Academic literature on the topic 'Swamp ecology – New South Wales'

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Journal articles on the topic "Swamp ecology – New South Wales"

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Briggs, SV, JG Brickhill, RT Kingsford, and PF Hodgson. "Ducks, hunters and rainfall at two sites in southern inland New South Wales." Wildlife Research 20, no. 6 (1993): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930759.

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Duck hunters have been surveyed on the opening morning of duck seasons since 1972 at Lake Cowal and Barrenbox Swamp in southern inland New South Wales. Mean numbers of ducks shot per hunter on opening morning reflected the numbers of ducks at the sites two to three weeks previously. At Barrenbox Swamp, but not at Lake Cowal, mean bag sizes were inversely related to recent local rainfall. Mean bag sizes on opening morning at Lake Cowal and Barrenbox Swamp did not diminish following reduction of the opening-day bag limit from 20 to 10 ducks per day in 1988. Generally, numbers of ducks and mean bag sizes at Lake Cowal and Barrenbox Swamp have not declined or increased since 1972 (exceptions are increased numbers but decreased bag sizes of Pacific black duck at Barrenbox Swamp, and increased bag sizes of maned duck at Lake Cowal). At neither hunting site were numbers of ducks related to mean bag sizes in the previous year. In summary, hunting does not appear to be adversely affecting numbers of major species of game ducks at either Lake Cowal or Barrenbox Swamp.
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Hollis, CJ, CJ Hollis, JD Robertshaw, JD Robertshaw, RH Harden, and RH Harden. "Ecology of the Swamp Wallaby (Wallabia-Bicolor) in Northeastern New-South-Wales .1. Diet." Wildlife Research 13, no. 3 (1986): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860355.

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The diet of the swamp wallaby Wallabia bicolor was determined by identifying plant fragments from the forestomachs of animals collected at two sites (Diamond Flat and the Styx River State Forest) in forests on the edge of the eastern escarpment of the Great Dividing Range in north-eastern New South Wales. Seventy-seven and 72 genera of plants were recorded in the diets at the two sites respectively. The dietary items were grouped into six categories, the overall occurrence of which ranged frcm forbs (26%), ferns (19%), shrubs (19%), grasses, sedges and rushes (17%) and fungi (15%) to vines (3%). There were broad similarities in the diets of the animals from both sites, though there were some seasonal differences both within and between sites, the most marked being an increase in grasses, sedges and rushes and a decrease in fungi in spring. It is suggested that fungi may be an important source of nitrogen during the other seasons. The wide array of plant species eaten by the swamp wallaby indicates that it is a generalist rather than specialist feeder, and more of a browser than the larger macropodids.
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de Jong, N. H. "Woody plant restoration and natural regeneration in wet meadow at Coomonderry Swamp on the south coast of New South Wales." Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 1 (2000): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99037.

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This study investigated planting techniques and natural regeneration of indigenous woody species within degraded wet meadow wetland at Coomonderry Swamp. Planting tubestock directly into existing vegetation was practical and cost-effective. Clearing of plots allowed infiltration of weeds, early growth of tubestock was inhibited, acid sulfate soils were exposed, and open inundated plots were choked by algae. After four years, Melaleuca ericifolia and Melaleuca linariifolia showed good survivorship at upper and lower elevations. Eucalyptus robusta and Casuarina glauca were more successful at upper elevations, and Leptospermum juniperinum did not succeed at either elevation. These results corresponded to patterns of regeneration and to distributions within undisturbed stands. Despite the evidence of natural regeneration, direct seeding was not successful at the experimental site. Given that poor dispersal was indicated at Coomonderry Swamp, it is unlikely that isolated wetlands in the region could rely solely on seed dispersal for woody revegetation. Even where regeneration can occur naturally, some planting or culling might be required if the desired outcome is a species mix comparable to that observed on undisturbed margins.
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Vernes, K., and T. Cooper. "Association of parma wallabies (Macropus parma) with sedge swamps in Gibraltar Range National Park." Australian Mammalogy 29, no. 1 (2007): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am07016.

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Parma wallabies (Macropus parma) have a patchy distribution on the coast and ranges of central and northern New South Wales from Goulburn northward to the Queensland border. In Gibraltar Range National Park they are found in dry sclerophyll forest with a heath understorey, a departure from their apparent preference for wet forest types. Distance to swamp was by far the best correlate of M. parma distribution.
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Robertshaw, JD, and RH Harden. "The Ecology of the Dingo in Northeastern New-South-Wales .4. Prey Selection by Dingoes, and Its Effect on the Major Prey Species, the Swamp Wallaby, Wallabia-Bicolor (Desmarest)." Wildlife Research 13, no. 2 (1986): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860141.

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Prey selection and its effect on the major prey species was examined between 1979 and 1980 by comparing the diet of dingoes and the biology of the swamp wallaby at two sites where the relative numbers of dingoes and wallabies differed. Selection of prey by dingoes was not opportunistic but demonstrated a preference for larger native species, and was similar to that found in the same area between 1972 and 1974. In particular, dingoes had a strong preference for swamp wallaby, the occurrence of which in the diet was disproportionate to its observed numbers; and switching was not observed even when numbers of swamp wallaby were reduced and alternative macropod prey present. Contrary to Optimal Foraging Theory predictions that the predator should become more catholic in prey selection, this species was more frequent in the diet when its availability was lower. At one site the major effect of this predation was the disruption of the breeding cycle, as a result of the loss of large pouch young because of the harassment of their mothers.
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Glen, A. S., A. R. Fay, and C. R. Dickman. "Diets of sympatric red foxes Vulpes vulpes and wild dogs Canis lupus in the Northern Rivers Region, New South Wales." Australian Mammalogy 28, no. 1 (2006): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am06013.

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In the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales the diets of sympatric foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and dogs (Canis lupus) were determined from analysis of oportunitically collected scats. Mammalian prey dominated the diet of both species but foxes had a more diverse diet than dogs. The red-necked pademelon (Thylogale thetis) had the highest occurrence in both predators. the northern brown bandicoot (Isoodon macrourus) was the second most common prey of the fox but did not occur in dog scats. Swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) was more common in dog scats than fox scats.
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Chessman, BC. "Habitat Preferences of Fresh-Water Turtles in the Murray Valley, Victoria and New-South-Wales." Wildlife Research 15, no. 5 (1988): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9880485.

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Preferences of Chelodina expansa, Chelodina longicollis and Emydura macquarii (Testudines : Chelidae) for different types of aquatic habitat on the Murray River flood plain in south-eastern Australia were inferred from catch statistics. E. macquarii was the species most often caught in the river itself and river backwaters, whereas C. longicollis formed the majority of captures from oxbow lakes, anabranches, ponds, rain pools and a swamp. Relative abundance of E. macquarii was significantly positively correlated with water body depth, transparency, persistence during dry conditions and flow speed, and negatively correlated with remoteness from the river. C. longicollis demonstrated the opposite pattern, and the proportional catch of C. expansa was weakly correlated with environmental variables. The capacity of C. longicollis for colonising and surviving in small, remote and ephemeral ponds and pools relates to its ability to aestivate and resist desiccation and its propensity for overland migration.
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Dodson, JR. "Holocene Vegetation and Environments Near Goulburn, New South Wales." Australian Journal of Botany 34, no. 3 (1986): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9860231.

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Three sites from Breadalbane Basin and one from Wet Lagoon near Goulburn were studied to provide a history of vegetation, fire and lake levels in the region. Stratigraphy, a percentage pollen diagram from each site, an influx diagram from two sites and 29 radiocarbon analyses provided the basic data and chronology of the study. The sedimentary history shows that Breadalbane Basin has undergone several cycles of lake phases with sediment accumulation and dry phases with deflation of the lake sediments. The present lake clays and silts of Breadalbane Basin and Wet Lagoon are all Holocene in age. A lake began forming in Breadalbane Basin before 9300 B.P. and probably reached its greatest extent between 7400 and 2700 B.P. At Wet Lagoon water stands were in evidence from 5000 B.P. Over the last 2000 years the sites have dried out and are ephemeral swamps but their water level histories are not necessarily synchronous. A comparison of the records shows that the vegetation of the region has been open eucalypt woodland with understorey dominated by grasses and herbaceous taxa. The most dramatic change was woodland clearance after the arrival of European settlers. The spread of pollen and charcoal collection sites, however, emphasizes a number of local differences in the vegetation of the region. Casuarina, for example, expanded during the mid Holocene along the escarpment on the western side of Breadalbane Basin. The charcoal input curves show fire was a frequent occurrence in the region but the vegetation was apparently resilient to its effects until European settlers used it as a tool in woodland clearance.
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McCormack, Robert. "The eastern swamp crayfish Gramastacus lacus sp. n. (Decapoda, Parastacidae) a new species of freshwater crayfish from coastal New South Wales, Australia." ZooKeys 398 (April 4, 2014): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.398.7544.

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Claridge, Andrew W., Douglas J. Mills, and Simon C. Barry. "Prevalence of threatened native species in canid scats from coastal and near-coastal landscapes in south-eastern Australia." Australian Mammalogy 32, no. 2 (2010): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am09038.

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Predator scat analysis was used to infer the potential impact of wild dogs (Canis lupus dingo, C. l. familiaris and hybrids of the two) on threatened native terrestrial mammals in coastal and near-coastal southern New South Wales, Australia. Prey items recorded in wild dog scats were compared with those occurring in scats of the red fox collected at the same study sites. Six threatened mammal species were recorded in either wild dog or fox scats: eastern pygmy possum, grey-headed flying fox, long-nosed potoroo, southern brown bandicoot, white-footed dunnart and yellow-bellied glider. The prevalence of these threatened species in fox scats was significantly higher than in wild dog scats. Otherwise, wild dogs mostly consumed larger prey items such as swamp wallabies and wombats whereas foxes more heavily preyed on small mammals such as antechinus and rats. Our results suggest that foxes are the major threat to threatened mammal species in the study region. Land management agencies in south-eastern mainland Australia should therefore focus on controlling foxes for biodiversity gain.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Swamp ecology – New South Wales"

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Keogh, Andrew James. "Systems management of Glenbrook Lagoon, New South Wales /." View thesis View thesis, 1996. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030519.153643/index.html.

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Andrew, Deborah. "Ecology of the tiger quoll dasyurus maculatus maculatus in coastal New South Wales." Access electronically, 2005. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20070501.155009/index.html.

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King, Alison Jane 1974. "Recruitment ecology of fish in floodplain rivers of the southern Murray-Darling Basin, Australia." Monash University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8391.

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Jayawickrema, Jacintha, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Environment and Agriculture. "A reconstruction of the ecological history of Longneck Lagoon New South Wales, Australia." THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Jayawickrema_J.xml, 2000. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/702.

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The environmental history of Longneck Lagoon was reconstructed by analysing 15 sediment cores collected between 22 April, 1992 and 29 August, 1995. Longneck Lagoon is a shallow, man-modified lake situated in the north-western part of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia, in the Hawkesbury River floodplain. It has undergone a considerable change over recent years and at the end of the study was reported to have turbid water and no floating leaved plants or submerged aquatic plants. The hypothesis of this study was that vertical patterns in sediment characteristics can be related to biological, physical or chemical changes that have taken place within Longneck Lagoon and its catchment area. Assessment of inter-core variation within one area of the lagoon and between different areas was carried out and is highly recommended to others who may wish to conduct similar studies elsewhere. Restoration/regeneration of the previous diverse aquatic plant flora, associated with variable water depth in the pre-weir condition, would require the removal/modification of the weir, possibly reduction in the nutrient income to the lake, and, potentially, addressing mobilisation and internal cycling of accumulated nutrients which have accreted within the system.
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Sweller, Susan School of Biological Science UNSW. "Vegetational and climatic changes during the last 40,000 years at Burraga Swamp, Barrington Tops, NSW." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological Science, 2001. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17882.

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Burraga Swamp is a small enclosed basin at 985 m altitude in Barrington Tops, in the Eastern Highlands of New South Wales, Australia. It lies in the midst of a Nothofagus moorei cool temperate rainforest, which is at its southern limits here. The swamp is close to the boundaries between temperate rainforest, subtropical rainforest, sclerophyll forest and sub-alpine formations and may be a sensitive recorder of past changes in the vegetation. The palynology and the sediments have been studied to a depth of 6.5 metres and were dated with eleven 14C dates. The base of the sediment is about 40,000 years old. The results showed the following: From 40,000-30,000 years BP, Burraga was a lake with a very slow rate of deposition of fine grained sediments and flourishing aquatic/swamp vegetation. The dryland vegetation was an open or sparsely treed grassland/herbfield. From 30,000-21,000 years BP, the dryland vegetation remained much the same, but the aquatic vegetation disappeared. From 21,000-17,000 years BP, sandy sediments were deposited at an accelerated rate in a relatively shallow lake, culminating in a layer of gravelly sand. The vegetation was a treeless grassland between about 21,000 and 15,000 years BP. After 17,000 years BP, the rate of sediment accumulation slowed and after 15,000 years, some mesic elements appeared. Dicksonia antarctica became prominent between about 13,000 and 12,000 years BP and Nothofagus was consistently present after about 11,500 years BP. Peat deposition started about 6,500 years BP. By 6,000 years BP the cool temperate rainforest was fully developed, remaining on the site until the present. These changes suggest that the climate at 40,000 years BP was drier than the present, becoming drier and reaching maximum aridity about 17,000 years BP, when temperatures were also at their lowest. Subsequently, the temperature increased and around 15,000 years BP the climate became wetter. Maximum moistures and temperatures were reached between about 9,000 and 5,000 years BP. The climate then varied until it reached the present. Burraga extends the record of treeless vegetation over most of southeastern Australia, during the last glacial maximum, to more northerly localities than previously known.
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Jayawickrema, Jacintha. "A reconstruction of the ecological history of Longneck Lagoon New South Wales, Australia /." View thesis, 2000. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20050720.135957/index.html.

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Winning, Geoffrey Bruce, and res cand@acu edu au. "Vegetation Changes in a Large Estuarine Wetland Subsequent to Construction of Floodgates: Hexham Swamp in the Lower Hunter Valley, New South Wales." Australian Catholic University. School of Arts and Sciences, 2006. http://dlibrary.acu.edu.au/digitaltheses/public/adt-acuvp107.11092006.

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Floodgates were constructed in 1971 on the main creek draining Hexham Swamp, a large wetland on the floodplain of the lower Hunter River, New South Wales. Substantial changes in vegetation have occurred in Hexham Swamp subsequent to the construction of the floodgates. Previous areas of mangroves and saltmarsh have been reduced (180ha to 11ha, and 681ha to 58ha, respectively), and Phragmites australis has expanded (170ha to 1005ha). Much of the mangrove loss (ca. 130ha) was a result of clearing, and the remainder has gradually died off. The factors contributing to the dieback are likely to be a combination of drying of the soil, root competition and, at times, waterlogging. Field sampling as well as microcosm and reciprocal transplant experiments involving key species, Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Sporobolus virginicus, Paspalum vaginatum and Phragmites australis, suggest that a reduction in soil salinity has been an important factor in initiating successional change from saltmarsh to Phragmites reedswamp. The data also suggest that increased waterlogging has been an important factor in initiating vegetation change. This apparently paradoxical result (floodgates and associated drainage generally result in drying of wetlands) is likely to have resulted from occlusion of drainage lines (by sediment and reeds) and is, therefore, likely to be a condition that developed gradually. That is, the initial effect of the floodgates is expected to have been a drying of the swamp, followed over time by an increasing wetness. An examination of vegetation changes after removal of cattle from part of Hexham Swamp, suggests that grazing had little effect on species composition of vegetation or rate of expansion of Phragmites australis. However, grazing does affect vegetation structure (height and density), possibly favours some coloniser species (e.g. Sarcocornia quinqueflora) in particular environmental conditions, and possibly inhibits establishment of Phragmites australis.
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Winning, Geoffrey Bruce. "Vegetation changes in a large estuarine wetland subsequent to construction of floodgates: Hexham Swamp in the Lower Hunter Valley, New South Wales." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2006. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/59e3eac3783771b5c5d7feb1de097a4a3f8c6b965a99247f848e0fcf7560ab5d/11655326/65148_downloaded_stream_373.pdf.

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Floodgates were constructed in 1971 on the main creek draining Hexham Swamp, a large wetland on the floodplain of the lower Hunter River, New South Wales. Substantial changes in vegetation have occurred in Hexham Swamp subsequent to the construction of the floodgates. Previous areas of mangroves and saltmarsh have been reduced (180ha to 11ha, and 681ha to 58ha, respectively), and Phragmites australis has expanded (170ha to 1005ha). Much of the mangrove loss (ca. 130ha) was a result of clearing, and the remainder has gradually died off. The factors contributing to the dieback are likely to be a combination of drying of the soil, root competition and, at times, waterlogging. Field sampling as well as microcosm and reciprocal transplant experiments involving key species, Sarcocornia quinqueflora, Sporobolus virginicus, Paspalum vaginatum and Phragmites australis, suggest that a reduction in soil salinity has been an important factor in initiating successional change from saltmarsh to Phragmites reedswamp. The data also suggest that increased waterlogging has been an important factor in initiating vegetation change. This apparently paradoxical result (floodgates and associated drainage generally result in drying of wetlands) is likely to have resulted from occlusion of drainage lines (by sediment and reeds) and is, therefore, likely to be a condition that developed gradually. That is, the initial effect of the floodgates is expected to have been a drying of the swamp, followed over time by an increasing wetness. An examination of vegetation changes after removal of cattle from part of Hexham Swamp, suggests that grazing had little effect on species composition of vegetation or rate of expansion of Phragmites australis. However, grazing does affect vegetation structure (height and density), possibly favours some coloniser species (e.g.;Sarcocornia quinqueflora) in particular environmental conditions, and possibly inhibits establishment of Phragmites australis.
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Treadwell, Simon Andrew 1968. "Patterns in community metabolism and biomass of biofilms colonising large woody debris along an Australian lowland river." Monash University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 2002. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5605.

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Dore, David William Biological Earth &amp Environmental Sciences (BEES) UNSW. "Application of simple physiological growth models to coastal eucalypt regrowth forests in New South Wales." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences (BEES), 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/26200.

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This thesis explores issues relating to the application of physiological-process models (???process models???) of forest growth to mixed species, mixed age forests, in particular the coastal blackbutt forests of New South Wales. Using a dataset provided by State Forests of New South Wales (Carter 1994 unpubl.) a numeric description of the forest was developed and stand-level parameters of interest were derived, in particular the plot by plot stemwood volume growth from 1975 to 1999. The amounts of harvested volume, volume that died and volume that grew into the measurement population were identified separately, and several different means of accounting for volume change over time were investigated. A method for quantifying the impact of harvesting and other silvicultural practices on the growth of the forest was developed and programs were written to convert the stand-level summary of the harvest impact into a semi-random selection of trees that would be ???harvested??? from the database under the set of silvicultural assumptions (Dore et al. 1999). A number of process models were investigated and reviewed before selecting one particular model, SUSTAIN (Dewar 1997) for adaption to these forests. This model is a relatively simple process model with a small number of input parameters. The model was adapted so that it could be used to compare the SUSTAIN estimate of growth with the growth of an individual stand of trees in the Kendall Forest Management Area, between Wauchope and Taree on the mid-north coast of NSW. To improve the accuracy of the prediction of growth by SUSTAIN, a method of re-setting the state of the stand to the actual condition at the time of remeasurement was developed. In addition, the SUSTAIN model was extended to enable two separate levels of canopy to be described and grown separately. Ultimately the model was only partially successful in mirroring the growth predicted by the empirical data. Its partial success is attributed primarily to the difficulties associated with correctly determining the allocation parameters used by the model to assign net photosynthate to the roots, foliage and stemwood. The nature of the change in allocation parameters when the forest stand is disturbed by harvest or fire needs further investigation.
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Books on the topic "Swamp ecology – New South Wales"

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Floyd, A. G. Australian rainforests in New South Wales. Chipping Norton, NSW, Australia: S. Beatty in association with National Parks and Wildlife Service of New South Wales, 1990.

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Coast: A history of the New South Wales edge. Sydney, N.S.W: NewSouth Publishing, University of New South Wales Press, 2013.

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Paul, Adam. New South Wales rainforests: The nomination for the world heritage list. Sydney: National Parks and Wildlife Service of N.S.W., 1987.

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Kooyman, Robert M. Growing rainforest: Rainforest restoration and regeneration : recommendations for the humid sub-tropical region of northern New South Wales and south east Queensland. Brisbane: Greening Australia - Queensland, 1996.

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Yvette, McCullough, ed. Kangaroos in outback Australia: Comparative ecology and behavior of three coexisting species. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.

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Williams, Chris. Old land, new landscapes: A story of farmers, conservation, and the landcare movement. Carlton, Vic., Australia: Melbourne University Press, 2004.

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The river. Camberwell, Vic: Penguin Books, 2003.

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Williams, Geoff. Hidden rainforests: Subtropical rainforests and their invertebrate biodiversity. Kensington, NSW: NSWU Press, 1993.

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The Murray: A river and its people. Carlton South, Vic: Melbourne University Press, 2001.

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Daniel, Lunney, and Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales., eds. Future of the fauna of western New South Wales. Mosman, N.S.W., Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Swamp ecology – New South Wales"

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Richardson, B. A. "The human impacts on the ecology of freshwater fish in western New South Wales." In Future of the Fauna of Western New South Wales, 169–76. P.O. Box 20, Mosman NSW 2088, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/rzsnsw.1994.016.

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Thornhill, Andrew H. "Can Myrtaceae pollen of the Holocene from Bega Swamp (New South Wales, Australia) be compared with extant taxa?" In Altered Ecologies (Terra Australis 32): Fire, climate and human influence on terrestrial landscapes. ANU Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/ta32.11.2010.23.

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"The Ecology and Management of Wood in World Rivers." In The Ecology and Management of Wood in World Rivers, edited by TIMOTHY B. ABBE, ANDREW P. BROOKS, and DAVID R. MONTGOMERY. American Fisheries Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569568.ch20.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—Wood induces hydraulic, morphologic, and textural complexity into fluvial systems in forested regions around the world. Snags and logjams can create complex networks of channels and wetlands across entire river valleys and historically posed a significant obstacle to navigation. The clearing of wood from channels and riparian forest land reduced or eliminated the quantity and supply of wood into rivers in many regions of the world. Ecological restoration of fluvial environments increasingly includes the placement of wood. But few guidelines exist on appropriate methods for emulating natural wood accumulations, where and how to place wood, its longevity, the hydraulic and geomorphic consequences of wood, and how to manage systems where wood is reintroduced. Important factors to understand when placing wood in rivers include the watershed and reach-scale context of a project, the hydraulic and geomorphic effects of wood placements, possible changes in wood structures over time, and how it may impact human infrastructure and safety. Engineered logjams constructed in Washington, USA and New South Wales, Australia offer examples of how wood reintroduction can be engineered without the use of artificial anchoring to form stable instream structures as part of efforts to rehabilitate fluvial ecosystems and provide ecologically sensitive means to treat traditional problems such as bank stabilization and grade control.
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White, Robert E. "What Makes a Healthy Soil?" In Understanding Vineyard Soils. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199342068.003.0004.

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Soil scientists used to speak of soil quality, a concept expressing a soil’s “fitness for purpose.” The prime purpose was for agriculture and the production of food and fiber. However, to the general public soil quality is a rather abstract con­cept and in recent years the term has been replaced by soil health. A significant reason for this change is that health is a concept that resonates with people in a personal sense. This change is epitomized in the motto “healthy soil = healthy food = healthy people” on the website of the Rodale Institute in Pennsylvania (http://rodaleinstitute.org/). One consequence of this change is an increasing focus on the state of the soil’s biology, or life in the soil, an emphasis that is expressed through the promotion of organic and biodynamic systems of farming. Viticulture and winemaking are at the forefront of this trend. For example, Jane Wilson (2008), a vigneron in the Mudgee region of New South Wales, is quoted as saying, “the only way to build soil and release a lot of the available minerals is by looking after the biology,” and Steve Wratten (2009), professor of ecology at Lincoln University in New Zealand has said, “Organic viticulture rocks! It’s the future, it really is.” This exuberance has been taken up by Organic Winegrowers New Zealand, founded only in 2007, who have set a goal of “20 by 2020,” that is, 20% of the country’s vineyards under certified organic management by the year 2020. The Cornell Soil Health Assessment provides a more balanced assessment of soil health (Gugino et al., 2009). The underlying concept is that soil health is an integral expression of a soil’s chemical, physical, and biological attributes, which determine how well a soil provides various ecosystem functions, including nutrient cycling, supporting biodiversity, storing and filtering water, and maintaining resilience in the face of disturbance, both natural and anthropogenic. Although originally developed for crop land in the northeast United States, the Cornell soil health approach is readily adapted to viticulture, as explained by Schindelbeck and van Es (2011), and which is currently being attempted in Australia (Oliver et al., 2013; Riches et al., 2013).
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