveness of the obtained solution has been verified according to the example for pile foundations.

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Gultom, R. P. W., and R. M. Simanjuntak. "Analysis of shear strength of the expansive soil stabilized with kaolin at various soaking times." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 878, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/878/1/012050.

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Abstract Expansive clay soils are high shrinkage soils that have low bearing capacity. So an effort is needed to reduce the nature of its swelling. One effort that can be done is the method of soil stabilization, where the soil is mixed with materials that can reduce soil swelling and increase the shear strength of the soil. One of the materials that can be used is kaolin powder. Kaolin is a stabilizing agent found in nature so it is easy to obtain. The purpose of this research is to analyse the decrease of expansive soil swelling and the value of its unconfined compression strength at various soaking times. The test was carried out by mixing 9% kaolin powder against dry soil weight. The stabilized soils were then compacted as samples to be soaked with time variations of 0 days, 3 days, 7 days, 10 days, and 14 days. The results of the test after soaking 14 days is a decrease of the stabilized soil swelling value up to 67.78%. The unconfined compression strength is increase up to 77.28% compared to its natural condition.

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Patel, Amol C., Kamlesh Jain, Shubhdeep Chugh, and Keyur Buddha. "Lipoma Arborescens: A Rare Cause of Knee Swelling." Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports 12, no. 9 (2022): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2022.v12.i09.3016.

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Introduction: Lipoma Arborescens is a chronic, slow growing intra articular lesion of benign nature which is commonly seen in the supra patellar region of the knee joint. It is characterised by villous proliferation of the synovium, with the replacement of the subsynovial connective tissue with fat cells. It is not a neoplasm but non-specific reactive response to chronic synovial irritation, due to mechanical or inflammatory insults. We highlight this condition to raise awareness to be kept as a differential diagnosis in knee joint affected by various slow, progressive chronic inflammatory conditions. Case Report: We present case of 51-year female with severe knee swelling since 3 to 4 years with episodes of remission and regression on and off. She was diagnosed with lipoma arborescens after magnetic resonance imaging and confirmed after post operative histology. Conclusion: We in this case study highlight this rare condition with its imaging characteristics and arthroscopic treatment. Keeping in mind that lipoma arborescens though benign in nature and as one of the rare causes for knee swelling, has to be treated to get an optimal outcome.

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Wafa, Yahia A., Ismail M. Al-Garhy, Nabeil M. Fekry, and Ahmed S. Abdelhamid. "Doppler and 3D ultrasound in prediction of the nature of adnexal swelling." Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine 74, no. 2 (January 1, 2019): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejhm.2019.23054.

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Grant, C. D., D. A. Angers, R. S. Murray, M. H. Chantigny, and U. Hasanah. "On the nature of soil aggregate coalescence in an irrigated swelling clay." Soil Research 39, no. 3 (2001): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr99073.

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Aggregate coalescence in irrigated cracking clays constrains crop yields, yet little is known about it or how it can be managed. A measure of coalescence is introduced to separate the effects of natural aggregate-bed densification from those of age-hardening; this measure, χ, comprises a ratio of the net change in (tensile or penetrometer) strength, Y, that occurs in relation to the corresponding net change in dry bulk density, ρb, as follows: χ = ΔY/Δρb. A laboratory study was conducted to illustrate the variation in χ for a virgin and cultivated cracking clay exposed to 16 weekly cycles of wetting and draining. Penetrometer resistance and tensile strength at –100 kPa, plus bulk density and other physical and chemical properties, were measured throughout the experiment. The cultivated soil rapidly became denser and stronger, it developed larger aggregates, and its water-uptake rate in the air-dry state was significantly greater than that for the virgin soil. The χ values suggested that age-hardening processes constituted a greater component of coalescence in the cultivated soil than it did in the virgin one, and this was thought to be mediated by the large differences in the content and composition of organic matter in the two soils.

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Suleimenov, Ibragim, Grigoriy Mun, Sergei Panchenko, and Polina Obukhova. "The Impact of Ion Exchange on Nature of Polyacrylic Acid and Nonionic Polymer Complex Formation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 467 (December 2013): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.467.52.

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This paper provides substantiation for division of interpolymer complexes, that are stabilized by hydrogen bonds formed between polyacrylic acid and non-ionic polymer into strong-and low-complexing couples, and elucidates the nature of observed differneces. It is shown, that the formation of complex in presence of low molecular salt depends not only on the energy and number of hydrogen bonds, but on the degree of swelling of polyacid coil too. It is established, that the effect of low-molecular salt on the degree of swelling of the polyacid coil is not unambiguous. The size of the coil is increased by the salt adding at relatively low concentrations as a result of local ion exchange.

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Iminova, R. S., Sh N. Zhumagalieva, M. K. Beisebekov, Zh A. Abilov, and G. A. Mun. "Structure and swelling of polymer-clay composites." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 11, no. 3 (April 4, 2016): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj283.

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Composition gels on the basis of bentonite clay of Manrak deposit (East-Kazakhstan region) and nonionogenic polymers - poly-2-hydroxyethyl-acrylate and polyacrylamide were synthesized by radical intercalative polymerization in situ with various content o f cross-linking agent N,N-methylene-bisacrylamide and with time of intercalation about 8 hours. The morphological structure, the nature of interaction of components and the swelling ability of composition gels were studied by scanner electron microscopy, equilibrium swelling and IR- spectroscopy methods. By studying of morphological structure it was determined, that the polymer-clay composition gels, synthesized by intercalative polymerization, are most homogenous and interconsistency in case of “acrylamide-clay” composition in contrast with “2-hydroxyethylacrylate-clay” composition. For “acrylamide-clay” gels the swelling degree of gels was stated to decrease with the increase in the content of cross-linking agent and ionic strength, but “2-hydroxyethylacrylate -clay” compositions have the extremely character of swelling, where maximum degree of swelling account for gel with content of cross-linking agent 1*10-2М. Interaction of composition components was realized on account of hydrogen bonds with formation of chemically cross-linked complex polymer-clay. Decrease of swelling degree of compositions in physiological solution points to acquisition of polyelectrolyte nature of composition gels on account of combination of nonionogenic macromolecules of polymers with negatively charged particles of bentonite clay. For intercalated samples of polymer-clay compositions, the degree of swelling at all degrees of cross-linking is between those for pure polymers and pure clay, that in turn, agrees with the conclusion on the great composition homogeneity of samples with preliminary intercalation. As of results of holding investigation fit is safe to say, that obtained polymer-clay composition gels are potential sorbents and prolongated carriers of medicine

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Irfana, Ayshath, Sheetal Rai, and K. S. Gangadhara Somayaji. "Benign neck swellings: a clinico-radio-pathological study." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 5, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20190445.

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Background: The present study aimed to know the common pathologies presenting as neck swellings in our region and their clinical, radiological, and cytopathological correlation in order to understand the nature of the lesion and accuracy of the diagnostic tools in finding a definitive diagnosis.Methods: Patients presenting with neck swelling to the ENT department of a tertiary care centre in Mangalore between June 2013 to July 2018 were included in the study based on retrospective and prospective sampling. Appropriate cytolopathological and radiological investigations were done and analyzed. Results: Out of 160 cases analyzed histopathology diagnosed 86.9% as benign and 13.1% as malignant. Radiologically 94.9% were diagnosed to be benign and 5.6% malignant whereas in cytological investigation 89.4% were diagnosed as benign and 6.9% as malignant while the remaining 3.8% cases were cytologically inconclusive. Intra operatively 6.9% cases had features of malignancy and rest 93% were benign. Thyroid was the most common benign neck swelling (73.2%) followed by cervical lymphadenopathy (6.9%) and thyroglossal cyst (5.6%).Conclusions: Discrepancy in clinico-radio-cytopathological correlation was highest in cases of thyroid swelling (more so in case of solitary thyroid nodule). None of the pre-operative investigations for neck swellings is 100% specific or definitive in diagnosing a benign from a malignant lesion in the neck.

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Ferapontov, N. B., S. S. Kovaleva, and F. F. Rubin. "Determination of the nature and concentration of solutes using the swelling granule method." Journal of Analytical Chemistry 62, no. 10 (October 2007): 924–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061934807100048.

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Jones, Lee, Vanessa Banks, and Ian Jefferson. "Chapter 8 Swelling and shrinking soils." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 29, no. 1 (2020): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/egsp29.8.

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AbstractSwelling and shrinking soils are soils that can experience large changes in volume due to changes in water content. This may be due to seasonal changes in moisture content, local site changes such as leakage from water supply pipes or drains, changes to surface drainage and landscaping, or following the planting, removal or severe pruning of trees or hedges. These soils represent a significant hazard to structural engineers across the world due to their shrink–swell behaviour, with the cost of mitigation alone running into several billion pounds annually. These soils usually contain some form of clay mineral, such as smectite or vermiculite, and can be found in humid and arid/semi-arid environments where their expansive nature can cause significant damage to properties and infrastructure. This chapter discusses the properties and costs associated with shrink–swell soils, their formation and distribution throughout the UK and the rest of the world, and their geological and geotechnical characterization. It also considers the mechanisms of shrink-swell soils and their behaviour, reviewing strategies for managing them in an engineering context, before finally outlining the problem of trees and shrink–swell soils.

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Prasath, T. S. Arun, Mohan Chand Gutta, Arunan Murali, and Padmasani Venkat Ramanan. "Subaponeurotic fluid collection – An unusual cause of scalp swelling in infancy." Karnataka Pediatric Journal 35 (January 25, 2021): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/kpj_22_2020.

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Subaponeurotic fluid collection (SFC) is a rare cause of scalp swelling in infants that is not well described in textbooks. It can be diagnosed clinically and managed conservatively. We report two infants, who had scalp swelling, with findings suggestive of SFC that resolved spontaneously. We have reviewed literature on the possible mechanisms of fluid collection. We wish to highlight the self-limiting nature of this condition so that unnecessary investigations, referrals, and interventions are avoided.

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Patil, Pushkar N., Kathi Sudarshan, Pradeep K. Pujari, and Dhanadeep Dutta. "Effect of Crosslinkers on the Microstructure and Swelling Properties of the N-Isopropyl Acrylamide Gels: A Positron Annihilation Study." Materials Science Forum 733 (November 2012): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.733.155.

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The Poly N-Isopropyl acrylamide (PNIPA) gels were prepared in different synthesis media by crosslinking with acrylate monomers with varying chain length. The microstructural characterization in terms of the free volume fractions and distributions were studied using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). The equilibrium swelling of the PNIPA in distilled water was measured. An attempt has been made to understand the correlations between microscopic free volumes and the equilibrium swelling of the gels. The free volume fraction of the gels prepared in Dimethyl formamide (DMF) was directly correlated with swelling while it varied inversely with chain length of the crosslinker. The microstructure of the gels was found to be very sensitive to the solvent/medium used for polymerization. Our studies show that the swelling property is influenced by the free volumes, chain relaxation as well as the chemical nature of the cross linkers.

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Aslam, Aysha, Muhammad Umer Ashraf, Kashif Barkat, Asif Mahmood, Muhammad Ajaz Hussain, Muhammad Farid-ul-Haq, Manar O. Lashkar, and Heba A. Gad. "Fabrication of Stimuli-Responsive Quince/Mucin Co-Poly (Methacrylate) Hydrogel Matrices for the Controlled Delivery of Acyclovir Sodium: Design, Characterization and Toxicity Evaluation." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 2 (February 15, 2023): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020650.

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Free-radical polymerization technique was adopted to fabricate a stimuli-responsive intelligent quince/mucin co-poly (methacrylate) hydrogel for the controlled delivery of acyclovir sodium. The developed hydrogel matrices were appraised using different parameters, such as drug loading (%), swelling kinetics, pH- and electrolyte-responsive swelling, and sol–gel fraction. Drug-excipient compatibility study, scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis, in vitro drug release studies, drug release kinetics and acute oral toxicity studies were conducted. The results of drug loading revealed an acyclovir sodium loading of 63–75% in different formulations. The hydrogel discs exhibited pH-responsive swelling behavior, showing maximum swelling in a phosphate buffer with a pH of 7.4, but negligible swelling was obvious in an acidic buffer with a pH of 1.2. The swelling kinetics of the developed hydrogel discs exhibited second-order kinetics. Moreover, the hydrogel discs responded to the concentration of electrolytes (CaCl2 and NaCl). The results of the FTIR confirm the formation of the hydrogel via free-radical polymerization. However, the major peaks of acyclovir remain intact, proving drug-excipient compatibility. The results of the SEM analysis reveal the porous, rough surface of the hydrogel discs with multiple cracks and pores over the surface. The results of the PXRD disclose the amorphous nature of the fabricated hydrogel. The dissolution studies showed a minor amount of acyclovir sodium released in an acidic environment, while an extended release up to 36 h in the phosphate buffer was observed. The drug release followed Hixen–Crowell’s kinetics with Fickian diffusion mechanism. The toxicity studies demonstrated the non-toxic nature of the polymeric carrier system. Therefore, these results signify the quince/mucin co-poly (methacrylate) hydrogel as a smart material with the potential to deliver acyclovir into the intestine for an extended period of time.

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Bukhari, Syed Nasir Abbas, Muhammad Ajaz Hussain, Muhammad Tahir Haseeb, Abdul Wahid, Naveed Ahmad, Syed Zajif Hussain, Rizwan Nasir Paracha, Muhammad Usman Munir, and Mervat A. Elsherif. "Metal Complexation of Arabinoxylan Engenders a Smart Material Offering pH, Solvents, and Salt Responsive On–Off Swelling with the Potential for Sustained Drug Delivery." Gels 8, no. 5 (May 2, 2022): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8050283.

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The present study aimed to develop a stable interconnected matrix as a sustained release drug delivery material. Arabinoxylan (AX) was extracted from ispaghula husk and then crosslinked with different concentrations, i.e., 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g of CaCl2 per 0.25 g of AX. The crosslinking was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The swelling capacity of crosslinked AX (CL-AX) was evaluated against buffer solutions of pH 1.2, 6.8, 7.4, and water. The swelling capacity increased from pH 1.2 to pH 7.4 and followed the second order swelling kinetics. The swelling study also revealed that CL-AX with 1.0 g CaCl2 showed maximum swelling capacity. The swelling–deswelling (on–off switching) behavior of CL-AX was evaluated in water–ethanol, water–0.9% NaCl solution, and buffer solutions of pH 7.4–1.2 and showed responsive swelling–deswelling behavior. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a highly porous nature of CL-AX with a mesh of thin fibrous networking. Hemocompatibility studies of CL-AX revealed its non-thrombogenic and nonhemolytic attributes. The CL-AX matrix tablet prolonged the release of enalapril maleate for 24 h, and the drug release followed the zero order kinetics and super case-II transport mechanism. Therefore, CL-AX can be recognized as a stimuli responsive and hemocompatible biomaterial with sustained drug release potential.

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Котлярова, Ирина, Irina Kotlyarova, Ирина Степина, and Irina Stepina. "RESEARCH OF THE SWELLING KINETICS OF PINE WOOD, MODIFIED WITH AMINO-BORATES." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 3, no. 3 (March 25, 2018): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5abfc9c19ced27.13526627.

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Wood swells at the contact with capillary and liquid water. This process leads to premature destruction of wood material due to the decrease in its strength characteristics. It is possible to reduce wood swelling in various ways: deep impregnation by hydrophobic reagents, covering the surface with paints and varnishes etc. However, in this case the texture of wood is masked and its unique properties are lost. When modifying wood with amino-borates the supramolecular structure of cellulose is ordered, the specific surface of wood decreases, and its water sorption capacity is reduced. In this regard, we have researched the influence of boron-nitrogenous modifiers of various concentrations on pine wood swelling. The swelling ability of the modified wood was estimated by weight method. As a control sample the samples of unmodified wood were used. On the basis of the obtained experimental data the differential curves of swelling were built and the velocity constants of swelling were determined by a graphic method. As a result of the research it has been established that modifying wood with amino-borates leads to the decrease of equilibrium extent of swelling, and the velocity constant of swelling depends on the nature and concentration of the modifier and its influence on the microstructure of a wood composite.

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Wischnewski, Christian, and Jan Kierfeld. "Snapping elastic disks as microswimmers: swimming at low Reynolds numbers by shape hysteresis." Soft Matter 16, no. 30 (2020): 7088–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm00741b.

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Virkki, L. V., and M. Nikinmaa. "Regulatory volume decrease in lamprey erythrocytes: mechanisms of K+ and Cl- loss." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 268, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): R590—R597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.3.r590.

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The nature of the swelling-activated K+ and Cl- transport pathways of lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) erythrocytes was studied. In isosmotic medium, unidirectional K+ and Cl- effluxes appear to be largely mediated by conductive pathways. Unidirectional Cl- efflux increased as a function of a decrease in medium osmolarity. The swelling-activated Cl- transport was inhibited by R(+)-[(2-n-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1H-inde n-5- yl)oxy]acetic acid (DIOA), furosemide, and 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS). In contrast, moderate cell swelling did not increase unidirectional ouabain-insensitive K+ efflux. However, inhibition of transport by Ba2+ was markedly reduced. This suggests that the Ba(2+)-sensitive pathway that mediated most of the K+ efflux in isosmotic conditions was inhibited by cell swelling and a Ba(2+)-insensitive pathway was activated. DIOA had no effect on K+ efflux in isosmotic or hyposmotic medium. These data and the finding that substitution of NO3- or SCN- for Cl- had only a minor effect on the swelling-induced net extrusion of K+ and water indicate that the pathways for K+ and Cl-, activated by cell swelling, are conductive.

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Taira, Shogo, Yuriko Usukura, Mitsukuni Nishida, Kengo Shigetomi, and Yasumitsu Uraki. "Characterization of a lignin-based gel responsive to aqueous binary solvents and pH." Holzforschung 75, no. 8 (January 6, 2021): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2020-0220.

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Abstract A lignin-based gel (AL-PE gel) was obtained from hardwood acetic acid lignin (AL) and poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PE) as a cross-linker at a high AL concentration, while the reaction at a lower AL concentration yielded an amphipathic derivative (am-AL-PE). The gel has been reported to swell in aqueous ethanol but shrink in pure water and ethanol. In the present work, swelling behaviors in other aqueous binary solvents and the swelling mechanism were investigated to explore novel lignin-based functional materials, such as stimuli-and/or environment-responsive gels. The AL-PE gel swelled in aqueous methanol, isopropanol, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran, and the order of swelling in the solvents was consistent with that of the am-AL-PE. Spin-spin relaxation time (T 2 ) measurements with 1H NMR analysis of the gel in aqueous acetone revealed that gel swelling was closely related to an increasing T 2 of acetone bound to the gel network. The nature of the lignin moiety in the gel also enabled a pH response, and the amphipathic nature of the gel provided it with a function as an absorbent for cationic surfactants. The results of this study can contribute to the valorization of lignin as a main component for solvent sensors and environmental purification materials.

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Aberkane-Mechebbek, L., S. F. Larbi-Youcef, and M. Mahlous. "Adsorption of Dyes and Metal Ions by Acrylamide - Co - Acrylic Acid Hydrogels Synthesized by Gamma Radiation." Materials Science Forum 609 (January 2009): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.609.255.

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Hydrogel based on acrylamide and acrylic acid was synthesized and crosslinked by gamma radiation at an absorbed dose of 8 kGy. Swelling properties of the hydrogel in water and in methyl violet and Congo red solutions were investigated. The results showed that the swelling rate of the hydrogel depends on the pH and the ionic nature of the dye. Diffusion of water and dyes solutions within the hydrogel was found to be of non-Fickian character. Contrary to the swelling behavior, the capacity of the hydrogel to adsorb dyes seems to be higher at weak pHs. Concerning metal ions uptake, the results showed that adsorption of Cu2+ increases with pH increasing from pH1 to pH4.

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Lim, Wan Qi, and Eu Chin Ho. "Longus colli tendinitis: acute neck pain with retropharyngeal swelling." BMJ Case Reports 15, no. 5 (May 2022): e249857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2022-249857.

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Longus colli tendinitis (LCT) has been described in several case reports, and is likely underdiagnosed due to its non-specific symptoms and self-limiting nature. It usually presents as acute neck pain with retropharyngeal swelling seen on nasoendoscopy and imaging studies. This may lead to unnecessary invasive interventions if physicians are unaware of the disease course. We discuss a case of LCT in a young woman who was treated at our institution, with recommendations on how to identify and treat such cases accurately without overtreatment.

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Kadam, Sachin S., and Tejaswini Kadam. "Cystic hygroma in a young adult: A case report and recent management." Tumor Discovery 1, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.36922/td.v1i2.151.

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We are reporting a case of a 27-year-old young female who presented with right side neck swelling without any associated obstructive symptoms and any other grave signs and symptoms. She noticed a gradual increase in the size of the swelling within a period of 2 years. After investigation and surgical excision, the swelling was diagnosed as cystic hygroma. The root cause of the development of cervical lymphangioma is the congenital malformation of the developing lymphatic system. Cystic hygroma is benign in nature and the cause in adults is still unclear. The most common site of origin is in head and neck region, and cystic hygroma accounts for 75% of lymphatic malformations. The most common presentation of cystic hygroma is painless swelling with ill-defined lesion, most commonly located at the posterior triangle of the neck. The common age group is between birth and 2 years of age, with very rare presentation in adults. Hence, it is necessary to rule out all differential diagnosis of cervical lymphangioma, which is presented with cystic neck swelling. Complete surgical excision is the recommended standard treatment.

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Surini, Silvia, and Defira Metha Diandra. "FORMULATION OF MULBERRY LEAF (MORUS ALBA L.) EXTRACT HYDROGEL BEADS USING CROSS-LINKED PECTIN." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 9 (October 30, 2017): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2017.v9s1.78_85.

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Objective: Nutraceutical products have now gained considerable interest to be consumed regularly. Since the active substances in nutraceuticalproducts are provided by nature, they are safe to consume. The development of a dosage form and the appearance of a modern nutraceutical productcan improve product quality. Therefore, this research aimed to formulate a nutraceutical product, mulberry leaf extract, into hydrogel beads that swellin water and that can be administered orally.Methods: Deoxynojirimycin, the active substance in mulberry leaf extract hydrogel beads, has the efficacy of an anti-diabetic agent. In this research,there were four formulations: The variations 1:2 and 1:3 of the extract-to-polymer ratio and the variations 2.5% and 5% of the cross-linkerconcentration.Results: The results showed that hydrogel beads had a spherical form with an unsmooth surface and a brown color, and they were able to swell inwater. The best formula was Formula 1, with a 1:2 extract-to-polymer ratio and a 2.5% cross-linker concentration. Formula 1 produced an averagediameter of 3.6 mm, a swelling ability of 210.68%, and immediate swelling in water for 30 seconds.Conclusions: Mulberry leaf extract hydrogel beads could be used as an interesting nutraceutical product.

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Abyshev, Baurzhan, Dmitriy I. Shlimas, Maxim V. Zdorovets, Yalkunzhan K. Arshamov, and Artem L. Kozlovskiy. "Study of Radiation Resistance to Helium Swelling of Li2ZrO3/LiO and Li2ZrO3 Ceramics." Crystals 12, no. 3 (March 13, 2022): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12030384.

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The key aim of this paper is to study the presence effect of LiO impurity phases in Li2ZrO3 ceramics on the resistance to helium swelling and structural degradation during implanted helium accumulation in the near-surface layer structure. The hypothesis put forward is based on a number of scientific papers, in which it was reported that the presence of two or more phases in lithium-containing ceramics led to a decrease in the rate of radiation damage and gas swelling due to the presence of additional interfacial boundaries that prevent the point defect accumulation. As a result of the evaluation of the crystal structure deformation, it was found that the presence of the LiO impurity phase in the structure of Li2ZrO3 ceramics led to a threefold decrease in the deformation of the crystal lattice due to helium swelling at doses of 5 × 1017–5 × 1018 ion/cm2. At the same time, the nature of the crystal lattice deformation for different ceramic types is different: in the case of Li2ZrO3 ceramics, an anisotropic distortion of the crystal structure is observed, in the case of Li2ZrO3/LiO ceramics, the crystal lattice deformation has an isotropic nature.

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Margolin, B. Z., and A. A. Sorokin. "On the nature of drastic strength reduction of austenitic steels during irradiation-induced swelling." Strength of Materials 45, no. 3 (May 2013): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11223-013-9455-0.

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Rabelo, D., and F. M. B. Coutinho. "Porous structure formation and swelling properties of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers - effect of diluent nature." Macromolecular Symposia 84, no. 1 (July 1994): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19940840136.

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Lainé, M., E. Balan, T. Allard, E. Paineau, P. Jeunesse, M. Mostafavi, J. L. Robert, and S. Le Caër. "Reaction mechanisms in swelling clays under ionizing radiation: influence of the water amount and of the nature of the clay mineral." RSC Advances 7, no. 1 (2017): 526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra24861f.

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Gordievskaya, Yulia D., Elena Yu Kramarenko, and Alexey A. Gavrilov. "The effect of explicit polarity on the conformational behavior of a single polyelectrolyte chain." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 46 (2021): 26296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp03167h.

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Dissipative particle dynamics simulations with explicit treatment of polar species reveals that the molecular nature of dielectric media has a significant impact on the swelling and collapse of a polyelectrolyte chain in a dilute solution.

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Olarte, M. C., and A. L. B. Cavalcante. "Hydromechanical behavior of unsaturated swelling clays: review." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2515, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2515/1/012013.

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Abstract Expansive soils are materials composed mainly of active minerals of the smectite family, where montmorillonite is an essential member of that group. These types of soils tend to undergo volumetric changes due to variations in moisture content. Many geotechnical engineering practices, such as dam core design or subgrade compaction, require a thorough evaluation of the response of these soils to determine placement conditions. However, the main problem in evaluating the mechanical response of this type of soil lies in the nonlinear nature, which limits the use of most classical constitutive models that apply the basic rules of elastoplasticity. In this study, an analysis is carried out to understand the hydromechanical behavior of expansive soils in saturated and unsaturated conditions. Direct and indirect physical evidence is presented and discussed to evaluate the hydraulic response of the soil structural elements responsible for these adverse dynamics from a global (expansive phenomena as a whole) and individual (swelling and shrinkage) perspective. Since the response of these soils is hydrostatic dependent, the locus of water movement in porous media is examined, starting from the Richards equation (1931), in order to consider the flow mechanisms in unsaturated media under transient conditions.

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Sharma, A. K., S. Chatterjee, and V. L. Sharma. "Primary B-cell lymphoma presenting as bilateral ear lobule swelling." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 121, no. 12 (October 2, 2007): 1207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215107000709.

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AbstractWe report a rare case of primary B-cell lymphoma presenting as bilateral ear lobule swelling. A 56-year-old white man presented with a one-year history of painless swelling of both ear lobules. An excision biopsy confirmed B-cell lymphoma. Detailed systemic investigation confirmed the primary nature of the tumour. This tumour is rare in the ear lobule. A review of the English literature revealed no previously reported case of bilateral primary ear lobule involvement. Clinicians should be aware that this tumour can present as a primary in the ear lobules.

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Akhtar, M., Md Velden, and SSA Al-Houqani. "Investigation of Pre- and Post-Swelling Behavior of Elastomeric Material." Journal of Engineering Research [TJER] 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/tjer.vol10iss1pp65-79.

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In the last ten years, a new type of modern polymer, known as swelling elastomer, has been used extensively as a sealing element in the oil and gas industry. These elastomers have been instrumental in various new applications such as water shut off, zonal isolation, and sidetracking. Though swell packers can significantly reduce costs and increase productivity, their failure can lead to serious losses. The integrity and reliability of swelling elastomer seals under different field conditions is a major concern. The investigation of changes in material behavior over a specified swelling period is a necessary first step for performance evaluation of elastomer seals. The current study is based on experimental analysis of changes in geometric and mechanical behavior (hardness, tensile, compressive, bulk) of an elastomeric material due to swelling. Tests were carried out before and after various stages of swelling. Specimens were placed in saline water (0.6% and 12% concentrations) at a temperature of 50°C, with the total swelling period being one month. Swelling, hardness, compression, and bulk tests were conducted using disc samples, while ring samples were used for tensile experiments. A small test rig was designed and constructed for determination of bulk modulus. Stress-strain curves under tension and compression, and pressure volumetric-strain curves were obtained for specimens subjected to different swelling periods. Due to the fast-swell nature of the elastomer, there were sharp changes in mechanical properties within the first few days of swelling for both salinities. Elastic modulus derived from tensile and compressive tests showed a 90% decrease in the first few days. Bulk modulus showed fluctuation in its variation with an increasing swelling period. There was a small effect of salinity only during the first 5 or 6 days.

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Panahov, G. M., E. M. Abbasov, and V. D. Balakchi. "Water-isolating clay-containing compositions with adjustable swelling characteristics." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 8 (August 15, 2020): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2020-8-27-33.

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The study results of swelling characteristics of bentonite in water solutions of alkali is presented and a new method providing the changes in structural characteristics and properties for formation of blocking compositions in water-saturated intervals in producing and injection wells proposed. The results of laboratory experiments justified the changes of clay minerals properties in the interrelation with water solutions of sodium carbonate and non-linear nature of changing rate of swelling characteristics. Observed effects serve the essential for a new method of isolation of high-permeability intervals and treatment of bottomhole zone, as well as the methods of water smoothing of input profile with water impact on the field

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Ariffin, Farnaza, Aiza Nur Izdihar Zainal Abidin, Siti Fatimah Badlishah Sham, Khariah Mat Nor, and Chin Tan Geok. "Parotid Gland Tumour Presenting in Primary Care: The Importance of Histological Confirmation." Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences 7, no. 1 (February 23, 2022): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jchs.v7i1.11306.

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This is a report of a patient presenting to a primary care clinic with slow growing parotid gland swelling which was initially suspected as benign from ultrasound findings. A referral to the ORL (otorhinolaryngology) team was made and FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology) results confirmed the swelling to be Acinic Cell Carcinoma. The patient subsequently underwent surgical resection. This case highlights the importance of a high clinical suspicion of malignancy in those presenting with slow growing salivary gland tumours due to its indolent nature and imaging difficulties. Histological confirmation is warranted.

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Sinha, Kushagra, Rajesh Maheshwari, and Atul Agrawal. "Giant Synovial Cyst of Thigh: A Rare Entity." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/967215.

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Synovial cyst occurs secondary to traumatic, degenerative, or inflammatory conditions. Synovial cysts represent abnormal distension of bursae, which communicate with the joint. Giant synovial cysts are typically due to rheumatoid arthritis, other causes being trauma and synovial pseudoarthrosis. A 33-year-old male presented to an outpatient clinic with a massive swelling on his posterolateral aspect of right thigh extending from upper one-third to the knee joint which had been increasing in size over the past six months. This was associated with dull aching pain. All laboratory investigations were within normal parameters. Even FNAC was inconclusive. With time, swelling was increasing in size. Ultrasound revealed the cystic nature of swelling. MRI showed large cystic lesion 24 × 10 × 12 cm in posterolateral aspect of thigh extending up to knee joint. Following the MRI, an excision was planned. After excision, histological examination confirmed the synovial nature of the cyst, which had a collagenous wall and dense chronic inflammatory cells. As the disease is extremely rare and asymptomatic, precise diagnosis is difficult and often delayed. We consider that open surgical excision should be reserved for cases of large synovial cysts because it can provide a complete resection of the lesion and minimize the risk of recurrence.

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Shukla, Sweta, and JSP Rai. "Environmentally friendly polymer latex." High Performance Polymers 30, no. 8 (August 16, 2018): 927–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008318793695.

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Research in the area of coatings focuses primarily on the mechanism for the formation of film on different substrates. Because of environmental hazards related to solvent evaporation and its cost, the ambient cured waterborne systems are emerging as one of the better option for achieving superior properties in high performance applications. The properties like adhesion, gloss, hardness, water resistance, and so on may also get affected by incorporating higher acrylate in the formation of copolymers based on methyl methacrylate (MMA). The swelling behavior of any polymer network depends upon the nature of the polymer, polymer solvent compatibility, and degree of cross-linking. The swelling kinetics of emulsion polymerization of monomers MMA/butyl acrylate was studied to investigate the effect of cross-linkable monomer polypropylene glycol diacrylate (PPGDA). The prepared latex was coated on glass panels and cured at appropriate temperature. According to diffusion-controlled mechanism, the diffusion coefficient for these films varied with degree of cross-linking of the films. From the above discussed swelling behavior of different polymer films, it has been observed that PPGDA content improved the water resistivity of films. This may be due to the cross-linking nature of PPGDA molecule, which increased the cross-link density of the films.

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Fennell, Eanna, and Jacques M. Huyghe. "Chemically Responsive Hydrogel Deformation Mechanics: A Review." Molecules 24, no. 19 (September 28, 2019): 3521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193521.

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A hydrogel is a polymeric three-dimensional network structure. The applications of this material type are diversified over a broad range of fields. Their soft nature and similarity to natural tissue allows for their use in tissue engineering, medical devices, agriculture, and industrial health products. However, as the demand for such materials increases, the need to understand the material mechanics is paramount across all fields. As a result, many attempts to numerically model the swelling and drying of chemically responsive hydrogels have been published. Material characterization of the mechanical properties of a gel bead under osmotic loading is difficult. As a result, much of the literature has implemented variants of swelling theories. Therefore, this article focuses on reviewing the current literature and outlining the numerical models of swelling hydrogels as a result of exposure to chemical stimuli. Furthermore, the experimental techniques attempting to quantify bulk gel mechanics are summarized. Finally, an overview on the mechanisms governing the formation of geometric surface instabilities during transient swelling of soft materials is provided.

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Muthu, Sathish, Saravanan Annamalai, Aditya Thakur, and Eswar Ramakrishnan. "Recurrence-free management of type 2 variant of giant cell tumour of extensor tendon sheath of thumb." BMJ Case Reports 13, no. 10 (October 2020): e235762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2020-235762.

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A 30-year-old woman presented with swelling in her right thumb of 3-month duration which was slow-growing in nature without a history of trauma. On examination, firm non-tender swelling with ill-defined border over the dorsomedial aspect of the first metacarpal was noted. The swelling was mobile only in the vertical plane with restricted adduction and abduction. Plain X-ray revealed mild erosion of the first metacarpal head. Diagnostic ultrasound confirmed the lesion to arise from the extensor tendon sheath of diffuse type without any bony involvement. A wide local excision biopsy of the swelling was planned. Intraoperatively, a 3×2 cm greyish-white mass, bony hard in consistency with lobulated surface was found arising from the tendon sheath of the extensor tendon of the thumb; it was completely excised with a wide margin. Histopathological examination revealed polyhedral cells admixed with osteoclastic type giant cells. Biopsy from the first metatarsal was normal. The patient is on follow-up for the last 5 years with no evidence of recurrence.

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Vimala, P., B. A. Brundha, E. Kayalvizhy, and P. Pazhanisamy. "Diffusion Mechanism of Poly (N-cyclohexyl acrylamide -co-Acrylamide / [3- (Methacryloylamino) propyl] trimethylammonium chloride) Hydrogels." YMER Digital 21, no. 01 (January 26, 2022): 503–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer21.01/45.

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In the present study, 3-(Methacryloylaminopropyl) trimethylammonium chloride, acrylamide and N-cyclohexylacrylamide monomeric unit containing hydrogels were synthesized by free radical copolymerization using MBA as cross-linker APS as initiator in methanol/water medium at 600C. The synthesized hydrogel was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. The XRD analysis indicated that the hydrogel exhibited more amorphous and less crystalline in nature. SEM analysis showed sponge like morphology. TGA analysis showed double stage decomposition and stability up to 270OC. The swelling behavior of hydrogels increased with increasing amount of MPTMACl content. At higher content of MPTMACl, the swelling rate decreased due to the extent of cross linking occurring during the synthesis of hydrogel. The effect of temperature on swelling increases with increasing temperature up to 30OC and then decreased due to reduction in segmental mobility of polymeric chain at higher temperature.

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Sargsyan, H. P., A. H. Sargsyan, and A. M. Danielyan. "Mathematical Description of the Diffusion Nature of Swelling and Shrinking of Erythrocytes at Radiation Injury." Journal of Contemporary Physics (Armenian Academy of Sciences) 54, no. 3 (July 2019): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068337219030150.

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Journal articles on the topic 'SWELLING NATURE'

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