Journal articles on the topic 'SVO'
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1
Lauridsen, Freja Bang. "From SOV to SVO." Leviathan: Interdisciplinary Journal in English, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 22–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/lev.v0i6.118859.
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The change in constituent order in English is one of the most thoroughly investigated changes in the history of the English language. Even so, there is still disagreement among scholars as to what caused the change. The aim of this article is to argue that it was the influence of the Scandinavians and their language, Old Norse, that caused English to abandon the SOV constituent order and instead adopt SVO constituent order. Because of the intense language contact between the two cultures, several linguistic features of Old Norse found their way into the English language. Numerous morphological features were borrowed from Old Norse, but especially the adoption of syntactic features such as stylistic fronting and CP-V2 suggests that Old Norse influence was strong enough to affect the basic syntax of English and thus strong enough to have initiated the change in English constituent order.
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VanPatten, Bill, and Megan Smith. "Word-order typology and the acquisition of case marking: A self-paced reading study in Latin as a second language." Second Language Research 35, no. 3 (July 11, 2018): 397–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658318785652.
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This article reports the findings of a study in which we investigated the possible effects of word order on the acquisition of case marking. In linguistic typology (e.g. Greenberg, 1963) a very strong correlation has been shown between dominant SOV (subject object verb) word order and case marking. No such correlation exists for SVO (subject verb object) languages. It is possible then that the mind is more likely to expect case marking when confronted with a language with SOV word order but not necessarily so if the language has SVO word order. We tested this hypothesis with 54 naive learners of Latin with English as a first language (L1). The participants were divided into two groups. One received a 100-word input treatment in Latin that contained only simple SOV sentences, and the other received the same input treatment except that the word order of the treatment sentences was SVO. After the treatment, a surprise self-paced reading test that contained grammatical and ungrammatical case-marked sentences was administered. Participants read test items that matched the word order of the treatment they received (i.e. SOV learners read SOV sentences, and SVO learners read SOV sentences). Results showed a significant slowing down on ungrammatical sentences for the SOV group but not for the SVO group. However, on a test of basic sentence comprehension in which case marking was the cue to determine who did what to whom, we found no distinction between the groups. We discuss these findings in light of how typological universals work in languages and what they could mean for language acquisition.
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AKHTAR, NAMEERA. "Acquiring basic word order: evidence for data-driven learning of syntactic structure." Journal of Child Language 26, no. 2 (June 1999): 339–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500099900375x.
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Recent studies indicate that young English-speaking children do not have a general understanding of the significance of SVO order in reversible sentences; that is, they seem to rely on verb-specific formulas (e.g. NPpusher – form of the verb PUSH – NPpushee) to interpret such sentences (Akhtar & Tomasello, 1997). This finding raises the possibility that young children may be open to learning non-SVO structures with novel transitive verbs. To test this hypothesis, 12 children in each of three age groups (two-year-olds, three-year-olds, and four-year-olds) were taught novel verbs, one in each of three sentence positions: medial (SVO), final (SOV), and initial (VSO). The younger age groups were equally likely to use the novel (non-English) orders spontaneously as to correct them to SVO order, whereas the oldest children consistently corrected these structures to SVO order. These results suggest that English-speaking children's acquisition of a truly general understanding of SVO order may be a gradual process involving generalization (learning) from examples. The findings are discussed in terms of recent data-driven learning accounts of grammar acquisition.
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Moncrief, Karli, Shereen Hamza, and Susan Kaufman. "Splenic reflex modulation of central cardiovascular regulatory pathways." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, no. 1 (July 2007): R234—R242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00562.2006.
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The splenorenal reflex induces changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal function. We hypothesized that, in addition to spinal pathways previously identified, these effects are also mediated through central pathways. We investigated the effect of elevated splenic venous pressure on central neural activation in intact, renal-denervated, and renal + splenic-denervated rats. Fos-labeled neurons were quantified in the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SON), and subfornical organ (SFO) after 1-h partial splenic vein occlusion (SVO) in conscious rats bearing balloon occluders around the splenic vein, telemetric pressure transducers in the gastric vein (splenic venous pressure), and abdominal aorta catheters (MAP). SVO stimulated Fos expression in the PVN and SON, but not NTS or SFO of intact rats. Renal denervation abolished this response in the parvocellular PVN, while renal + splenic denervation abolished activation in the magnocellular PVN and the SON. In renal-denervated animals, SVO depressed Fos expression in the NTS and increased expression in the SFO, responses that were abolished by renal + splenic denervation. In intact rats, SVO also induced a fall in right atrial pressure, an increase in renal afferent nerve activity, and an increase in MAP. We conclude that elevated splenic venous pressure does induce hypothalamic activation and that this is mediated through both splenic and renal afferent nerves. However, in the absence of renal afferent input, SVO depressed NTS activation, probably as a result of the accompanying fall in cardiac preload and reduced afferent signaling from the cardiopulmonary receptors.
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Däbritz, Chris Lasse. "Focus position in SOV ~ SVO-varying languages – evidence from Enets, Nganasan, and Dolgan." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 11, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2020.11.2.04.
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It is well known that the basic word order pattern of a language is closely intertwined with the syntactic realization of argument focus constituents. SVO languages exhibit a focus position at the sentence’s right periphery, SOV languages exhibit an immediately preverbal focus position. The study at hand examines both the basic word order patterns and the syntactic realization of focus in Enets, Nganasan and Dolgan. The major outcome is that Nganasan and Dolgan are much more flexible with respect to their basic word order pattern and, in consequence, exhibit both an immediately preverbal focus position and a right-peripheral focus position, whilst Enets realizes argument focus constituents almost exclusively immediately preverbally.
Kokkuvõte. Chris Lasse Däbritz: Fookuse asend SOV ~ SVO variatsiooniga keeltes – tõendus eenetsi, nganassaani ja dolgaani keeltest. On üldiselt teada, et ühe keele põhiline sõnajärjestus on tihedas seoses (kitsalt) fookustatud konstituentide süntaksiga. SVO keeltes on (kitsas) fookus reali seeritud lause paremas perifeerias, SOV keeltes on (kitsas) fookus realiseeritud vahetult verbi ees. Selles artiklis uuritakse nii põhilist sõnajärjestust kui ka fookuse süntaksit eenetsi, nganassaani ja dolgaani keeltes. Uurimuse kõige olulisem tulemus on see, et nganassaani ja dolgaani keeltes on põhiline sõnajärjestus tunduvalt paindlikum kui eenetsi keeles. Sellepärast realiseeritakse nganassaani ja dolgaani keeltes (kitsalt) fookustatud konstituendid nii vahetult verbi ees kui ka lause paremas perifeerias, samas kui eenetsi keeles realiseeritakse nad ainult vahetult verbi ees.
Аннотация. Крис Лассе Дэбриц: Позиция фокуса в языках с вариативным порядком слов SOV ~ SVO – данные энецкого, нганасанского и долганского языков. Как известно, базовый порядок слов в языке определяет синтаксическую позицию фокусных аргументов. В языках SVO фокусные составляющие ставятся в конце предложения, в языках SOV – непосредственно перед глаголом. В данной статье рассматриваются базовый порядок слов и позиция фокуса в энецком, нганасанском и долганском языках и показывается, что в нганасанском и долганском языках порядок слов намного более свободен и, соответственно, фокусные аргументы могут располагаться как перед глаголом, так и в конце предложения; а в энецком языке позиция фокуса – почти всегда непосредственно перед глаголом.
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Pavlovic, Slobodan. "Porjadok podlezascego, skazuemogo i dopolnenija v drevneserbskom jazyke XII-XIII vekov." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 68 (2012): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi1268007p.
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V nastojascej rabote rassmatrivaetsja porjadok podlezascego, skazuemogo i dopolnenija v svete tipologiceskih i diahroniceskih issledovanij porjadka slov na materiale drevneserbskoj delovoj pis'mennosti XII-XIII vekov. V drevneserbskom jazyke net formal'nyh zapretov na razvertyvanie clenov predlozenija, no mozno govorit' o bazovom porjadkeslov, kak naibolee casto vstrecajuscejsja linejnoj posledovatel'nosti. Drevneserbskij jazyk otnositsja k tipu SVO (podlezascee - skazuemoe - prjamoe dopolnenie). ?ta formula polucaetsja soedineniem porjadkov grupp SV (podlezascee predsestvuet skazuemomu - SV 65% : VS 35%) i VO (skazuemoe predsestvuet dopolneniju - VO 67,4% : OV 32,6). SVO porjadok vstrecaetsja bolee casto, cem ostal'nye pjat' posledovatel'nostej, vmeste vzjatye: SVO 51,1%, VSO 14,6%, OVS 13,5%, SOV 8,3%, VOS 7,3%, OSV 5,2%. V predlozenii s dvumja dopolnenijami prjamoe dopolnenie (O) v vinitel'nom padeze obycno predsestvuet kosvennomu dopolneniju (OI) v datel'nom padeze (OOI 64,6% : OIO 35,4%).
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Gong, Tao, James W. Minett, and William S.-Y. Wang. "A simulation study on word order bias." Interaction Studies 10, no. 1 (March 24, 2009): 51–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.10.1.04gon.
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The majority of the extant languages have one of three dominant basic word orders: SVO, SOV or VSO. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain this word order bias, including the existence of a universal grammar, the learnability imposed by cognitive constraints, the descent of modern languages from an ancestral protolanguage, and the constraints from functional principles. We run simulations using a multi-agent computational model to study this bias. Following a local order approach, the model simulates individual language processing mechanisms in production and comprehension. The simulation results demonstrate that the semantic structures that a language encodes can constrain the global syntax, and that local syntax can help trigger bias towards the global order SOV/SVO (or VOS/OVS).
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Cotovicz, Marcio, Eliziane Manosso Steiechen, and Samuel Antoszczyszen. "Libras: algumas reflexões sobre a sintaxe." Revista Odisseia 3, no. 1 (December 18, 2017): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21680/1983-2435.2018v3n1id12613.
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Este artigo tem por objetivo discutir o aspecto estrutural das sentenças na Libras, língua oficial da comunidade surdo brasileira, que atualmente tem sido aprendida por surdos e ouvintes. A pesquisa apoia-se nos trabalhos de Brito (1995), Quadros (1999), Quadros e Karnopp (2004), dentre outros, que postulam que essa língua de modalidade visual-espacial organiza espacialmente os constituintes da sentença, tendo como ordem básica a estrutura SVO e a partir desta outras ordenações sintáticas são construídas. O trabalho conceitua o que se entende por sintaxe e explora o componente verbal da Libras, por este ter um papel preponderante na organização das sentenças, que podem ser SVO, OSV, SOV e VOS.
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Giorgi, Alessandra. "The Comparative Method in Synchronic Linguistics: The Case of Word Order." Armenian Folia Anglistika 16, no. 1 (21) (April 15, 2020): 9–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2020.16.1.009.
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In this article I discuss the comparative method in formal linguistics when applied to word order phenomena in Italian, English and German. I argue that the comparison has to rest on sound theoretical basis in order to reach interesting conclusions. These languages might prima facie all look Subject- Verb-Object – SVO – languages, with some puzzling issues arising in German. At a closer look however, I will show that English and Italian pattern together as their basic word order – i.e., SVO – goes, as opposed to German, an SOV language. Conversely, English and German pattern together with respect to a property typical, even if not exclusively so, of Germanic languages, i.e. Verb Second.
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HSU, DONG-BO. "Mandarin-speaking three-year-olds' demonstration of productive knowledge of syntax: evidence from syntactic productivity and structural priming with the SVO-ba alternation." Journal of Child Language 41, no. 5 (October 28, 2013): 1115–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000913000408.
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ABSTRACTTwo studies investigated syntactic productivity in three-year-old Mandarin speakers' use of verbs in the SVO and SbaOV constructions. In Study 1, children were taught novel verbs in one construction and assessed for their production in the other construction. Children produced verbs taught in the ba constructions in SVO utterances, but showed order effects when producing verbs taught in SVO constructions in ba utterances. In Study 2, children described animated scenes either with structural priming (i.e., after hearing verbs in SVO or ba constructions). Children demonstrated structural priming, producing more SVO and ba utterances, respectively, directly after hearing verbs in these constructions. These results indicate that Mandarin speaking three-year-olds demonstrate productive knowledge of both SVO and SbaOV constructions. Their ability to override the predominant input frequency of SVO runs counter to a purely usage-based account of early acquisition of grammar.
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Clements, J. Clancy. "Deletion as an indicator of SVO → SOV shift." Language Variation and Change 2, no. 2 (July 1990): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000302.
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ABSTRACTThe Indo-Portuguese (IP) creoles display a well-known and uniform manner of marking the simple past and present continuous with the preposed particles ja (<Ptg. já ‘already’) and tE (<Ptg. esta ‘is’), respectively. Moreover, n3 (<Ptg. no ‘in the’) and d3 (<Ptg. de ‘of, from’ or do ‘of, from the’) are typically used as prepositions to express goal or location. Those creoles with Neoaryan adstrat languages, of which Korlai Creole Portuguese (KP) is one, theoretically possess the option of deleting these markers or prepositions if they are contextually or otherwise redundant. Using data from several sources spanning approximately 100 years, it is shown that ja, tE, n3, and d3 in KP have undergone or are undergoing gradual deletion. It is argued that this development is part of a much larger SVO → SOV shift. The status of the typological shift indicators of verb-object/complement, adposition, and adjective-noun order are shown to corroborate the findings regarding deletion.
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Pan, Ting-Chung, Hung-Chang Chen, Guan-Ting Pan, and Chao-Ming Huang. "Photocatalytic Oxidation of Gaseous Isopropanol Using Visible-Light Active Silver Vanadates/SBA-15 Composite." International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/314361.
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An environmentally friendly visible-light-driven photocatalyst, silver vanadates/SBA-15, was prepared through an incipient wetness impregnation procedure with silver vanadates (SVO) synthesized under a hydrothermal condition without a high-temperature calcination. The addition of mesoporous SBA-15 improves the formation of nanocrystalline silver vanadates. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) confirms the presence of Brønsted and Lewis acids on the SVO/SBA-15 composites. The results of photoluminescence spectra indicated that the electron-hole recombination rate have been effectively inhibited when SVO was loaded with mesoporous SBA-15. All the composites loaded with various amount of SVO inherit the higher adsorption capacity and larger mineralization yield than those of P-25 (commercial TiO2) and pure SVO. The sample loaded with 51% of SVO (51SVO/SBA-15) with mixed phases of Ag4V2O7and α-Ag3VO4exhibits the best photocatalytic activity. A favorable crystalline phase combined with high intensities of Brønsted and Lewis acids is considered the main cause of the enhanced adsorption capacity and outstanding photoactivity of the SVO/SBA-15 composites.
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Fitria, Syiva, and Sabine Peters. "Social Value Orientation Effects On Adolescents Friendship Quality." ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) 2, no. 1 (June 3, 2019): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32505/enlighten.v2i1.1069.
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The current study intended to explore the association between Social Value Orientation (SVO) and friendship quality in adolescence, the development as well as gender and age differences. Participants between ages 12 and 25 (N = 292) completed a series of games to measure their SVO and Friendship Quality Scale in order to assess their friendship quality. Analysis of covariance confirmed that SVO did not affect friendship quality. No age and gender differences were found in SVO. However, the results revealed that there was a significant gender difference in friendship quality, where girls have higher positive friendship quality. There was also an age effect on friendship quality, such that, as age increased, negative friendship quality decreased. In conclusion, there was no evidence that SVO influences someone friendship quality. It is possible that SVO only influences the number of friends that someone has.
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Dryer, Matthew S. "SVO languages and the OV: VO typology." Journal of Linguistics 27, no. 2 (September 1991): 443–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700012743.
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Greenberg (1963) formulated a number of implicational universals that refer to the order of various syntactic elements. He classified languages on the basis of their order of subject, object and verb into three types, which he labelled I, II and III, and which correspond to what are commonly known as VSO, SVO and SOV languages, respectively. Since that time, evidence for the existence of the three other logically possible orders, VOS, OVS and OSV, has been presented (see Keenan, 1978; Derbyshire & Pullum, 1981, 1986), thus leaving us with a typology of six types. Lehmann (1973, 1978) and Vennemann (1974, 1976) collapsed these six types into two types OV and VO. Implicit in this move is the idea that the fundamental parameter is the order of verb and object and that the position of the subject is less important. In treating VSO, VOS and SVO as subtypes of the general type VO, the claim is that these three types are similar to each other in their other word order characteristics and different from OV languages. More recently, a number of linguists, including Comrie (1981: 90, 94–95; 1989: 96, 100–101), Mallinson & Blake (1981: 379), Siewierska (1988: 18–19) and Payne (1990: 19), but most particularly Hawkins (1980: 199; 1983: 30), have criticized Lehmann and Vennemann for collapsing VSO, VOS and SVO languages into a single category VO. They all argue that the available evidence does not support the claim that SVO languages pattern like VSO and VOS languages. The purpose of this paper is to argue that, although some of these criticisms are not without merit, Lehmann and Vennemann were largely right: with certain well-defined exceptions, the word order properties of SVO languages differ little from those of VSO and VOS languages. In short, it will be shown that with respect to a large number of word order characteristics, we do find a basic split between VO and OV languages.
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Lee, Eun-Ji, Myung-Sunny Kim, Nam-Hui Yim, and Min Ho Cha. "Association of CYP26C1 Promoter Hypomethylation with Small Vessel Occlusion in Korean Subjects." Genes 12, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12101622.
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The risk factors for stroke, a fatal disease, include type two diabetes, hypertension, and genetic influences. Small vessel occlusion (SVO) can be affected by epigenetic alterations, but an association between SVO and the methylation of cytochrome P450 family 26 subfamily C member 1 (CYP26C1) has not been identified. In this study, we measured the level of DNA methylation in the CYP26C1 promoter and the 5′ untranslated region of 115 normal subjects and 56 patients with SVO in Korea. The DNA methylation level of each subject was measured by bisulfite amplicon sequencing, and statistical analysis was performed using the general linear model or Pearson’s correlation. The average level of DNA methylation was markedly lower in patients with SVO than in normal subjects (20.4% vs. 17.5%). We found that the methylation of CYP26C1 has a significant positive correlation with blood parameters including white blood cells, hematocrit, lactate dehydrogenase, and Na+ in subjects with SVO. We predicted that binding of RXR-α and RAR-β might be affected by CYP26C1 methylation at CpG sites −246–237 and −294–285. These findings suggest that CYP26C1 methylation in the promoter region may be a predictor of SVO.
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Taylor, Ann. "The change from SOV to SVO in Ancient Greek." Language Variation and Change 6, no. 1 (March 1994): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500001563.
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ABSTRACTAlthough the order of major sentence constituents at all stages of Ancient Greek is quite free, the distribution of clause types is not random over time, but changes from predominantly verb-final to predominantly verb-medial, suggesting a change in progress. Using the paradigm of Kroch (1989), in which it is assumed that syntactic change involves competition between grammatical systems, two models are constructed, one for the verb-final grammar of the Homeric period (pre-800 B.C.) and one for the verb-medial grammar of the Hellenistic Koiné (c. 100 A.D.). The language of an intermediate stage (Herodotus, c. 450 B.C.) is shown to pattern in part like Homer and in part like the Koiné. More strikingly, the ratio of verb-final to verb-medial structure that best fits the distribution of clause types found in Herodotus is extremely close to an independent measure of this ratio obtained from the distribution of weak pronouns and clitics.
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Upton, David R. "Implications of Social Value Orientation and Budget Levels on Group Performance and Performance Variance." Journal of Management Accounting Research 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 293–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2009.21.1.293.
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ABSTRACT: In this paper I examine the effects of social value orientation (SVO) and group incentive contracts on performance and performance variance. SVO includes three main personality types: prosocials (who value cooperation and equality in outcomes); individualists (who focus upon their own rewards); and, competitors (who seek relative advantage over others, even at their own expense). In an experiment I form groups of participants based on their SVO and assign them to one of three incentive contracts: a piece-rate contract that pays all employees an equal share of any group output, and two budget-linear contracts (with a medium and a high budget target) that pay zero compensation below the budget target, an equal share of a bonus if the budget target is met and a piece-rate for output above the budget target. Group performance is highest for groups of prosocials and lowest for groups with competitors and SVO has a greater effect under a medium rather than a high budget over latter periods of the experiment. Further, SVO appears to play a role in influencing performance variance. These results illustrate the potential of considering individual difference measures such as SVO in conjunction with formal control systems such as budgets to enhance motivation and coordination within organizations.
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Shi, Xu, Lu-yun Qiu, Zhi-geng Fang, Xia-qing Liu, and Yang-yang Du. "A Game Mechanism of Individual Value Decision-Making Based on SVO Differences." Complexity 2020 (August 25, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6530847.
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As the externalized carrier of intrinsic value, value decision-making is an important factor affecting the social value system. As an old Chinese saying goes, “A friend in need is a friend indeed,” crisis environment provides the background for the conflicts of multiple values, while individual social value orientation (SVO) determines the ranking of the value states. This paper defined the SVO types by means of Slider Measure method on the basis of environment description, constructed a decision-making game model in accordance with SVO differences, and finally analysed the mechanism of people’s decision-making. Taking the epidemic situation as the background, this paper conducted an empirical analysis with the sample of college students. The results showed that the most SVO types of college students were prosocial orientation, followed by individualistic orientation, altruistic orientation, and competitive orientation. In the crisis environment, individual SVO type and decision-making constituted a mapping relationship. There was an equilibrium point in the decision of prosocial orientation, and the dominant decision of altruistic orientation or individualistic orientation is relatively stable.
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Mulder, Jean. "The Viability of the Notion of Subject in Coast Tsimshian." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 34, no. 2 (June 1989): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100013281.
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The status of subject as a linguistic universals is commonly assumed. For example, the classification of the word order of a language as SVO, SOV, etc. presupposes the universal occurrence of subject; many language universale such as Mithun’s (1984) hierarchy for noun incorporation are stated in terms of subject; and, some theories such as Relational Grammar take subject as a primitive.
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IBRAHIM, IBRAHIM, and DANI RUSIRAWAN. "Optimalisasi Sistem Mikrogrid Hibrida Berbasis Jarak Pagar menggunakan HOMER." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 7, no. 2 (May 24, 2019): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v7i2.268.
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ABSTRAKPenggunaan genset diesel minyak solar untuk kelistrikan di pulau Medang terkendala dengan mahal dan tingginya biaya pengadaan minyak solar. Biomassa jarak pagar yang ada di pulau Medang potensial untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber daya alam (SDA) lokal, untuk menggantikan minyak solar sebagai bahan bakar genset. Bahan bakar yang dapat dihasilkan dari buah jarak pagar terdiri dari straight vegetable oil (SVO), biogas dan synthetic gas (syngas). Berdasarkan data sekunder, 1 ha kebun jarak pagar dapat menghasilkan listrik 19.425 kWh/tahun menggunakan genset diesel berbahan bakar SVO ditambah 6.475 kWh/tahun menggunakan genset biogas. Dalam penelitian ini, optimalisasi sistem mikrogrid hibrida berbasis jarak pagar sudah dilakukan. Kondisi optimal untuk beban rata-rata 4.000 kWh/hari terdiri dari 1X360 kW genset SVO + 1X360 kW genset Biogas + Baterai 300 kWh + inverter-rectifier 300 kW. Hasil evaluasi memperlihatkan untuk operasi 25 tahun, sistem mikrogrid hibrida berbasis biomassa jarak pagar membutuhkan net present cost (NPC) sebesar $7.750.000 dan memberikan cost of energy (COE) $0,368/kWh.Kata kunci: genset, bioenergi, SVO, biogas, listrik ABSTRACTUtilization of diesel oil for diesel generators in the Medang island is constrained by high costs of diesel oil. The jatropha (type of biomass) in the Medang island can be used as a local natural resource (SDA), in substituting of diesel oil as a generator fuel. The type of fuel whics is produced by jatropha consist of straight vegatable oil (SVO), biogas and synthetic gas (syngas). Based on secondary data, it is found that 1 ha of Jatropha equal by produces electricity 19.425 kWh/year using an SVO diesel generator set and 6.475 kWh/year using biogas generator set. In this study, optimization of the hybrid microgrid system was carried out. The optimal conditions for an average 4,000 kWh/day of load is consisting of 1X360 kW SVO generator + 1X360 kW Biogas generator + 300 kWh + 300 kW rectifier inverter. Evaluation results showed that for 25-year operation, the hybrid microgrid jatophra bases system requires of NPC of $ 7,750,000 and yield the COE of $ 0.368/kWh.Keywords: genset, bioenergy, SVO, biogas, electricity
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Sado Al-Jarf, Reima. "SVO Word Order Errors in English-Arabic Translation." Meta 52, no. 2 (August 2, 2007): 299–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/016072ar.
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Abstract An error corpus of deviant SVO structure was collected from the translation projects of students majoring in translation. Syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and discoursal criteria were used to judge the deviations. Percentages of interlingual and intralingual errors, the syntactic contexts in which subjects were misplaced, the strategies used to impose SVO order, and areas of L1 inadequate competence will be reported. Implications for increasing students’ awareness of the pragmatic, discoursal and syntactic constraints in translating SVO structures will be provided.
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Fernández de Luis, Roberto, Edurne S. Larrea, Joseba Orive, Luis Lezama, C. M. Costa, S. Lanceros-Méndez, and María I. Arriortua. "Thermal activation of charge carriers in ionic and electronic semiconductor β-AgIVVO3 and β-AgIVVO3@VV1.6VIV0.4O4.8 composite xerogels." RSC Advances 9, no. 72 (2019): 42439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra04227j.
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Assembly of SVO and slightly reduced VO nanoribbons in inorganic hydrogels enables the formation of proton conductor and electron conductor xerogels depending on the SVO/VO ratio. Thermal charge carrier activation results in enhanced conductivity.
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Xu, Yuting. "A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Verb-copying Sentences in Mandarin Chinese." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.74.8087.
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This study concerns the verb-copying structure “S+V+Object+V+Resultative” in Chinese from the perspective of cognitive grammar. It views the construction as composited from component structure “S+V+Object” and “V+Resultative” and reveals the compositional path and mental representation of this construction. The results indicate that component SVO elaborates the schematic trajector of V in Component VR. This conceptual correspondence lays the foundation for the integration of component SVO and VR, which constitutes the internal motivation of SVOVR construction. Component SVO serves as the cognitive reference point for the conceptualization. The elements in the dominion of action that SVO designates are extracted as conceptualization target. SVOVR construction is organized in the pattern of Baseline and Elaboration. In local terms, each stratum provides the potential for the next and the conceptualization result - the linear structure - is completed in a cumulative fashion. In global terms, component SVO and VR serve as dual baseline whose mutual elaboration yields a composite structure of greater complexity. SVOVR construction imposes some restrictions on the repeated verb. The verb needs to designate the actions that can be repeated and continued. Structure One cannot have any tense or the aspect markers. SVOVR construction does not stand in isolation from other units in linguistic system; it is categorized by the conventionalized SVO structure and predicate-complement VR structure in Chinese language system, which is the external motivation for this construction.
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Yaban, E. Helin, and Melike Sayil. "The intergenerational similarity of social value orientations in adolescents and emerging adults: Variable-centered and person-centered approaches." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 38, no. 9 (May 21, 2021): 2678–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02654075211018271.
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The current study examined the intergenerational similarity of middle adolescents’ and emerging adults’ social value orientations (SVO) using different variable-centered and person-centered approaches and whether perceived parental autonomy support and conditional regard would play a role in similarity. The sample consisted of 218 middle adolescents (ages 14–15, eighth and ninth grades) and 219 emerging adults (ages 19–25, attending university) and their mothers and fathers in a metropolitan area of Ankara, Turkey ( N = 437 triads). Our findings revealed that mother-father similarity was higher than parent-child similarity. Results indicated more similarities between emerging adults-parents than adolescents-parents, and autonomy support contributed to the similarity. Higher levels of maternal and paternal SVO has linked with prosociality of offsprings. Besides, when mothers and fathers were incongruent in reporting SVO, the emerging adults’ probability of having prosocial SVO was lower.
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SCHWARTZ, BONNIE D. "On the “wrong-headedness” of generative entrenchment." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1, no. 1 (April 1998): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728998000091.
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The main thesis Pienemann puts forward is that while L1 acquisition and L2 acquisition of a particular language (e.g. German) exhibit non-parallel paths of development, such a difference does not entail that the processing resources claimed to be responsible for transitioning from one stage to the next are any different in the two situations. The cause of the difference in routes, he suggests, is the difference in departure points. In the German case at hand, L1 acquirers begin with an SOV grammar, while L2 acquisition, according to Pienemann, starts off SVO (“canonical order”). “Generative entrenchment” of SVO is what makes the ensuing development distinct from that of L1 German: “once a decision has been made and a new structure has been added, it is very costly, if not impossible, for the developmental process to move to a different developmental path.” I think there's something very right about this general picture – but also that part of it is “wrong-headed.”
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Camacho, José. "From SOV to SVO: the grammar of interlanguage word order." Second Language Research 15, no. 2 (April 1999): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/026765899673532714.
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This paper analyses the grammatical outcome of the conflict speakers of a head-final L1 (Southern Quechua) face when learning a head-initial target (Standard Spanish) in a naturalistic setting. It proposes that interlanguage sentential word orders reflect a transfer of two independent parameters from the L1: the possibility of having null objects with definite/specific antecedents and a feature triggering object movement for sentential focus. The second parameter can be successfully reset through contradictory evidence; the first one, however, cannot, since target evidence is compatible with the L1 setting. This data can better be accounted for in Schwartz and Sprouse's full-access/full-transfer model (Schwartz and Sprouse, 1994; 1996) than in other alternatives such as Vainikka and Young-Scholten's (1994) minimal trees hypothesis and Eubank's (1994; 1996) valueless features hypothesis.
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Fernández de Luis, Roberto, Ana Martínez-Amesti, Edurne S. Larrea, Luis Lezama, Andrés Tomás Aguayo, and María I. Arriortua. "Composite β-AgVO3@V1.65+V0.44+O4.8 hydrogels and xerogels for iodide capture." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 39 (2015): 19996–20012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta04189a.
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Silver vanadium oxide (SVO) and vanadium oxide (VO) composite hydrogels have been synthesized. The hydrogels are formed by non-covalent cross linked SVO and VO nano-ribbons. The hydrogels and xerogels adsorb dyes very efficiently and show a large retention of iodide.
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Alant, Erna, Amelia Du Plooy, and Shakila Dada. "The Impact of Visual Sequencing of Graphic Symbols on the Sentence Construction Output of Children who have Acquired Language." South African Journal of Communication Disorders 54, no. 1 (December 31, 2007): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajcd.v54i1.760.
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Although the sequence of graphic or pictorial symbols displayed on a communication board can have an impact on the language output of children, very little research has been conducted to describe this. Research in this area is particularly relevant for prioritising the importance of specific visual and graphic features in providing more effective and user-friendly access to communication boards. This study is concerned with understanding the impact of specific sequences of graphic symbol input on the graphic and spoken output of children who have acquired language. Forty participants were divided into two comparable groups. Each group was exposed to graphic symbol input with a certain word order sequence. The structure of input was either in typical English word order sequence Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) or in the word order sequence of Subject-Object-Verb (SOV). Both input groups had to answer six questions by using graphic output as well as speech. The findings indicated that there are significant differences in the PCS graphic output patterns of children who are exposed to graphic input in the SOV and SVO sequences. Furthermore, the output produced in the graphic mode differed considerably to the output produced in the spoken mode. Clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Pavlič, Matic. "Sign Order in Slovenian Sign Language Transitive and Ditransitive Sentences." Studies in Polish Linguistics 15, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 199–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23005920spl.20.009.13162.
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The basic sign order in Slovenian Sign Language (SZJ) is Subject-Verb-Object (SVO). This is shown by analysing non-topicalised or focalised transitive and ditransitive sentences that were elicited from first language SZJ informants using Picture Description Task. The data further reveal that the visual-gestural modality, through which SZJ is transmitted, plays a role in linearization since visually influenced classifier predicates trigger the non-basic SOV sign order in this language.
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Carter, Diana, Peredur Davies, Margaret Deuchar, and María del Carmen Parafita Couto. "A Systematic Comparison of Factors Affecting the Choice of Matrix Language in Three Bilingual Communities." Journal of Language Contact 4, no. 2 (2011): 153–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187740911x592808.
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AbstractIn this paper we compare the code-switching (CS) patterns in three bilingual corpora collected in Wales, Miami and Patagonia, Argentina. Using the Matrix Language Framework to do a clause-based analysis of a sample of data, we consider the impact of structural relationships and extra-linguistic factors on CS patterns. We find that the Matrix Language (ML) is uniform where the language pairs have contrasting word orders, as in Welsh-English (VSO-SVO) and WelshSpanish (VSO-SVO) but diverse where the word order is similar as in Spanish-English (SVO-SVO). We find that the diversity of the ML in Miami is related to the diversity of degrees of proficiency, ethnic identities, and social networks amongst members of that community, while the uniformity of the ML in Wales is related to the uniformity of these factors. This is not so clear in Patagonia, however, where there is little CS produced in conversation. We suggest that the members of the speech community use Spanish or Welsh mostly in a monolingual mode, depending on the interlocutor and the social situation.
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Fang, Yu, and Haitao Liu. "Predicting syntactic choice in Mandarin Chinese: a corpus-based analysis of ba sentences and SVO sentences." Cognitive Linguistics 32, no. 2 (March 5, 2021): 219–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2020-0005.
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Abstract This paper investigates the effects of 10 factors on the choice between alternative ba sentences and SVO sentences in Mandarin Chinese. These factors are givenness, definiteness, animacy and pronominality of NP2s, NP2 length, VP length, verb sense, syntactic parallelism, dependency distance, and surprisal. Using corpus data and mixed-effects logistic regression modeling, we find that on the one hand, givenness, syntactic parallelism, and the log-transformed ratio of NP2 length and VP length are significant predictors of the choice between ba sentences and SVO sentences. A new NP2, a large length ratio and a parallel construction predict an SVO sentence rather than a ba sentence. On the other hand, dependency distance and surprisal estimated by the trigram model are effective in predicting the choice between naturally occurring ba/SVO sentences and their alternatives. Naturally occurring sentences are more likely to have shorter dependency distances and smaller surprisal values than the converted sentences. The effects of these five factors on syntactic choice are congruent with results of previous studies, which suggests that some determinants of syntactic choice are shared among languages.
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Simpson, Andrew, and Tanmoy Bhattacharya. "Obligatory Overt Wh-Movement in a Wh-in-Situ Language." Linguistic Inquiry 34, no. 1 (January 2003): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438903763255940.
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Bangla has commonly been assumed to be an SOV wh-in-situ language. Here it is suggested that both of these characterizations are incorrect and that Bangla actually has obligatory overt wh-movement from a basic SVO word order. This is disguised by a conspiracy of factors but revealed in restrictions on wh-scope and certain apparently optional word order possibilities with complement clauses. Adopting a different perspective on the SOV status of Bangla allows for a simple explanation of the patterns observed and raises the possibility that other “wh-in-situ” languages may also have (obligatory) overt wh-movement.
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Tran, The Nam, Van Uy Dang, and Dai An Nguyen. "A Study on Reasonable Ratios of Vegetable Oils and Diesel Oil in Mixed Fuel Used as an Alternative Fuel for Marine Diesel Engines in Vietnam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 889 (March 2019): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.889.244.
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Vegetable oil is used directly as a fuel, in either modified or unmodified equipment, it is referred to as straight vegetable oil (SVO). SVOs have some advantages in comparison with fossil fuel oils such as: renewability, local availability, lower sulfur content, etc. avoiding the environmental effects caused by sulfuric acid, lower aromatic content and high biodegradability. However, SVOs are also attached to several disadvantages such as: high viscosity, low heating value, high fatty contents, influencing on injection process and causing engine coking if misused. In order to prevent such negative effects of diesel engine fuelled by SVO, one of potential solutions is using blends of SVO with diesel oil (DO). In such case, the reasonable ratio of SVO and diesel oil plays a very important role for normal running condition, but also seems to be challenge to identify. The article shows results of a study on defining the ratio for marine diesel application. It is firstly based on the assessment on the heat release processes inside the diesel engine cylinder upon a specific simulation with different blends of SVO and diesel oil. In comparison with the particular requirements for fuel of marine engines, the preferable percentage of vegetable oil in the fuel mixture is pointed out. And finally, the experiments with fuel system of a typical marine diesel engine, HANSHIN 6LU32, installed at the lab of Vietnam Maritime University in terms of checking real engine’s operation and reducing harmful emissions.
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Mizuno, Akira. "A Brief Review of Interpretation Research in Japan." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 8, no. 14 (January 5, 2017): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v8i14.25099.
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This paper reviews current empirical and theoretical research on interpreting in Japan. Though interpreting research in Japan is in its infancy, it is hoped that it will be activated by the effort of the Interpreting Research Association of Japan. One of the important themes of interpreting research in Japan is to find ways in which to overcome the difficulties that arise in the interpretation between Japanese, which is an SOV-type language, and SVO-type languages such as English.
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Capozzoli, Amedeo, Claudio Curcio, and Angelo Liseno. "Different Metrics for Singular Value Optimization in Near-Field Antenna Characterization." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 2122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062122.
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We deal with the use of different metrics in the framework of the Singular Value Optimization (SVO) technique for near-field antenna characterization. SVO extracts the maximum amount of information on an electromagnetic field over a certain domain from field samples on an acquisition domain, with a priori information on the source, e.g., support information. It determines the field sample positions by optimizing a functional featuring the singular value dynamics of the radiation operator and representing a measure of the information collected by the field samples. Here, we discuss in detail and compare the use, in the framework of SVO, of different objective functionals and so of different information measures: Shannon number, mutual information, and Fisher information. The numerical results show that they yield a similar performance.
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Rygaloff, Alexis. "Chinois et japonais, I. SVO vs SOV, II. Syllabe et more." Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale 15, no. 2 (1986): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/clao.1986.1202.
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Albert, Viktória. "FROM SOV TO SVO: A COMPLETE BREAKDOWN IN LAW AND ORDER?" Lviv Philological Journal, no. 6 (2019): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/2663-340x-2019-6-1.
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Fernandes-Svartman, Flaviane Romani. "O sujeito pré-verbal focalizado em português: prosódia e posição sintática (The preverbal focused subject in Portuguese: Prosody and syntactical position)." Estudos da Língua(gem) 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2010): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/el.v8i1.1118.
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Este trabalho visa à análise comparativa, em português brasileiro (PB) e europeu (PE), da estrutura sintática e prosódica das sentenças na ordem sujeito-verbo-objeto, nas quais o sujeito porta foco informacional e a proeminência principal da sentença (doravante, sentenças SVO). Nossos resultados, apoiados em evidências sintáticas e prosódicas, revelam que, nas sentenças SVO, o sujeito focalizado ocupa posições sintáticas diferentes nas duas variedades de português: enquanto ele ocupa a posição de especificador de IP em PE, em PB, encontra-se fora de IP.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Língua Portuguesa. Sujeito Focalizado. Sintaxe e Prosódia.ABSTRACT This paper aims the comparative analysis between the syntactical and prosodic structure of the Brazilian Portuguese (BP) SVO sentences (subject-verb-object word order sentences in which the subject carries the informational focus and the principal prominence) and the syntactical and prosodic structure of the same type of sentences of European Portuguese (EP). Our results, which are supported by syntactical and prosodic evidences, show that the focused subject occupies different positions in SVO sentences of these two Portuguese varieties: whereas in EP, the focused subject occupies the IP Specifier position, in BP, the focused subject is out of IP. KEYWORDS: Portuguese. Focused Subject. Syntax and Prosody.
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Ariasih, Ni Luh Putu, and I. Nyoman Sedeng. "Argument structure of transition and transfer verbs." International journal of linguistics, literature and culture 8, no. 3 (April 12, 2022): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v8n3.2076.
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This study entitled Argument Structure of Transition and Transfer Verbs. It focused on the argument structure which maps the grammatical relation and the semantic roles. This study aimed to recognize the grammatical relations of transition and transfer verbs of slides verbs arguments and to explain the semantic roles of transition and transfer verbs of slides verbs arguments. This study is library research. The data of this study were collected from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) which was related to transition and transfer verbs. The documentation method and note-taking technique were applied in collecting the data. In analyzing the data, the descriptive-qualitative method was applied. The data were described and explained based on the theory of argument structure and the theory of transition and transfer verbs. Based on the analysis, the grammatical relation operated within transition and transfer verbs with the class of slide verb involve subject, object and oblique. Verb bounce, float, move, roll and slide can be constructed with SV, SVO, SV OBL, SVO OBL and SVO OBL OBL. Furthermore, the structure SVO OBL OBL only appears in the verb of move.
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Childs, G. Tucker. "The S-Aux-O-V-Other syntagm in Atlantic." Studies in African Linguistics 34, no. 1 (June 1, 2005): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v34i1.107331.
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As the largest language phylum in the world and the most geographically widespread (Williamson & Blench 2000), Niger-Congo understandably exhibits some variation at all grammatical levels. Basic word order stands as no exception to this generalization, and there have been partisans for both an SOV and an SVO reconstructed word order. Gensler 1994 attempts to reconcile the two by claiming that neither proposal is correct; he suggests that both SOY and SVO are derived from Proto-Niger-Congo *S-AUX-O-V-Other. Because of the pattern's "quirkiness" (being found virtually nowhere else in the world) and because it is so widely attested in geographically widely separated Niger-Congo languages, the pattern should be reconstructed for all of Niger-Congo. One crucial piece of evidence for this claim comes from the Southern Atlantic language Kisi. This paper explores Kisi' s facts in further detail to show how central the structure is to the language. It then expands the investigation to other languages of Atlantic, finding that the pattern is much more widely attested than was previously realized, albeit in an attenuated form. The paper concludes by discussing the significance of the Atlantic facts to Niger-Congo in general.
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Fakih, Abdul-Hafeed Ali, and Hadeel Ali Al-Sharif. "The Syntax of Word Order Derivation and Agreement in Najrani Arabic: A Minimalist Analysis." English Language Teaching 10, no. 2 (January 9, 2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n2p48.
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The paper aims to explore word order derivation and agreement in Najran Arabic (henceforth, NA) and examines the interaction between the NA data and Chomsky’s (2001, 2005) Agree theory which we adopt in this study. The objective is to investigate how word order occurs in NA and provide a satisfactorily unified account of the derivation of SVO and VSO orders and agreement in the language. Furthermore, the study shows how SVO and VSO word orders are derived morpho-syntactically in NA syntax and why and how the derivation of SVO word order comes after that of VSO order. We assume that the derivation of the unmarked SVO in NA takes place after applying a further step to the marked VSO. We propose that the default unmarked word order in NA is SVO, not VSO. Moreover, we propose that the DP which is base-generated in [Spec-vP] is a topic, not a subject. We adopt Rizzy’s split-CP hypothesis on the basis of which we assume the existence of a Top Phrase (TopP) projection in the clause structure of NA. We postulate that the phase head C passes its ϕ-features to the functional head T and the Edge feature to TopP. We assume that T in VSO lacks the Edge feature which motivates movement of the subject DP to [Spec-TP]. As a consequence, the subject of VSO structure remains in situ in the subject position of [Spec-vP]. In addition, it explores subject-verb agreement asymmetry (henceforth, SVAA) and shows that the asymmetry in NA is not related to word order differences but rather to gender agreement differences.
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Hanafi, Nurachman, Udin Udin, Eni Djuhaeni, and Edy Syahrial. "Relativization Strategies of Sasak Ngeno Ngene Dialect in Lombok." Ethical Lingua: Journal of Language Teaching and Literature 7, no. 1 (April 10, 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30605/25409190.162.
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Relative clauses (RC), in whatever the languages, are essential for investigation especially on how noun phrases as nuclear and oblique relations are workable in Keenan & Comrie’s (1977) Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy. In this paper, Relativization Strategies of Sasak Ngeno-Ngene Dialect in Lombok is presented with the aims are (1) describing the ability of these relations in direct relativization, (2) analyzing the strategies used when indirect relativization occurs, and (3) formulating the right orderings of these relations in the hierarchy. The data on relativization strategies were taken by elicitations, an interview with some informants and documentation of the previous related studies. Then, a careful analysis was made with reference to common linguistic typological approach. The results of this study showed that: (1) gap strategy underlines direct relativization for S (subject) of SVO, O (object) of OVS and OBL of destination, (2) case-coding strategy is preferred by OBL of locative, and (3) passivization strategy is suitable for all indirect relativizations for O (object) of SVO and OBL of benefactive, recipient, and instrumental. The hierarchy of nuclear and oblique relations were formulated: S (SVO) > O (OVS) > OBL (DES > LOC) in direct relativization. Conversely, the hierarchy of O (SVO) > OBL (BEN > RECIP > INST) is shown in indirect relativization.
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Friedmann, Naama, and Lewis P. Shapiro. "Agrammatic Comprehension of Simple Active Sentences With Moved Constituents." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 46, no. 2 (April 2003): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/023).
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This study examines agrammatic comprehension of object-subject-verb (OSV) and object-verb-subject (OVS) structures in Hebrew. These structures are syntactically identical to the basic order subject-verb-object (SVO) sentence except for the movement of the object to the beginning of the sentence, and thus enable empirical examination of syntactic movement in agrammatic comprehension. Seven individuals with agrammatism, 7 individuals with conduction aphasia, and 7 individuals without language impairment, all native speakers of Hebrew, performed a sentence-picture matching task. The task compared OSV and OVS sentences to SVO sentences and to subject and object relatives. Individuals with agrammatism performed more poorly than those in either of the other groups. Their comprehension of SVO sentences was significantly above chance, but comprehension of OSV and OVS sentences was at chance and was poorer than comprehension of SVO sentences. These results show that agrammatic comprehension of structures that involve movement of a noun phrase is impaired even when the structure is a simple active sentence, in line with the Trace Deletion Hypothesis (TDH; Y. Grodzinsky, 1990, 1995a, 2000). A modification is suggested to accommodate the TDH with the VP Internal Subject Hypothesis, according to which individuals with agrammatism use an "Avoid Movement" strategy in comprehension.
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Hu, Xinmu, and Xiaoqin Mai. "Social value orientation modulates fairness processing during social decision-making: evidence from behavior and brain potentials." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 16, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 670–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab032.
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Abstract Social value orientation (SVO) characterizes stable individual differences by an inherent sense of fairness in outcome allocations. Using the event-related potential (ERP), this study investigated differences in fairness decision-making behavior and neural bases between individuals with prosocial and proself orientations using the Ultimatum Game (UG). Behavioral results indicated that prosocials were more prone to rejecting unfair offers with stronger negative emotional reactions compared with proselfs. ERP results revealed that prosocials showed a larger P2 when receiving fair offers than unfair ones in a very early processing stage, whereas such effect was absent in proselfs. In later processing stages, although both groups were sensitive to fairness as reflected by an enhanced medial frontal negativity (MFN) for unfair offers and a larger P3 for fair offers, prosocials exhibited a stronger fairness effect on these ERP components relative to proselfs. Furthermore, the fairness effect on the MFN mediated the SVO effect on rejecting unfair offers. Findings regarding emotional experiences, behavioral patterns and ERPs provide compelling evidence that SVO modulates fairness processing in social decision-making, whereas differences in neural responses to unfair vs fair offers as evidenced by the MFN appear to play important roles in the SVO effect on behavioral responses to unfairness.
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Kural, Murat. "Tree Traversal and Word Order." Linguistic Inquiry 36, no. 3 (July 2005): 367–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0024389054396890.
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This article looks at how the two-dimensional organization of a syntactic tree is translated into a one-dimensional string. It proposes a method of linearization that extracts the terminal string by visiting the nodes of a tree systematically in a predetermined order, either preorder, inorder, or postorder traversal. Crucially, it also argues that given a particular formulation of the extraction process, the traversal method chosen by individual languages produces the well-known crosslinguistic variations in word order typology (SVO, SOV, VSO, etc.) without having to resort to remnant movement.
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Rudnev, Pavel, and Anna Kuznetsova. "Linearization constraints on sentential negation in Russian Sign Language are prosodic." Sign Language and Linguistics 24, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 259–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sll.20007.rud.
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Abstract This squib documents exceptions to the main strategy of expressing sentential negation in Russian Sign Language (RSL). The postverbal sentential negation particle in RSL inverts the basic SVO order characteristic of the language turning it into SOV (Pasalskaya 2018a). We show that this reversal requirement under negation is not absolute and does not apply to prosodically heavy object NPs. The resulting picture accords well with the view of RSL word order laid out by Kimmelman (2012) and supports a model of grammar where syntactic computation has access to phonological information (Kremers 2014; Bruening 2019).
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Zhang, Xian. "Testing the Topic Hypothesis." Language and Sociocultural Theory 7, no. 1 (February 24, 2021): 87–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/lst.37716.
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The Topic Hypothesis (Pienemann, Di Biase, and Kawaguchi, 2005) predicts that L2 Chinese learners must go through three stages in the processing of L2 syntax (Stage 1: SVO; Stage 2: ADJ+SVO; Stage 3: OSV). The current study investigated whether properly organized instruction (Concept-based Instruction/Systemic Theoretical Instruction) could allow learners to process and produce two stages of grammar structures at the same time. Two beginning Chinese learners at Stage 1 received concept-based instruction that taught both OSV and ADJ+SVO structures in the same instructional session. Learners’ spontaneous speech indicate that both learners were capable to process and produce the two newly taught grammar structures after one instructional session. Post-test and delayed post-test show that both grammar structures were processable by the two learners. This study highlights the importance of instruction to shape cognitive development, which echoes Vygotsky’s (1986) notion that good instruction shall lead development.
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Theakston,, Anna L., Robert Maslen,, Elena V. M. Lieven,, and Michael Tomasello,. "The acquisition of the active transitive construction in English: A detailed case study." Cognitive Linguistics 23, no. 1 (February 2012): 91–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2012-0004.
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AbstractIn this study, we test a number of predictions concerning children's knowledge of the transitive Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) construction between two and three years on one child (Thomas) for whom we have densely collected data. The data show that the earliest SVO utterances reflect earlier use of those same verbs, and that verbs acquired before 2;7 show an earlier move towards adult-like levels of use in the SVO construction and in object argument complexity than later acquired verbs. There is not a close relation with the input in the types of subject and object referents used, nor a close adherence to Preferred Argument Structure (PAS) before 2;7, but both early and late acquired verbs show a simultaneous move towards PAS patterns in selection of referent type at 2;9. The event semantics underpinning early transitive utterances do not straightforwardly fit prototype (high or inalienable) notions of transitivity, but rather may reflect sensitivity to animacy and intentionality in a way that mirrors the input. We conclude that children's knowledge of the transitive construction continues to undergo significant development between 2;0 and 3;0, reflecting the gradual abstraction and integration of the SVO and VO constructions, verb semantics, discourse pragmatics, and the interactions between these factors. These factors are considered in the context of a prototype for the transitive construction.
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Jones, Gary D., Denise M. Cumberland, and Meera Alagaraja. "Social value orientation and work group outcomes." Team Performance Management: An International Journal 25, no. 7/8 (October 14, 2019): 402–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tpm-01-2019-0009.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose and predict an improved model for antecedents to work group productivity. Design/methodology/approach The Campion work group effectiveness model (CWGEM) provides a wide variety of variables or constructs to predict and measure the effectiveness of a team, but suffers from limitations. This paper introduces social value orientation (SVO) and suggests its potential utility as an alternative conceptualization of certain portions of CWGEM, which, based on the literature reviewed, has the potential to explain differences in social support, workload sharing and communication and cooperation within groups, resulting in one measure more efficiently replacing three. Findings A series of testable propositions offering revisions to CWGEM is presented, along with special consideration for the inclusion of SVO as a predictor of work group outcomes. This paper expands on a theoretically developed empirical model that can predict differences in work group production. Research limitations/implications The revision to CWGEM presented here requires empirical validation, but work group conflict could benefit from an additional factor that explains interpersonal conflict, as SVO does. Originality/value The authors’ primary contribution is offering a revision to CWGEM that could provide an improved explanation for differences in work group productivity using SVO and a model that could result in a more efficient and better measure.
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UENO, MIEKO, and MARIA POLINSKY. "Does headedness affect processing? A new look at the VO–OV contrast." Journal of Linguistics 45, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 675–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226709990065.
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This paper examines the relationship between headedness and language processing and considers two strategies that potentially ease language comprehension and production. Both strategies allow a language to minimize the number of arguments in a given clause, either by reducing the number of overtly expressed arguments or by reducing the number of structurally required arguments. The first strategy consists of minimizing the number of overtly expressed arguments by using more pro-drop for two-place predicates (Pro-drop bias). According to the second strategy, a language gives preference to one-place predicates over two-place predicates, thus minimizing the number of structural arguments (Intransitive bias). In order to investigate these strategies, we conducted a series of comparative corpus studies of SVO and SOV languages. Study 1 examined written texts of various genres and children's utterances in English and Japanese, while Study 2 examined narrative stories in English, Spanish, Japanese, and Turkish. The results for these studies showed that pro-drop was uniformly more common with two-place predicates than with one-place predicates, regardless of the OV/VO distinction. Thus the Pro-drop bias emerges as a universal economy principle for making utterances shorter. On the other hand, SOV languages showed a much stronger Intransitive bias than SVO languages. This finding suggests that SOV word order with all the constituents explicitly expressed is potentially harder to process; the dominance of one-place predicates is therefore a compensatory strategy in order to reduce the number of preverbal arguments. The overall pattern of results suggests that human languages utilize both general (Pro-drop bias) and headedness-order-specific (Intransitive bias) strategies to facilitate processing. The results on headedness-order-specific strategies are consistent with other researchers' findings on differential processing in head-final and non-head-final languages, for example, Yamashita & Chang's (2001) ‘long-before-short’ parameterization.