Journal articles on the topic 'Swallow pattern'
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1
Preiksaitis, H. G., S. Mayrand, K. Robins, and N. E. Diamant. "Coordination of respiration and swallowing: effect of bolus volume in normal adults." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 263, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): R624—R630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.263.3.r624.
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The coordination of swallowing and respiration, as measured by nasal airflow, and the effect of changes in the volume of the swallow bolus (0-20 ml) were investigated in 12 normal subjects. Both nonbolus and bolus swallows were usually preceded and followed by expiratory airflow. Swallows followed by inspiratory airflow accounted for 20% of nonbolus swallows but decreased further in frequency in the presence of a bolus. Swallowing was associated with an apneic period lasting 1.90 +/- 0.26 s for nonbolus swallows. Based on the apneic period response to bolus volume, the subjects were divided into two groups. The apneic period decreased by 60% in seven of the subjects regardless of bolus volume. The remaining five subjects gradually increased swallow apnea as bolus volume was increased. At larger bolus volumes, the latter group also exhibited an earlier onset of the swallow apnea and an increase in the number of swallows preceded by inspiration. The duration of the swallow-associated respiratory cycle was similarly prolonged by an increase in bolus volume in both groups. The results indicate that the respiratory pattern associated with swallowing is modulated by the volume of the swallow bolus. Within the normal population, at least two different patterns of response to bolus volume are identified.
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Nishino, T., and K. Hiraga. "Coordination of swallowing and respiration in unconscious subjects." Journal of Applied Physiology 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 988–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.70.3.988.
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We investigated the coordination of swallowing and breathing in 11 unconscious patients with an endotracheal tube in place during the recovery period from general anesthesia. Swallows occurred during both the inspiratory and expiratory phases with no preponderant occurrence during either phase. When a swallow occurred during inspiration, the inspiration was interrupted immediately and was followed by expiration, but the durations of both inspiration and expiration were progressively increased as the time from the onset of inspiration to the onset of swallowing was progressively delayed. A swallow coinciding with the expiratory phase progressively prolonged the duration of the expiration that had been interrupted as the timing of swallowing was progressively delayed. Repeated swallows invariably and in a predictable manner caused changes in the breathing pattern. Thus when the frequency of regularly repeated swallows was relatively high, the breathing pattern was characterized by regular, shallow, and rapid breaths. When the frequency of regularly repeated swallows was relatively low, the breathing pattern was characterized by regular, deep, and slow breaths. When the frequency of repeated swallows was irregular, the breathing patterns were characterized by inconsistent changes in tidal volume and respiratory frequency. Our results indicate that, in unconscious subjects, some mechanisms integrating respiration and swallowing are operative and responsible for changes in breathing patterns during swallowing.
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Preiksaitis, Harold G., and Catherine A. Mills. "Coordination of breathing and swallowing: effects of bolus consistency and presentation in normal adults." Journal of Applied Physiology 81, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 1707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.4.1707.
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Preiksaitis, Harold G., and Catherine A. Mills.Coordination of breathing and swallowing: effects of bolus consistency and presentation in normal adults. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(4): 1707–1714, 1996.—Respiration and swallowing were recorded simultaneously by inductance plethysmography, submental electromyography, and a throat microphone in 10 normal subjects during eating and drinking tasks that included single boluses of varying volume (5–20 ml) and consistency presented with a syringe and cup, a 200-ml drink taken with and without the use of a straw, and a sandwich meal. Swallows were associated with a brief swallow apnea (SA) lasting ∼1 s. Swallow effects on the duration or tidal volume of the preswallow, postswallow and swallow-associated breathing cycles varied depending on bolus characteristics and presentation. Expiration before and after the SA was the preferred pattern with all drinking and eating tasks. Inspiration followed SA in <5% of single-bolus swallows, but this pattern increased significantly with a 200-ml drink administered by cup or by straw and during a sandwich meal (23.8 ± 5.2, 27.0 ± 2.6, and 16.3 ± 2.7%, respectively). Hence, the swallow-associated breathing pattern seen with single-bolus swallows may not reflect that associated with regular eating and drinking behavior. This finding implies that the risk of aspiration may be reduced by teaching patients prone to aspiration to simplify the complex behavior of eating and drinking to a series of single-bolus swallows.
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Imam, Hala, Steven Shay, Aman Ali, and Mark Baker. "Bolus transit patterns in healthy subjects: a study using simultaneous impedance monitoring, videoesophagram, and esophageal manometry." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 288, no. 5 (May 2005): G1000—G1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00372.2004.
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Impedance monitoring (Imp) measures bolus transit. Combining Imp with manometry (EM) allows the effect of contractile patterns on transit to be assessed. The objective of this study is to identify bolus transit patterns in normal subjects, correlate Imp findings with the gold standard barium esophagram (Ba), and compare bolus transit with concomitant EM findings. Simultaneous Ba-Imp-EM was performed for 2 min in 15 normal volunteers (women, 11; age, 43 yr). Combined impedance-pressure sites were 5, 10, 15, 20 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Boluses (10 ml) of 45% barium mixed with 0.9% NaCl were swallowed at ≥20-s intervals (5–6 swallows/subject). Imp and Ba showed three bolus transit patterns, and the two methods were in agreement on the pattern type in 97% (83/86) of swallows. Normal bolus transit was found in 73% (61/83), and each had normal peristalsis and contraction amplitude. Stasis in the proximal esophagus occurred in 7 of 83 swallows despite normal manometric parameters in 4 of 7 swallows. Retrograde escape of a residue of incompletely cleared bolus from just above the LES to the site 5 cm above occurred in 14 of 83 swallows. Retrograde escape was triggered by the next swallow, occurred despite normal manometric parameters, and did not occur if the swallow interval was >30 s. In 55% (47/86) of swallows, air accumulated in the distal esophagus and persisted there for a mean of 3.6 s until cleared into the stomach. We conclude that impedance monitoring is a valid transit test and describe bolus transit patterns in normal subjects for comparison with patients with esophageal motility disorders.
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German, Rebecca Z., A. W. Crompton, and Allan J. Thexton. "Integration of the Reflex Pharyngeal Swallow Into Rhythmic Oral Activity in a Neurologically Intact Pig Model." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 2 (August 2009): 1017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00100.2009.
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Mammalian swallowing involves the coordinated and sequential activity of many oropharyngeal muscles. Using synchronous electromyography (EMG) and videofluorography, we recorded the pattern of EMG activity for 12 muscles during swallowing in neurologically intact suckling pigs. We tested the hypothesis that this EMG pattern corresponded to the established pattern of activity for the isolated, reflexive pharyngeal swallow of the decerebrate infant pig. The EMG activity associated with the normal swallow of the intact animal had two components: a staggered pattern of single EMG bursts that were prominent in the stylohyoid, thyrohyoid, cricothyroid, and omohyoid muscles and double bursts of activity in some muscles, including geniohyoid and genioglossus, with the same underlying periodicity as suckling. Most of the staggered activity pattern, a linear sequence of progressively delayed activities in different muscles, was not statistically different from that previously found in the reflexive pharyngeal swallow of the decerebrate. However, not all components of the linear sequence of the reflexive swallow were inserted unchanged into the intact swallow. Some components appeared to be delayed or advanced, bringing them into phase with the underlying rhythmic activity. The difference between swallows of intact and of decerebrate animals was not solely due to the presence of rhythmic activity in the former. The timing of some EMG activities in intact animals also differed from the same activities in the few decerebrates that exhibited rhythmic tongue and jaw activity. These results suggest cerebral function influences the EMG pattern of the pharyngeal swallow, which has traditionally been considered a purely reflex pattern.
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Vovka, Andrea, Paul W. Davenport, Karen Wheeler-Hegland, Kendall F. Morris, Christine M. Sapienza, and Donald C. Bolser. "Swallow Pattern Generator Reconfiguration of the Respiratory Neural Network." Perspectives on Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) 18, no. 1 (March 2009): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/sasd18.1.3.
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Abstract When the nasal and oral passages converge and a bolus enters the pharynx, it is critical that breathing and swallow motor patterns become integrated to allow safe passage of the bolus through the pharynx. Breathing patterns must be reconfigured to inhibit inspiration, and upper airway muscle activity must be recruited and reconfigured to close the glottis and laryngeal vestibule, invert the epiglottis, and ultimately protect the lower airways. Failure to close and protect the glottal opening to the lower airways, or loss of the integration and coordination of swallow and breathing, increases the risk of penetration or aspiration. A neural swallow central pattern generator (CPG) controls the pharyngeal swallow phase and is located in the medulla. We propose that this swallow CPG is functionally organized in a holarchical behavioral control assembly (BCA) and is recruited with pharyngeal swallow. The swallow BCA holon reconfigures the respiratory CPG to produce the stereotypical swallow breathing pattern, consisting of swallow apnea during swallowing followed by prolongation of expiration following swallow. The timing of swallow apnea and the duration of expiration is a function of the presence of the bolus in the pharynx, size of the bolus, bolus consistency, breath cycle, ventilatory state and disease.
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Birch-Iensen, M., P. S. Borgström, and O. Ekberg. "Cineradiography in Closed and Open Pharyngeal Swallow." Acta Radiologica 29, no. 4 (July 1988): 407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518802900405.
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The pattern of swallowing by which the oral bolus reaches an air-containing oropharynx is called an ‘open swallow’ whereas the sequence in which the oropharynx is collapsed on the arrival of the bolus is called a ‘closed swallow’. The significance of this distinction was further analyzed by a correlation with other laryngeal and pharyngeal functions during swallowing in a cineradiologic study in 75 dysphagic patients and 50 asymptomatic volunteers. The relative incidence of open and closed type swallows was similar in the two groups. The maximum elevation of the pharynx and larynx was the same in open and closed swallow, although in individuals with an open swallow the elevation occurred later than in individuals with a closed swallow. Epiglottic movement disturbances, defective closure of the laryngeal vestibule, pharyngeal constrictor muscle paresis, cricopharyngeal incoordination, cervical esophageal webs and Zenker diverticula were significantly more common in individuals with an open pharyngeal swallow than in those with closed swallowing.
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Perlman, A. L., P. M. Palmer, T. M. McCulloch, and D. J. Vandaele. "Electromyographic activity from human laryngeal, pharyngeal, and submental muscles during swallowing." Journal of Applied Physiology 86, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 1663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.86.5.1663.
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The durations and temporal relationships of electromyographic activity from the submental complex, superior pharyngeal constrictor, cricopharyngeus, thyroarytenoid, and interarytenoid muscles were examined during swallowing of saliva and of 5- and 10-ml water boluses. Bipolar, hooked-wire electrodes were inserted into all muscles except for the submental complex, which was studied with bipolar surface electrodes. Eight healthy, normal, subjects produced five swallows of each of three bolus volumes for a total of 120 swallows. The total duration of electromyographic activity during the pharyngeal stage of the swallow did not alter with bolus condition; however, specific muscles did show a volume-dependent change in electromyograph duration and time of firing. Submental muscle activity was longest for saliva swallows. The interarytenoid muscle showed a significant difference in duration between the saliva and 10-ml water bolus. Finally, the interval between the onset of laryngeal muscle activity (thyroarytenoid, interarytenoid) and of pharyngeal muscle firing patterns (superior pharyngeal constrictor onset, cricopharyngeus offset) decreased as bolus volume increased. The pattern of muscle activity associated with the swallow showed a high level of intrasubject agreement; the presence of somewhat different patterns among subjects indicated a degree of population variance.
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Daniels, Stephanie K., David M. Corey, Leslie D. Hadskey, Calli Legendre, Daniel H. Priestly, John C. Rosenbek, and Anne L. Foundas. "Mechanism of Sequential Swallowing During Straw Drinking in Healthy Young and Older Adults." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 47, no. 1 (February 2004): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2004/004).
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Recent research has revealed differences between isolated and sequential swallowing in healthy young adults; however, the influence of normal aging on sequential swallowing has not been studied. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of normal aging on deglutition during sequential straw drinking. Videofluoroscopic samples of two 10-s straw drinking trials were obtained for 20 healthy young men (age 29±3 years) and 18 healthy older men (age 69±7 years). Hyolaryngeal complex (HLC) movement patterns, leading edge of the bolus location at swallow onset, and occurrences of airway invasion were determined. Two HLC patterns were identified: (a) HLC lowering with the epiglottis returned to upright between swallows and (b) partially maintained HLC elevation with the epiglottis inverted between swallows. The bolus was frequently in the hypopharynx at swallow onset. Strong associations were identified between age and HLC pattern, age and leading edge of the bolus location, and HLC pattern and leading edge location. Laryngeal penetration was uncommon overall; however, it occurred more frequently in the older adults than in the young adults. A significant relation was identified between age and the average Penetration-Aspiration Scale score. Laryngeal penetration was associated with both HLC movement patterns and hypopharyngeal bolus location, particularly in older adults. Results indicate that subtle age-related differences are evident in healthy young and older adults with sequential straw drinking. These data suggest that specific inherent swallowing patterns may increase the risk of laryngeal penetration with normal aging.
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Thexton, A. J., A. W. Crompton, and R. Z. German. "Electromyographic activity during the reflex pharyngeal swallow in the pig: Doty and Bosma (1956) revisited." Journal of Applied Physiology 102, no. 2 (February 2007): 587–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00456.2006.
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The currently accepted description of the pattern of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the pharyngeal swallow is that reported by Doty and Bosma in 1956; however, those authors describe high levels of intramuscle and of interindividual EMG variation. We reinvestigated this pattern, testing two hypotheses concerning EMG variation: 1) that it could be reduced with modern methodology and 2) that it could be explained by selective detection of different types of motor units. In eight decerebrate infant pigs, we elicited radiographically verified pharyngeal swallows and recorded EMG activity from a total of 16 muscles. Synchronization signals from the video-radiographic system allowed the EMG activity associated with each swallow to be aligned directly with epiglottal movement. The movements were highly stereotyped, but the recorded EMG signals were variable at both the intramuscle and interanimal level. During swallowing, some muscles subserved multiple functions and contained different task units; there were also intramuscle differences in EMG latencies. In this situation, statistical methods were essential to characterize the overall patterns of EMG activity. The statistically derived multimuscle pattern approximated to the classical description by Doty and Bosma (Doty RW, Bosma JF. J Neurophysiol 19: 44–60, 1956) with a leading complex of muscle activities. However, the mylohyoid was not active earlier than other muscles, and the geniohyoid muscle was not part of the leading complex. Some muscles, classically considered inactive, were active during the pharyngeal swallow.
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Fullerton, Amy, Yuhan Mou, Natalie Silver, Neil Chheda, Donald Bolser, and Karen Hegland. "Respiratory-Swallow Pattern Following Total Laryngectomy." Dysphagia 35, no. 2 (July 5, 2019): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00455-019-10031-y.
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Murni, Sri, and Rivo Hasper Dimenta. "Bioekologi Udang Swallow (Penaeus merguiensis)." BIOEDUSAINS:Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi dan Sains 4, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/bioedusains.v4i1.2282.
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This study aims to examine the bioecological aspects of P. merguiensis around the estuary of the Berombang river in terms of growth patterns, the abundance of gonad maturity and condition factors. The method used in this research is purposive sampling. Shrimp sampling was carried out using arad nets which were stocked at low tide. The results showed that the composition of the abundance of the gonadal maturity level of P. merguiensis shrimp at three sampling stations was dominated by immature gonadal shrimp (BMG) to TKG 2. The growth pattern of P. merguiensis shrimp based on the length-body weight relationship in the Berombang river was classified as positive allometric. Fulton condition factor (K) ranged from 0.14 to 4.68, with an average total body length ranging from 2.35 to 13.70 cm. In conclusion, the condition factor of P. merguiensis shrimp in the Berombang river was classified as a plump category with shrimp weight gain being faster than body length growth, with female plumpness being greater than males.
Keywords: Fulton Condition Factor, Gonad Maturity, Growth Pattern, P. merguiensis, Berombang River
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Ismail, N. A., U. N. S. Daud, S. M. Nor, and M. S. Mansor. "Population trends of passage and wintering barn swallows (Hirundo Rustica) in Peninsular Malaysia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 880, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/880/1/012055.
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Abstract In Peninsular Malaysia, passage and wintering Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) often congregate at nocturnal roosts in towns. As a Holarctic migratory species, it is at risk of population collapse. Despite extensive research, little is known about this species in its wintering grounds, especially in the tropics. This study aimed to determine how climate change influences the population growth of this species across a geographical area over a decade, from 2009 to 2019. A species distribution model was constructed using data obtained from the eBird database – a citizen science project – of records from diverse locations. We used the Kernel Density tool in ArcGIS to describe Barn Swallow density and expansion pattern across Peninsular Malaysia. We demonstrate that the Barn Swallow’s population has fallen by about 27.1% over the last decade. In 2009, the species was dispersed in two distinct areas: Perlis to Pulau Pinang; and the Pahang region bordering Selangor and Negeri Sembilan; in addition, some individuals chose to winter in south-eastern Johor. Within ten years, the flock has descended from Perlis to the northwest corner of Perak, while the vast wintering area in Pahang has decreased and stretched down to Melaka and Johor. The differences in Barn Swallow numbers and distribution patterns observed in this study could be a result of climate and land use changes which have caused this species to spread to parts of other wintering regions, altering the arrival and departure times of migration, thereby interfering with its breeding season.
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Pitts, Teresa, Alyssa Huff, Mitchell Reed, Kimberly Iceman, and Nicholas Mellen. "Evidence of intermediate reticular formation involvement in swallow pattern generation, recorded optically in the neonate rat sagittally sectioned hindbrain." Journal of Neurophysiology 125, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 993–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00623.2020.
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For the first time, medullary networks that control breathing and swallow are recorded optically. Episodic swallows are induced via electrical stimulation along the dorsal medulla, in and near the NTS, during spontaneously occurring fictive respiration. These findings establish that networks regulating both orofacial behaviors and breathing are accessible for optical recording at the surface of the sagittally sectioned rodent hindbrain preparation.
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Mittal, R. K., H. A. Shaffer, S. Parollisi, and L. Baggett. "Influence of breathing pattern on the esophagogastric junction pressure and esophageal transit." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 269, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): G577—G583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1995.269.4.g577.
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The esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is guarded by two sphincters, a smooth muscle lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and a skeletal muscle crural diaphragm. The LES relaxes in response to a swallow but the crural diaphragm does not. Since contraction of the crural diaphragm is affected by the pattern of breathing, the latter may also influence the EGJ pressure and swallow-induced EGJ relaxation. Our aims were to study the effects of alterations of the breathing pattern on the EGJ pressure, swallow-induced EGJ relaxation, and esophageal transport of liquid bolus. Manometric, electromyographic, and videofluoroscopic studies were performed in 12 healthy subjects. The subjects were trained in two types of breathing patterns, hyperventilation and partial expiration, using the visual biofeedback from their own respiratory waveform. Hyperventilation increased the frequency of inspiratory pressure oscillations at the EGJ without affecting the end-expiratory EGJ pressure. Partial expiration resulted in an increase in the end-expiratory EGJ pressure. Swallow-induced relaxation at the EGJ was markedly reduced during partial expiration. An inspiration during a swallow (control breathing and hyperventilation) caused transient interruption of flow across the EGJ. Partial expiration resulted in cessation of the flow across the EGJ, failure of esophageal peristalsis to traverse the entire length of the esophagus, increased esophageal transit time, and incomplete esophageal clearance of a liquid bolus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Valenzano, Teresa J., Brittany T. Guida, Melanie Peladeau-Pigeon, and Catriona M. Steele. "Respiratory–Swallow Coordination in Healthy Adults During Drinking of Thin to Extremely Thick Liquids: A Research Note." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 63, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 702–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00163.
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Purpose Respiratory–swallow coordination is vital for airway protection, preventing aspiration, or penetration of foreign material into the airway. With the implementation of the International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative definitions for different liquid consistencies used in dysphagia management, it is important to establish whether respiratory–swallow coordination patterns differ across these consistencies. This study aimed to evaluate respiratory behaviors during swallowing across the spectrum from thin to extremely thick liquids in healthy adults less than 60 years of age. Method Thirty healthy adults, aged 21–55 years, each consumed 54 naturally sized cup sips or spoonfuls of liquid stimuli prepared in thin, slightly thick, mildly thick, moderately thick, and extremely thick consistencies. Half of the stimuli were prepared using barium and half with a lemon-flavored water. Concurrent respiratory and swallowing pressure signals were collected to evaluate the respiratory phase pattern and pause duration associated with the swallow. Results An expiration–swallow–expiration pattern was the dominant respiratory phase pattern, observed in 92.7% of the trials, with no significant effect of consistency. Respiratory pause duration was found to be significantly shorter with barium stimuli (0.73 s) compared to nonbarium stimuli (0.78 s) ( p < .001, Cohen's d = .2), with no notable effects based on the factors of sex or liquid consistency. Conclusions In a convenience sample of healthy adults under the age of 60 years, consistent respiratory–swallow phasing and stable timing across the spectrum from thin to extremely thick liquids was observed. The data from this study can serve as preliminary reference data to which assessment information for individuals with dysphagia or respiratory challenges can be compared.
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Palacios, Maria G., Joan E. Cunnick, David W. Winkler, and Carol M. Vleck. "Immunosenescence in some but not all immune components in a free-living vertebrate, the tree swallow." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1612 (January 23, 2007): 951–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0192.
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A wide diversity of free-living organisms show increases in mortality rates and/or decreases in reproductive success with advancing age. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying these demographic patterns of senescence are poorly understood. Immunosenescence, the age-related deterioration of immune function, is well documented in humans and laboratory models, and often leads to increased morbidity and mortality due to disease. However, we know very little about immunosenescence in free-living organisms. Here, we studied immunosenescence in a free-living population of tree swallows, Tachycineta bicolor , assessing three components of the immune system and using both in vivo and in vitro immunological tests. Immune function in tree swallow females showed a complex pattern with age; acquired T-cell mediated immunity declined with age, but neither acquired nor innate humoral immunity did. In vitro lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by T-cell mitogens decreased with age, suggesting that reduced T-cell function might be one mechanism underlying the immunosenescence pattern of in vivo cell-mediated response recently described for this same population. Our results provide the most thorough description of immunosenescence patterns and mechanisms in a free-living vertebrate population to date. Future research should focus on the ecological implications of immunosenescence and the potential causes of variation in patterns among species.
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Patel, Nirali, Yanfen Jiang, Ravinder K. Mittal, Tae Ho Kim, Melissa Ledgerwood, and Valmik Bhargava. "Circular and longitudinal muscles shortening indicates sliding patterns during peristalsis and transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 309, no. 5 (September 1, 2015): G360—G367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00067.2015.
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Esophageal axial shortening is caused by longitudinal muscle (LM) contraction, but circular muscle (CM) may also contribute to axial shortening because of its spiral morphology. The goal of our study was to show patterns of contraction of CM and LM layers during peristalsis and transient lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation (TLESR). In rats, esophageal and LES morphology was assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry, and function with the use of piezo-electric crystals and manometry. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve was used to induce esophageal contractions. In 18 healthy subjects, manometry and high frequency intraluminal ultrasound imaging during swallow-induced esophageal contractions and TLESR were evaluated. CM and LM thicknesses were measured (40 swallows and 30 TLESRs) as markers of axial shortening, before and at peak contraction, as well as during TLESRs. Animal studies revealed muscular connections between the LM and CM layers of the LES but not in the esophagus. During vagal stimulated esophageal contraction there was relative movement between the LM and CM. Human studies show that LM-to-CM (LM/CM) thickness ratio at baseline was 1. At the peak of swallow-induced contraction LM/CM ratio decreased significantly (<1), whereas the reverse was the case during TLESR (>2). The pattern of contraction of CM and LM suggests sliding of the two muscles. Furthermore, the sliding patterns are in the opposite direction during peristalsis and TLESR.
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Monroe, M., S. Carter, D. Eckert, E. Wallace, L. Bilston, A. Hudson, J. Butler, S. Gandevia, G. Kerr, and P. Burke. "P080 State-dependency of nocturnal swallowing in healthy adults: Incidence, motor function and coordination with breathing." SLEEP Advances 3, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2022): A55—A56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpac029.150.
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Abstract Introduction Swallowing involves a complex motor pattern and coordination with breathing and other oro-motor behaviors. Sleep has major depressive effect on many of the motor neuronal pools that facilitate swallowing, particularly upper airway muscles. This study examines the state-depedence of the swallow motor program and coordination with breathing. Methods Adult subjects recruited from community undertook an overnight sleep laboratory study. Subjects were instrumented to monitor sleep (EEG), breathing (nasal mask, pneumotach), swallowing / airway valving events (epiglottic pressure, submental EMG) and pharyngeal muscle activity (peroral genioglosuss EMG electrodes).We report preliminary findings (N=5; 2 female; age: 23-57 yrs) from an ongoing study. Data reported mean ± SD. Results Nocturnal swallowing occurred intermittently thoughout the night, the majority triggered during an arousal from sleep (43-98% of all nocturnal swallows). Pharyngeal swallowing pressure was 147±44 cmH2O during quiet wake, 137±25 cmH2O during arousal from sleep, and 78 ± 23 cmH2O in stable sleep (p=0.02, RM-ANOVA). Swallows generated a brief, near-maximal burst of genioglossus EMG activity during quiet wake (90 ± 2 %, N=2) and during arousal from sleep (107 ± 24 %). In stable sleep, swallow EMG activity was 34 ± 1 %. Swallows during wakefulness occurred during expiration, the vast majority bracketed by expiration (Ex/Ex). Swallows in sleep, or during arousal from sleep, occurred in all phases of the respiratory cycle. Conclusions Swallows elicited during arousal from sleep generate ballistic EMG and pharyngeal pressures equivalent to wake state. In contrast, swallowing in stable sleep produces a markedly attenuated EMG and pharyngeal pressure.
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Pisegna, Jessica M., Susan E. Langmore, Tanya K. Meyer, and Barbara Pauloski. "Swallowing Patterns in the HNC Population: Timing of Penetration-Aspiration Events and Residue." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 163, no. 6 (July 7, 2020): 1232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599820933883.
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Objective This study described swallowing patterns in a large head/neck cancer (HNC) cohort. Study Design In a retrospective review of data from a randomized controlled trial, we studied timing of penetration events as they related to aspiration and oral/pharyngeal residue. Setting Retrospective review of a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Subjects and Methods In total, 168 patients who were >3 months postradiation received baseline modified barium swallow evaluations. Retrospective analyses of data from these exams were studied, including Penetration-Aspiration Scale (PAS) scores and timing of these events (before, during, or after the swallow), as well as percentage of oral and pharyngeal residue. Results Aspiration occurred more frequently after than before or during the swallow ( P < .05). There were significantly more events of penetration that led to aspiration after the swallow (n = 260) when compared to events before (n = 6) or after (n = 81) the swallow. There was more pharyngeal (16%-25%) than oral residue (5%-20%). Weak correlations were found between thin liquid, nectar-thick liquid, pudding residue, and PAS scores, with varying significance (pharyngeal residue/PAS rs: .26*, .35*, .07*; oral residue/PAS rs: .21*, .16, .3; * P < .05). Conclusion The predominant pattern for this sample of postradiation patients with HNC with dysphagia was aspiration that occurred after the swallow, rather than before or during the swallow. The aspiration was directly caused by penetration events that occurred during the swallow, resulting in aspiration as the airway reopened. Patients demonstrated more pharyngeal residue than oral residue, but a weak relationship was found between residue and penetration/aspiration events. These results guide clinicians in targeting appropriate swallowing interventions.
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Drulia, Teresa, and Alexis Hodge. "Clinical Practice Patterns of Speech-Language Pathologists Delivering Dysphagia Services to Persons with COPD: Analysis of Survey Outcomes." Seminars in Speech and Language 42, no. 05 (November 2021): 363–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1735846.
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AbstractSwallowing impairments co-occur with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) leading to aspiration, disease exacerbations, and malnutrition. This pilot survey study aimed to identify current clinical practice patterns for swallowing evaluation and treatment in persons with COPD. A 35-question Qualtrics survey was deployed to medical speech-language pathology (SLP) social media sites and professional boards; flyers were distributed at a professional conference. Forty-eight SLPs completed the study. SLPs routinely include a clinical swallow examination (96%), videofluoroscopic swallowing study (79%), adjunctive respiratory measures (respiratory rate [83%], and pulse oximetry [67%], respiratory–swallow pattern [77%]) but less frequently include fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (23%). Self-reported advanced clinical experience and expert respiratory analysis skills were associated with adjunctive respiratory measure (respiratory rate, pulse oximetry) inclusion during assessment. Compensatory strategy training (77%) is a preferred treatment for dysphagia in COPD; however, respiratory–swallow pattern training and expiratory muscle strength training are increasing in use. SLPs self-report a comprehensive, individualized patient-centered care approach with inclusion of adjunctive respiratory-focused methods in dysphagia evaluation and treatment practice in persons with COPD. Advances in the identification of the integral role of respiratory function in swallowing integrity may be translating to clinical practice methods for dysphagia management in persons with COPD.
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Pitts, Teresa, Ivan Poliacek, Melanie J. Rose, Mitchell D. Reed, Jillian A. Condrey, Hsiu-Wen Tsai, Guannan Zhou, Paul W. Davenport, and Donald C. Bolser. "Neurons in the dorsomedial medulla contribute to swallow pattern generation: Evidence of inspiratory activity during swallow." PLOS ONE 13, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): e0199903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199903.
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Logemann, Jeri A., Barbara Roa Pauloski, Alfred W. Rademaker, Laura A. Colangelo, Peter J. Kahrilas, and Christina H. Smith. "Temporal and Biomechanical Characteristics of Oropharyngeal Swallow in Younger and Older Men." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 43, no. 5 (October 2000): 1264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4305.1264.
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As the U.S. population ages, there is increasing need for data on the effects of aging in healthy elderly individuals over age 80. This investigation compared the swallowing ability of 8 healthy younger men between the ages of 21 and 29 and 8 healthy older men between the ages of 80 and 94 during two swallows each of 1 ml and 10 ml liquid. Videofluoroscopic studies of these swallows were analyzed to confirm the absence of swallowing disorders. Biomechanical analysis of each swallow was completed, from which data on temporal, range of motion, and coordination characteristics of the oropharyngeal swallow were taken. Position of the larynx at rest, length of neck, and pattern of hyoid bone movement were also compared between the two groups. None of the younger or older men exhibited any swallowing disorders. The C2 to C4 distance of older men was significantly shorter than that of younger men, and laryngeal position at rest was lower than in younger men but not significantly so. Older men had a significantly longer pharyngeal delay than younger men and significantly faster onset of posterior pharyngeal wall movement in relation to first cricopharyngeal opening. The older men exhibited significantly reduced maximum vertical and anterior hyoid movement as compared to the younger men even when accounting for the difference in C2 to C4 distance in older men. These data support the hypothesis of reduced muscular reserve in the swallows of older men as compared to younger men. Older men also exhibited less width of cricopharyngeal opening than younger men at 10 ml volume, indicating less upper esophageal sphincter flexibility in the swallows of older men. The potential for exercise to improve reserve is discussed. Significant changes in extent of hyoid elevation and duration of cricopharyngeal opening were seen as liquid bolus volume increased.
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Kim, Tae Ho, Nirali Patel, Melissa Ledgerwood-Lee, and Ravinder K. Mittal. "Esophageal contractions in type 3 achalasia esophagus: simultaneous or peristaltic?" American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 310, no. 9 (May 1, 2016): G689—G695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00459.2015.
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Absence of peristalsis and impaired relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter are the hallmarks of achalasia esophagus. Based on the pressurization patterns, achalasia has been subdivided into three subtypes. The goal of our study was to evaluate the esophageal contraction pattern and bolus clearance in type 3 achalasia esophagus. High-resolution manometry (HRM) recordings of all patients diagnosed with achalasia esophagus in our center between the years 2011 and 2013 were reviewed. Recordings of 36 patients with type 3 achalasia were analyzed for the characteristics of swallow-induced “simultaneous esophageal contraction.” The HRM impedance recordings of 14 additional patients with type 3 achalasia were analyzed for bolus clearance from the impedance recording. Finally, the HRM impedance along with intraluminal ultrasound imaging was conducted in six patients to further characterize the simultaneous esophageal contractions. Among 187 achalasia patients, 30 were type 1, 121 type 2, and 36 type 3. A total of 434 swallows evaluated in type 3 achalasia patients revealed that 95% of the swallow-induced contractions met criteria for simultaneous esophageal contraction, based on the onset of contraction. Interestingly, the peak and termination of the majority of simultaneous esophageal contractions were sequential. The HRM impedance revealed that 94% of the “simultaneous contractions” were associated with complete bolus clearance. Ultrasound image analysis revealed that baseline muscle thickness of patients in type 3 achalasia is larger than normal but the pattern of axial shortening is similar to that in normal subjects. The majority of esophageal contractions in type 3 achalasia are not true simultaneous contractions because the peak and termination of contraction are sequential and they are associated with complete bolus clearance.
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Fadillah, Nurul, Sulaiman Zhiddiq, and Ibrahim Abbas. "Kajian Tingkat Kesejahteraan Pewalet di Kecamatan Duampanua Kabupaten Pinrang." LaGeografia 18, no. 1 (November 8, 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35580/lga.v18i1.10973.
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The purpose of this study is what is the level of income concerned has a positive impact on the level of welfare of their household. the population in this study were 117 owner of swallow in District Duampanua all of swallow owners are drawn into the research sample.this study uses quantitative and qualitative of data. Data collection is done by observation, interviews, questionnaires and documentation techniques.The analysis techniques of data use quantitative and qualitative approaches. From the results of the research, the high category of swallow owners' welfare, namely health and nutrition, the level and pattern of consumption, housing and the environment while including the category of population, education, social and other employment. the results of the analysis show that the number of swallow owners who are included in the high level of welfare is 3 respondent. The results of the analysis show that the number of swallow owners who are included in the high level of welfare is 3 respondent.
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DeLozier, Katherine R., Francois D. H. Gould, Jocelyn Ohlemacher, Allan J. Thexton, and Rebecca Z. German. "Impact of recurrent laryngeal nerve lesion on oropharyngeal muscle activity and sensorimotor integration in an infant pig model." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00963.2017.
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The successful performance of a swallow requires dynamic integration between a wide range of sensory inputs and muscle activities to produce the coordinated kinematics of oropharyngeal structures. Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) produces dysphagia in infants, with food or liquid entering the airway despite this nerve having minimal direct sensory or motor connections to the act of swallowing, apart from vocal fold closure. Previous results have demonstrated that a complete RLN lesion disrupts both performance and kinematics before initiation of the pharyngeal swallow in infants. We tested the hypothesis that a RLN lesion produces changes in the normal activity of oral floor, tongue, and infrahyoid muscles during a swallow. We recorded swallowing in our validated infant pig model, with synchronous high-speed imaging and fine-wire, chronic electromyography. We found changes in the timing, duration, and amplitude of the motor pattern in an array of muscles that are supplied by several different cranial and cervical nerves. Some of these changes in muscle activity are associated with the preparatory aspects of bolus aggregation or movement and so occur before the pharyngeal swallow. Taken with previous biomechanical results, these patterns suggest an intricate brain stem sensorimotor integration that occurs as part of a swallow. In particular, the execution of oral motor function is changed as a result of this simple lesion. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve compromises swallowing despite an absent or minimal contribution to either the motor or sensory aspects of this function. This study documents EMG changes, following RLN lesion, to non-RLN innervated muscles that are active during swallowing in an infant model. Some of these muscles fire before the pharyngeal swallow and are associated with the preparatory aspects of bolus aggregation and movement, suggesting important sensorimotor integration at a brain stem level.
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Hamdan, Abdul-Latif, Georges Ziade, Elie Khalifee, Nader Al Souky, Hussein Jaffal, and Tamer El Natout. "Prevalence of MTD among Patients with Functional Dysphagia." OTO Open 2, no. 3 (July 2018): 2473974X1879246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473974x18792469.
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Objective To assess the prevalence of laryngeal muscle tension patterns among patients with functional dysphagia. Study Design Retrospective study. Setting The study took place at a university medical center. Material and Methods The medical charts and laryngeal video recordings were reviewed for all patients who presented with dysphagia and who were referred for barium swallow between 2012 and 2017. A total of 170 cases were identified. Only those with normal findings on barium swallow and the absence of vocal fold pathology (exudative lesions, masses or tumors, paresis, and paralysis), referred to as functional dysphagia, were included in this study. Information retrieved included swallowing and phonatory symptoms in addition to patterns of laryngeal muscle tension. Results The mean ± SD age of the total group was 41.90 ± 15.10 years with a male:female ratio of 4:1. Seventy-five percent had evidence of at least 1 type of laryngeal muscle tension pattern. The most common pattern was type III, characterized by supraglottic anteroposterior compression (13 of 20), followed by type II, characterized by medial compression of the false vocal folds (5 of 20); only 1 patient had muscle tension pattern type IV, characterized as sphincter-like closure of supraglottic structures. The most common laryngopharyngeal symptom was throat discomfort when swallowing (35%), followed by throat clearing and choking/coughing when eating and drinking (25%). Conclusion The high prevalence of laryngeal muscle tension pattern among patients with functional dysphagia supports the notion that laryngeal tension may be one of the underlying causes of dysphagia.
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Costa, Milton Melciades Barbosa, and Eponina Maria de Oliveira Lemme. "Coordination of respiration and swallowing: functional pattern and relevance of vocal folds closure." Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 47, no. 1 (March 2010): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-28032010000100008.
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CONTEXT: Breathing and swallowing coordination, despite the expressive number of study, remain as theme deserving further research. OBJECTIVE: To identify a coordination pattern between swallowing and the natural breathing pause that occur in association with it (swallowing apnea) and also the relevance of the vocal folds closure in this process. METHODS: Sixty-six adults, male and female, including normal health people, post-laryngectomy individuals and patients with digestive complaints without dysphagia were analyzed. The respiratory air flux interruptions produced by wet requested swallows and dry, requested and spontaneous swallows, were registered using thermo and piezoelectric receptors coupled to synectics medical manometry equipment, using Polygram upper 4.21 software. The results were analyzed with the Chi-square (3×2) and (2×2) nonparametric independency test with P = 0.05. RESULTS: Swallowing apnea is a preventive breathing stop that start just before and stay present during all deglutition pharyngeal phase. It is a well coordinated phenomena that occur as pattern in association with low elastic resistance of the lung, on the expiratory final phase until inspiration initial phase. This breathing stoppage it is usually followed by a short expiraton preceding a new breathing cycle. The swallow apnea and vocal folds closure are both independents mechanisms. CONCLUSION: It is possible to suppose that in the subconscious condition, swallowing apnea is integrated under coordination of the same control mechanism that also involves the elastic resistance of the lung.
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Stutchbury, Bridget J., and Sievert Rohwer. "Molt patterns in the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 1468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-217.
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The pattern and timing of molt was examined in 386 museum specimens of tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). The primaries were the first flight feathers to begin molt, with the secondaries and rectrices beginning soon after. Body molt began with the back, breast, and belly; the crown, chin, and rump regions were the last to molt. Flight feather molt began in mid-July and was completed by November. Birds from western populations began molt of the primaries later than birds from eastern populations. Birds in juvenal plumage had a complete molt of the primaries, secondaries, and rectrices, and in the eastern population tended to begin molting later than adults. Body molt took place primarily from mid-July through late October; however, from February to April, 34% (21/64) of birds sampled were actively molting chin feathers, and 5% (3/64) were molting crown feathers. The main period of molt (mid-July to mid-November) coincides with fall migration, and there was no evidence for interrupted molt during this time. A comparison of North American swallows suggests that species with northern winter ranges may be constrained to complete molt before winter, whereas species with more southern winter ranges have a protracted molt that is completed on the wintering grounds.
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Olsen, Aaron M., L. Patricia Hernández, Ariel L. Camp, and Elizabeth L. Brainerd. "Channel catfish use higher coordination to capture prey than to swallow." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1901 (April 17, 2019): 20190507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0507.
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When animals move they must coordinate motion among multiple parts of the musculoskeletal system. Different behaviours exhibit different patterns of coordination, however, it remains unclear what general principles determine the coordination pattern for a particular behaviour. One hypothesis is that speed determines coordination patterns as a result of differences in voluntary versus involuntary control. An alternative hypothesis is that the nature of the behavioural task determines patterns of coordination. Suction-feeding fishes have highly kinetic skulls and must coordinate the motions of over a dozen skeletal elements to draw fluid and prey into the mouth. We used a dataset of intracranial motions at five cranial joints in channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ), collected using X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology, to test whether speed or task best explained patterns of coordination. We found that motions were significantly more coordinated (by 20–29%) during prey capture than during prey transport, supporting the hypothesis that the nature of the task determines coordination patterns. We found no significant difference in coordination between low- and high-speed motions. We speculate that capture is more coordinated to create a single fluid flow into the mouth while transport is less coordinated so that the cranial elements can independently generate multiple flows to reposition prey. Our results demonstrate the benefits of both higher and lower coordination in animal behaviours and the potential of motion analysis to elucidate motor tasks.
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Torgasheva, Anna, Lyubov Malinovskaya, Kira S. Zadesenets, Anastasia Slobodchikova, Elena Shnaider, Nikolai Rubtsov, and Pavel Borodin. "Highly Conservative Pattern of Sex Chromosome Synapsis and Recombination in Neognathae Birds." Genes 12, no. 9 (August 29, 2021): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12091358.
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We analyzed the synapsis and recombination between Z and W chromosomes in the oocytes of nine neognath species: domestic chicken Gallus gallus domesticus, grey goose Anser anser, black tern Chlidonias niger, common tern Sterna hirundo, pale martin Riparia diluta, barn swallow Hirundo rustica, European pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca, great tit Parus major and white wagtail Motacilla alba using immunolocalization of SYCP3, the main protein of the lateral elements of the synaptonemal complex, and MLH1, the mismatch repair protein marking mature recombination nodules. In all species examined, homologous synapsis occurs in a short region of variable size at the ends of Z and W chromosomes, where a single recombination nodule is located. The remaining parts of the sex chromosomes undergo synaptic adjustment and synapse non-homologously. In 25% of ZW bivalents of white wagtail, synapsis and recombination also occur at the secondary pairing region, which probably resulted from autosome−sex chromosome translocation. Using FISH with a paint probe specific to the germline-restricted chromosome (GRC) of the pale martin on the oocytes of the pale martin, barn swallow and great tit, we showed that both maternally inherited songbird chromosomes (GRC and W) share common sequences.
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Soumya Ranjan, Biswal, and Panda Bibhu Prasad. "ALLIANCE BETWEEN BARN SWALLOW HIRUNDO RUSTICA LINNAEUS, 1758 AND INDIAN MUSTARD BRASSICA JUNCEA (L.) CZERNAJEW, 1859: A NEW INTUITION IN BIRD-PLANT ECOLOGICAL NETWORKS." Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum 17, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.26842/binhm.7.2022.17.1.0001.
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The habitat type and food availability always influence the population size of many organisms. Bird’s feeding pattern should be abstracted to complete avian community structure data. The agronomy main research farm of Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology is a well-managed multi-crop agro-ecosystem which provides a suitable ground for ecological research. In a multi-crop farmland, the association of Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758, with the Indian mustard Brassica juncea (L.) Czernajew, 1859 crops have been recorded for the first time while hovering only on this field. A flock of Barn swallows was recorded in 32 field visits while flying continuously over the Indian mustard field after flowering to ripening of fruit in the morning and sometimes in afternoon also. The range of the birds was recorded from 6 to 61 with a mean individual of 36.03 ± 15.37 hovering for 1.83 hr daily. This may be the behaviour for the feeding pattern of these flying insectivorous birds which was not seen in other crop-fields with same insect diversity describing it as not the only reason for this behaviour. To reveal this poorly understood behaviour of flying insectivore birds, a detailed long term behavioural study with gut content analysis is needed to explain the particular reason behind this behaviour of Barn swallows which will support the conservation of these birds and control their population decline.
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Steimer, Konrad C., Christoph Zimmermann, Jennifer Zeilfelder, Christian Pylatiuk, and Wilhelm Stork. "Portable auricular device for real-time swallow and chew detection." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2016-0031.
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AbstractMonitoring a person’s nutritional consumption is costly and complex. To solve this problem a new technique is proposed to draw conclusions of a person’s food intake. The air pressure signal, recorded in the external acoustic meatus, is used to detect swallow and chew events. A portable device has been developed to record this pressure signal. Due to the constraint of running on a low-power microcontroller, real-time algorithms, used in pattern and speech recognition, were used to develop methods to automatically detect swallow and chew events. A binary classifier was trained by means of manually annotated data sets. Direct comparisons with state of the art technology and tests with several subjects are provided for evaluation purposes.
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Harapuspa, Annisa, and Dyah Fitriani. "ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI EKSPOR SARANG BURUNG DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Fokus Manajemen Bisnis 8, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/fokus.v8i2.1587.
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Indonesia is a country rich in natural resources and with a wealth of this nature, Indonesian people are able to get care from nature. Indonesia is the largest swallow nest producer in the world, with an average production of 500-600 tons (2011 period). The purpose of this study was to find out the factors of Indonesian bird nest exports to China. SWOT is the analytical method used in this study. Strategic planning methods are used to evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in a project or business speculation. A target pattern of structure that is mutually supportive and complementary leads to a comprehensive goal. As preparation for planning, in order to be able to choose and set strategies and objectives so that programs and projects are arranged that are effective and efficient. The results of the analysis using SWOT show that the strategy can be applied by swallow nest breeders in Indonesia is a strategy that uses the power to take advantage of opportunities and instead take advantage of opportunities and make them a force. This strategy uses the company’s internal strength to take advantage of external opportunities. Swallow nest farmers can use the strategy of previous breeders who have exported swallow nest products by fixing some weaknesses and avoiding or surviving against the threat of the company by creating a more competitive strategy.
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Edmundowicz, S. A., and R. E. Clouse. "Shortening of the esophagus in response to swallowing." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 260, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): G512—G516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1991.260.3.g512.
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Esophageal shortening accompanies peristalsis in laboratory animals and is attributed to longitudinally oriented fibers in esophageal muscle layers. To evaluate this phenomenon in humans, esophageal shortening during suspended respiration in response to swallows was measured in five normal volunteers (median age, 23 yr). Metal mucosal clips were endoscopically placed at and 10 cm above the gastroesophageal junction, and their movement was recorded by videotaped fluoroscopy. All subjects demonstrated esophageal shortening with each swallow in a characteristic pattern with small interswallow variance. Early, minimal shortening of the proximal segment (6.0 +/- 2.4 mm) was followed by delayed, prominent distal segment shortening (18.9 +/- 9.3 mm) that principally accounted for overall change in total esophageal length (18.0 +/- 8.1 mm). The degree of esophageal shortening did not correlate with circular muscle contraction wave parameters that were obtained with intraluminal manometrics in a separate study (P greater than 0.2 for each correlation), and distal segment shortening uniformly preceded the onset of contraction waves in the same region. These findings indicate that patterned esophageal shortening with swallows occurs in humans, most prominently in the distal esophagus. The technique may be useful in determining the participation of axial esophageal movement in esophageal motility disorders.
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Hasegawa, Masaru, Emi Arai, and Masahiko Nakamura. "Experimental tail shortening affects feeding rate depending on original tail length in female barn swallows Hirundo rustica gutturalis." Journal of Ethology 38, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10164-019-00637-y.
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AbstractLong tail feathers of the barn swallow Hirundo rustica are a classic example of an intersexually selected trait, but previous aerodynamic analyses indicate that the tail feather is only 10–12 mm longer than the aerodynamic optimum even in the nominate subspecies with long tails. Here, by experimentally shortening female tail length, we studied the feeding cost of long tail feathers in Japanese barn swallows, Hirundo rustica gutturalis, which have ca. 10 mm shorter tails than the nominate subspecies. Female feeding rate was explained by the interaction between treatment and original female tail length: feeding rate decreased with decreasing original female tail length in control, but not in tail-shortened females. Because the interaction term was far from significant in the analysis of female incubation investment, the observed pattern would be specific to feeding rate, which is greatly affected by the aerodynamic properties associated with tail length. Differential allocation of paternal feeding investment was not observed in the current data set. Long tails would be costly at least in short-tailed females, supporting differential costs of ornamentation as predicted by sexual selection theory. Female outermost tail feathers are costly ornamentation in short-tailed Japanese barn swallows.
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Davidson, Kate (Humphries), and Ashli K. O'Rourke. "The Utility of High-Resolution Pharyngeal Manometry in Dysphagia Treatment." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 4, no. 3 (June 19, 2019): 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_pers-sig13-2018-0027.
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Purpose High-resolution pharyngeal manometry (HRPM) is an emerging technology that shows promise as both an adjuvant diagnostic and therapeutic tool in oropharyngeal dysphagia management. Advances in manometric technology, including increased number of sensors and topographical pressure plots, enhance the biofeedback potential for the pharynx. This clinical focus article serves as an overview of the utility of HRPM in dysphagia treatment. Conclusion HRPM-facilitated biofeedback aids the patient in the correct implementation of clinical recommendations and also provides the clinician an assessment of the effectiveness and accuracy of those targeted interventions. Topographic pressure plots provide intuitive feedback, allow easier swallow-to-swallow comparisons, and produce visually color-coded pressure information for the patient and clinician in real time. Paired with existing, evidence-based interventions, HRPM biofeedback may facilitate maneuver and strategy planning, exercise training and monitoring, temporal coordination, upper esophageal segment relaxation and duration, swallow mapping (topographic pattern recognition and approximation), fatigue monitoring, dose planning, adherence tracking, and efficacy assessment of selected interventions. Although competency training is needed to effectively utilize HRPM, there are growing opportunities for the speech-language pathologist to acquire and implement this technology for the benefit of patients.
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Burnett, Theresa A., Eric A. Mann, Joseph B. Stoklosa, and Christy L. Ludlow. "Self-Triggered Functional Electrical Stimulation During Swallowing." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 6 (December 2005): 4011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00025.2005.
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Hyolaryngeal elevation is essential for airway protection during swallowing and is mainly a reflexive response to oropharyngeal sensory stimulation. Targeted intramuscular electrical stimulation can elevate the resting larynx and, if applied during swallowing, may improve airway protection in dysphagic patients with inadequate hyolaryngeal motion. To be beneficial, patients must synchronize functional electrical stimulation (FES) with their reflexive swallowing and not adapt to FES by reducing the amplitude or duration of their own muscle activity. We evaluated the ability of nine healthy adults to manually synchronize FES with hyolaryngeal muscle activity during discrete swallows, and tested for motor adaptation. Hooked-wire electrodes were placed into the mylo- and thyrohyoid muscles to record electromyographic activity from one side of the neck and deliver monopolar FES for hyolaryngeal elevation to the other side. After performing baseline swallows, volunteers were instructed to trigger FES with a thumb switch in synchrony with their swallows for a series of trials. An experimenter surreptitiously disabled the thumb switch during the final attempt, creating a foil. From the outset, volunteers synchronized FES with the onset of swallow-related thyrohyoid activity (∼225 ms after mylohyoid activity onset), preserving the normal sequence of muscle activation. A comparison between average baseline and foil swallows failed to show significant adaptive changes in the amplitude, duration, or relative timing of activity for either muscle, indicating that the central pattern generator for hyolaryngeal elevation is immutable with short term stimulation that augments laryngeal elevation during the reflexive, pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
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Hadley, Aaron J., Kate R. Krival, Angela L. Ridgel, Elizabeth C. Hahn, and Dustin J. Tyler. "Neural Network Pattern Recognition of Lingual–Palatal Pressure for Automated Detection of Swallow." Dysphagia 30, no. 2 (January 25, 2015): 176–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00455-014-9593-y.
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Sasaki, Soma, Makoto Sasaki, Yasushi Tamada, Yosuke Takahashi, and Takao Ayuse. "Coordination pattern analysis between swallowing and respiration during command swallow at different timing." Journal of Japanese Society of Stomatognathic Function 28, no. 1 (2021): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7144/sgf.28.16.
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Martens, Alaina, and Emily Zimmerman. "Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: New Research Insights on Infant Sucking and Feeding Development." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 6, no. 3 (June 25, 2021): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_persp-21-00004.
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Purpose Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or BPD, is a serious lung condition that mostly affects premature newborns who need prolonged oxygen therapy. Certain factors place infants at risk for developing BPD, including lung immaturity, poor nutrition, and need for mechanical ventilation as well as mothers with pregnancy-induced hypertension and maternal infection. Given that breathing is the foundation for sucking and feeding behaviors, infants with BPD have difficulty coordinating the suck–swallow–breathe pattern needed for successful feeding. This review article examines the current research on oral feeding in this population and clinical implications for speech-language pathologists. Conclusion By reviewing oral feeding and its relation to cardiorespiratory support, suck–swallow–breathe coordination, bottle-feeding behaviors, and gastroesophageal reflux, speech-language pathologists will gain valuable insights into current research findings, possible interventions, and suggestions for clinical practice when working with infants with BPD.
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Sherman, D. J., M. G. Ross, L. Day, and M. G. Ervin. "Fetal swallowing: correlation of electromyography and esophageal fluid flow." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 258, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): R1386—R1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1990.258.6.r1386.
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Patterns of fetal drinking behavior were quantified in five singleton fetuses (128 +/- 1 days gestation) by computer analysis of laryngeal-esophageal electromyography (EMG) and thoracic esophageal fluid flow. Esophageal flow was noted to be bidirectional with an average antegrade flow-to-retrograde flow ratio of 4.4 +/- 1.5. Retrograde esophageal flow coincided with diaphragmatic contractions, suggesting that inspiratory gastroesophageal pressure gradients may be operative. The regurgitated fluid was returned to the fetal rumen by thoracic esophageal contractions. Significant net fluid intake was noted during periods of primarily unidirectional antegrade esophageal flow. Fetuses swallowed an average of 35 +/- 9 ml/h during the 12-h study, extrapolating to an average daily volume of 840 +/- 224 ml. An EMG “propagated swallow” representing coordinated contractions of the thyrohyoid, nuchal esophagus, and thoracic esophagus averaged 43 +/- 3 swallows/h and was highly correlated with net esophageal flow. Nearly 60% of the total fluid intake occurred during “bouts” of propagated swallows, which represented only 8% of the study period. Bouts averaged 11.7 +/- 0.4 propagated swallows, lasted 2.1 +/- 0.2 min, and occurred every 27.6 +/- 1.7 min. Although EMG swallowing activity was similar, there were significant differences among fetuses in net esophageal fluid flow and volume per propagated swallow. We speculate that fetal fluid intake is dependent on the availability and physical properties of the swallowed fluid, whereas swallowing activity is primarily related to cortical maturation and thirst stimulation.
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Hodashinsky, Ilya, Konstantin Sarin, Alexander Shelupanov, and Artem Slezkin. "Feature Selection Based on Swallow Swarm Optimization for Fuzzy Classification." Symmetry 11, no. 11 (November 18, 2019): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11111423.
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This paper concerns several important topics of the Symmetry journal, namely, pattern recognition, computer-aided design, diversity and similarity. We also take advantage of the symmetric structure of a membership function. Searching for the (sub) optimal subset of features is an NP-hard problem. In this paper, a binary swallow swarm optimization (BSSO) algorithm for feature selection is proposed. To solve the classification problem, we use a fuzzy rule-based classifier. To evaluate the feature selection performance of our method, BSSO is compared to induction without feature selection and some similar algorithms on well-known benchmark datasets. Experimental results show the promising behavior of the proposed method in the optimal selection of features.
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Curtis, James A., Jessica E. Huber, Avery E. Dakin, and Michelle S. Troche. "Effects of Bolus Holding on Respiratory–Swallow Coordination in Parkinson's Disease." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 31, no. 2 (March 10, 2022): 705–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_ajslp-21-00044.
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of bolus holding on respiratory–swallow coordination (RSC) in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Method: People with PD were prospectively recruited to undergo RSC assessment using simultaneous respiratory inductive plethysmography and flexible laryngoscopy. During RSC assessment, participants swallowed 5-ml thin liquid boluses during held and nonheld swallowing tasks. Measures of RSC were analyzed for each swallow, which included respiratory pause duration, lung volume at swallow initiation, respiratory phase patterning, and the presence of paradoxical respiratory movements. Multilevel statistical modeling was used to determine if differences in RSC were present between the held and nonheld tasks. Results: Thirty-three participants were enrolled. When compared to the nonheld swallows, the held swallows exhibited shorter respiratory pauses ( p = .001, R 2 = .019), lower lung volumes at swallow initiation ( p < .001, R 2 = .116), more frequent exhale–swallow–exhale patterns ( p < .001, OR = 4.30), and less frequent paradoxical respiratory movements ( p = .001, OR = 0.43). Conclusions: Findings from this study revealed that bolus holding significantly influences RSC in people with PD. This demonstrates that bolus holding may be an efficacious strategy to immediately improve RSC in PD. However, clinicians and researchers should consider avoiding bolus holding during swallowing evaluations if attempting to assess RSC behaviors that are most typical for the examinee.
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Zhang, Lifang, Jianmin Zhang, Yakun Guo, and Yong Peng. "Numerical Simulation of the Hydraulic Performances and Flow Pattern of Swallow-Tailed Flip Bucket." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (May 14, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6062780.
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In this study, the evolution process of the swallow-tailed flip bucket water nappe entering into the plunge pool is simulated by using the standard k-ε turbulence model and the volume-of-fluid method. The effects of the upstream opening width ratio and downstream bucket angle on the flow pattern, the unit discharge distribution, and the impact pressure distribution are studied. Based on the numerical results, the inner and outer jet trajectories are proposed by using the data. Results show that the longitudinal stretching length decreases with the increase of the upstream opening width ratio and increases with the increase of the downstream bucket angle. The water nappe enters the plunge pool in a long strip shape. Thus, the unit discharge distribution of water nappe entry is consistent with the pressure distribution at the plunge pool bottom. The upstream opening width ratio and downstream bucket angle should be chosen as their intermediate values in order to have a uniform discharge distribution and to reduce the pressure peak at the plunge pool floor, which is effectively to avoid instability and destruction of plunge pool floor.
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Eicher, Peggy S., Donna M. McDonald-McGinn, Catherine A. Fox, Deborah A. Driscoll, Beverly S. Emanuel, and Elaine H. Zackai. "Dysphagia in children with a 22q11.2 deletion: Unusual pattern found on modified barium swallow." Journal of Pediatrics 137, no. 2 (August 2000): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2000.105356.
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Renuka Devi, Oinam, Rani Somani, Arwah Bashir, Payel Basu, Mayanglambam Leleesh, Grace Thanglienzo, and Sarath Kumar. "TONGUE THRUSTING ORAL HABIT - A REVIEW." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 02 (February 28, 2022): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14212.
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Tongue thrusting is a condition in which the tongue is observed thrusting between, and the tooth do not close in centric during deglutition. Tongue thrust is an oral habit pattern related to persistence of the infantile swallow pattern during childhood and adolescence and thereby produces protrusion of anterior tooth segment and open bite. Such habits are considered to be normal in children upto the age of 4-5 year. However if these habits persist beyond the eruption of permanent teeth it could lead to various deleterious effect on the teeth. Thus identifying and treating tongue thrusting habit at an early age prevent the development of malocclusion in the future.
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Nascimento, Weslania, Noemí Tomsen, Saray Acedo, Cristina Campos-Alcantara, Christopher Cabib, Marta Alvarez-Larruy, and Pere Clavé. "Effect of Aging, Gender and Sensory Stimulation of TRPV1 Receptors with Capsaicin on Spontaneous Swallowing Frequency in Patients with Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: A Proof-of-Concept Study." Diagnostics 11, no. 3 (March 7, 2021): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030461.
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Spontaneous swallowing contributes to airway protection and depends on the activation of brainstem reflex circuits in the central pattern generator (CPG). We studied the effect of age and gender on spontaneous swallowing frequency (SSF) in healthy volunteers and assessed basal SSF and TRPV1 stimulation effect on SSF in patients with post-stroke oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD). The effect of age and gender on SSF was examined on 141 healthy adult volunteers (HV) divided into three groups: GI—18–39 yr, GII—40–59 yr, and GIII—>60 yr. OD was assessed by the Volume–Viscosity Swallowing Test (VVST). The effect of sensory stimulation with capsaicin 10−5 M (TRPV1 agonist) was evaluated in 17 patients with post-stroke OD, using the SSF. SSF was recorded in all participants during 10 min using surface electromyography (sEMG) of the suprahyoid muscles and an omnidirectional accelerometer placed over the cricothyroid cartilage. SSF was significantly reduced in GII (0.73 ± 0.50 swallows/min; p = 0.0385) and GIII (0.50 ± 0.31 swallows/min; p < 0.0001) compared to GI (1.03 ± 0.62 swallows/min), and there was a moderate significant correlation between age and SFF (r = −0.3810; p < 0.0001). No effect of gender on SSF was observed. Capsaicin caused a strong and significant increase in SSF after the TRPV1 stimulation when comparing to basal condition (pre-capsaicin: 0.41 ± 0.32 swallows/min vs post-capsaicin: 0.81 ± 0.51 swallow/min; p = 0.0003). OD in patients with post-stroke OD and acute stimulation with TRPV1 agonists caused a significant increase in SSF, further suggesting the potential role of pharmacological stimulation of sensory pathways as a therapeutic strategy for CPG activation in patients with OD.
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Leslie, Eric, Valmik Bhargava, and Ravinder K. Mittal. "A novel pattern of longitudinal muscle contraction with subthreshold pharyngeal stimulus: a possible mechanism of lower esophageal sphincter relaxation." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 302, no. 5 (March 1, 2012): G542—G547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00349.2011.
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A subthreshold pharyngeal stimulus induces lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation and inhibits progression of ongoing peristaltic contraction in the esophagus. Recent studies show that longitudinal muscle contraction of the esophagus may play a role in LES relaxation. Our goal was to determine whether a subthreshold pharyngeal stimulus induces contraction of the longitudinal muscle of the esophagus and to determine the nature of this contraction. Studies were conducted in 16 healthy subjects. High resolution manometry (HRM) recorded pressures, and high frequency intraluminal ultrasound (HFIUS) images recorded longitudinal muscle contraction at various locations in the esophagus. Subthreshold pharyngeal stimulation was induced by injection of minute amounts of water in the pharynx. A subthreshold pharyngeal stimulus induced strong contraction and caudal descent of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) along with relaxation of the LES. HFIUS identified longitudinal muscle contraction of the proximal (3–5 cm below the UES) but not the distal esophagus. Pharyngeal stimulus, following a dry swallow, blocked the progression of dry swallow-induced peristalsis; this was also associated with UES contraction and descent along with the contraction of longitudinal muscle of the proximal esophagus. We identify a unique pattern of longitudinal muscle contraction of the proximal esophagus in response to subthreshold pharyngeal stimulus, which we propose may be responsible for relaxation of the distal esophagus and LES through the stretch sensitive activation of myenteric inhibitory motor neurons.
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Rieth, Thorsten, Natalie Tober, Daniel Limbach, Tobias Haspel, Marcel Sperner, Niklas Schupp, Philipp Wicker, Stefan Glang, Matthias Lehmann, and Heiner Detert. "Impact of Substitution Pattern and Chain Length on the Thermotropic Properties of Alkoxy-Substituted Triphenyl-Tristriazolotriazines." Molecules 25, no. 23 (December 7, 2020): 5761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235761.
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Tristriazolotriazines (TTTs) with a threefold alkoxyphenyl substitution were prepared and studied by DSC, polarized optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray scattering. Six pentyloxy chains are sufficient to induce liquid-crystalline behavior in these star-shaped compounds. Thermotropic properties of TTTs with varying substitution patterns and a periphery of linear chains of different lengths, branching in the chain and swallow-tails, are compared. Generally, these disks display broad and stable thermotropic mesophases, with the tangential TTT being superior to the radial isomer. The structure–property relationships of the number of alkyl chains, their position, length and structure were studied.