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1
Akhtar, Naseem, Muhammad I. Syakir, Mardiana Idayu Ahmad, Mohd Talha Anees, Ahmad Farid Bin Abu Bakar, Syed Adil Mizan, Sami Farraj Alsaadi, Mohammad Muqtada Ali Khan, and Mohamad Shaiful Md Yusuff. "Upscaling of Surface Water and Groundwater Interactions in Hyporheic Zone from Local to Regional Scale." Water 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14040647.
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The groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) interaction (SW-GW) through the hyporheic zone is a significant component in sustainable water resource management. The complexities in SW-GW interactions increase from a local to a regional scale and are affected by variation in hydraulic, hydrologic, and hydrogeologic (3H) processes. Controlling factors and their upscaling of these processes to assess SW-GW interaction have not been addressed sufficiently in previous studies. Additionally, it is unclear what the effective factors are at different scales during the upscaling. Therefore, the present review focused on controlling factors of 3H processes in SW-GW interaction and their upscaling techniques. Relevancy of controlling factors was identified at different scales. Applications of different approaches and their uncertainties were also discussed for the characterization of SW-GW interactions. The study revealed that the improved data from different approaches is crucial for machine learning training and its application in the SW and GW assessment at local, sub-catchment, and catchment scales. Based on the outcomes, a framework has been proposed to execute modalities of controlling factors using remote sensing, geophysics, and artificial intelligence. The proposed framework could help in handling big data and accurate upscaling for water resource management.
2
Cai, Zizhao, Wenke Wang, Ming Zhao, Zhitong Ma, Chuan Lu, and Ying Li. "Interaction between Surface Water and Groundwater in Yinchuan Plain." Water 12, no. 9 (September 21, 2020): 2635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092635.
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The interaction of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) is becoming more and more complex under the effects of climate change and human activity. It is of great significance to fully understand the characteristics of regional SW–GW circulation to reveal the water circulation system and the effect of its evolution mechanism to improve the rational allocation of water resources, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. In this paper, Yinchuan Plain is selected as the study area, where the SW–GW interaction is intensive. Three typical profiles are selected to build two-dimensional hydrogeological structure models, using an integrated approach involving field investigation, numerical simulation, hydrogeochemistry and isotope analysis. The SW–GW transformation characteristics are analyzed with these models, showing that geological structure controls the SW–GW interaction in Yinchuan Plain. The SW–GW flow system presents a multi-level nested system including local, intermediate and regional flow systems. The runoff intensity and renewal rate of different flow systems are evidently different, motivating evolution of the hydro-chemical field; human activities (well mining, agricultural irrigation, ditch drainage, etc.) change the local water flow system with a certain impacting width and depth, resulting in a variation of the hydrological and hydro-chemical fields. This study presents the efficacy of an integrated approach combining numerical simulation, hydrogeochemistry and isotope data, as well as an analysis for the determination of GW-SW interactions in Yinchuan Plain.
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Wang, Huimin, Yufei Jiao, Bill X. Hu, Fulin Li, and Dan Li. "Study on Interaction between Surface Water and Groundwater in Typical Reach of Xiaoqing River Based on WEP-L Model." Water 15, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030492.
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Surface water and groundwater (SW-GW) are an inseparable whole, having a tightly coupled hydraulic relationship and frequent inter-transformation. As such, the quantitative calculation of water exchange between SW-GW is a difficult challenge. To address this issue, we propose the use of a physically based and distributed hydrological model, called WEP-L, in order to analyze the effects of the SW-GW interaction and its spatiotemporal variation characteristics in the Xiaoqing River basin. We demonstrate that the SW-GW interaction is significantly affected by season. The simulated annual average exchange volume of SW-GW above the control section of Huangtaiqiao Station from 1980 to 2020 is found to be 54.79 m3/s. The exchange volumes of SW-GW in the wet and dry season are 28.69 m3/s and 13.46 m3/s, respectively, accounting for 48.75% and 22.87% of the whole year. In addition, considering two types of climate change scenarios, the exchange capacity of SW-GW increases by 0.42m3/s when the rainfall increases by 5%, while the exchange capacity decreases by only 0.2 m3/s when the temperature increases by 0.2 °C. This study provides insights for the quantification of the SW-GW interaction at the regional scale, which will benefit our understanding of the water cycle and evolution of water resources in Xiaoqing River basin.
4
Zhang, Lu, Yunfeng Dai, Jin Lin, Jiangbo Han, Xiaomin Sun, Xue Li, Peng Liu, and Aimin Liao. "Evaluating Spatiotemporal Variations of Groundwater–Surface Water Interaction Using an Integrated Hydrological Model in Huashan Basin, China." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 2, 2022): 14325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114325.
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Quantifying the spatiotemporal variations of basin-scale surface water (SW)–groundwater (GW) interactions is vital for the conjunctive management of water resources in the basin. In this study, an integrated hydrological model (SWAT-MODFLOW) is used to simulate the SW–GW system in the Huashan Basin. The numerical model was calibrated and validated using the streamflow observations of the watershed outlet and the groundwater levels of the long-term monitoring wells from 2016 to 2020 in the study area. The model results show that the SWAT–MODFLOW can achieve a better fit for the streamflow discharge, compared with the results in the single SWAT model, with R2 (coefficient of correlation) and NSE (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient) of 0.85 and 0.83, respectively. The water table fitting results indicate that R2 and RMSE can reach 0.95 and 0.88, respectively. The water budgets analysis demonstrates that the average rate (0.5281 m3/s) of GW abstraction to SW is larger than the rate (0.1289 m3/s) of SW recharge to GW. Moreover, the exchange rate of SW and GW gradually reaches a peak value from June to August, and the lowest value is shown in April, for each hydrological year. Based on the IPPC6 CanESM5 dataset supplied by the Canadian Climate Centre, the regional precipitation scenario subject to climate change was predicted by the ASD (Auto Statistical Downscaling Model) a statistical downscaling method, under the climate scenarios of SSP2_4.5 and SSP5_8.5. The SW–GW interaction pattern was modeled under the future scenarios in the study area. The current (2016–2020) average annual rate of the SW–GW interaction is considered as the base value. Subject to the SSP2_4.5 scenario, the average exchange rate of the SW recharge to GW is 0.1583 m3/s, which is an increase of 22.8%. The average exchange rate of the GW discharge to SW is 0.5189 m3/s which is a reduction of 0.017%. Subject to the SSP5_8.5 scenario, the average exchange rate of SW recharge to GW is 0.1469 m3/s, which is an increase of 14.7%. The average exchange rate of the GW discharge to SW is 0.5953 m3/s, which is an increases of 12.7%. The results can assist in water resource management in the basin, by identifying potential locations of nutrient transport from the aquifer to the river, as well as changes in spatial variability under future climatic conditions.
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Soleimani, Shima, Omid Bozorg-Haddad, Arezoo Boroomandnia, and Hugo A. Loáiciga. "A review of conjunctive GW-SW management by simulation–optimization tools." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 70, no. 3 (February 8, 2021): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2021.106.
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Abstract The conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water (GW-SW) resources has grown worldwide. Optimal conjunctive water use can be planned by coupling hydrologic models for the simulation of water systems with optimization techniques for improving management strategies. The coupling of simulation and optimization methods constitutes an effective approach to determine sustainable management strategies for the conjunctive use of these water resources; yet, there are challenges that must be addressed. This paper reviews (1) hydrologic models applied for the simulation of GW-SW interaction in the water resources systems, (2) conventional optimization methods, and (3) published works on optimized conjunctive GW-SW use by coupling simulation and optimization methods. This paper evaluates the pros and cons of GW-SW simulation tools and their applications, thus providing criteria for selecting simulation–optimization methods for GW-SW management. In addition, an assessment of GW-SW simulation–optimization tools applied in various studies over the world creates valuable knowledge for selecting suitable simulation–optimization tools in similar case studies for sustainable water resource management under multiple scenarios.
6
Zhang, Jia, Aidi Huo, Zhixin Zhao, Luying Yang, Jianbing Peng, Yuxiang Cheng, and Zhoufeng Wang. "Impact of Mountain Reservoir Construction on Groundwater Level in Downstream Loess Areas in Guanzhong Basin, China." Water 14, no. 9 (May 4, 2022): 1470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091470.
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An accurate understanding of the relationship between reservoir construction and the dynamic change of groundwater level in downstream areas is of great significance for rational development and utilization of water resources. At present, the research on the interaction between surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) mainly focuses on the interaction between river and GW. There are few studies on the impact of the reservoir construction on GW level in downstream loess irrigation area. Rainfall, evaporation and climate temperature have a great impact on W level, but the impact of reservoir construction on the GW level should not be ignored in the utilization of water resources. In this paper, a GW flow model under a natural boundary was established by numerical simulation. Taking Heihe Jinpen Reservoir in Heihe River watershed as the research object, the influence of the construction of a mountain reservoir on the dynamic change of GW level in the downstream loess region is studied. By comparing the GW level under the natural state without reservoir construction and the measured GW level after the reservoir was built, the variation of the GW depth in the loess area of the lower reaches in the Heihe River watershed is obtained. The results show that simulation accuracy of the interaction between SW and GW was reasonable; after the Heihe Jinpen Reservoir construction, the mean GW level decrease was about 6.05 m in the downstream loess irrigation area in Guanzhong Basin. It provides a method for the simulation and prediction of SW–GW conversion laws. This study is also of great significance to explore the change law of the water cycle and improve the utilization rate of water resources.
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Sangeetha, K., Balaji Narasimhan, and R. Srinivasan. "A Coupled SWAT-AEM Modelling Framework for a Comprehensive Hydrologic Assessment." Water 14, no. 17 (September 4, 2022): 2753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14172753.
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This study attempts to integrate a Surface Water (SW) model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) with an existing steady-state, single layer, unconfined heterogeneous aquifer Analytic Element Method (AEM) based Ground Water (GW) model, named Bluebird AEM engine, for a comprehensive assessment of SW and GW resources and its management. The main reason for integrating SWAT with the GW model is that the SWAT model does not simulate the distribution and dynamics of GW levels and recharge rates. To overcome this issue, often the SWAT model is coupled with the numerical GW model (either using MODFLOW or FEFLOW), wherein the spatial and temporal patterns of the interactions are better captured and assessed. However, the major drawback in integrating the two models (SWAT with—MODFLOW/FEM) is its conversion from Hydrological Response Unit’s (HRU)/sub-basins to grid/elements. To couple them, a spatial translation system is necessary to move the inputs and outputs back and forth between the two models due to the difference in discretization. Hence, for effective coupling of SW and GW models, it may be desirable to have both models with a similar spatial discretization and reduce the need for rigorous numerical techniques for solving the PDEs. The objective of this paper is to test the proof of concept of integrating a distributed hydrologic model with an AEM model at the same spatial units, primarily focused on surface water and groundwater interaction with a shallow unconfined aquifer. Analytic Element Method (AEM) based GW models seem to be ideal for coupling with SWAT due to their innate character to consider the HRU, sub-basin, River, and lake boundaries as individual analytic elements directly without the need for any further discretization or modeling units. This study explores the spatio-temporal patterns of groundwater (GW) discharge rates to a river system in a moist-sub humid region with SWAT-AEM applied to the San Jacinto River basin (SJRB) in Texas. The SW-GW interactions are explored throughout the watershed from 2000–2017 using the integrated SWAT-AEM model, which is tested against stream flow and GW levels. The integrated SWAT-AEM model results show good improvement in predicting the stream flow (R2 = 0.65–0.80) and GW levels as compared to the standalone SWAT model. Further, the integrated model predicted the low flows better compared to the standalone SWAT model, thus accounting for the SW-GW interactions. Almost 80% of the stream network experiences an increase in groundwater discharge rate between 2000 and 2017 with an annual average GW discharge rate of 1853 Mm3/year. The result from the study seems promising for potential applications of SWAT-AEM coupling in regions with considerable SW-GW interactions.
8
Thomas, S. A., H. M. Valett, P. J. Mulholland, C. S. Fellows, J. R. Webster, C. N. Dahm, and C. G. Peterson. "Nitrogen Retention in Headwater Streams: The Influence of Groundwater-Surface Water Exchange." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.272.
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Groundwater-surface water (GW-SW) interaction lengthens hydraulic residence times, increases contact between solutes and biologically active surfaces, and often creates a gradient of redox conditions conducive to an array of biogeochemical processes. As such, the interaction of hydraulic patterns and biogeochemical activity is suspected to be an important determinant of elemental spiraling in streams. Hydrologic interactions may be particularly important in headwater streams, where the extent of the GW-SW mixing environment (i.e., hyporheic zone) is proportionately greater than in larger streams. From our current understanding of stream ecosystem function, we discuss nitrogen (N) spiraling, present a conceptual model of N retention in streams, and use both of these issues to generate specific research questions and testable hypotheses regarding N dynamics in streams.
9
Barthel, R. "HESS Opinions "Integration of groundwater and surface water research: an interdisciplinary problem?"." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 7 (July 16, 2014): 2615–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-2615-2014.
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Abstract. Today there is a great consensus that water resource research needs to become more holistic, integrating perspectives of a large variety of disciplines. Groundwater and surface water (hereafter: GW and SW) are typically identified as different compartments of the hydrological cycle and were traditionally often studied and managed separately. However, despite this separation, these respective fields of study are usually not considered to be different disciplines. They are often seen as different specializations of hydrology with a different focus yet similar theory, concepts, and methodology. The present article discusses how this notion may form a substantial obstacle in the further integration of GW and SW research and management. The article focuses on the regional scale (areas of approximately 103 to 106 km2), which is identified as the scale where integration is most greatly needed, but ironically where the least amount of fully integrated research seems to be undertaken. The state of research on integrating GW and SW research is briefly reviewed and the most essential differences between GW hydrology (or hydrogeology, geohydrology) and SW hydrology are presented. Groundwater recharge and baseflow are used as examples to illustrate different perspectives on similar phenomena that can cause severe misunderstandings and errors in the conceptualization of integration schemes. The fact that integration of GW and SW research on the regional scale necessarily must move beyond the hydrological aspects, by collaborating with the social sciences and increasing the interaction between science and society in general, is also discussed. The typical elements of an ideal interdisciplinary workflow are presented and their relevance with respect to the integration of GW and SW is discussed. The overall conclusions are that GW hydrology and SW hydrogeology study rather different objects of interest, using different types of observation, working on different problem settings. They have thus developed a different theory, methodology and terminology. However, there seems to be a widespread lack of awareness of these differences, which hinders the detection of the existing interdisciplinary aspects of GW and SW integration and consequently the development of a truly unifying interdisciplinary theory and methodology. Thus, despite having the ultimate goal of creating a more holistic approach, we may have to start integration by analyzing potential disciplinary differences. Improved understanding among hydrologists of what interdisciplinary means and how it works is needed. Hydrologists, despite frequently being involved in multidisciplinary projects, are not sufficiently involved in developing interdisciplinary strategies and do usually not regard the process of integration as such as a research topic of its own. There seems to be a general reluctance to apply a (truly) interdisciplinary methodology because this is tedious and few immediate incentives are experienced. The objective of the present opinion paper is to stimulate a discussion rather than to provide recipes on how to integrate GW and SW research or to explain how specific problems of GW–SW interaction should be solved on a technical level. For that purpose it presents complicated topics in a rather simplified, bold way, ignoring to some degree subtleties and potentially controversial issues.
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Koczka Bara, Márta, Yvetta Velísková, Renáta Dulovičová, and Radoslav Schügerl. "Influence of surface water level fluctuation and riverbed sediment deposits on groundwater regime." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 62, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johh-2014-0030.
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Abstract The spatial and temporal patterns of surface water (SW) - groundwater (GW) exchange are significantly affected by riverbed silting, clogging or erosion processes, by altering the thickness and hydraulic conductivity of riverbed sediments. The duration of SW-GW exchange is controlled by the drainage and infiltration resistance of river bottom sediments (e.g. Andrássy et al., 2012). Generally, these two parameters primarily depend on the hydraulic conductivity and on the thickness of clogged layer. In this study the flow processes between GW and SW were modeled by model TRIWACO for different infiltration resistance and drainage resistance of riverbed sediments. The model area is situated on the Rye Island, which is a lowland area with very low slope. In this area a channel network was built up, where the flow conditions are controlled by water-gates. Because of the low slope and the system of water gates built on the channels, the riverbeds are influenced by intensive clogging processes. First, the applicability of model TRIWACO in the study area was tested by modelling the response of GW on SW level fluctuation. It was simulated, how the regulation of water level and flow direction in the channels influence the GW level, especially in extreme hydrological conditions (drought/flood), and if the GW flow direction and GW level change as it was expected. Next, the influence of channel network silting up on GW-SW interaction was modeled. The thickness of riverbed sediments was measured and their hydraulic conductivity from disturbed sediment samples was evaluated. The assessed hydraulic conductivity was used to calculate the infiltration resistance and the drainage resistance of riverbed sediments in the study area. Then, the GW level and flow direction was simulated for different infiltration resistance and drainage resistance of sediments.
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Fronzi, Davide, Mattia Gaiolini, Elisa Mammoliti, Nicolò Colombani, Stefano Palpacelli, Mirco Marcellini, and Alberto Tazioli. "Groundwater-surface water interaction revealed by meteorological trends and groundwater fluctuations on stream water level." Acque Sotterranee - Italian Journal of Groundwater 11, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7343/as-2022-574.
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The importance of considering groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) as a single resource of two interconnected components has rapidly increased during the last decades. To investigate GW-SW interaction in an aquifer system exploited by several pumping wells, an integrated continuous monitoring of the hydrological conditions was carried out. The sub-catchment (14 km2), located in the Aspio basin near Ancona (Central Italy), is drained by a small stream named Betelico, and it is characterised by the presence of an unconfined alluvial aquifer and a semi-confined limestone aquifer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the drivers of stream drying up occurred during the last couple of years. This has been achieved by applying a trend analysis on rainfall, air temperatures, piezometric and stream level, and well pumping rates. Precipitation trends were analysed over a 30-years period through the calculation of the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and through heavy rainfall events frequency plots, while the correlation between piezometric stream levels and pumping rate was analysed during the last six years. The groundwater level was compared with the stream baseflow level, highlighting the interconnection between GW-SW over the years. The analysis on the water surplus (WS) trend, together with the rainfall events characterisation, supports the hypothesis of the decrease in recharge rate as the main driver of the stream drying up. This case study stresses the importance of studying GW-SW interactions in a continuously changing climatic context characterised by a decreasing precipitation trend, coupling both the advantages of a robust method like trend analysis on time series and the field continuous monitoring.
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Karlović, Igor, Tamara Marković, Tjaša Kanduč, and Polona Vreča. "Assessment of Seasonal Changes on the Carbon Cycle in the Critical Zone of a Surface Water (SW)–Groundwater (GW) System." Water 14, no. 21 (October 24, 2022): 3372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213372.
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Groundwater is a valuable source of water for human consumption, and its quality is a current issue worldwide. Understanding carbon and water cycling presents the basis of biogeochemical reactions occurring in the aquifer; therefore, understanding their interaction is imperative for sustainable water management. In the paper, this interaction was investigated within the complex surface water (SW)–groundwater (GW) system in the Varaždin region (Croatia) by using a multi-parameter approach: δ13CDIC values, carbon species (DIC, DOC), δ18O and δ2H values, geochemical indicators (T, pH, DO, EC), and δ13C measurements in solids. Both δ18O/δ2H and δ13CDIC were recognized as good indicators to differentiate shallow and deep GW. Transit time of water (TT) was evaluated as an important parameter in controlling carbon cycling within the SW–GW system. Shallow GW is characterized by shorter TT, seasonal changes in carbon species and δ13CDIC, and lower possibility of carbon capture in the system. Deep GW has longer TT without pronounced seasonal changes in carbon species and δ13CDIC. The conceptual model of the carbon cycle revealed major sources and sinks of CO2 in the study area. Our results suggest that GW acts as both source and sink for CO2, depending on the prevailing geochemical process. Surface waters are primarily a source of CO2, excluding the gravel pit, which acts primarily as a sink for CO2. Our study shows that the current SW–GW dynamics regulate carbon balance without having negative impacts on groundwater quality but also demonstrates that implementing carbon cycle in water management studies is of vital importance for sustainable use of groundwater.
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Barthel, R. "HESS Opinions "Integration of groundwater and surface water research: an interdisciplinary problem?"." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 2 (February 12, 2014): 2011–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-2011-2014.
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Abstract. Today there is a great consensus that water resources research needs to become more holistic, integrating perspectives of a large variety of disciplines. Groundwater and surface water (hereafter: GW and SW) are typically identified as different compartments of the hydrological cycle and were traditionally often studied and managed separately. However, despite this separation, these respective fields of study are usually not considered to be different disciplines. They are often seen as different specialisations of hydrology with different focus, yet similar theory, concepts, methodology. The present article discusses how this notion may form a substantial obstacle in the further integration of GW and SW research and management. The article focusses on the regional scale (areas of approx. 103 to 106 km2), which is identified as the scale where integration is most greatly needed, but ironically the least amount of fully integrated research seems to be undertaken. The state of research on integrating GW and SW research is briefly reviewed and the most essential differences between GW hydrology (or hydrogeology, geohydrology) and SW hydrology are presented. Groundwater recharge and baseflow are used as examples to illustrate different perspectives on similar phenomena that can cause severe misunderstandings and errors in the conceptualisation of integration schemes. It is also discussed that integration of GW and SW research on the regional scale necessarily must move beyond the hydrological aspects, by collaborating with social sciences and increasing the interaction between science and the society in general. The typical elements of an ideal interdisciplinary workflow are presented and their relevance with respect to integration of GW and SW is discussed. The overall conclusions are that GW hydrology and SW hydrogeology study rather different objects of interest, using different types of observation, working on different problem settings. They have thus developed different theory, methodology and terminology. Yet, there seems to be a widespread lack of awareness of these differences which hinders the detection of the existing interdisciplinary aspects of GW and SW integration and consequently the development of truly unifying, interdisciplinary theory and methodology. Thus, despite having the ultimate goal of creating a more holistic approach, we should start integration by analysing potential disciplinary differences. Improved understanding among hydrologists of what interdisciplinary means and how it works is needed. Hydrologists, despite frequently being involved in multidisciplinary projects, are not sufficiently involved in developing interdisciplinary strategies and do usually not regard the process of integration as such as a research topic of its own. There seems to be a general reluctance to apply (truly) interdisciplinary methodology because this is tedious and few, immediate incentives are experienced.
14
Nguyen, Bach Thao, and Thi Van Le Khoa. "Integrated SWAT-MODFLOW model to study saltwater intrusion in Da Nang coastal city." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1071, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1071/1/012037.
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Abstract This study applied an integrated surface water-groundwater (SW-GW) model, SWAT-MODFLOW to study interaction of surface and groundwater than simulate saltwater intrusion at a regional scale in Da Nang coastal city, center of Vietnam. Model components were calibrated and validated using monthly river flow data and hydraulic head data for the 2005-2020 period and showed good agreement with observed data. The results demonstrated that GW-SW exchange in the upstream areas had the most pronounced fluctuation between the wet and dry months under historical conditions. The combined potential impact is that intensive groundwater use may have more immediate effects on river flow than those of climate change, which has important implications for water resources management and supply in the future. The results showed that the total average recharge to groundwater from the rivers was varied from 12046 to 23147 m3/d relative to 50 – 74% of water resources in rain and dry season. Saltwater intrusion intrusion in 2020 is about 100 km2. In the area of Son Tra and Ngu Hanh Son districts, groundwater pumping must be reduced to zero, in some other areas, pumping rate do not exceed 250 to 1000 m3/day with distance to coastline at least 500 to 1400m depends on each area.
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Ebrahimnejad, S., and V. Rameeh. "Correlation and Factor Analysis of Grain Yield and Some Important Component Characters in Spring Bread Wheat Genotypes." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 49, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2016-0001.
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Abstract In order to evaluate several agro-morphological traits in 21 spring bread wheat genotypes, an experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out in two locations during three years (2008-2011). The traits including grain yield (GY), biological yield (BY), spike weight (SW), grain weight per spike(GWS), harvest index (HI), spike length (SL), spikelet per spike (SPS), number of grain per spike (NGS), number of spike per square meter (SPM), 1000-grain weight (GW), plant height (PH), stem straw weight (SSW), spike straw weight (SRW) were evaluated. The result of combined analysis of variance revealed that years, genotypes and their interaction effects were significant for all the traits. Location had significant difference for all the traits except SL and SPS. GY was significant correlated with BY (0.72**), SW (0.75**), GWS (0.69**), NGS (0.59**), SSW (0.62**) and SRW (0.66**). Factor analysis was used for understanding the data structure and trait relations. The factor analysis divided the thirteen traits into three factors. The cumulative variation for these factors was 0.76 and also it’s portions for factor one to three were 0.59, 0.16 and 0.06, respectively. In the first factor, the traits including GY, BY, SW, GWS, SPS, NGS and SSW had high factor loadings. The traits compromise HI, SSW and SRW had high factor loadings in second factor and also SPM, GW and PH had high values of factor loadings in third factor. The genotypes including Morvarid, N-80-19 and N-85-14 had high mean values of grain yield. The genotypes had high genetic coefficient variation for SRW, BY, SW and GY, therefore the efficiency of selection of the genotypes for improving these traits will be high.
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Song, Jian, Yun Yang, Xiaomin Sun, Jin Lin, Ming Wu, Jianfeng Wu, and Jichun Wu. "Basin-scale multi-objective simulation-optimization modeling for conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater in northwest China." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 2323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2323-2020.
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Abstract. In the arid inland basins of China, the long-term unregulated agricultural irrigation from surface water diversion and groundwater abstraction has caused the unsustainability of water resources and the degradation of ecosystems. This requires the integrated management of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) at basin scale to achieve scientific decisions which support sustainable water resource allocation in China. This study developed a novel multi-objective simulation-optimization (S-O) modeling framework. The optimization framework integrated a new epsilon multi-objective memetic algorithm (ε-MOMA) with a MODFLOW-NWT model to implement real-world decision-making for water resource management while pondering the complicated groundwater–lake–river interaction in an arid inland basin. Then the optimization technique was validated through the SW–GW management in Yanqi Basin (YB), a typical arid region with intensive agricultural irrigation in northwest China. The management model, involving the maximization of total water supply rate, groundwater storage, surface runoff inflow to the terminal lake, and the minimization of water delivery cost, was proposed to explore the trade-offs between socioeconomic and environmental factors. It is shown that the trade-off surface can be achieved in the four-dimensional objective space by optimizing spatial groundwater abstraction in the irrigation districts and surface water diversion in the river. The Pareto-optimal solutions avoid the prevalence of decision bias caused by the low-dimensional optimization formulation. Decision-makers are then able to identify their desired water management schemes with preferred objectives and achieve maximal socioeconomic and ecological benefits simultaneously. Moreover, three representative runoff scenarios in relation to climate change were specified to quantify the effect of decreasing river runoff on the water management in YB. Results show that runoff depletion would have a great negative impact on the management objectives. Therefore, the integrated SW and GW management is of critical importance for the fragile ecosystem in YB under changing climatic conditions.
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Justus, Billy. "Phosphorus Transport in the Mississippi Delta: Associations to Surface and Groundwater Interactions." Water 14, no. 18 (September 18, 2022): 2925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14182925.
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Groundwater (GW) in the Mississippi Delta has some of the highest phosphorus (P) concentrations measured in the U.S. Chemical data collected from GW and surface water (SW) sites were compared to understand factors affecting P concentrations. Spatial instability in Delta GWs indicates that P sources vary. High P measurements in shallow wells near rivers, in shallow nested wells compared to deeper nested wells, and P fluctuations in wells over time suggest that the land surface may be a greater source of P in shallow groundwater than natural geological deposits. Widespread reducing conditions in shallow GW, long-term P applications to the land surface, and shallow wells being proximal to streams are possible covarying explanatory variables. Potential SW to GW pathways of P include leaching and preferential flow paths; however, GW interactions with SW via irrigation, although unnatural, can result in P deposition on soils and later transport to SW or GW. GW tracer data indicate that irrigation return flows can exceed natural baseflow discharge to some streams in late summer. Studies are needed to confirm the degree that P is mobilized from soils and bed sediment to shallow GW and to determine how declines in GW levels resulting from irrigation affect ecological services in SW.
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Li, Mingqian, Xiujuan Liang, Changlai Xiao, and Yuqing Cao. "Quantitative Evaluation of Groundwater–Surface Water Interactions: Application of Cumulative Exchange Fluxes Method." Water 12, no. 1 (January 16, 2020): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010259.
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Interactions between groundwater and surface water (GW-SW interactions) play a crucial role in the hydrological cycle; thus, the quantification of GW-SW interactions is essential. In this study, a cumulative exchange fluxes method based on mass balance theory is proposed for a stream-aquifer system. This method determines the curve of cumulative fluxes through the water balance term, which can characterize GW-SW interactions, determine the amount of exchange fluxes, and reveal the dynamic process of interactions. This method is used in a reach of the Taizi River Basin, and the GW-SW interactions observed in 2016 are categorized into seven stages and four types (natural controlled, reservoir and irrigation controlled, irrigation controlled, and irrigation hysteresis type). The natural recharge in the study reach is approximately 3.03 × 105 m3·day−1, and the increase caused by irrigation is 7.8–13.87 × 105 m3·day−1. After the irrigation stops, the impact can be sustained for 48 d with an increase of 3.03 × 105 m3·day−1. The most influential factor of the results is the runoff coefficient. The method is applicable to the stream in the plains with upstream and downstream flow monitoring data and can be used to analyze complex GW-SW interactions under the conditions of reservoir storage and agricultural irrigation. The analysis results will provide guidance for the other study of GW-SW interactions in this reach.
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Waseem, Muhammad, Jannik Schilling, Frauke Kachholz, and Jens Tränckner. "Improved Representation of Flow and Water Quality in a North-Eastern German Lowland Catchment by Combining Low-Frequency Monitored Data with Hydrological Modelling." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 4812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12124812.
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Achievements of good chemical and ecological status of groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) bodies are currently challenged mainly due to poor identification and quantification of pollution sources. A high spatio-temporal hydrological and water quality monitoring of SW and GW bodies is the basis for a reliable assessment of water quality in a catchment. However, high spatio-temporal hydrological and water quality monitoring is expensive, laborious, and hard to accomplish. This study uses spatio-temporally low resolved monitored water quality and river discharge data in combination with integrated hydrological modelling to estimate the governing pollution pathways and identify potential transformation processes. A key task at the regarded lowland river Augraben is (i) to understand the SW and GW interactions by estimating representative GW zones (GWZ) based on simulated GW flow directions and GW quality monitoring stations, (ii) to quantify GW flows to the Augraben River and its tributaries, and (iii) to simulate SW discharges at ungauged locations. Based on simulated GW flows and SW discharges, NO3-N, NO2-N, NH4-N, and P loads are calculated from each defined SW tributary outlet (SWTO) and respective GWZ by using low-frequency monitored SW and GW quality data. The magnitudes of NO3-N transformations and plant uptake rates are accessed by estimating a NO3-N balance at the catchment outlet. Based on sensitivity analysis results, Manning’s roughness, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and boundary conditions are mainly used for calibration. The water balance results show that 60–65% of total precipitation is lost via evapotranspiration (ET). A total of 85–95% of SW discharge in Augraben River and its tributaries is fed by GW via base flow. SW NO3-N loads are mainly dependent on GW flows and GW quality. Estimated SW NO3-N loads at SWTO_Ivenack and SWTO_Lindenberg show that these tributaries are heavily polluted and contribute mainly to the total SW NO3-N loads at Augraben River catchment outlet (SWO_Gehmkow). SWTO_Hasseldorf contributes least to the total SW NO3-N loads. SW quality of Augraben River catchment lies, on average, in the category of heavily polluted river with a maximum NO3-N load of 650 kg/d in 2017. Estimated GW loads in GWZ_Ivenack have contributed approximately 96% of the total GW loads and require maximum water quality improvement efforts to reduce high NO3-N levels. By focusing on the impacts of NO3-N reduction measures and best agricultural practices, further studies can enhance the better agricultural and water quality management in the study area.
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Tigabu, Tibebe B., Paul D. Wagner, Georg Hörmann, and Nicola Fohrer. "Modeling the spatio-temporal flow dynamics of groundwater-surface water interactions of the Lake Tana Basin, Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia." Hydrology Research 51, no. 6 (November 2, 2020): 1537–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2020.046.
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Abstract The Ethiopian government has selected Lake Tana basin as a development corridor due to its water resources potential. However, combined use of groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) is still inadequate due to knowledge gaps about the flow dynamics of GW and SW. Mostly, there is no information about groundwater use. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the dynamics of GW-SW interactions on a spatio-temporal basis in three of the main catchments (Gilgelabay, Gumara and Ribb) that drain into Lake Tana. To this end, the SWAT-MODFLOW model, which is an integration of SWAT (Soil and Water assessment Tool) and MODFLOW, is used. The results reveal strong hydraulic connection between the GW and SW in all the three catchments. In the Gilgelabay catchment, the flow from the aquifer to the river reaches dominates (annual discharge from the aquifer varies from 170 to 525,000 m3/day), whereas in Gumara (annual exchange rate between −6,530 and 1,710 m3/day) and Ribb (annual exchange rate between −8,020 and 1,453 m3/day) the main flow from the river reaches to the aquifer system. The flow pattern differs in the three catchments due to variations of the aquifer parameters and morphological heterogeneity. Overall, this study improves our understanding of GW-SW flow dynamics and provides insights for future research works and sustainable water management in the Nile region.
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Chunn, David, Monireh Faramarzi, Brian Smerdon, and Daniel Alessi. "Application of an Integrated SWAT–MODFLOW Model to Evaluate Potential Impacts of Climate Change and Water Withdrawals on Groundwater–Surface Water Interactions in West-Central Alberta." Water 11, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11010110.
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It has become imperative that surface and groundwater resources be managed as a holistic system. This study applies a coupled groundwater–surface water (GW–SW) model, SWAT–MODFLOW, to study the hydrogeological conditions and the potential impacts of climate change and groundwater withdrawals on GW–SW interactions at a regional scale in western Canada. Model components were calibrated and validated using monthly river flow and hydraulic head data for the 1986–2007 period. Downscaled climate projections from five General Circulation Models (GCMs), under the RCP 8.5, for the 2010–2034 period, were incorporated into the calibrated model. The results demonstrated that GW–SW exchange in the upstream areas had the most pronounced fluctuation between the wet and dry months under historical conditions. While climate change was revealed to have a negligible impact in the GW–SW exchange pattern for the 2010–2034 period, the addition of pumping 21 wells at a rate of 4680 m3/d per well to support hypothetical high-volume water use by the energy sector significantly impacted the exchange pattern. The results showed that the total average discharge into the rivers was only slightly reduced from 1294 m3/d to 1174 m3/d; however, localized flowrate differences varied from under 5 m3/d to over 3000 m3/d in 320 of the 405 river cells. The combined potential impact is that intensive groundwater use may have more immediate effects on river flow than those of climate change, which has important implications for water resources management and for energy supply in the future.
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Dorado-Guerra, Diana Yaritza, Javier Paredes-Arquiola, Miguel Ángel Pérez-Martín, and Harold Tafur Hermann. "Integrated Surface-Groundwater Modelling of Nitrate Concentration in Mediterranean Rivers, the Júcar River Basin District, Spain." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 19, 2021): 12835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212835.
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High nutrient discharge from groundwater (GW) into surface water (SW) have multiple undesirable effects on river water quality. With the aim to estimate the impact of anthropic pressures and river–aquifer interactions on nitrate status in SW, this study integrates two hydrological simulation and water quality models. PATRICAL models SW–GW interactions and RREA models streamflow changes due to human activity. The models were applied to the Júcar River Basin District (RBD), where 33% of the aquifers have a concentration above 50 mg NO3−/L. As a result, there is a direct linear correlation between the nitrate concentration in rivers and aquifers (Júcar r2 = 0.9, and Turia r2 = 0.8), since in these Mediterranean basins, the main amount of river flows comes from groundwater discharge. The concentration of nitrates in rivers and GW tends to increase downstream of the district, where artificial surfaces and agriculture are concentrated. The total NO3− load to Júcar RBD rivers was estimated at 10,202 tN/year (239 kg/km2/year), from which 99% is generated by diffuse pollution, and 3378 tN/year (79 kg/km2/year) is discharged into the Mediterranean Sea. Changes in nitrate concentration in the RBD rivers are strongly related to the source of irrigation water, river–aquifer interactions, and flow regulation. The models used in this paper allow the identification of pollution sources, the forecasting of nitrate concentration in surface and groundwater, and the evaluation of the efficiency of measures to prevent water degradation, among other applications.
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Callow, J. Nikolaus, Matthew R. Hipsey, and Ryan I. J. Vogwill. "Surface water as a cause of land degradation from dryland salinity." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 2 (February 17, 2020): 717–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-717-2020.
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Abstract. Secondary dryland salinity is a global land degradation issue. Drylands are often less developed, less well instrumented and less well understood, requiring us to adapt and impose understanding from different hydro-geomorphological settings that are better instrumented and understood. Conceptual models of secondary dryland salinity, from wet and more hydrologically connected landscapes imposed with adjustments for rainfall and streamflow, have led to the pervasive understanding that land clearing alters water balance in favour of increased infiltration and rising groundwater that bring salts to the surface. This paper presents data from an intra-catchment surface flow gauging network run for 6 years and a surface-water–groundwater (SW–GW) interaction site to assess the adequacy of our conceptual understanding of secondary dryland salinity in environments with low gradients and runoff yield. The aim is to (re-)conceptualise pathways of water and salt redistribution in dryland landscapes and to investigate the role that surface water flows and connectivity plays in land degradation from salinity in low-gradient drylands. Based on the long-term end-of-catchment gauge, average annual runoff yield is only 0.14 % of rainfall. The internal gauging network that operated from 2007–2012 found pulses of internal water (also mobilising salt) in years when no flow was recorded at the catchment outlet. Data from a surface-water–groundwater interaction site show top-down recharge of surface water early in the water year that transitions to a bottom-up system of discharge later in the water year. This connection provides a mechanism for the vertical diffusion of salts to the surface waters, followed by evapo-concentration and downstream export when depression storage thresholds are exceeded. Intervention in this landscape by constructing a broad-based channel to address these processes resulted in a 25 % increase in flow volume and a 20 % reduction in salinity by allowing the lower catchment to more effectively support bypassing of the storages in the lower landscape that would otherwise retain water and allow salt to accumulate. Results from this study suggest catchment internal redistribution of relatively fresh runoff onto the valley floor is a major contributor to the development of secondary dryland salinity. Seasonally inundated areas are subject to significant transmission losses and drive processes of vertical salt mobility. These surface flow and connectivity processes are not only acting in isolation to cause secondary salinity but are also interacting with groundwater systems responding to land clearing and processes recognised in the more conventional understanding of hillslope recharge and groundwater discharge. The study landscape appears to have three functional hydrological components: upland, hillslope “flow” landscapes that generate fresh runoff; valley floor “fill” landscapes with high transmission losses and poor flow connectivity controlled by the micro-topography that promotes a surface–groundwater connection and salt movement; and the downstream “flood” landscapes, where flows are recorded only when internal storages (fill landscapes) are exceeded. This work highlights the role of surface water processes as a contributor to land degradation by dryland salinity in low-gradient landscapes.
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Roshan, H., M. Young, M. S. Andersen, and R. I. Acworth. "Limitations of fibre optic distributed temperature sensing for quantifying surface water groundwater interactions." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 7 (July 18, 2014): 8167–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-8167-2014.
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Abstract. Studies of surface water–groundwater interactions using fiber optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS) has increased in recent years. However, only a few studies to date have explored the limitations of FO-DTS in detecting groundwater discharge to streams. A FO_DTS system was therefore tested in a flume under controlled laboratory conditions for its ability to accurately measure the discharge of hot or cold groundwater into a simulated surface water flow. In the experiment the surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) velocities, expressed as ratios (vgw/vsw), were varied from 0.21% to 61.7%; temperature difference between SW-GW were varied from 2 to 10 °C; the direction of temperature gradient were varied with both cold and-hot water injection; and two different bed materials were used to investigate their effects on FO_DTS's detection limit of groundwater discharge. The ability of the FO_DTS system to detect the discharge of groundwater of a different temperature in the laboratory environment was found to be mainly dependent upon the surface and groundwater flow velocities and their temperature difference. A correlation was proposed to estimate the groundwater discharge from temperature. The correlation is valid when the ratio of the apparent temperature response to the source temperature difference is above 0.02.
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Chinnasamy, Pennan, and Jason A. Hubbart. "Potential of MODFLOW to Model Hydrological Interactions in a Semikarst Floodplain of the Ozark Border Forest in the Central United States." Earth Interactions 18, no. 20 (November 1, 2014): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-14-0015.1.
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Abstract Riparian shallow groundwater and nutrient movement is important for aquatic and forest ecosystem health. Understanding stream water (SW)–shallow groundwater (GW) interactions is necessary for proper management of floodplain biodiversity, but it is particularly confounding in underrepresented semikarst hydrogeological systems. The Modular Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW) was used to simulate shallow groundwater flow and nutrient transport processes in a second-growth Ozark border forest for the 2011 water year. MODFLOW provided approximations of hydrologic head that were statistically comparable to observed data (Nash–Sutcliffe = 0.47, r2 = 0.77, root-mean-square error = 0.61 cm, and mean difference = 0.46 cm). Average annual flow estimates indicated that 82% of the reach length was a losing stream, while the remaining 18% was gaining. The reach lost more water to the GW during summer (2405 m3 day−1) relative to fall (2184 m3 day−1), spring (2102 m3 day−1), and winter (1549 m3 day−1) seasons. Model results showed that the shallow aquifer had the highest nitrate loading during the winter season (707 kg day−1). A Particle-Tracking Model for MODFLOW (MODPATH) revealed significant spatial variations between piezometer sites (p = 0.089) in subsurface flow path and travel time, ranging from 213 m and 3.6 yr to 197 m and 11.6 yr. The current study approach is novel with regard to the use of transient flow conditions (as opposed to steady state conditions) in underrepresented semikarst geological systems of the U.S. Midwest. This study emphasizes the significance of semikarst geology in regulating SW–GW hydrologic and nutrient interactions and provides baseline information and modeling predictions that will facilitate future studies and management plans.
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Joo, Jaewon, Yong Tian, Chunmiao Zheng, Yi Zheng, Zan Sun, Aijing Zhang, and Hyungjoon Chang. "An Integrated Modeling Approach to Study the Surface Water-Groundwater Interactions and Influence of Temporal Damping Effects on the Hydrological Cycle in the Miho Catchment in South Korea." Water 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2018): 1529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111529.
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Integrated surface water–groundwater (SW–GW) models could be used to assess the impacts of climate change or variability on the hydrological cycle. However, the damping effects of the hydrological system have rarely been explored via integrated SW–GW modeling. This paper presents an integrated modeling study in a typical humid area, the Miho catchment in Korea, using an integrated model called Groundwater and Surface-water FLOW (GSFLOW). The major findings of this study are as follows: (1) The simulated results from 2005 to 2014 indicate that the temporal variability in the streamflow, stream-groundwater interactions and groundwater recharge are dominated by the precipitation, while the temporal variability in the evapotranspiration (ET) is controlled by the energy conditions; (2) Damping effects can affect the hydrological cycle across different temporal and spatial scales. At the catchment scale, the soil zone and aquifer play a dominant role in damping the precipitation on monthly and annual time scales, respectively; (3) Variability in the capacity to buffer earlier precipitation is found at small spatial scales, such as streams, and larger spatial scales, such as the whole catchment. This variability could affect the water balance at larger spatial scales and affect the hydrography recession at smaller spatial scales.
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Ochoa, Carlos G., William Todd Jarvis, and Jesse Hall. "A Hydrogeologic Framework for Understanding Surface Water and Groundwater Interactions in a Watershed System in the Willamette Basin in Western Oregon, USA." Geosciences 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12030109.
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A broad understanding of local geology and hydrologic processes is important for effective water resources management. The objectives of this project were to characterize the hydrogeologic framework of the Oak Creek Watershed (OCW) geographical area and examine the connections between surface water and groundwater at selected locations along the main stem of Oak Creek. The OCW area comprises the Siletz River Volcanic (SRV) Formation in the upper portion of the watershed and sedimentary rock formations in the valley. Past hydrologic and geologic studies and our field measurement data were synthesized to create a hydrogeologic framework of the watershed, including a geologic interpretation and a conceptual model of shallow, deep, and lateral groundwater flow throughout the OCW. The highly permeable geology of the SRV formation juxtaposed against the Willamette Basin’s sedimentary geology creates areas of opposing groundwater flow characteristics (e.g., hydraulic conductivity) in the watershed. The Corvallis Fault is the primary interface between these two zones and generally acts as a hydraulic barrier, deflecting groundwater flow just upstream of the fault interface. The extreme angle of the Corvallis Fault and adjacent less permeable sedimentary geology might facilitate subsurface bulk water storage in selected locations. The stream-aquifer relationships investigated showed gaining conditions are prominent in the upper watershed’s northern volcanic region and transition into neutral and losing conditions in the downstream southern sedimentary region in the valley. Agriculture irrigation seepage in the valley appeared to contribute to streamflow gaining conditions. Results from this case study contribute critical information toward enhancing understanding of local hydrogeologic features and potential for improved SW-GW resources management in areas near coastal ranges such as those found in the Pacific Northwest, USA.
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Yang, Xiaofan, Jinhua Hu, Rui Ma, and Ziyong Sun. "Integrated Hydrologic Modelling of Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions in Cold Regions." Frontiers in Earth Science 9 (December 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.721009.
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Groundwater-surface water (GW-SW) interaction, as a key component in the cold region hydrologic cycle, is extremely sensitive to seasonal and climate change. Specifically, the dynamic change of snow cover and frozen soil bring additional challenges in observing and simulating hydrologic processes under GW-SW interactions in cold regions. Integrated hydrologic models are promising tools to simulate such complex processes and study the system behaviours as well as its responses to perturbations. The cold region integrated hydrologic models should be physically representative and fully considering the thermal-hydrologic processes under snow cover variations, freeze-thaw cycles in frozen soils and GW-SW interactions. Benchmarking and integration with scarce field observations are also critical in developing cold region integrated hydrologic models. This review summarizes the current status of hydrologic models suitable for cold environment, including distributed hydrologic models, cryo-hydrogeologic models, and fully-coupled cold region GW-SW models, with a specific focus on their concepts, numerical methods, benchmarking, and applications across scales. The current research can provide implications for cold region hydrologic model development and advance our understanding of altered environments in cold regions disturbed by climate change, such as permafrost degradation, early snow melt and water shortage.
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Wang, Han, Tianbei Wang, Gang Xue, Jiang Zhao, Weiwu Ma, Yajie Qian, Min Wu, et al. "Key technologies and equipment for contaminated surface/groundwater environment in the rural river network area of China: integrated remediation." Environmental Sciences Europe 33, no. 1 (January 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-00451-1.
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AbstractTo realize the integrated remediation of SW/GW and soil in the rural river network area, the integrated remediation in rural river network area project (IR-RRNA), funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, has been launched. In eastern China, the rural river network area (RRNA) is an anthropic active area characterized by its rapid economic development and high gross national product. However, the water environmental pollution in these areas is increasingly severe, which has greatly hindered their sustainable development. Especially, the frequent interactions between surface/groundwater (SW–GW) have intensified the pollution migration and transformation in RRNA. The IR-RRNA (2019–2022) will apply the related interdisciplinary and methodological knowledge to elucidate the transportation and transformation of pollutants in water and soil during SW–GW interaction and develop remediation technologies of surface water, groundwater, and soil suitable for the RRNA. In this way, to realize the remediation technologies integration for surface/groundwater and soil in RRNA and implementing application demonstration. Meanwhile, a technical guideline will be compiled for the integrated remediation suitable for the RRNA. This project is conducive to addressing the urgent environmental problems as well as promoting rural economic revitalization and ecological environment optimization.
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Wang, Han, Tianbei Wang, Gang Xue, Jiang Zhao, Weiwu Ma, Yajie Qian, Min Wu, et al. "Key technologies and equipment for contaminated surface/groundwater environment in the rural river network area of China: integrated remediation." Environmental Sciences Europe 33, no. 1 (January 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-00451-1.
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AbstractTo realize the integrated remediation of SW/GW and soil in the rural river network area, the integrated remediation in rural river network area project (IR-RRNA), funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, has been launched. In eastern China, the rural river network area (RRNA) is an anthropic active area characterized by its rapid economic development and high gross national product. However, the water environmental pollution in these areas is increasingly severe, which has greatly hindered their sustainable development. Especially, the frequent interactions between surface/groundwater (SW–GW) have intensified the pollution migration and transformation in RRNA. The IR-RRNA (2019–2022) will apply the related interdisciplinary and methodological knowledge to elucidate the transportation and transformation of pollutants in water and soil during SW–GW interaction and develop remediation technologies of surface water, groundwater, and soil suitable for the RRNA. In this way, to realize the remediation technologies integration for surface/groundwater and soil in RRNA and implementing application demonstration. Meanwhile, a technical guideline will be compiled for the integrated remediation suitable for the RRNA. This project is conducive to addressing the urgent environmental problems as well as promoting rural economic revitalization and ecological environment optimization.
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Zhang, Wenbing, Jie Ren, Zhenzhong Shen, and Baotai Ma. "A water and heat coupling model for GW‐SW interaction considering non‐uniform heat transfer effects of soil." Groundwater, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13272.
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Rao, P. N., A. G. S. Reddy, G. Ravi Kumar, T. Raja Babu, K. Maruti Prasad, and B. J. Madhusudhan. "Assessment of Water Contamination at Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Site, Jawaharnagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, May 3, 2022, 194–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2022/v12i1030786.
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The impact of uncontrolled municipal solid waste disposal of 3800 tons per day on surface and groundwater downstream of the Jawaharnagar dumping site was studied. The un-engineered solid waste dumping yard site spreading over about 300 hectares (ha) is located on topographic high (hillock) and falls in Madyala stream and Dammaiguda watersheds of Musi sub-basin. Granites of the Archaean age underlie the area. Both surface and groundwater samples, collected covering hydrological cycles of 2011and 2012, were analyzed for major chemical constituents. Fifteen samples belonging to both seasons of 2012 were tested for BOD, COD, and TOC. The mean values of some tested chemical constituents of surface water samples (15) were - EC 13066 m S/cm, TH 753, Na+ 813, K+ 530, HCO3- 978, Cl- 1304, and NO3- 262 (all in mg/l), which prove that tanks and stream near the dump yard were pools of leachate. The average values of contaminated groundwater samples among the four sampled sessions (17) indicate EC was above 5000 m S/cm, TH 1624, Cl- 1502, and SO42- 284(all in mg/l), which were found much above the threshold values. Very high TOC (mean SW 241; GW 154 mg/l), BOD (5410; 117), and COD (6427; 176) content in both surface (SW) and groundwater (GW) samples indicate the presence of organic pollutants sourced from domestic waste dumps. Wide temporal and spatial variability in the concentration of many ion species could be due to rainfall deviation, point source changes, and heterogeneous fracture patterns. Low resistivity values (5 to 25 ohm.m) at a distance of 4 km from the dumping site and high infiltration rate (29 cm/hr) at the Madyala stream indicate hydrological features controlled the mass flux. The chloride-sulphate alkaline-earth water facies, K+:Mg2+ and BOD/COD ratios demonstrate apart from anthropogenic input water-rock interaction and evapotranspiration governed the evolution of water chemistry. The study supports the hypothesis that solid waste dumps, which attained the methanogenic phase, were a point source of pollution that generates leachate and dissipates contaminants to the aquatic environment through preferred pathways influenced by factors like soils, topography, aquifer hydraulics, and contaminant kinetics.