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Journal articles on the topic 'Sweden – Emigration and immigration'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Georgiana Noja, Gratiela, and Liana Son. "Challenges of International Migration in a Globalized World: Implications for Europe." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2, no. 3 (2015): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.23.2001.

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The research conducted aims to identify and assess the interdependencies between international migration and labour market outcomes, focusing both on emigration and immigration effects on sending, and destination countries, as well as on economic (labour force) and non-economic (humanitarian, refugees) migration. International migration as one of the most important frontiers of globalization represents a major challenge globally, with significant economic consequences, especially for Europe, where large migrant flows have emerged in the context of European integration. Moreover, recently there is an increased waves of refugees and asylum seekers targeting Germany, Austria, Sweden or Turkey as main destination countries coming through Eastern and Central Mediterranean or Western Balkans routes. The analysis is based on developing various double-log fixed and random effects models, as well as dynamic models, using a panel structure that covers five main EU destination countries (Germany, Austria, Sweden, Italy and Spain) and three New EU Member States since 2007 and 2013 (Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia). We used a complex set of indicators (national accounts – GDP total, per capita, per person, employed; labour market – employment, unemployment, wages, secondary and tertiary education; migration specific data – immigration flows and stocks, asylum seekers and refugees, emigrant stocks), compiled during 2000-2014. Moreover, we used a SEM model (Structural Equations Modelling) to better capture the labour market impacts of international migration for the selected EU countries. The models are processed through OLS, GLS, and MLE methods, as well as by using panel corrected standard errors, and are completed within and out-of-sample predictions. The results show that immigration flows have important economic consequences leading to significant changes in labour market performances (slight decrease in employment rates and wage levels), which largely vary from one country to another. On the long-run, the negative effects of immigration tend to predominate. From the emigration perspective, the findings show some positive effects of labour emigration on sending countries, by enabling to upgrade the living standards for those remaining, mainly through remittances. Still, there is a negative impact generated on the size and structure of internal labour force and, on the long run, this is proving to be extremely negative (slow GDP per capita growth rates).

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Thordardottir, Edda Bjork, Li Yin, Arna Hauksdottir, Ellenor Mittendorfer-Rutz, Anna-Clara Hollander, Christina M. Hultman, Paul Lichtenstein, et al. "Mortality and major disease risk among migrants of the 1991–2001 Balkan wars to Sweden: A register-based cohort study." PLOS Medicine 17, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): e1003392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003392.

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Background In recent decades, millions of refugees and migrants have fled wars and sought asylum in Europe. The aim of this study was to quantify the risk of mortality and major diseases among migrants during the 1991–2001 Balkan wars to Sweden in comparison to other European migrants to Sweden during the same period. Methods and findings We conducted a register-based cohort study of 104,770 migrants to Sweden from the former Yugoslavia during the Balkan wars and 147,430 migrants to Sweden from 24 other European countries during the same period (1991–2001). Inpatient and specialized outpatient diagnoses of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and psychiatric disorders were obtained from the Swedish National Patient Register and the Swedish Cancer Register, and mortality data from the Swedish Cause of Death Register. Adjusting for individual-level data on sociodemographic characteristics and emigration country smoking prevalence, we used Cox regressions to contrast risks of health outcomes for migrants of the Balkan wars and other European migrants. During an average of 12.26 years of follow-up, being a migrant of the Balkan wars was associated with an elevated risk of being diagnosed with CVD (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.34–1.43, p < 0.001) and dying from CVD (HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.29–1.62, p < 0.001), as well as being diagnosed with cancer (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.08–1.24, p < 0.001) and dying from cancer (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.15–1.41, p < 0.001), compared to other European migrants. Being a migrant of the Balkan wars was also associated with a greater overall risk of being diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.14–1.23, p < 0.001), particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (HR 9.33, 95% CI 7.96–10.94, p < 0.001), while being associated with a reduced risk of suicide (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48–0.96, p = 0.030) and suicide attempt (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.51–0.65, p < 0.001). Later time period of migration and not having any first-degree relatives in Sweden at the time of immigration were associated with greater increases in risk of CVD and psychiatric disorders. Limitations of the study included lack of individual-level information on health status and behaviors of migrants at the time of immigration. Conclusions Our findings indicate that migrants of the Balkan wars faced considerably elevated risks of major diseases and mortality in their first decade in Sweden compared to other European migrants. War migrants without family members in Sweden or with more recent immigration may be particularly vulnerable to adverse health outcomes. Results underscore that persons displaced by war are a vulnerable group in need of long-term health surveillance for psychiatric disorders and somatic disease.

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Dykxhoorn, Jennifer, Anna-Clara Hollander, Glyn Lewis, Cecelia Magnusson, Christina Dalman, and James B. Kirkbride. "Risk of schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar disorders by migrant status, region of origin, and age-at-migration: a national cohort study of 1.8 million people." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 14 (December 5, 2018): 2354–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718003227.

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AbstractBackgroundWe assessed whether the risk of various psychotic disorders and non-psychotic bipolar disorder (including mania) varied by migrant status, a region of origin, or age-at-migration, hypothesizing that risk would only be elevated for psychotic disorders.MethodsWe established a prospective cohort of 1 796 257 Swedish residents born between 1982 and 1996, followed from their 15th birthday, or immigration to Sweden after age 15, until diagnosis, emigration, death, or end of 2011. Cox proportional hazards models were used to model hazard ratios by migration-related factors, adjusted for covariates.ResultsAll psychotic disorders were elevated among migrants and their children compared with Swedish-born individuals, including schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]migrants: 2.20, 95% CI 1.96–2.47; aHRchildren : 2.00, 95% CI 1.79–2.25), affective psychotic disorders (aHRmigrant1.42, 95% CI 1.25–1.63; aHRchildren: 1.22 95% CI 1.07–1.40), and other non-affective psychotic disorders (aHRmigrant: 1.97, 95% CI 1.81–2.14; aHRchildren: 1.68, 95% CI 1.54–1.83). For all psychotic disorders, risks were generally highest in migrants from Africa (i.e. aHRschizophrenia: 5.24, 95% CI 4.26–6.45) and elevated at most ages-of-migration. By contrast, risk of non-psychotic bipolar disorders was lower for migrants (aHR: 0.58, 95% CI 0.52–0.64) overall, and across all ages-of-migration except infancy (aHR: 1.20; 95% CI 1.01–1.42), while risk for their children was similar to the Swedish-born population (aHR: 1.00, 95% CI 0.93–1.08).ConclusionsIncreased risk of psychiatric disorders associated with migration and minority status may be specific to psychotic disorders, with exact risk dependent on the region of origin.

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Kjellander, Christian, Emma Hernlund, Moa Ivergård, Axel Svedbom, Therese Dibbern, Anna Stenling, Fredrik Sjöö, Simona Vertuani, Andreas Glenthøj, and Honar Cherif. "Sickle Cell Disease in Sweden - Prevalence and Resource Use Estimated through Population-Based National Registers." Blood 138, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2021): 2040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-147336.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin. SCD causes hemolytic anemia, vaso-occlusion leading to vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) and contributing to organ damage and early death. SCD is most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East, but also countries such as Brazil, India and US, have comparatively high frequencies of SCD. Global migration has contributed to a greater geographical spread. The prevalence of SCD in Sweden is unknown. OBJECTIVE The primary objectives of this study were to estimate the 1-year prevalence of SCD and SCD-associated resource use in Sweden. Secondary objectives were to estimate birth incidence, treatment patterns and survival. PATIENTS Patients with an ICD-10 diagnosis code for SCD (any D57 [excluding D57.3, sickle cell trait]) were identified from the Swedish Patient Registry (between January 1 st 2001 and June 30 th 2018). Patients were assessed for 1-year prevalence and resource use per calendar year for a follow-up period of 13 years (2006-2018). METHODS Patients were considered prevalent from birth or immigration to death or emigration. Resource use from specialized care, including all events recorded in the registry with any D57 as the main diagnosis was assessed in the follow up period 2006-2018 as number of outpatient visits and inpatient stays. Costs for this hospital resource use were estimated through remuneration amounts based on diagnosis related groups. Data on sick leave days and days with disability pension due to SCD in patients in working age (18-65 years) were retrieved from the Swedish Social Security Agency and costed with the mean salary in Sweden, plus social security contributions. Costs are reported in 2019 Swedish Krona (SEK, ≈$ 0.1). RESULTS One-year prevalence of all SCD diagnosis increased from 504 patients (5.53 per 100,000 population) in 2006 to 670 patients (6.55 per 100,000 population) in 2018. The 1-year prevalence of SCD patients ever recorded with an ICD-10 code for SCD with VOC (D57.0) increased from 139 patients (1.53 per 100,000 population) in 2006 to 260 patients (2.54 per 100,000 population) in 2018. The proportion of prevalent patients that were born in Sweden decreased over the years, from approximately 55% in the beginning of the study period to 45% in the end of the study period. The mean and median age of the SCD population decreased over the study period. Individuals with SCD and VOC were, on average younger than the other SCD (D57) subgroups. Birth incidence was captured by calendar year 2006-2018 and was highest in 2007 with 15 children born with SCD. For Swedish-born children with SCD during the patient identification time (n=123), the mean time to identification in the registers was 2.6 years (SD 2.7, range 0-16 years). Hospital outpatient visits and inpatient stays with SCD (all events with D57 recorded) as main diagnosis increased from 57 to 189, and 250 to 1,003, respectively, over the years 2006-2018. This corresponded to costs of inpatient care increasing from 1.4 million (M) SEK in 2006 to 7.3 M SEK in 2018 and costs of outpatient visits increasing from 0.9 M SEK in 2006 to 4.6 M SEK in 2018. The vast majority of costs were incurred in individuals ever recorded with a SCD with VOC diagnosis (D57.0). The most frequent hospital treatment was blood transfusion, with 8-11% of patients receiving transfusion in each year studied, especially common in SCD and VOC diagnosis. The prescribed treatment with the highest increase of uptake over the study period were hydroxyurea, vitamins and paracetamol in all SCD. Individuals in working age had on average 2.3 days of sick leave per patient-year due to SCD (D57), and approximately 4% of these patients received disability benefits because of their SCD. During the follow-up period, the median age at death was 74 years for all SCD and 69 years for SCD with crisis, this is 7-10 years and 12-15 years less compared to the Swedish general population respectively. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the prevalence, hospital resource use and associated costs have increased substantially in Sweden. In an era of emerging treatments for SCD we have for the first time comprehensively described epidemiological-, disease-related and economical aspects of SCD in Sweden. Disclosures Hernlund: ICON: Current Employment. Ivergård: ICON: Current Employment. Svedbom: ICON: Current Employment. Dibbern: Novartis: Current Employment. Stenling: Novartis: Current Employment. Sjöö: Novartis: Ended employment in the past 24 months. Vertuani: Novartis: Current Employment. Glenthøj: Saniona: Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Agios: Consultancy; Novo Nordisk: Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy; Alexion: Research Funding; Sanofi: Research Funding; Bluebird Bio: Consultancy.

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Mattsson, Mattias, Fredrik Sandin, Eva Kimby, Martin Höglund, and Ingrid Glimelius. "Continuous Increasing Prevalence of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) with an Estimated Future Rise—a Nationwide Population-Based Study from Sweden." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 3120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-114058.

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Abstract Rationale Data on the prevalence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are scarce, and reliable population-based data as well as estimates of future changes in prevalence are needed Aims To investigate previous and current prevalence of CLL in Sweden, the time it takes for new treatments to be implemented in clinical practice and to estimate the future prevalence of CLL. Patients and Methods Individuals in Sweden diagnosed with CLL (ICD7 and ICD9 204.1 and ICD10 C91.1) during 1958-2015 were identified through the National Cancer Registry. Background population sizes, prediction of future population sizes, death rates and data on emigration and immigration were obtained from Statistics Sweden. Clinical data on all cases diagnosed 2007-2015 (n=4742), including type of treatment for those requiring therapy (n=1459), were obtained from the Swedish National CLL-registry to which all healthcare units (n=73) diagnosing and treating CLL send reports. The number of prevalent cases at the end of each year was calculated from the total number of individuals diagnosed with CLL still alive and living in Sweden. Future age-specific incidence rates were assumed to be equal to the average age-specific incidence rates in the previous ten years. To estimate the proportion of individuals still alive many years into the future, estimates of relative survival along with expected mortality rates were calculated. These estimates were used in conjunction with predictions of future expected background mortality to predict overall survival among prevalent cases. Using a flexible parametric model (Lambert, Wilkes et al. 2017) with age at diagnosis included as a restricted cubic spline, relative survival was estimated for all ages. To create a "best case" scenario of future prevalence, a sensitivity analysis was performed assuming an increase in survival of newly diagnosed patients based on hazard ratios from randomized trials comparing new treatments with old. From the Swedish National CLL-registry we gathered data on treatments used and made assessments within three age groups (<65 years, 65-79 years and >80 years) on the proportion of patients that would benefit from a change to a more efficient treatment. Results In 2015, the age-standardized incidence of CLL in Sweden was approximately 3/100 000 among males and 1.5-2/100 000 among females. This level had been stable since 1980. During the period 2000 to 2015 there was a continuous improvement in survival. In parallel there was a 42% increase in point prevalence from 33.3/100 000 to 47.4/100 000, corresponding to a 58% increase in the absolute number of prevalent cases from 2954 to 4668 (fig. 1A). Novel treatments were implemented in <5 years in general practice (fig. 1B). Using this information, we calculated a "best-case" scenario, applying survival figures based on recent published studies on novel treatments, and assuming that the maximum proportion of patients receiving the novel drugs would be reached within 5 years. Assuming unchanged relative survival, we estimated a 15% rise in the point prevalence to 54.6/100 000 in 2025 and a 26% rise to 59.5/100 000 in 2035, corresponding to an increase in the absolute number of cases with 28% (n=5980) and 49% (n=6938) during the same period of time. Based on the "best case" scenario, we estimated a 21% rise in the point prevalence to 57.3/100 000 in 2025 and a 45% rise to 68.9/100 000 in 2035. This corresponding to an increase in the absolute number of cases during the same period with 35% (n=6280) and 72% (n=8016), respectively. (fig. 1C) Conclusion Using data from well-established national, population-based registries in Sweden, focusing on the time period 2000-2015, we found that there has been a continuous increase in the prevalence of CLL from 33.3/100 000 (2000) to 47.4/100 000 (2015). We also describe a fast implementation of new treatments. In parallel we observe a striking increase in survival. Using a model in which we assume further improvements in survival due to the introduction of novel and more efficient treatments, we estimate that the absolute number of cases may increase with as much as 72% in 20 years. These findings have important implications for health economy and planning. Acknowledgments The Swedish Regional Cancer Centers and all hematologists reporting patients to the National CLL Registry. The Swedish CLL-group for their valuable support. Funding This work was supported by funding from the Swedish CLL-group. Disclosures Kimby: AbbVie: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Gilead: Honoraria; Janssen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Roche: Honoraria; Roche: Honoraria.

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DellaPergola, Sergio, and Ian S. Lustick. "Israeli Immigration/Emigration." Israel Studies Review 26, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/isr.2011.260202.

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Andersson, Axel. "Migration/immigration/emigration." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 44, no. 121 (June 21, 2016): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v44i121.23749.

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Staikova, Evelina. "Emigration and immigration: Bulgarian dilemmas." SEER 16, no. 4 (2013): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2013-4-403.

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Wu, Yongbin, Youhua Chen, Shui-Ching Chang, You-Fang Chen, and Tsung-Jen Shen. "Extinction debt in local habitats: quantifying the roles of random drift, immigration and emigration." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 1 (January 2020): 191039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191039.

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We developed a time-dependent stochastic neutral model for predicting diverse temporal trajectories of biodiversity change in response to ecological disturbance (i.e. habitat destruction) and dispersal dynamic (i.e. emigration and immigration). The model is general and predicts how transition behaviours of extinction may accumulate according to a different combination of random drift, immigration rate, emigration rate and the degree of habitat destruction. We show that immigration, emigration, the areal size of the destroyed habitat and initial species abundance distribution (SAD) can impact the total biodiversity loss in an intact local area. Among these, the SAD plays the most deterministic role, as it directly determines the initial species richness in the local target area. By contrast, immigration was found to slow down total biodiversity loss and can drive the emergence of species credits (i.e. a gain of species) over time. However, the emigration process would increase the extinction risk of species and accelerate biodiversity loss. Finally but notably, we found that a shift in the emigration rate after a habitat destruction event may be a new mechanism to generate species credits.

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Diner, Hasia R. "A Woman's Tale: Emigration and Immigration." Reviews in American History 23, no. 4 (1995): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rah.1997.0097.

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Bade, Klaus J. "Immigration and integration in Germany since 1945." European Review 1, no. 1 (January 1993): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700000405.

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The immigration pattern in Germany has changed from emigration to immigration. The state has yet to recognize this fact and to come to terms with the social requirements that this entails. Public attitudes emphasize the difficulties that emigrants bring but are insufficiently attuned to the positive economic and cultural aspects of emigration.

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Penev, Goran. "Migrations in Vojvodina during the 1990s: More immigrants, less emigrants." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 121 (2006): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0621077p.

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The results of the 2002 census deepened our insights into a very intensive immigration of the population into Vojvodina, primarily refugees. At the same time, there also occurred significant emigration movements which still had a much weaker intensity than the immigrational ones. The census statistics only partly included emigration, so the paper used indirect methods to acquire as comprehensive estimate as possible about the scope and character of the emigration of the Vojvodina population in the inter-census period 1991-2002. The results of the estimates indicate that in the period the total net emigration was 73 thousand inhabitants, which is 4 thousand persons less than in the preceding inter-census period. At the same time the net immigration was increased for about 3,5 times (from 62 thousand to 213 thousand). The paper points out to the basic characteristics of the emigration (local, inter-municipal, external). Special attention was paid to the regional aspect of migrations (net immigration, net emigration and migration score) in order to determine if there was a close interdependence between the number of the immigrated and emigrated persons in the municipalities. The paper also analyzed the influence of migrations on the process of demographic ageing and change in the national structure of the population.

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Calvanese, Francesco, and Enrico Pugliese. "Emigration and Immigration in Italy: Recent Trends." Labour 2, no. 3 (December 1988): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.1988.tb00145.x.

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Karadje, Tatiana V., and Dina V. Tombu. "REALITIES OF THE MIGRATION PROCESS IN RUSSIA: QUANTITATIVE “PROS” AND QUALITATIVE “CONS”." RUDN Journal of Political Science 21, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2019-21-2-175-183.

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The article discusses the features of immigration and emigration flows in Russia, their quality indicators. There is a mismatch in the distribution of labor migrants in the country regions, as well as the intellectual and professional characteristics of immigration and emigration flows are being analyzed. The authors pay great attention to the main modern trends of migration processes in Russia and problems of migration’s regulation.

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Djidjian, Robert. "Stop the Drive of Emigration Towards New Genocide." WISDOM 2, no. 5 (December 22, 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/wisdom.v2i5.26.

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This paper discusses the ways for reducing the modern huge wave of emigration from Armenia that became a serious threat to national security. The author suggests introducing a temporary law of emigration quotas for immediately bringing down the emigration rates to the medium international level. USA and other developed countries regulate their immigration problems just with the help of immigration quotas. This paper also suggests discussing perspectives of a special law, according to which a family would have the right of emigration from Armenia, if all grown up members of the family have university or technical college diploma or a craft certificate. This law could help Armenian emigrant families to get decent life abroad and keep strong ties with motherland thus avoiding the danger of assimilation, the nowadays “white genocide”.

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Okumura, Makoto, and Wataru Ito. "A Statistical Analysis of Japanese Inter-Prefectural Migration After Disasters." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 1072–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p1072.

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This study conducts a statistical analysis of the impact of disasters on inter-prefectural migration in Japan over 41 years (1973–2013), and estimates the change in emigration and immigration after disasters of different magnitudes. The result reveals that emigration decreases and immigration increases after a modest-sized disaster, while the opposite is observed following a huge disaster. It also shows a disaster threshold requiring external assistance for recovery and quick decision-making afterwards.

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Bhagat, Ayushman. "Entrapment processes in the emigration regime: The presence of migration bans and the absence of bilateral labor agreements in domestic work in Nepal." Theoretical Inquiries in Law 23, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 222–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2022-0017.

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Abstract This Article offers an integrated analysis of the combined effect of the presence of migration bans and the absence of BLAs in domestic work in the emigration regime of Nepal. It identifies, acknowledges, critiques, and contributes to the critical literature highlighting entrapment processes in labor relations and immigration regimes by demonstrating the presence of such in the emigration regime. Drawing on the empirical findings of a participatory action research (PAR) project conducted in Nepal, the Article demonstrates how restrictive emigration policies and practices entail entrapment processes constitutive of the existing historical, cultural, gendered, racialized, and classed constraints impacting the lives of Nepalese citizens. The Article contributes to the critical literature that seeks to advance migrants’ rights, arguing that experiencing, encountering and escaping entrapment processes in the emigration regime impacts their agency when navigating immigration regimes and labor relations. This contribution advances the existing efforts to establish oft-ignored emigration regimes as important epistemological sites of research, theorization, and intervention.

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Pienta, Kenneth J., and Robert Loberg. "The “Emigration, Migration, and Immigration” of Prostate Cancer." Clinical Prostate Cancer 4, no. 1 (June 2005): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3816/cgc.2005.n.008.

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Bonn, Charles. "Emigration-immigration et littérature maghrébine de langue française." Maghreb - Machrek N° 123, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/machr1.123.0027.

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Whitehead, Hal. "Mark-Recapture Estimates with Emigration and Re-Immigration." Biometrics 46, no. 2 (June 1990): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2531451.

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Flippen, Chenoa A. "Transnationalism Reconsidered: The Dialectic of Immigration and Emigration." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 45, no. 4 (June 24, 2016): 400–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306116653955b.

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Gilmartin, Mary. "Changing Ireland, 2000–2012: immigration, emigration and inequality." Irish Geography 46, no. 1-2 (May 7, 2013): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00750778.2013.794323.

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Mehata, K. M., and S. Duraiswamy. "A parity-dependent immigration-birth-death-emigration process." Mathematical Biosciences 109, no. 2 (May 1992): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5564(92)90044-w.

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Djajić, Slobodan. "Barriers to immigration and the dynamics of emigration." Journal of Macroeconomics 37 (September 2013): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2013.06.001.

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Carlson, Helena M., and Erik L. Nilsen. "Ireland: Gender, Psychological Health, and Attitudes toward Emigration." Psychological Reports 76, no. 1 (February 1995): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.1.179.

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Ireland is experiencing one of the highest periods of emigration in its history. The current study collected demographic and psychological data on 203 Irish men and women in Ireland and in Northern Ireland, including measures of self-esteem, depression, attitudes toward immigration, and expectancies of emigration. Analysis indicated that approximately 81% of this Irish sample are considering emigration; however, the prospect of emigration is psychologically experienced differently by men and women. While there were no significant differences over-all in scores on self-esteem between Irish men and women, men who contemplated emigration reported higher self-esteem scores, and women contemplating emigration reported lower self-esteem scores (relative to those who had no plans to emigrate). In addition, women who contemplated emigration had higher depression scores than women who did not contemplate emigration. This pattern was not evident for men. These results indicate that psychologically women view the prospect of emigration less positively than men.

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Hybel, Jan. "Tendencje i uwarunkowania migracji zagranicznych ludności w Polsce." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 116 (December 30, 2016): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2016.116.45.

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The paper presents scale, dynamics and directions as well as main causes and effects of foreign migrations from Poland. It begins with the analysis of the scale of the emigration, followed by the analysis of the immigration of foreigners. The research was carried out in the years 2005–2014. While analysing the causes of migrations, the differences in the level of economic development and incomes as well as general situation on the labour markets in selected EU countries were studied. It is concluded that immigration to Poland is caused mainly by income level, while emigration results mostly from the level of unemployment in the country of origin.

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Medina, Manuel. "The other side of immigration in Prometeo Deportado (‘Prometheus deported’) and Vengo Volviendo (‘Here and there’)." Crossings: Journal of Migration & Culture 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/cjmc_00014_1.

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This article focuses on two films ‐ Prometeo Deportado (‘Prometheus deported’) directed by Fernando Mieles and Vengo Volviendo (‘Here and there’) directed by Isabel Rodas León and Gabriel Paez Hernandez ‐ that relate to Ecuadorian emigration and immigration. Both cultural products call attention to the realities behind the traditional presumption that the economic benefit of living outside the Ecuadorian borders outweighs the human price most people must pay in return. Using a border studies theoretical framework, this article analyses concepts such as dehumanization and deterritorialization within the conversation about emigration, immigration, cultural adaptation and assimilation of Ecuadorians who venture abroad or dream of relocating outside of their country.

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Enache, Andreea-Oana. "The Emigration and Influence Factors in Romania." Proceedings of the International Conference on Applied Statistics 1, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/icas-2019-0022.

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Abstract The economic and social transition affected the population and the demographic phenomena in all the ex-communist countries. Immigration can be considered as a potential solution to the problem of population aging. But here too, it must be born in mind that immigrants may not properly adapt to the new labor market they have entered, if they come from very different cultures. Almost all the countries that have migrants, offer residence permits only to those who bring highly qualified workforce, while the legal possibilities of immigration of the unskilled workers are diminishing. Therefore, the demographic perspectives are not the most optimistic. The forecasts developed by specialists reveal dramatic future developments for the population of Romania. The factors that can cause a person to migrate are of several types. In this study it will be shown that migration is the result of several individual actions of analysis, people evaluating both the benefits and the risks involved by a possible migration.

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jẹgẹdẹ, dele. "Migration, Emigration, and Immigration: African Cartoonists Draw the Lines." African Arts 53, no. 3 (August 2020): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/afar_a_00536.

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Chen, Anyue, and Eric Renshaw. "Markov branching processes regulated by emigration and large immigration." Stochastic Processes and their Applications 57, no. 2 (June 1995): 339–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4149(94)00083-6.

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KiriŞci, Kemal. "Turkey: A Country of Transition from Emigration to Immigration." Mediterranean Politics 12, no. 1 (March 2007): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629390601136871.

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Furnham, Adrian. "Some explanations for immigration to, and emigration from, Britain." New Community 13, no. 1 (March 1986): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.1986.9975946.

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Pakes, Anthony G. "Some properties of a branching process with group immigration and emigration." Advances in Applied Probability 18, no. 3 (September 1986): 628–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1427180.

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Batches of immigrants arrive in a region at event times of a renewal process and individuals grow according to a Bellman-Harris branching process. Tribal emigration allows the possibility that all descendants of a group of immigrants collectively leave the region at some instant.A number of results are derived giving conditions for the existence of a limiting distribution for the population size. These conditions can be given either in terms of the immigration distribution or in terms of the distribution of emigration times. Some limit theorems are obtained when the latter conditions are not fulfilled.

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Scott, Elizabeth A. "‘The Ill-name of the Old Country’: London’s Assisted Emigrants, British Unemployment Policy, and Canadian Immigration Restriction, 1905-1910." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 26, no. 1 (August 8, 2016): 99–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1037231ar.

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Between 1906 and 1910, Canada passed two increasingly restrictive Immigration Acts to, among other reasons, reduce charitable assisted emigration from London. These acts were passed in response to Britain’s Unemployed Workmen Act in 1905, which contained an emigration clause designed to move London’s unemployed to Canada. Canada deemed these emigrants to be unsuitable largely because they hailed from the impoverished East End of London. Emigration charities felt an imperial betrayal in the wake of the restrictions. Although an exception allowed for a limited degree of charitable emigration to continue, assisted English emigrants were now unreservedly lumped together with other undesirables in the British World. Despite Canadian displeasure, charities continued to send London’s unemployed to Canada until World War I. A more direct relationship between British unemployment policy and Canadian immigration policy is emphasized, opening a space wherein to examine transnational and imperial legal tensions in the early twentieth century British World. This space reveals a nexus of poverty, migration, and restriction that pitted Britain’s needs against Canada’s; it also complicates the concept of loyal nations belonging to a cooperative British World, becoming particularly relevant to the evolution of restrictive Canadian attitudes towards British immigrants after 1905.

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Skeldon, Ronald. "Turning Points in Labor Migration: The Case of Hong Kong." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 3, no. 1 (March 1994): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689400300106.

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The Hong Kong experience of emigration and immigration does not fit neatly into models of migration transition. As a city-state with a small rural population, it has exhibited different developmental characteristics from the larger Asian newly industrialized economies. Geopolitical factors have also played a key role in “patterns” of migration, such as restrictive immigration policies in receiving countries. Also significant are individual considerations of political and economic risk, as evidenced by the current rise in the emigration of skilled and professional workers prior to the return of Hong Kong to China. The author concludes that, rather than a simple turning point in labor migration, there may be multiple turning points in a complex sequence of change.

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Pakes, Anthony G. "Some properties of a branching process with group immigration and emigration." Advances in Applied Probability 18, no. 03 (September 1986): 628–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800015998.

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Batches of immigrants arrive in a region at event times of a renewal process and individuals grow according to a Bellman-Harris branching process. Tribal emigration allows the possibility that all descendants of a group of immigrants collectively leave the region at some instant. A number of results are derived giving conditions for the existence of a limiting distribution for the population size. These conditions can be given either in terms of the immigration distribution or in terms of the distribution of emigration times. Some limit theorems are obtained when the latter conditions are not fulfilled.

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Wang, Zhibao, and Guangzhi Qi. "Demographic Transition in Natural Watersheds: Evidence from Population Aging in the Yellow River Basin Based on Various Types of Migration." Sustainability 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 10573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141710573.

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Environmental phenomena in natural watersheds have attracted much attention, while where demographic transition, especially population aging, have not. Therefore, we try to analyze regional evolution of population aging in the Yellow River Basin from the perspective of population migration during 1990–2020, in order to explain the laws and mechanism of demographic transition in natural watersheds. Population aging in the Yellow River Basin began in its downstream cities in 1990 and spread to its middle and upper reaches, showing positive spatial correlation. Aging population in the Yellow River Basin forms obvious geographic agglomeration, namely a nonstandard inverted M-shaped agglomeration pattern. During 2000–2020, regional evolution of population aging in the Yellow River Basin is affected by various types of population migration, whose extent varies greatly, especially for the scale of an aging population. Among them, the scale of an aging population in a slow and deep emigration area (SDE) and a slow and shallow emigration area (SSE) is significantly affected by migration speed (Ms), which is positive. However, the migration rate (Mr) has a negative impact on population aging in a slow and deep emigration area (SDE), slow and deep immigration area (SDI), slow and shallow emigration (SSE) and slow and shallow immigration area (SSI), whose degree of influence slightly differs. Only the power function graph of aging population (AP) in a slow and shallow immigration area (SSI) about migration speed (Ms) is convex, and that in other types about migration rate (Mr) or migration speed (Ms) is monotonically decreasing, while the inclination degree of whose graphs varies greatly.

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Dunlavy, Andrea, Agneta Cederström, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Mikael Rostila, and Sol P. Juárez. "Investigating the salmon bias effect among international immigrants in Sweden: a register-based open cohort study." European Journal of Public Health 32, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckab222.

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Abstract Background Studies of migration and health have hypothesized that immigrants may emigrate when they develop poor health (salmon bias effect), which may partially explain the mortality advantage observed among immigrants in high-income countries. We evaluated the salmon bias effect by comparing the health of immigrants in Sweden who emigrated with those who remained, while also exploring potential variation by macro-economic conditions, duration of residence and region of origin. Methods A longitudinal, open cohort study design was used to assess risk of emigration between 1992 and 2016 among all adult (18+ years) foreign-born persons who immigrated to Sweden between 1965 and 2012 (n = 1 765 459). The Charlson Comorbidity Index was used to measure health status, using information on hospitalizations from the Swedish National Patient Register. Poisson regression models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for emigrating from Sweden. Results Immigrants with low (RR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.76–0.90) moderate (RR = 0.70; 95% CI: 0.62–0.80) and high (RR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.48–0.82) levels of comorbidities had decreased risk of emigration relative to those with no comorbidities. There was no evidence of variation by health status in emigration during periods of economic recession or by duration of residence. Individuals with low to moderate levels of comorbidities from some regions of origin had an increased risk of emigration relative to those with no comorbidities. Conclusions The study results do not support the existence of a salmon bias effect as a universal phenomenon among international immigrants in Sweden.

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Fratsea, Loukia Maria, and Apostolos G. Papadopoulos. "Making sense of the constellations of (im) mobility of Bangladeshi migrants in Greece." Migration Letters 18, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v18i1.1092.

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Over the last three decades of the 20th century, Greece was transformed from an emigration into an immigration countryand, more recently, into a country combining emigration and immigration. Initially, immigration from the ‘Balkans’ wasat the heart of the country’s migration debates. However, since the early 2000s, migration inflows have been highlydifferentiated, and the numbers have increased for both Asian and African migrants. During the era of austerity,Bangladeshis have followed diverse employment pathways and spatial trajectories. Their so-called ‘constellations of(im)mobility’ cover an array of socio-spatial mobility patterns, ranging from being entrapped in precarious jobs to gainingaccess to/ striving towards more prestigious occupational positions (self-employed occupations). Drawing on recent empirical research, this paper seeks to explore the multidimensional precarity of Bangladeshi migrants living in Greek urban and rural areas. Given the dynamic interplay between macro- and micro-level processes, it also discusses aspects of agency along with practices and strategies for improving the well-being of Bangladeshi migrants in the host society.

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Staples, DJ, and DJ Vance. "Comparative recruitment of the banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis, in five estuaries of the south-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 38, no. 1 (1987): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870029.

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Recruitment patterns of postlarvae immigrating into mangrove nursery areas of five major estuaries around the south-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, as well as juveniles emigrating offshore into coastal waters, were compared for the banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis, from September 1978 to March 1979.. Although considerable variability was observed among rivers, some basic recruitment patterns were discernible. Recruitment of postlarvae tended to follow a 28-day cycle with increased immigration on alternate spring tides. Variability between rivers in the number of resident juvenile prawns at any one sampling time resulted mainly from differences in the relative magnitude of postlarval settlement from these monthly cohorts. After the first heavy rainfall of the monsoon season, the lower reaches of rivers with !xger catchment areas a!! ran fresh, setthg up a physica! barrier to further past larval immigration. In contrast, post larval immigration continued throughout the study period in the river with the smallest catchment. There was a trend for more successful immigration earlier in the more northern rivers. Offshore emigration was influenced by rainfall, tide height and number of resident juvenile prawns at the time of emigration. The relative importance of these three factors differed among rivers, depending on the timing of rainfall in relation to the timing of juvenile population changes and the degree of flooding. These local differences in the timing of emigration of juveniles could be detected in the abundance and size of adolescent prawns in the offshore coastal area of the south-eastern Gulf which in turn influenced the size composition of prawns available to the commercial fishery.

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Kasnauskiene, Gindrute, and Remigijus Kavalnis. "HOW HAS COVID-19 AFFECTED MIGRATION OF LITHUANIAN POPULATION?" Economic Profile 16, no. 2(22) (January 15, 2022): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2021.22.01.

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The paper aims to examine the role of COVID-19 pandemic on the population migration in Lithuania. A situation analysis using the newest available migration data was deployed. It is found that the COVID-19 was generally associated with decreased emigration and increased immigration with the main changes occurring on the emigration side. In addition, women were less prone to migration in time of uncertainty while migrants were more willing to try out new destinations. The COVID-19 had a strong emigration-decreasing effect for women across all age groups with a heterogeneous result for men. It has also negatively affected the flow of remittances. Destination-wise, the UK continued to lose its dominance while Ukraine emerged as a new main destination. On the immigration side, the COVID-19 had a similar impact across the largest age cohorts between sexes, slowing down immigration growth from the main sending countries. Accessible and good-quality healthcare services, a need for a sense of security as well as the new working practices motivated many emigrants to return. However, the process of heading back home had begun before the pandemic. The novelty of the situation limits the scope of literature on the topic. This study addresses the existing research gap on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on migration using the case of Lithuania.

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Van de Maele, Romain John. "Den skandinaviske udvandringsroman – En selvstændig genre?" Tijdschrift voor Skandinavistiek 38, no. 1 (June 13, 2022): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/tvs.38.1.37089.

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The Scandinavian Emigration Novel From about 1850 onward to the early nineteen hundred and thirties, millions of Europeans have emigrated to North America. Over two million of these emigrants were Scandinavians who tried to realize their dreams of freedom and economic progress at the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. They did not always realize that adapting to the American reality often implied sacrifices and hardship. The emigration from Norway and Sweden was far greater than the Danish exodus, and both Norwegian and Swedish historiographers and novelists have depicted the impressive adventures of their countrymen. Danish authors have been more reluctant to venture into the depiction of their countrymen's exodus. Emigration novels have been a distinct area of interest in Norwegian literary research. In Sweden, especially Vilhelm Moberg’s emigration tetralogy has been studied by scholars and compared with the historical facts. Notwithstanding the abundant secondary literature, with the exception of Sophus Keith Winter, in his essay on Moberg’s emigration novels (1962), Kjetil A. Flatin in the article ‘Historical novel – emigrant novel’ (1977), and Ingeborg Kongslien in her comparative approach Draumen om fridom og jord (1989), no researcher has attempted to define emigration literature as a genre. In this article, I will try to define the emigration novel as a Scandinavian genre by using a model which combines A. J. Greimar’s actantial model or narrative scheme with the American literary scholar W.Q. Boelhower's insights in American immigrant literature (Boelhover, 1981). A combination of the actantial model and copular clauses or taxonomic links helps to describe the history of the emigration novel. Furthermore, it makes it possible to link emigrant fiction to historiographic literature. In this way, the push and pull factors often mentioned in the historical emigrant literature can be compared with individual emigration experiences.

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Pederzini, Carla. "Mexican labour market performance and emigration." Migration Letters 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v9i1.204.

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During the last three decades, the Mexican economy has not generated enough jobs for the expanding labour force. Unemployment rate in Mexico is low, but almost one third of the labour force works in the informal sector. Migration flows from Mexico to the US have been significant in the last decade. Even though the number of Mexicans in the US has remained stable, Mexican immigration to the US dropped from 2006 to 2009. Emigration is a key employment channel for the enlarged working-age Mexican population. A reduced migratory flow may pose a major challenge for the Mexican labour market.

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VENABLES, J. C., and M. de L. BROOKE. "The comparative effects of small geographic range and population decline on the adult sex ratio of threatened bird species." Bird Conservation International 25, no. 2 (August 19, 2014): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270914000161.

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SummaryAlthough the factors associated with adult sex ratio (ASR) skew in threatened species are rarely identified, ASRs of threatened species appear to be more male-skewed with increasing severity of threat. In this study we investigate whether the ASRs of species classified as threatened because of decline are significantly different from those threatened because of small range. Despite previous studies suggesting an association between male-skewed ASRs and population decline, our results show that ASRs may be more male-skewed in species classified as threatened because of small range. Although selection would be expected to purge dispersal genotypes from isolated populations, our finding could result from an imbalance between immigration and emigration rates of species with small ranges. Future research should examine rates of emigration and immigration in species with small global ranges.

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Losheniuk, Oksana. "The concept of regulation of international labour migration in Ukraine." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 3(85) (August 8, 2017): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2017.03.064.

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The article deals with challenges and opportunities for international labour migration in Ukraine. It is stressed that the approach to regulation of international labour migration should be comprehensive and should encompass a whole range of factors influencing migration flows, which will ensure making appropriate economic and social changes. The present concept of regulation of international labour migration in Ukraine is analyzed and the need for its improvement is discussed. The priority goals of the Concept of State Migration Policy in Ukraine are highlighted. It is stated that state migration policy is carried out in both emigration and immigration. Some of the key factors of immigration and emigration are identified. It is proved that migration policy in Ukraine is being shaped towards the European Union, which envisages a mutually beneficial redistribution of human resources over the countries. The paper claims, that achieving the quality of life as high as in the EU countries is a key demand for the integration into the European Union. It is emphasized that the existing legislation on migration has some weak points related to developing and fulfilling human potential of migrants. A range of measures to regulate international labour migration is introduced. Based on the research findings, the following actions are proposed to meet the aims of regulation of international labour migration in Ukraine: reduction of emigration from Ukraine by improving its socio-economic status; training and retraining of potential emigrants tailored to the specific characteristics of labor market growth in the country; stimulation of internal mobility aimed at the reduction of emigration; regulation of external employment of Ukrainian citizens; creation of conditions for attracting and efficient using of migrants’ money transfers; using transnational connections of migrants; halting the employment of national human resources; stimulation of immigration attractiveness for certain professional; halting illegal and undesirable migration; regulation of immigrants in Ukraine; legalization of illegal present immigrants; signing bilateral agreements between countries on return migration; stimulating re-emigration; protection of the rights and interests of labour migrants in Ukraine and abroad.

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Piepiora, Ewa. "The Local Dimension of Immigrant Integration Policy Based on West Pomerania Province." Reality of Politics 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop201609.

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Since Poland joined the European Community, it has been transforming from a country of emigration into an emigration-immigration one. Year by year an increase of immigrants coming to Poland has been observed, which involves the Polish government and local authorities taking actions within the implementation of migration policy. The multifaceted processes of integration take place on the levels of linguistics, culture, education, and social activation aimed at combating social exclusion of this group of Polish inhabitants.

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Beaujot, Roderic, and J. Peter Rappak. "The Link between immigration and emigration in Canada, 1945-1986." Canadian Studies in Population 16, no. 2 (December 31, 1989): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p61p4q.

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MALYNOVSKA, O. А. "Emigration vs Immigration: Directions and Mechanisms of the Repatriation Policy." Demography and social economy, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2019.01.069.

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Stewart, A. G. "Emigration and immigration of mesenchymal cells: a multicultural airway wall." European Respiratory Journal 24, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.04.00067404.

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Pellenbarg, Piet H., and Paul J. M. Van Steen. "The Netherlands in the World (part 1): Immigration and Emigration." Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 90, no. 1 (February 1999): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9663.00055.

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