Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'SVAT'

Unter den Genres des russischen Musiktheaters hat die komische Oper die längste Tradition. Entstanden in den siebziger Jahren des 18. Jahrhunderts, blieb sie bis ins erste Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts hinein die einzige professionelle musiktheatralische Gattung. Nationale Genrekennzeichen sind das Lyrische, das Phantastische und das Satirische sowie die Vermischung dieser Züge, wie man sie beispielsweise in der Mainacht von Rimski-Korsakow, in Wakula der Schmied von Tschaikowsky und in der Hochzeit von Mussorgski findet, um nur einige herausragende Beispiele des 19. Jahrhunderts zu nennen. Diese genrespezifischen Eigenschaften wurden im 20. Jahrhundert größtenteils beibehalten. Neben den bekannten Werken Igor Strawinskys, Sergei Prokofjews und Dmitri Schostakowitschs stellen die Opern Nikolai Tscherepnins in der ersten Jahrhunderthälfte einen interessanten Sonderweg dar.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka idéer om ras och kön som är kopplade till svarta kvinnors förhållande till sitt hår. Empirin består av intervjuer. Fyra svarta kvinnor har deltagit i en fokusgrupp och fyra andra i separata djupintervjuer. Utifrån detta material har jag genom att anlägga postkolonial teori samt svart feministiskt teori undersökt vilka betydelser familj, plats och idén om ”kvinnlighet” har för svarta kvinnors förhållande till sitt hår. Undersökningen har visat att huruvida familjemedlemmarna är vita eller inte har en betydande påverkan vad gäller svarta kvinnors förhållande till sitt hår. Likaså har platser såsom ort påverkat deras syn håret. Till exempel visar materialet att informanter som växt upp i områden där majoriteten är icke-vita inte känt sig annorlunda i förhållande till sin nära omgivning, något som informanterna som växt upp i ”vita” områden känt. Dessutom visar materialet att viljan att ha ”långt och platt hår” på många sätt är kopplad till det ”kvinnliga idealet”. Ett ideal som svarta kvinnor genom att rakpermanenta håret försöker att anamma.

Unter den Genres des russischen Musiktheaters hat die komische Oper die längste Tradition. Entstanden in den siebziger Jahren des 18. Jahrhunderts, blieb sie bis ins erste Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts hinein die einzige professionelle musiktheatralische Gattung. Nationale Genrekennzeichen sind das Lyrische, das Phantastische und das Satirische sowie die Vermischung dieser Züge, wie man sie beispielsweise in der Mainacht von Rimski-Korsakow, in Wakula der Schmied von Tschaikowsky und in der Hochzeit von Mussorgski findet, um nur einige herausragende Beispiele des 19. Jahrhunderts zu nennen. Diese genrespezifischen Eigenschaften wurden im 20. Jahrhundert größtenteils beibehalten. Neben den bekannten Werken Igor Strawinskys, Sergei Prokofjews und Dmitri Schostakowitschs stellen die Opern Nikolai Tscherepnins in der ersten Jahrhunderthälfte einen interessanten Sonderweg dar.

L'olivier est un agrosystème pérenne clé pour l'économie du pourtour méditerranéen avec des pratiques culturales contrastées (sec épars/irrigué intensive, co-planté...). Connu pour ses mécanismes d'adaptations au stress hydrique et sa capacité de survivre durant de longues périodes à conditions limitantes en eau de sol, l'oléiculture pluviale est dominante dans cette zone, notamment en Tunisie et l'écartement entre les arbres est une fonction de la distribution de la pluviométrie (un nombre important de pieds à l'hectare au Nord (6 m) et des oliveraies très éparses au Sud (25 m)) assurant un volume de sol exploré par les racines supposé être suffisant pour satisfaire les besoins en eau des oliviers. Il est cependant soumis à une forte pression climatique du fait des sécheresses récurrentes dont la fréquence et l'intensité risquent de s'accentuer dans les décennies qui viennent. La réponse de ces couverts épars, où l'eau est un facteur limitant, à ces changements climatiques est méconnue. Dans ce contexte, ce travail vise à améliorer notre connaissance des processus physiques régissant le cycle hydrologique et le développement de la végétation dans une oliveraie pluviale au centre de la Tunisie. L'objectif de cette thèse est double : i/tester la vulnérabilité de ces oliveraies éparses face aux conditions extrêmes futures et ii/proposer des solutions aux agriculteurs à court (par exemple l'irrigation localisée de complément) et à long termes (notamment la diminution des écartements entre les arbres ou l'extension des périmètres irrigués). Pour répondre à ces objectifs, nous avons besoin de bien caractériser le fonctionnement thermo-hydrique des oliviers, d'identifier la possibilité de suivre leur état hydrique actuel et de prédire leurs réponses à des conditions hydriques futures plus sévères. Dans un premier temps, un protocole expérimental dédié qui comprend des mesures par la méthode de fluctuations turbulentes et la méthode de flux de sève a été mis en place. Les données collectées qui renseignent sur les échanges d'énergie et de matière au sein du continuum sol-plante-atmosphère, ont été analysées et leur cohérence a été vérifiée à travers une étude des différentes composantes des bilans hydrique et énergétique à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. En plus de mesures directes, des mesures de proxidétection ont été sélectionnées afin d'analyser l'apport de cet outil puissant. Des relations entre les indices de stress hydrique estimés (par exemple l'écart entre la transpiration réelle et potentielle) et les indicateurs de proxidétection (la température de surface et le photochemical reflectance index) ont été donc établies pour détecter les seuils critiques au-delà des quels un apport en eau devient indispensable pour la survie de la plante. Dans un second temps, un modèle d'échanges sol-plante-atmosphère ISBA a été calé et validé en s'appuyant sur l'important jeu de données observé pour reproduire le fonctionnement des oliviers. Cette étude souligne que le caractère épars des oliviers est néanmoins un défi pour l'application de ces outils car la fraction de couverture de végétation (moins de 7 % pour notre site de Nasrallah) est telle que la surface est dominée par le fonctionnement du sol nu. Des ajustements ont été donc proposés voire apportés aux méthodes utilisées pour les adapter à ce faible taux de couvert végétal. La base de données utilisée pour cette étude est publiée sous le DOI : 10.6096/MISTRALS-SICMED.1479
The olive tree is a key perennial agrosystem for the economy of the Mediterranean basin with contrasting farming practices (rainfed sparse/intensive irrigated, co-planted ...). Known for its mechanisms of adaptation to water stress and its ability to survive for long periods under soil water limiting conditions, rainfed olive cultivation is dominant in this area, especially in Tunisia and the spacing between trees is a function of the distribution of the precipitation (from high density of plantation in the North (6 m) to very sparse in the South (25 m)) ensuring a volume of soil explored by the roots that is assumed to be enough to satisfy the water needs of the olive trees. However, it is subject to severe climatic pressure due to widespread dry spells, for which the frequency and intensity is likely to increase in the coming decades. The response of these sparse covers, where water is a limiting factor, to these climatic changes is unrecognized. In this context, this work aims to improve the current understanding of the physical processes governing the hydrological cycle and the development of vegetation in rainfed groves in central Tunisia. There is a twofold purpose: I / to test the vulnerability of these sparse olive groves to future conditions and ii / to make a decision support to farmers for the short (i.e., localized supplementary irrigation) and in the long term (in particular a decrease of the spacing between trees or the extension of irrigated area). To meet these goals, it is necessary to characterize the thermo-hydric functioning of olive trees, to identify the possibility of monitoring their current water status and to predict their responses to more severe future water conditions. As a first step, a dedicated experimental set up that includes eddy covariance and sap flow measurements has been installed. The collected data, which provide information on the exchange of energy and matter within the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, were analyzed and their consistency was verified through a study of the different components of the water and energy balances at different spatial and time scales. In addition to direct measurements, proxidetection measurements are available and allow investigating the benefit of this powerful tool. Relationships between the estimated water stress indices (e.g., the difference between actual and potential transpiration) and the proxidetection indicators (surface temperature and photochemical reflectance index) were therefore established to detect critical thresholds beyond which a water supply becomes essential for the survival of the plant. In a second step, a soil-plant-atmosphere ISBA exchange model was calibrated and validated based on the large data set observed to reproduce the functioning of olive trees. This study emphasizes that the sparse nature of olive trees is nevertheless a challenge for the application of these tools because the fraction of vegetation cover (less than 7% for our Nasrallah site) is such that the surface is dominated by the bare soil functioning. Adjustments have therefore been proposed or even applied to these methods to adapt them to this low fraction vegetation cover. The database used in this study is published under the DOI: 10.6096/MISTRALS-SICMED.1479

Dans un contexte de réchauffement climatique, l'estimation de l'évapotranspiration (ET) sur des paysages agricoles présente un enjeu considérable pour la gestion des ressources en eau aux échelles du parcellaire et des bassins versants. L'ET peut être estimée de façon spatialisée en combinant la modélisation des transferts d'énergie et d'eau à l'interface sol-végétation-atmosphère (SVAT), et l'utilisation de données satellitaires. En particulier les données infra-rouge thermique (IRT) permettent d'évaluer la température de surface (TS) et constituent une information précieuse pour la résolution des bilans d'énergie. Dans ce contexte cette thèse s'intéresse à l'intercomparaison multi-résolutions de 2 approches : 1. En simulant avec TSEB [Norman et al. , 1995a], un modèle de bilan d'énergie en surface (SEB) forcé directement avec des données IRT de résolutions hectométrique à kilométrique. Il est conçu pour être piloté par télédétection mais simplifié et donc limité. 2. En agrégeant les estimations à haute résolution spatiale (à l'échelle de la parcelle agricole) issues du modèle SEtHyS [Coudert et al. , 2006], un modèle plus complexe qui inclue la résolution du bilan d'eau et qui peut être contraint par des données IRT. Il nécessite la connaissance d'un plus grand nombre de paramètres et d'entrées ce qui rend sa spatialisation plus délicate. Dans une première partie des données in-situ recueillies sur 3 sites expérimentaux en France et au Maroc ont permis d'étalonner les modèles, d'évaluer leurs performances et d'effectuer des analyses de sensibilité pour différents cas de figure (climat tempéré ou semi-aride, type de culture, stade phénologique, stress hydrique. . . ), et ainsi mettre en évidence leurs domaines de validité et préparer la phase de spatialisation. Dans une seconde partie, un outil a été développé afin de gérer de façon semi-automatisée les simulations spatialisées multi-résolutions de l'ET avec les 2 approches. Des scénarios de spatialisation ont été testés (variabilité sur les contenus en eau du sol, la profondeur de sol, et le forçage météorologique), et une méthode innovante a été proposée afin d'inverser des quantités d'irrigation à partir de l'information relative contenue dans une image de TS. Cette partie a permis de mettre en place les premières briques d'un travail exploratoire et ouvre des perspectives intéressantes quant à l'assimilation de données pour le suivi de l'irrigation, mais aussi pour l'étude de l'impact de la spatialisation des pluies, de l'impact des pentes sur le transfert radiatif, et l'amélioration des produits ET à basse résolution spatiale
In a global warming context, estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) over agricultural landscapes is of great interest for water resources management at crop and watershed scales. ET can be estimated spatialy by combining soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) modeling, and satellite data. In particular, thermal infra-red (TIR) data allows retrieving surface temperature (LST) which is a precious information regarding energy budgets solving. In this context, this thesis focuses on multi-resolutions intercomparison of 2 approaches: 1. By simulating with TSEB [Norman et al. , 1995a], a surface energy budget (SEB) model forced directly with TIR data at hectometric and kilometric resolutions. It is designed to be driven with remote sensing data, but simplified and thus limited. 2. By agregating high spatial resolution (crop scale) estimations from SEtHyS [Coudert et al. , 2006] model, a more complex model which solves water budget and can be constrained by TIR data. It requires more parameters and inputs which make it trickier to spatialize. In a first part in-situ data acquired over 3 experimental sites in France and Morocco allowed calibration, performances evaluation and sensitivity analyses of models for various cases (temperate and semi-arid climate, kind of culture, phenological stage, hydric stress. . . ), which highlighted their domains of validity and prepared spatialization phase. In a second part, a tool was developed in order to handle semi-automatically spatialized multiresolutions ET estimations with both approaches. Spatialization scenarios were tested (variability of soil water contents, soil depth, and meteorological forcing) and an innovative method was proposed to inverse irrigation amounts from relative information available among a LST image. This part allowed to implement the first bricks of an exploratory work and open interesting perspectives regarding data assimilation for irrigation monitoring, but also for studying impact of spatialization of rain, impact of slopes on radiative transfer, and enhancement of low spatial resolution ET products

Die Implementierung und Anwendung von Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transport-Modellen (SVAT) in der Landwirtschaft erfordert die Kenntnis der aerodynamischen Eigenschaften der Unterlage. Diese sind die Verschiebungslänge d, die Rauhigkeitslänge z0 und weitere Parameter welche den Effekt der Rauhigkeitsschicht unmittelbar über dem Pflanzenbestand beschreiben, wie die Schichthöhen für den Transfer von Impuls Zm* und Skalaren Zs*. Umfangreiche Literaturangaben über einen weiten Bereich von Bestandsmerkmalen wurden zur Entwicklung und Ableitung neuer Schätzfunktionen der genannten Parameter genutzt. Ein neues Modell wird für d als Funktion der Bestandeshöhe hc und dem Plant Area Index PAI vorgeschlagen. Ein semi¬empirisches Vorhersagemodell wird für die Längenskale Ls in Abhängigkeit von hc, PAI, der relativen Kronenhöhe und dem mittleren Abstand zwischen Rauhigkeitselementen entwickelt. Mit Schätzwerten für d, Ls, Zm* und anderen Inputs wurde eine Gleichung für z0 entwickelt und geprüft. Unter Berücksichtigung der Rauhigkeitsschicht werden geschlossene analytische Lösungen für die Schubspannungsgeschwindigkeit, das Windprofil und den aerodynamischen Widerstand präsentiert. Es wird ein Energiebilanzmodell für teilweise mit Folien bedeckten Erddämmen vorgestellt. Bekannte Vorgehensweisen aus der Literatur wurden hinsichtlich der Effekte des peripheren Strahlungsanteils der Sonne, der Modifizierung des kurzwelligen und langwelligen Strahlungstransfers durch den Damm selbst und der winkelabhängigen Transmission und Reflexion von Folien erweitert. Nur 3 Parameter mussten aus stündlichen Messwerten der Bodentemperatur über einen Monat bestimmt werden. Beim Gesamttest des Modells zeigte sich eine mittlere quadratische Abweichung zwischen Simulationen und Messungen der Dammtemperatur von 1.5-1.9 K in Abhängigkeit vom Standort. Testsimulationen zeigten, dass für strahlungsundurchlässige Folien eine präzise Darstellung der winkelabhängigen Reflexion nicht notwendig ist. Für transparente Folien sind zur Beschreibung von Transmission und Reflexion auch einfache Ansätze ausreichend. Nur wenige Inputs sind zur Simulation erforderlich wie die Gehalte an Humus, Sand und Ton, die Dammgeometrie und die Transmissions- und Reflexionsgrade der eingesetzten Folien.
Implementation and application of Soil Vegetation Atmosphere Transport Models (SVAT) in agriculture require knowledge of aerodynamic properties of the exchanging surface. These are the zero plane displacement d, the roughness length for momentum z0, and additional parameters describing the roughness layer just above the canopy as the height of the roughness layer for momentum and scalars (Zm*, Zs*), and parameters of the modified diffusivity profile functions. Several data summaries from the literature on aerodynamic properties over a broad range of plant canopies are used to develop and test predictive models for a number of needed aerodynamic parameters. A new model for d is presented as a function of canopy height hc and Plant Area Index PAI. A semi-empirical equation for the canopy length scale Ls is derived from hc, PAI, fractional crown height, and inter-element spacing of roughness elements. Having estimates of d, Ls, Zm* and other inputs one can derive predictive equations for z0. Closed form analytical expressions are given for the friction velocity, the horizontal wind speed profile and the aerodynamic resistance, which account for both stability and roughness layer effects. An energy balance model for a two-dimensional ridge surface partly covered by a plastic mulch is presented. Previous approaches are modified and extended to include (1) the circumsolar part of diffuse radiation and (2) the altered interception of diffuse short- and long-wave radiation due to horizon obstructions and surface slope and (3) the directional dependence of transmissivity and reflectivity of plastic mulches. Only three parameters had to be estimated from data taken over one month at one site. Overall, simulated data fitted with the whole data set on soil temperatures, with root mean square errors of 1.5 K and 1.9 K for both sites, respectively. Test simulations established that for opaque plastics, detailed analysis of directional radiative properties is not necessary, and for transparent plastics, rather simpler approaches are sufficient. Only a few inputs have to be provided to apply the model: the soil humus content and texture, the shape of the ridge, and the transmissivities and reflectivities of the used plastic mulches in the short-wave and long-wave range.

Extensive deforestations, particularly in the (sub)tropics, have led to intense soil degradation and erosion with concomitant reduction in soil fertility. Reforestations or plantations on those degraded sites may provide effective measures to mitigate further soil degradation and erosion, and can lead to improved soil quality. However, a change in land use from, e.g., grassland to forest may have a crucial impact on water balance. This may affect water availability even under humid tropical climate conditions where water is normally not a limiting factor. In this context, it should also be considered that according to climate change projections rainfall may decrease in some of these regions. To mitigate climate change related problems (e.g. increases in erosion and drought), reforestations are often carried out. Unfortunately, those measures are seldom completely successful, because the environmental conditions and the plant specific requirements are not appropriately taken into account. This is often due to data-scarcity and limited financial resources in tropical regions. For this reason, innovative approaches are required that are able to measure environmental conditions quasi-continuously in a cost-effective manner. Simultaneously, reforestation measures should be accompanied by monitoring in order to evaluate reforestation success and to mitigate, or at least to reduce, potential problems associated with reforestation (e.g. water scarcity). To avoid reforestation failure and negative implications on ecosystem services, it is crucial to get insights into the water balance of the actual ecosystem, and potential changes resulting from reforestation. The identification and prediction of water balance changes as a result of reforestation under climate change requires the consideration of the complex feedback system of processes in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere continuum. Models that account for those feedback system are Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) models. For the before-mentioned reasons, this study targeted two main objectives: (i) to develop and test a method combination for site evaluation under data scarcity (i.e. study requirements) (Part I) and (ii) to investigate the consequences of prediction uncertainty of the SVAT model input parameters, which were derived using geophysical methods, on SVAT modeling (Part II). A water balance modeling approach was set at the center of the site evaluation approach. This study used the one-dimensional CoupModel, which is a SVAT model. CoupModel requires detailed spatial soil information for (i) model parameterization, (ii) upscaling of model results and accounting for local to regional-scale soil heterogeneity, and (iii) monitoring of changes in soil properties and plant characteristics over time. Since traditional approaches to soil and vegetation sampling and monitoring are time consuming and expensive (and therefore often limited to point information), geophysical methods were used to overcome this spatial limitation. For this reason, vis-NIR spectroscopy (visible to near-infrared wavelength range) was applied for the measurement of soil properties (physical and chemical), and remote sensing to derive vegetation characteristics (i.e. leaf area index (LAI)). Since the estimated soil properties (mainly texture) could be used to parameterize a SVAT model, this study investigated the whole processing chain and related prediction uncertainty of soil texture and LAI, and their impact on CoupModel water balance prediction uncertainty. A greenhouse experiment with bamboo plants was carried out to determine plant-physiological characteristics needed for CoupModel parameterization. Geoelectrics was used to investigate soil layering, with the intent of determining site-representative soil profiles for model parameterization. Soil structure was investigated using image analysis techniques that allow the quantitative assessment and comparability of structural features. In order to meet the requirements of the selected study approach, the developed methodology was applied and tested for a site in NE-Brazil (which has low data availability) with a bamboo plantation as the test site and a secondary forest as the reference (reference site). Nevertheless, the objective of the thesis was not the concrete modeling of the case study site, but rather the evaluation of the suitability of the selected methods to evaluate sites for reforestations and to monitor their influence on the water balance as well as soil properties. The results (Part III) highlight that one needs to be aware of the measurement uncertainty related to SVAT model input parameters, so for instance the uncertainty of model input parameters such as soil texture and leaf area index influences meaningfully the simulated model water balance output. Furthermore, this work indicates that vis-NIR spectroscopy is a fast and cost-efficient method for soil measurement, mapping, and monitoring of soil physical (texture) and chemical (N, TOC, TIC, TC) properties, where the quality of soil prediction depends on the instrument (e.g. sensor resolution), the sample properties (i.e. chemistry), and the site characteristics (i.e. climate). Additionally, also the sensitivity of the CoupModel with respect to texture prediction uncertainty with respect to surface runoff, transpiration, evaporation, evapotranspiration, and soil water content depends on site conditions (i.e. climate and soil type). For this reason, it is recommended that SVAT model sensitivity analysis be carried out prior to field spectroscopic measurements to account for site specific climate and soil conditions. Nevertheless, mapping of the soil properties estimated via spectroscopy using kriging resulted in poor interpolation (i.e. weak variograms) results as a consequence of a summation of uncertainty arising from the method of field measurement to mapping (i.e. spectroscopic soil prediction, kriging error) and site-specific ‘small-scale’ heterogeneity. The selected soil evaluation method (vis-NIR spectroscopy, structure comparison using image analysis, traditional laboratory analysis) showed that there are significant differences between the bamboo soil and the adjacent secondary forest soil established on the same soil type (Vertisol). Reflecting on the major study results, it can be stated that the selected method combination is a way forward to a more detailed and efficient way to evaluate the suitability of a specific site for reforestation. The results of this study provide insights into where and when during soil and vegetation measurements a high measurement accuracy is required to minimize uncertainties in SVAT modeling
Umfangreiche Abholzungen, besonders in den (Sub-)Tropen, habe zu intensiver Bodendegradierung und Erosion mit einhergehendem Verlust der Bodenfruchtbarkeit geführt. Eine wirksame Maßnahme zur Vermeidung fortschreitender Bodendegradierung und Erosion sind Aufforstungen auf diesen Flächen, die bisweilen zu einer verbesserten Bodenqualität führen können. Eine Umwandlung von Grünland zu Wald kann jedoch einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf den Wasserhaushalt haben. Selbst unter humid-tropischen Klimabedingungen, wo Wasser in der Regel kein begrenzender Faktor ist, können sich Aufforstungen negativ auf die Wasserverfügbarkeit auswirken. In diesem Zusammenhang muss auch berücksichtigt werden, dass Klimamodelle eine Abnahme der Niederschläge in einigen dieser Regionen prognostizieren. Um die Probleme, die mit dem Klimawandel in Verbindung stehen zu mildern (z.B. Zunahme von Erosion und Dürreperioden), wurden und werden bereits umfangreiche Aufforstungsmaßnahmen durchgeführt. Viele dieser Maßnahmen waren nicht immer umfassend erfolgreich, weil die Umgebungsbedingungen sowie die pflanzenspezifischen Anforderungen nicht angemessen berücksichtigt wurden. Dies liegt häufig an der schlechten Datengrundlage sowie an den in vielen Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern begrenzter verfügbarer finanzieller Mittel. Aus diesem Grund werden innovative Ansätze benötigt, die in der Lage sind quasi-kontinuierlich und kostengünstig die Standortbedingungen zu erfassen und zu bewerten. Gleichzeitig sollte eine Überwachung der Wiederaufforstungsmaßnahme erfolgen, um deren Erfolg zu bewerten und potentielle negative Effekte (z.B. Wasserknappheit) zu erkennen und diesen entgegenzuwirken bzw. reduzieren zu können. Um zu vermeiden, dass Wiederaufforstungen fehlschlagen oder negative Auswirkungen auf die Ökosystemdienstleistungen haben, ist es entscheidend, Kenntnisse vom tatsächlichen Wasserhaushalt des Ökosystems zu erhalten und Änderungen des Wasserhaushalts durch Wiederaufforstungen vorhersagen zu können. Die Ermittlung und Vorhersage von Wasserhaushaltsänderungen infolge einer Aufforstung unter Berücksichtigung des Klimawandels erfordert die Berücksichtigung komplex-verzahnter Rückkopplungsprozesse im Boden-Vegetations-Atmosphären Kontinuum. Hydrologische Modelle, die explizit den Einfluss der Vegetation auf den Wasserhaushalt untersuchen sind Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) Modelle. Die vorliegende Studie verfolgte zwei Hauptziele: (i) die Entwicklung und Erprobung einer Methodenkombination zur Standortbewertung unter Datenknappheit (d.h. Grundanforderung des Ansatzes) (Teil I) und (ii) die Untersuchung des Einflusses der mit geophysikalischen Methoden vorhergesagten SVAT-Modeleingangsparameter (d.h. Vorhersageunsicherheiten) auf die Modellierung (Teil II). Eine Wasserhaushaltsmodellierung wurde in den Mittelpunkt der Methodenkombination gesetzt. In dieser Studie wurde das 1D SVAT Model CoupModel verwendet. CoupModel benötigen detaillierte räumliche Bodeninformationen (i) zur Modellparametrisierung, (ii) zum Hochskalierung von Modellergebnissen unter Berücksichtigung lokaler und regionaler Bodenheterogenität, und (iii) zur Beobachtung (Monitoring) der zeitlichen Veränderungen des Bodens und der Vegetation. Traditionelle Ansätze zur Messung von Boden- und Vegetationseigenschaften und deren Monitoring sind jedoch zeitaufwendig, teuer und beschränken sich daher oft auf Punktinformationen. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Überwindung der räumlichen Einschränkung sind die Nutzung geophysikalischer Methoden. Aus diesem Grund wurden vis-NIR Spektroskopie (sichtbarer bis nah-infraroter Wellenlängenbereich) zur quasi-kontinuierlichen Messung von physikalischer und chemischer Bodeneigenschaften und Satelliten-basierte Fernerkundung zur Ableitung von Vegetationscharakteristika (d.h. Blattflächenindex (BFI)) eingesetzt. Da die mit geophysikalisch hergeleiteten Bodenparameter (hier Bodenart) und Pflanzenparameter zur Parametrisierung eines SVAT Models verwendet werden können, wurde die gesamte Prozessierungskette und die damit verbundenen Unsicherheiten und deren potentiellen Auswirkungen auf die Wasserhaushaltsmodellierung mit CoupModel untersucht. Ein Gewächshausexperiment mit Bambuspflanzen wurde durchgeführt, um die zur CoupModel Parametrisierung notwendigen pflanzenphysio- logischen Parameter zu bestimmen. Geoelektrik wurde eingesetzt, um die Bodenschichtung der Untersuchungsfläche zu untersuchen und ein repräsentatives Bodenprofil zur Modellierung zu definieren. Die Bodenstruktur wurde unter Verwendung einer Bildanalysetechnik ausgewertet, die die qualitativen Bewertung und Vergleichbarkeit struktureller Merkmale ermöglicht. Um den Anforderungen des gewählten Standortbewertungsansatzes gerecht zu werden, wurde die Methodik auf einem Standort mit einer Bambusplantage und einem Sekundärregenwald (als Referenzfläche) in NO-Brasilien (d.h. geringe Datenverfügbarkeit) entwickelt und getestet. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war jedoch nicht die Modellierung dieses konkreten Standortes, sondern die Bewertung der Eignung des gewählten Methodenansatzes zur Standortbewertung für Aufforstungen und deren zeitliche Beobachtung, als auch die Bewertung des Einfluss von Aufforstungen auf den Wasserhaushalt und die Bodenqualität. Die Ergebnisse (Teil III) verdeutlichen, dass es notwendig ist, sich den potentiellen Einfluss der Messunsicherheiten der SVAT Modelleingangsparameter auf die Modellierung bewusst zu sein. Beispielsweise zeigte sich, dass die Vorhersageunsicherheiten der Bodentextur und des BFI einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf die Wasserhaushaltsmodellierung mit CoupModel hatte. Die Arbeit zeigt weiterhin, dass vis-NIR Spektroskopie zur schnellen und kostengünstigen Messung, Kartierung und Überwachung boden-physikalischer (Bodenart) und -chemischer (N, TOC, TIC, TC) Eigenschaften geeignet ist. Die Qualität der Bodenvorhersage hängt vom Instrument (z.B. Sensorauflösung), den Probeneigenschaften (z.B. chemische Zusammensetzung) und den Standortmerkmalen (z.B. Klima) ab. Die Sensitivitätsanalyse mit CoupModel zeigte, dass der Einfluss der spektralen Bodenartvorhersageunsicherheiten auf den mit CoupModel simulierten Oberflächenabfluss, Evaporation, Transpiration und Evapotranspiration ebenfalls von den Standortbedingungen (z.B. Klima, Bodentyp) abhängt. Aus diesem Grund wird empfohlen eine SVAT Model Sensitivitätsanalyse vor der spektroskopischen Feldmessung von Bodenparametern durchzuführen, um die Standort-spezifischen Boden- und Klimabedingungen angemessen zu berücksichtigen. Die Anfertigung einer Bodenkarte unter Verwendung von Kriging führte zu schlechten Interpolationsergebnissen in Folge der Aufsummierung von Mess- und Schätzunsicherheiten (d.h. bei spektroskopischer Feldmessung, Kriging-Fehler) und der kleinskaligen Bodenheterogenität. Anhand des gewählten Bodenbewertungsansatzes (vis-NIR Spektroskopie, Strukturvergleich mit Bildanalysetechnik, traditionelle Laboranalysen) konnte gezeigt werden, dass es bei gleichem Bodentyp (Vertisol) signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Böden unter Bambus und Sekundärwald gibt. Anhand der wichtigsten Ergebnisse kann festgehalten werden, dass die gewählte Methodenkombination zur detailreicheren und effizienteren Standortuntersuchung und -bewertung für Aufforstungen beitragen kann. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie geben einen Einblick darauf, wo und wann bei Boden- und Vegetationsmessungen eine besonders hohe Messgenauigkeit erforderlich ist, um Unsicherheiten bei der SVAT Modellierung zu minimieren
Extensos desmatamentos que estão sendo feitos especialmente nos trópicos e sub-trópicos resultam em uma intensa degradação do solo e num aumento da erosão gerando assim uma redução na sua fertilidade. Reflorestamentos ou plantações nestas áreas degradadas podem ser medidas eficazes para atenuar esses problemas e levar a uma melhoria da qualidade do mesmo. No entanto, uma mudança no uso da terra, por exemplo de pastagem para floresta pode ter um impacto crucial no balanço hídrico e isso pode afetar a disponibilidade de água, mesmo sob condições de clima tropical úmido, onde a água normalmente não é um fator limitante. Devemos levar também em consideração que de acordo com projeções de mudanças climáticas, as precipitações em algumas dessas regiões também diminuirão agravando assim, ainda mais o quadro apresentado. Para mitigar esses problemas relacionados com as alterações climáticas, reflorestamentos são frequentemente realizados mas raramente são bem-sucedidos, pois condições ambientais como os requisitos específicos de cada espécie de planta, não são devidamente levados em consideração. Isso é muitas vezes devido, não só pela falta de dados, como também por recursos financeiros limitados, que são problemas comuns em regiões tropicais. Por esses motivos, são necessárias abordagens inovadoras que devam ser capazes de medir as condições ambientais quase continuamente e de maneira rentável. Simultaneamente com o reflorestamento, deve ser feita uma monitoração a fim de avaliar o sucesso da atividade e para prevenir, ou pelo menos, reduzir os problemas potenciais associados com o mesmo (por exemplo, a escassez de água). Para se evitar falhas e reduzir implicações negativas sobre os ecossistemas, é crucial obter percepções sobre o real balanço hídrico e as mudanças que seriam geradas por esse reflorestamento. Por este motivo, esta tese teve como objetivo desenvolver e testar uma combinação de métodos para avaliação de áreas adequadas para reflorestamento. Com esse intuito, foi colocada no centro da abordagem de avaliação a modelagem do balanço hídrico local, que permite a identificação e estimação de possíveis alterações causadas pelo reflorestamento sob mudança climática considerando o sistema complexo de realimentação e a interação de processos do continuum solo-vegetação-atmosfera. Esses modelos hidrológicos que investigam explicitamente a influência da vegetação no equilíbrio da água são conhecidos como modelos Solo-Vegetação-Atmosfera (SVAT). Esta pesquisa focou em dois objetivos principais: (i) desenvolvimento e teste de uma combinação de métodos para avaliação de áreas que sofrem com a escassez de dados (pré-requisito do estudo) (Parte I), e (ii) a investigação das consequências da incerteza nos parâmetros de entrada do modelo SVAT, provenientes de dados geofísicos, para modelagem hídrica (Parte II). A fim de satisfazer esses objetivos, o estudo foi feito no nordeste brasileiro,por representar uma área de grande escassez de dados, utilizando como base uma plantação de bambu e uma área de floresta secundária. Uma modelagem do balanço hídrico foi disposta no centro da metodologia para a avaliação de áreas. Este estudo utilizou o CoupModel que é um modelo SVAT unidimensional e que requer informações espaciais detalhadas do solo para (i) a parametrização do modelo, (ii) aumento da escala dos resultados da modelagem, considerando a heterogeneidade do solo de escala local para regional e (iii) o monitoramento de mudanças nas propriedades do solo e características da vegetação ao longo do tempo. Entretanto, as abordagens tradicionais para amostragem de solo e de vegetação e o monitoramento são demorados e caros e portanto muitas vezes limitadas a informações pontuais. Por esta razão, métodos geofísicos como a espectroscopia visível e infravermelho próximo (vis-NIR) e sensoriamento remoto foram utilizados respectivamente para a medição de propriedades físicas e químicas do solo e para derivar as características da vegetação baseado no índice da área foliar (IAF). Como as propriedades estimadas de solo (principalmente a textura) poderiam ser usadas para parametrizar um modelo SVAT, este estudo investigou toda a cadeia de processamento e as incertezas de previsão relacionadas à textura de solo e ao IAF. Além disso explorou o impacto destas incertezas criadas sobre a previsão do balanço hídrico simulado por CoupModel. O método geoelétrico foi aplicado para investigar a estratificação do solo visando a determinação de um perfil representante. Já a sua estrutura foi explorada usando uma técnica de análise de imagens que permitiu a avaliação quantitativa e a comparabilidade dos aspectos estruturais. Um experimento realizado em uma estufa com plantas de bambu (Bambusa vulgaris) foi criado a fim de determinar as caraterísticas fisiológicas desta espécie que posteriormente seriam utilizadas como parâmetros para o CoupModel. Os resultados do estudo (Parte III) destacam que é preciso estar consciente das incertezas relacionadas à medição de parâmetros de entrada do modelo SVAT. A incerteza presente em alguns parâmetros de entrada como por exemplo, textura de solo e o IAF influencia significantemente a modelagem do balanço hídrico. Mesmo assim, esta pesquisa indica que vis-NIR espectroscopia é um método rápido e economicamente viável para medir, mapear e monitorar as propriedades físicas (textura) e químicas (N, TOC, TIC, TC) do solo. A precisão da previsão dessas propriedades depende do tipo de instrumento (por exemplo da resolução do sensor), da propriedade da amostra (a composição química por exemplo) e das características das condições climáticas da área. Os resultados apontam também que a sensitividade do CoupModel à incerteza da previsão da textura de solo em respeito ao escoamento superficial, transpiração, evaporação, evapotranspiração e ao conteúdo de água no solo depende das condições gerais da área (por exemplo condições climáticas e tipo de solo). Por isso, é recomendado realizar uma análise de sensitividade do modelo SVAT prior a medição espectral do solo no campo, para poder considerar adequadamente as condições especificas do área em relação ao clima e ao solo. Além disso, o mapeamento de propriedades de solo previstas pela espectroscopia usando o kriging, resultou em interpolações de baixa qualidade (variogramas fracos) como consequência da acumulação de incertezas surgidas desde a medição no campo até o seu mapeamento (ou seja, previsão do solo via espectroscopia, erro do kriging) e heterogeneidade especifica de uma pequena escala. Osmétodos selecionados para avaliação das áreas (vis-NIR espectroscopia, comparação da estrutura de solo por meio de análise de imagens, análise de laboratório tradicionais) revelou a existência de diferenças significativas entre o solo sob bambu e o sob floresta secundária, apesar de ambas terem sido estabelecidas no mesmo tipo de solo (vertissolo). Refletindo sobre os principais resultados do estudo, pode-se afirmar que a combinação dos métodos escolhidos e aplicados representam uma forma mais detalhada e eficaz de avaliar se uma determinada área é adequada para ser reflorestada. Os resultados apresentados fornecem percepções sobre onde e quando, durante a medição do solo e da vegetação, é necessário se ter uma precisão mais alta a fim de minimizar incertezas potenciais na modelagem com o modelo SVAT

Le Sahel est particulièrement exposé à la variabilité de la mousson Ouest-Africaine dont les répercussions socio-économiques peuvent prendre un caractère dramatique. Cette région est en outre confrontée à l'une des plus fortes croissances démographiques jamais observées, se traduisant par une pression toujours plus forte sur de faibles ressources naturelles et un environnement fragile. Dans ce contexte, un enjeu important se situe dans notre capacité à proposer des outils aidant au suivi des ressources hydriques et végétales, et permettant d'anticiper les impacts climatiques et anthropiques à moyen terme sur ces ressources. Pour cela, il est indispensable d'étudier et mieux comprendre les processus d'échanges d'énergie et de matière à l'interface terre-atmosphère, qui contribuent à la régulation de la mousson d'une part et gouvernent le cycle hydrologique local et le développement végétal d'autre part. Les travaux réalisés s'inscrivent dans cette problématique, portant précisément sur l'analyse des cycles de l'eau et de l'énergie en région sahélienne sous les effets combinés du climat et de l'activité humaine. La démarche s'appuie sur une méthodologie alliant observations in situ et modélisation à base physique. L'étude a été réalisée dans la région centrale du Sahel, dont le système agricole traditionnel associe pastoralisme et cultures pluviales en alternance avec la jachère. Elle s'est appuyée sur le réseau d'observations éco-hydrologiques et énergétiques acquises en continu durant 7 années (2005-2012) par l'Observatoire AMMA CATCH au Sud-Ouest Niger. La qualité et la cohérence de ces observations ont permis de dresser des grands traits du fonctionnement éco-hydrologique des deux couverts végétaux les plus répandus dans la région : cultures de mil et jachères arbustives. Les observations ne permettent cependant pas à elles seules d'établir des bilans complets aux différentes échelles temporelles d'intérêt (infra-journalière à interannuelle). Une modélisation couplée détaillée des cycles de l'énergie et de l'eau a par conséquent été élaborée pour ces deux couverts, à l'aide du modèle de transferts sol-plante-atmosphère SiSPAT. Etalonné sur une période de 2 ans, le modèle a ensuite été validé sur les 5 autres années d'observation, en contraignant les paramètres du modèle à des valeurs physiquement réalistes. En bon accord avec les observations, cette modélisation pluriannuelle s'est révélée être un outil d'analyse précieux, intégrant toute la pertinence, la richesse et la cohérence du jeu de données. La représentativité de la période étudiée a permis d'en exploiter les résultats pour (1) analyser l'impact de la variabilité climatique sur les bilans d'eau et d'énergie aux différentes échelles temporelles et (2) fournir une première climatologie des flux et stocks d'eau et d'énergie à l'interface sol-végétation-atmosphère, à ces mêmes échelles. Les similitudes et différences de fonctionnement éco-hydrologique et énergétique entre écosystèmes ont été mises en évidence. Par exemple, l'évapotranspiration représente plus de 80% des précipitations annuelles et près de la moitié du rayonnement global au cœur de la mousson pour les deux sites. Sa distribution saisonnière et son partitionnement en évaporation du sol et transpiration des plantes diffèrent néanmoins entre les deux écosystèmes, tout comme le ruissellement, et le drainage sous la zone racinaire. Ce dernier apparaît significatif pour le champ de mil mais pas pour la jachère. Une analyse de sensibilité des processus aux caractéristiques du sol et du couvert a été réalisée. La robustesse des résultats produits devrait leur permettre de servir de référence pour les études des processus hydrologiques et énergétiques dans cette région. La modélisation ainsi construite présente un potentiel évident pour des études prospectives, relatives notamment au changement climatique ou à une évolution des pratiques agricoles.

U okviru doktorske disertacije predstavljeni su postojeći i novi koncepti modeliranjaturbulentnog transporta ugljen-dioksida i azotnih oksida u površinskom sloju atmosfereiznad ruralne oblasti. Cilj istraživanja je da se na osnovu postojećih saznanja o procesimakoji opisuju interakciju tlo-vegetacija-atmosfera i rezultata mikrometeorološkiheksperimenata unapredi modeliranje procesa interakcije. Poseban akcenat stavljen je namodeliranje turbulentnog transporta gasova iznad i unutar šumskog sklopa. Uticajvertikalne heterogenosti biljnog sklopa uveden je u predloženi postupak skaliranjaasimilacije ugljen-dioksida sa lista na biljni sklop i suve depozicije azotnih oksida.Predloženi koncepti testirani su u okviru fizičke LAPS i hemijske MLC-Chem površinskesheme. Za potrebe modeliranja turbulentnog transporta ugljen-dioksida razvijen jemodul za parametrizaciju intenziteta fotosinteze. Kvantitativna analiza rezultata izvedenaje poređenjem osmotrenih i simuliranih vrednosti turbulentnih flukseva ugljen-dioksida iazotnih oksida na četiri karakteristična šumska sklopa. Unapređenje modeliranjaizvedeno je kaplovanjem testiranih površinskih shema u MLC-LAPS shemu. Kvalitetsimulacija MLC-LAPS sheme proveren je poređenjem izlaznih i osmotrenihmikrometeoroloških veličina, koncentracije i turbulentnih flukseva gasova.
This PhD thesis deals with the current and new concepts of modeling turbulenttransport of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the surface layer of the atmosphereabove the rural areas. The aim of this research is to improve modeling of the interactionbetween soil-vegetation-atmosphere based on existing knowledge about the processesdescribing the interaction and results of micrometeorological experiments. Specialemphasis is placed on the modeling of turbulent transport of gases above and withinthe forest canopy. Influence of vertical canopy heterogeneity was introduced in theproposed method for scaling the assimilation of carbon dioxide from the leaf to canopy level and dry deposition of nitrogen oxides. The presented concepts are tested within the physical LAPS and chemical MLC-Chem surface schemes. For the purposes of modeling the turbulent transport of carbon dioxide the module for parameterization of photosynthesis was developed. Quantitative analysis of the results were made by comparing the observed and simulated values of turbulent fluxes of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides in four distinctive forest canopies. Modeling improvement was performed by coupling tested surface schemes into MLC-LAPS scheme. Quality of MLCLAPS scheme simulations is verified by comparing the output and observed micrometeorological elements and turbulent fluxes of energy and gases.

Några verkar tro att sorgen är ett rum som man besöker en stund och sen går ut. Kanske som ett tonårsrum med affischer på väggarna, kläder på golvet och samlingar av glas med slattar av O’boy. Någonting man lämnar bakom sig sen. Vi som gått in i sorgens rum vet det inte är sant. Vi vet att den inte är ett rum, utan en labyrint. Vi vet att dörren slår igen bakom och försvinner. Det går att komma ut, men genom en annan dörr och till en annan plats. Denna bok innehåller en samling texter om mitt sökande efter den där dörren.

The content of this thesis is to describe process of developing computer game and presentation of Unity3D game engine. Acquisition of knowledge is used to create simple application for PC. The first chapter of this thesis deals with describing proces sof komputer games developing, Unity3D game egnine and its Integrated Development Enviroment, known as Unity Editor is described in the sekond charter with other programs, uset to creating sample application. Last chapter deals with describing creation of application via using techniques and software, which are described in first two chapters.

Main goals of this work are to present game development process and game engine Unity3D and develop game server with application programming interface including framework for using the server. The first part of this work is tageted on history of game genres and game development process. The second part of the thesis is dedicated to describing Unity3D game engine with focus on Unity3D networking. Development tools used in implementation and server desing included framework for use of the server are described in the third part of the thesis. In the last chapter of this work are described most important classes used in developed application.

The goal of this thesis is to describe the issue of computer game creation and to develop a race game for people connected to the Virtual World using Unity 3D game engine. The first part of this thesis is dedicated to the history of video games, platforms and to describing of development processes and development tools. The next part is about Unity 3D game engine, which was used for creating the game. The resulting application is described in the last part.

In my diploma thesis I deal with the phenomenon of chamber LARP and through it I get to the reflection of my studies at the Department of Authorial Creativity and Pedagogy [KATaP]. My first approach to the writing assumed that the live action role playing (LARP) is based on similar assumptions and motivations as the basic disciplines of the department. The more detailed I looked at this game, I had to modify the original hypothesis of similarity. Process that I describe in my thesis has finally reverse trend. I do not describe LARP with regard to the experience of KATaP, but the LARP experience leads me to the reflection and exploration of the five-year study. Gradually, (Inter) acting With the Inner Partner, authorship and game become the subject of my research. I also think of the possibility of an authentic experience and try to answer the question of for what is the truth in own creation and access to myself. It is largely a subjective view and an offer of my personal experiences and experience from University and from the practice of LARP.

En régions méditerranéennes, la gestion de l'eau à partir d'outils d'aide à la décision requiert la connaissance des échanges d'énergie et de masse entre la surface et l'atmosphère, dont l'évapotranspiration, qui représente la composante majeure du cycle hydrologique. Les avancées récentes, en termes de modélisation des Transferts Sol-Végétation-Atmosphère (TSVA) pour des couverts homogènes et d'assimilation des données de télédétection, principalement à l'échelle subrégionale, permettent d'envisager le passage à l'échelle régionale pour des couverts complexes de type cultures en rang. L'objectif de ce travail est de développer une modélisation versatile et de la caler par télédétection à l'échelle régionale sur un bassin versant viticole. Les investigations sont menées sur le bassin versant de la Peyne, dans le cadre de l'ORE OMERE. Une analyse bibliographique a permis de sélectionner un modèle TSVA à vocation régionale avec un nombre réduit de paramètres. L'implémentation de ce modèle est motivée par des objectifs de versatilité mais aussi d'inclusion dans une plateforme de simulation. Parallèlement, l'évapotranspiration a été spatialisée à l'échelle régionale par synergie des données télédétectées infrarouge thermique ASTER et Landsat. Les chroniques d'évapotranspiration obtenues sont ensuite utilisées pour caler le modèle TSVA
In Mediterranean regions, decision making tools for water management require knowledge of water and mass exchanges between land surface and atmosphere, where evapotranspiration is the main component of the hydrological cycle. Recent advances, in terms of modeling and remote sensing, mainly at the subregional scale for homogeneous canopies, allow foreseeing the regional extent for complex landscapes such as row crops. This work aims to propose and calibrate a versatile modeling at the regional scale over a vineyard watershed, the calibration relying on remote sensing. A literature review allows selecting a SVAT model with a regional scope and a limited number of parameters. Model implementation is motivated by versatility and further inclusion into a simulation platform. Then, evapotranspiration is spatialized synergistically by using thermal infrared data from ASTER and Landsat remote sensors. Next, the time series obtained for evapotranspiration are used for calibrating the selected SVAT model. These investigations are conducted over the Peyne watershed, within the framework of the OMERE Observatory for environmental research

Le Sud-Ouest de la France est la région pour laquelle le changement climatique aura les effets les plus difficiles à mitiger. L'agriculture est déjà à l'origine de 41 % des prélèvements en eau du bassin Adour-Garonne et devra s'adapter aux conséquences du changement climatique sur cette ressource : précipitations plus irrégulières, baisse des débit des cours d'eau. Pour cela la mise en place de nouveaux outils de suivi et de diagnostique sera nécessaire à la gestion durable de la ressource. Dans le cas des surfaces agricoles, le bilan hydrique est fortement contraint par les pertes vers l'atmosphère que représente le flux d'évapotranspiration, qui est une composante du bilan couplé d'eau et d'énergie de la surface. Le suivi de l'évapotranspiration permet en particulier d'identifier les périodes de stress hydrique. L'estimation de l'évapotranspiration à grande échelle est basée sur l'exploitation des images de télédétection spatiale ainsi que l'utilisation parfois combinée de la modélisation physique des transferts à la surface. Selon le domaine de longueur d'onde utilisé en observation de la Terre: visible, infrarouge-thermique ou hyperfréquences, nous avons accès à des propriétés ou caractéristiques différentes de la surface. Le domaine des hyperfréquences (radar) à la particularité d'être peu sensible à la présence d'un couvert nuageux, ce qui n'est pas le cas pour le visible et l'infrarouge thermique. Le radar présente aussi une sensibilité à la structure géométrique de la cible et au contenu en eau. Le domaine visible et proche infrarouge permet de suivre l'évolution de la couverture végétale à l'aide d'indices spectraux. Quant au domaine infrarouge thermique, il permet d'évaluer la température de surface et peut détecter des situations de stress hydrique. La combinaison des trois domaines de longueur d'onde, avec leurs apports respectifs, avec un modèle de bilan d'eau et d'énergie pourrait permettre de mieux suivre les processus du bilan d'énergie de la surface. L'étude menée s'intéresse aux complémentarités des 3 domaines spectraux sur un cas réel de suivi de cultures de blé et de tournesol sur le sud ouest de la France au cours de l'année 2010. Nous étudions plus précisément les variabilités spatiale et temporelle d'un indice de végétation (le GAI), de la température de surface (Ts) et du coefficient de rétrodiffusion radar en bande-C sur un ensemble de 13 parcelles de blé et de 5 parcelles de tournesol. L'exploitation de cette variabilité spatio-temporelle nous permet de sélectionner des scénarios de simulation du bilan hydrique spatialisé avec le modèle de bilan d'eau et d'énergie SetHyS (Suivi de l'État Hydrique de la Surface) contraint par les indicateurs issus des images de télédétection. [...]
The south-west of France has been identified as a region for which climate change effects will be the harder to mitigate. Agriculture is already representing 41% of the water use in the Adour-Garonne watershed and will have to adapt to the effects of climate change on the water cycle: more irregular precipitations, lowering of the rivers rate of flow... New methods for monitoring will be necessary for the responsible use of water. Loss to the atmosphere is the major constraint of the water budget in agricultural areas. This evapotranspiration flux is part of the coupled water and energy budget of the surface; in particular, it allows one to identify water stress events. The estimation of evapotranspiration flux at a large scale relies on remote sensing images or a modeling of exchanges at the surface, sometime both. The wavelength domains used allow sampling of different surface properties. Microwave used in radar is sensitive to the target geometry and its water content. It is also insensitive to cloud cover. Visible images are used to monitor vegetation development with spectral indexes. Thermal infrared gives information of surface temperature and can detect water stress. The combined use of these three wavelength domains, each with its respective strength, in a water and energy budget modeling scheme could allow to better monitor surface processes. This study focuses on the complementarities of the three wavelength domains in a case of wheat and sunflower monitoring in south west of France over the year 2010. It is focused on the spatial and temporal variability of a visible based vegetation descriptor (the GAI: Green Area Index), surface temperature (Ts) and C-band backscattering coefficient over 13 fields of wheat and 6 fields of sunflower. This variability allows us to select various parameterizations of the water and energy budget model SEtHyS. The study is organized as follow: - We first studied the sensitivity of C-band backscattering coefficient to the spatial and temporal variability of 2 surface properties: top soil moisture and GAI. The 4 radar polarizations as well as 2 polarization ratios are covered. - We adapted the [surface temperature-vegetation index] method for a temporal use of the entire remote sensing dataset. Using this method we retrieved an index we called RTVDI (Relative Temperature Vegetation Difference Index) which we used to rank fields and extract patterns. - We finally used the SEtHyS model to try and reproduce the RTVDI variability previously observed. The first approach is realized using the model in direct mode to identify sensitive parameters for water budget modeling. The radar sensitivity study confirmed the vegetation monitoring ability of C-band radar. Thresholds on height allowed identifying periods when radar is sensitive to top soil moisture. The modified trapezoid method allowed selecting groups of fields with variable hydric properties.[...]

The objective of the diploma thesis is to prepare a study of a kindergarten. The kindergarten is designed for 72 children and is located on the lot n. 899/2 in Brno, district Zebetin. The house is a single storey, free-standing with no basement. The entrance and access road is located on the north side of the property. The adjacent terrain is gently sloping. The supporting construction is designed from the Porotherm system. The building is covered with a flat roof. The operation consists of three departments, facilities for teachers, communication facilities and technical background.

The energy exchange in the soil-snow-vegetation-atmospheresystem was studied to improve the quantitative knowledge of thegoverning processes. The lack of such knowledge contributes tothe uncertainty in the applicability of many existing modelsindependent of the temporal or spatial scale. The theoreticalbackground and available methods for measurements and numericalsimulations were reviewed. Numerical simulation models andavailable data sets representing open land and boreal forestwere evaluated in both diurnal and seasonal time-scales.Surface heat fluxes, snow depth, soil temperatures andmeteorological conditions were measured at an agriculturalfield in central Sweden over two winters, 1997-1999. Twoone-dimensional simulation models of different complexity wereused to simulate the heat and water transfer in thesoil-snow-atmosphere system and compared with the measurements.Comparison of simulated and observed heat fluxes showed thatparameter values governing the upper boundary condition weremore important than the formulation of the internal mass andheat balance of the snow cover. The models were useful toevaluate the lack of energy balance closure in the observedsurface heat fluxes, which underlined the importance ofimproved accuracy in eddy correlation measurements of latentflow during winter conditions.

The representation of boreal forest in the land surfacescheme used within a weather forecast model was tested with athree-year data set from the NOPEX forest site in centralSweden. The formulation with separate energy balances forvegetation and the soil/snow beneath tree cover improvedsimulation of the seasonal and diurnal variations of latent andsensible heat flux compared with an older model version.Further improvements of simulated surface heat fluxes could beexpected if the variation of vegetation properties within andbetween years and a new formulation of the boundary conditionsfor heat flux into the soil is included.

Keywords: Surface energy balance, Snow, Boreal forest,SVAT models, Eddy-correlation Measurements, Latent heat flux,Sensible heat flux, Net radiation, Soil temperature,Aerodynamic roughness, Surface resistance

QC 20100614

I dagsläget är den hållbara utvecklingen hetare än någonsin. Det rör sig inte om en ekologisk trend utan ett faktum, vi måste ta ansvar för våra handlingar. Projektet resulterar i ett formförslag på en golvarmatur i plast som möter Svanenmärkningens kriterier.

Denna uppsats undersöker huruvida ett antal aktiemarknader på Balkan tillfredställer den svaga formen av marknadseffektivitet under perioden 2003-2007. Svag marknadseffektivitet innebär att priset på en finansiell tillgång reflekterar all historisk prisinformation. Om en marknad är svagt effektiv leder analys av historisk kursinformation inte till överavkastning eftersom all historisk information redan är diskonterad av marknaden. För att pröva den svaga formen av effektivitet för Kroatien, Makedonien, Montenegro, Serbien och Slovenien genomförs olika statistiska tester såsom autokorrelationstest, runs test, varianskvottest och regressionsanalys.

Samtliga tester i studien genomförs på dagsavkastningar. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att samtliga avkastningsserier lider av positiv autokorrelation, vilket innebär att den historiska avkastningen i viss mån kan användas för att predicera den framtida avkastningen. Detta behöver dock inte betyda avvikelse från den effektiva marknadsmodellen då den ekonomiska signifikansen är relativt låg med en genomsnittlig förklarningsgrad under fem procent.

Syftet med studien var att se om det finns ett samband mellan matematiksvårigheter och elevens arbetsminne. Utifrån ett befintligt resultat från screeningtest valdes 19 elever ut med matematiksvårigheter, och ytterligare 20 som kontrollgrupp. Därefter genomfördes arbetsminnestester samt test av antalsuppfattning. Undersökningarna utfördes i år 3 och 4 på två olika skolor. Arbetsminnestesterna testade den centrala exekutiven, fonologiska loopen, visuella skissblocket, process-hastighet. Resultaten som analyserades med variansanalys visade att det finns samband mellan arbetsminne och matematiksvårigheter. Studien visar på specifika störningar i centrala exekutiven, men också störningar i den medfödda antalsuppfattningen.

It is a self-standing restaurant building. The basement contained storage needed for restaurant operations. The first floor is the kitchen which has placed kitchen for seating on both sides of the building. Also found here are also toilets and lift to upper floor. The first floor is the actual operation of the restaurant terrace.

characteristics of the region - Sudets, agricultural region, clean. Begining 1997 a new geografic situation. On the road between Jesenik Mountains and big cities. This region has many problems (unemployment, bad conditions for tourism) but the damm not only wrong. It is a good oportunity for development...

The theme of dissertation is to create the architectural study of a Roman bath and sauna World. Spa are part of a complex aqvapark. There is a defined a part of the aqvapark. Dedicated to recreation and clearing the body. I propose a new open space, allowing penetration of light and air. THe area comprising the impression of kontinuity and at the same time the idea of intimacy. Using simple geometric forms allows capturing the important principles of operation.

The subject of this thesis is an architectural study of Roman spa and sauna world that connects seamlessly to a specialized atelier with theme Aquacentre - "Water Temple" Brno. The project is located to the upper floors front cupola waterpark, which is composed of monolithic reinforced concrete skeleton and its building envelope brings arched laminated wood trusses. The main task was to create the interior space. The source of inspiration was the whirlpool, which is transcribed into the design of furniture.

Master´s thesis was developed as interior design of Roman spa and sauna world. Roman spa and sauna world are located on the third floor of the Aquacentrum building, a draft of which was prepared in a specialized studio of the 2nd year master´s program. Part of the composition was also design of the layout on the third floor, in which the spa and sauna world are located. Object Aquacentrum is designed to lucrative tourist spot, close to the banks of the Brno reservoir, which lies in the northwestern part of the city of Brno near Brno-Bystrc district.

The subject of this dissertation thesis is the architectural study of a wellness center inspired with the Roman baths and sauna´s world. Wellness center is the part of the aqua park called ,, The Water World“ situated nearby the Brněnská přehrada, the area of Rakovec. The disposition of a wellness center is solved with usage of open way of distribution according to the types of zones. Design of colours and use materials evokes the relaxing atmosphere.

The subject of the master´s thesis is the architectural study of Spa world at Brno dam. The Spa is designed as part of the Aqua park, which was solved in atelier´s project. The building is located close to the Brno dam in hilly terrain. The proposed Spa world offers visitors the opportunity to relax, rehabilitation and entertainment in a variety of saunas. The Aqua Park is also a restaurant, massage, fitness center, shop, indoor and outdoor swimming pool.

Architectural study offers solution space of Roman baths and sauna world in designed Aquacenter , which is located in Brno - Rakovec area. Location aqua center study is based on the Territorial studies Brněnská přehrada area. Nowadays wellness facilities are important part of water parks. The designed spaces of Roman baths and sauna world offer its visitors the use Roman baths, Finnish saunas, as well as other supporting procedures such as massages, herbal baths, massage whirlpools, etc. It is not just a place to stay the recovery or relaxation, but is included here social function as generously solved frigidarium space s and relaxing bar. Form, which is based on the design building of Aquacenter, is circular and it allows central layout solution. The central solution dispositions are reflected throughout the interior design concept. The overall layout is also trying to build on traditional content Roman bath, respect the Finnish sauna concept and both join together in a common area.

This thesis was prepared as an architectural study. In front of his graduate-seminar was a study on urban concept and the building Aquapark Brno - Zidenice hillside snakes. This thesis deals with the extension of the complex of Roman baths and sauna world. This is a two-storey building without a basement cubic shape. The proposal emphasizes the functionality of the service, interior design of the building and the overall expression

The specified location for the design is located in the street Hády near the former quarries -Hády and Růženin lom. The place is surrounded by suburban recreational greenery and has sufficient accessibility. On a dedicated site is considered new and existing applications. The new use of the buildings includes a water park and Roman bath and the sauna world. The building of the Roman bath and sauna world will contain, in addition to the main operations also ancillary services and hydrotherapy treatments. The object is oriented at the southern edge of the land between the parking lot and the building of the Aqua Park. The object is designed as a three-storey with basement (1S), 1st floor (1NP) and 2nd floor (2NP). Mass solution is the arc plan. The input section is designed as a contiguous solid mass. The rear part is then designed as two separate halls. From the perspective of the construction is a reinforced concrete skeleton. Surface materials are plaster with metallic paint, glass and wood.

The building of Roman Baths and sauna world forms, along with a formerly-designed waterpark, a stand-alone recreational and sports compound in the vicinity of “Růžena's” quarry and the former “Hády” quarry in Brno. The mass of the object is nearly cubic, and in the cross direction it is complemented with an external atrium, with swimming pools situated next to the central glass-fronted part of the object. This bright space functions as a place of relaxation and offers a view of the city of Brno. The view and solar energy have been used in the south-western part as well, where a two-floor glass front has been designed. On the facades of the object there are narrow vertical windows which create an effect of dripping water. The primary architectonic plan has been to create an object offering relaxation, originated in the principles and traditions of Ancient Roman bathing, complemented with a sauna world and further related relaxation establishments.

The project deals with the study of recreational facilities named Roman spa and sauna world. A new building has been associated with the proposed aquacenter "Water Temple Brno", which is by its character and by the capacity predestined to be a multifunctional main "water world" in Brno. The aim of this study is to design a wellness center that would cover the capacity requirements resulting from population density of the city of Brno, that would architectural and urban correspond with the site, and last but not least, offering a wide range of comfortable services covering the needs of potential customers. As a result, it was suggested modern wellness center, does not disturb the landscape construction sites, understated building that more than itself prefers landscape scenery around and its design slightly underscores the balance between nature and human work planted in it.

Architectural study offers solution of space of the Roman baths and sauna world in object next to the previously designed building of Aquacenter in Brno - Hády. Location of aquacenter is based on architectural search study Aquacenter - "The Water Temple" Brno (on development areas which are set by ÚPmB). Wellness facilities are today an important part of the water parks. The designed spaces of Roman baths and sauna world offers visitors the use of modifications of Roman baths and Finnish saunas, as well as other supporting treatments such as various massages, herbal baths, massage whirlpools, etc. It is not just a place to relax or to the curative stay, but there is also included a social function as a private spas (for business meetings), caldarium, possibly tepidarium, a rest rooms and relaxation bar. The form of a building, which is based on the form of the previously designed building of aquacentre, is a block with inclined SE, SW and NE wall (inclination of walls is 20 degrees from the vertical). In the center part of a layout is rest room and bar, along which sides are atriums. Around them are then arranged an individual operating units into single wings. The overall layout is also trying to build on the traditional content and linking space of Roman baths, abide the Finnish concept of the sauna and join both together in related wings. While the traffic of balneotherapy is as a "dirty" separated by hall, the wing with massages and less traditional saunas and spas (such as Sweden, Japan, etc.) together with the water baths wing are separated from the central area by corridor. Accommodation is dedicated the space of the second floor, which does not occupy the whole floor space as a first floor and is arranged in a T-shape. The basement which is partly sunk into the ground is located covered parking and service facilities.

This Master's thesis takes a look at the construction of the new Roman baths and sauna world with adjacent premises, all connected to the premises in the section TG02, such as the water park, restaurant, administration and rehabilitation. The plot of land intended for the implementation is situated in an undeveloped area in the urban district of Zidenice on the outskirts of the city of Brno. The entire complex of buildings forms a wave landscape with a cube as the centrepiece symbolizing water in a quarry and the reaction to the neighbouring Růženin quarry. The buildings also react to significant visual axes, one of which is the view from the Hady quarry, another of the Hady access roads. Emphasis is also placed on the views from the Roman baths, simultaneously preserving the privacy of visitors. Entrance to the two-storey Roman baths and sauna world is possible from the communal changing rooms in the water park, but also separately. The Sauna world located on the first floor is lit by an atrium that connects it with the Roman baths on the second floor. There are eight dry saunas from different corners of the world, various cold-zones, three massage rooms and three relaxation rooms. A relaxing swimming pool and a fountain in the seating area of the saunabar are significant elements of the central space. Located inside the Roman baths are nine heating rooms all of different temperatures and moisture levels, a large cooling room, and a small swimming pool with an adjacent jacuzzi in the central area, both with beautiful views. From this section, you can walk out onto the adjacent terrain, where there is a large outdoor swimming pool and sauna. There is a polarium, a private spa, a small spa shop, massages and special baths each with their own entrance. On the third floor there is accommodation, a conference room and a fitness centre.

Document describes selected techniques and approaches to problem of text detection, extraction and recognition on modern mobile devices. It also describes their proper presentation to the user interface and their conversion to hyperlinks as a source of information about surrounding world. The paper outlines text detection and recognition technique based on MSER detection and also describes the use of image features tracking method for text motion estimation.

Focus of this master's thesis is a study of modern techniques in computer graphics and designing and developing custom application based on which could be developed new game engine. In this thesis are highlighted techniques for creating large terrains, advanced shadows, physically based sky rendering and drawing large set of objects. Finally, performance testing of these modules is performed.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyze impacts of BEPS including Country-by-Country reporting on the business field and on the tax administration. The theoretical part describes the importance of the initiative of BEPS transfer pricing including its the updated package, Action 8-10. Next part describes and compares the actual transfer pricing regulations in the countries of Visegrad 4 and in Germany. The last part of the diploma thesis analyzes the current transfer pricing situations and the cases of multinational corporation such as Google and Starbucks and it is followed by chaptures analyzing possible advantages and disadvantages that will arise from the new statement of CBCR.

Syftet är att undersöka hur pressande frågetyper vid polisförhör påverkar barns (3-7 år gamla) svar. Tio förhörsutskrifter i dialogform har använts. Olika kategorier av pressande frågetyper samt av svarstyper konstruerades. Resultaten visar att barn i regel är känsliga för suggestion, men det förekommer undantag. Barn ändrar ofta svar när samma fråga upprepas.
The purpose is to study how pressing questions during police interrogations influence children´s answers. Ten transcriptions of police interrogations were analyzed for children 3 - 7 years old. The results show that children as a rule are influenced by suggestions. Children often change answers when the same question is repeated.

Skönlitteratur ska inkluderas i alla SVA-kurser (1, 2, 3) på gymnasiet enligt Gy11. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilken roll SVA-lärarstudenter tycker att skönlitteraturen bör ha i SVA-undervisningen. Uppsatsen ämnar svara på vilken funktion studenterna tycker att skönlitteraturen fyller i SVA-undervisningen, hur de ser på skönlitteraturens plats i styrdokumenten och även hur SVA-lärarutbildningen har förberett dem för framtida skönlitterär undervisning i SVA. Metoden för studien är kvalitativ intervju, dels genom fokusgruppintervju och dels genom uppföljande individuella intervjuer. Informanterna är sex SVA-lärarstudenter på ämneslärarprogrammet på Uppsala universitet. Resultatet visade att informanterna menar att skönlitteratur kan bidra till språkutveckling, identitetsskapande och omvärldskunskap och därav bör ha en given plats i SVA-undervisningen. Däremot upplever informanterna sig mindre väl förberedda inför att undervisa om skönlitteratur i SVA, då deras egen SVA-lärarutbildningen innehåller för lite skönlitteraturundervisning och för liten praktisk anknytning.