Journal articles: 'Sustainable nanocellulose production'

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Córdova, Armando, Samson Afewerki, Rana Alimohammadzadeh, Italo Sanhueza, Cheuk-Wai Tai, Sinke H. Osong, Per Engstrand, and Ismail Ibrahem. "A sustainable strategy for production and functionalization of nanocelluloses." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 5 (May 27, 2019): 865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0204.

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Abstract A sustainable strategy for the neat production and surface functionalization of nanocellulose from wood pulp is disclosed. It is based on the combination of organocatalysis and click chemistry (“organoclick” chemistry) and starts with nanocellulose production by organic acid catalyzed hydrolysis and esterification of the pulp under neat conditions followed by homogenization. This nanocellulose fabrication route is scalable, reduces energy consumption and the organic acid can be efficiently recycled. Next, the surface is catalytically engineered by “organoclick” chemistry, which allows for selective and versatile attachment of different organic molecules (e.g. fluorescent probes, catalyst and pharmaceuticals). It also enables binding of metal ions and nanoparticles. This was exemplified by the fabrication of a heterogeneous nanocellulose-palladium nanoparticle catalyst, which is used for Suzuki cross-coupling transformations in water. The disclosed surface functionalization methodology is broad in scope and applicable to different nanocelluloses and cellulose based materials as well.

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Silva, Francisco A. G. S., Fernando Dourado, Miguel Gama, and Fátima Poças. "Nanocellulose Bio-Based Composites for Food Packaging." Nanomaterials 10, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 2041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10102041.

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The food industry is increasingly demanding advanced and eco-friendly sustainable packaging materials with improved physical, mechanical and barrier properties. The currently used materials are synthetic and non-degradable, therefore raising environmental concerns. Consequently, research efforts have been made in recent years towards the development of bio-based sustainable packaging materials. In this review, the potential of nanocelluloses as nanofillers or as coatings for the development of bio-based nanocomposites is discussed, namely: (i) the physico-chemical interaction of nanocellulose with the adjacent polymeric phase, (ii) the effect of nanocellulose modification/functionalization on the final properties of the composites, (iii) the production methods for such composites, and (iv) the effect of nanocellulose on the overall migration, toxicity, and the potential risk to human health. Lastly, the technology readiness level of nanocellulose and nanocellulose based composites for the market of food packaging is discussed.

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Wang, Wangxia, Nanxun Sun, Zhaosheng Cai, Kaijin Sun, Feng Gu, Yongcan Jin, and Huining Xiao. "Sustainable high yield production of cellulose nanomaterials for easy-cleaning surfaces of cellulose-based materials." BioResources 15, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 1014–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.1.1014-1025.

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Cellulose nanomaterials with high yield and desired properties were sustainably produced using a facile recyclable acid treatment (oxalic acid) with mineral acid catalysis at ambient pressure. The resultant nanocellulose was uniform in dimensions (diameter and length distributions) and highly dispersible in the aqueous phase. The nanocellulose with yield up to 33.9%, a zeta potential of -53.9 mV, and 100% volume stability (24 h) was achieved via oxalic acid treatment in conjunction with sulfuric acid addition. The coating of such nanocellulose on paper created a uniform and dense layer on the surface, which lowered Gurley air permeability (i.e., prolonging the time required for air flow from 3.9 to 681.9 s per 100 mL). Moreover, the coated paper showed a complete grease barrier after 48 h and presented easy-cleaning behavior. The approach developed in this work offers an adoptable guidance to design green and sustainable easy-cleaning surfaces. In turn, this approach will provide potential applications of nanocellulose for green based packaging and environmental protection.

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Mateo, Soledad, Silvia Peinado, Francisca Morillas-Gutiérrez, M. Dolores La Rubia, and Alberto J. Moya. "Nanocellulose from Agricultural Wastes: Products and Applications—A Review." Processes 9, no. 9 (September 6, 2021): 1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091594.

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The isolation of nanocellulose from different agricultural residues is becoming an important research field due to its versatile applications. This work collects different production processes, including conditioning steps, pretreatments, bleaching processes and finally purification for the production of nanocellulose in its main types of morphologies: cellulose nanofiber (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). This review highlights the importance of agricultural wastes in the production of nanocellulose in order to reduce environmental impact, use of fossil resources, guarantee sustainable economic growth and close the circle of resource use. Finally, the possible applications of the nanocellulose obtained as a new source of raw material in various industrial fields are discussed.

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Kumar, Anuj, Ankur Sood, and Sung Soo Han. "Potential of magnetic nano cellulose in biomedical applications: Recent Advances." Biomaterials and Polymers Horizon 1, no. 1 (October 20, 2021): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37819/bph.001.01.0133.

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Biopolymers have attracted considerable attention in various biomedical applications. Among them, cellulose as sustainable and renewable biomass has shown potential efficacy. With the advancement in nanotechnology, a wide range of nanostructured materials have surfaced with the potential to offer substantial biomedical applications. . The progress of cellulose at the nanoscale regime (nanocelluloses) with diverse forms like cellulose nanocrystals, nanofibres and bacterial nanocellulose) has imparted remarkable properties like high aspect-ratio and high mechanical strength, and biocompatibility. The amalgamation of nanocellulose together with magnetic nanoparticles (MNC) could be explored for a synergistic effect. In this review, a brief introduction of nano cellulose , magnetic nanoparticles and the synergistic effect of MNC is described. Further, the review sheds light on the recent studies based on MNCs with their potential in the biomedical area. Finally, the review is concluded by citing the remarkable value of MNC with their futuristic applications in other fields like friction layers for triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), energy production, hydrogen splitting, and wearable electronics.

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Babicka, Marta, Magdalena Woźniak, Monika Bartkowiak, Barbara Peplińska, Hanna Waliszewska, Magdalena Zborowska, Sławomir Borysiak, and Izabela Ratajczak. "Miscanthus and Sorghum as sustainable biomass sources for nanocellulose production." Industrial Crops and Products 186 (October 2022): 115177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115177.

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Finny, Abraham Samuel, Oluwatosin Popoola, and Silvana Andreescu. "3D-Printable Nanocellulose-Based Functional Materials: Fundamentals and Applications." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2021): 2358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092358.

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Nanomaterials obtained from sustainable and natural sources have seen tremendous growth in recent times due to increasing interest in utilizing readily and widely available resources. Nanocellulose materials extracted from renewable biomasses hold great promise for increasing the sustainability of conventional materials in various applications owing to their biocompatibility, mechanical properties, ease of functionalization, and high abundance. Nanocellulose can be used to reinforce mechanical strength, impart antimicrobial activity, provide lighter, biodegradable, and more robust materials for packaging, and produce photochromic and electrochromic devices. While the fabrication and properties of nanocellulose are generally well established, their implementation in novel products and applications requires surface modification, assembly, and manufacturability to enable rapid tooling and scalable production. Additive manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing can improve functionality and enhance the ability to customize products while reducing fabrication time and wastage of materials. This review article provides an overview of nanocellulose as a sustainable material, covering the different properties, preparation methods, printability and strategies to functionalize nanocellulose into 3D-printed constructs. The applications of 3D-printed nanocellulose composites in food, environmental, and energy devices are outlined, and an overview of challenges and opportunities is provided.

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Negro, Carlos, Ana Balea Martín, Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador, Cristina Campano, Elena Fuente, M. Concepcion Monte, and Angeles Blanco. "NANOCELLULOSE AND ITS POTENTIAL USE FOR SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 50, no. 2 (March 29, 2020): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2020.471.

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Nanocellulose (NC) and its wide applications have attracted high attention due to its desirable properties such as high surface area, extraordinary mechanical properties, high reactivity and easy modification of NC surface due to the presence of primary hydroxyl groups. NC also presents several environmental benefits, including high potential availability because its production is coming from natural sources, renewability and nontoxicity. This paper briefly summarizes some of the activities of the research group “Cellulose, Paper and Water Advanced Treatments” from Complutense University of Madrid that were presented in CAIQ 2019, including the main types of NC, the production processes and their characterization. Additionally, the most promising NC applications are described such as for paper and board, for wastewater treatment, food and cement-based materials. Moreover, a market perspective of NC is also presented.

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Kaur, Mandeep, Praveen Sharma, and Santosh Kumari. "State of Art Manufacturing and Producing Nanocellulose from Agricultural Waste: A Review." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 3394–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19006.

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This review article aims to identify current research areas in nanocellulose production from various agricultural waste materials. In the arena of sustainable materials, nano-sized cellulosic materials have achieved great curiosity from scientists and researchers. Nanocellulose is embellished with some remarkable properties like biodegradability, renewability, low density, low weight, high strength and high stiffness. Nanocellulose is a versatile material and show pertinence towards variety of applications such as heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, medicines, textiles, barrier, reinforcing polymers etc. This review is an effective tool to introduce numerous agricultural waste materials used for the extraction of different forms of nanocellulose viz. cellulose nanofibres and cellulose nanocrystals. The most common preparation methods of nanocellulose are oxidation, high pressure homogenization, refining, electrospinning, steam explosion, acid hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis etc. This review emphasize upon acid hydrolysis as one of the most prominent approach to synthesize nanocellulose by utilizing agricultural waste. This strategy to materialize nanocellulose provides an outlook for the future perspectives in overcoming the global issues like stubble burning, curbing air pollution etc. in a facile manner.

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Sunardi, S., W. T. Istikowati, D. I. Sari, D. H. Y. Yanto, and A. Kamari. "Isolation of Nanocellulose from Aquatic Wetland Plant-Eleocharis dulcis." Asian Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 6 (2022): 1513–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.23518.

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Eleocharis dulcis is a sustainable wetland material available in enormous quantities in Kalimantan, Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of the acid hydrolysis method for the isolation of nanocellulose of E. dulcis. The isolation process started with delignification, followed by the removal of hemicellulose to produce cellulose. The hydrolysis was performed at 45 ºC for 60 and 120 min, respectively, using sulphuric acid. Furthermore the nanocellulose was characterized using particle size analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffractions. The particle size analysis showed that the diameter of the nanocellulose was affected by hydrolysis time. In addition, the X-ray diffractions results showed that the crystallinity index of the nanocellulose was 71.99% and 71.61% for the acid hydrolysis time of 60 min and 120 min, respectively. This study also demonstrated that the aquatic wetland plant, E. dulcis has a good potential for nanocellulose production in Indonesia.

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Yao, Wen Run, and Qing Hua Xu. "Research Progress in Nanocellulose Preparation." Advanced Materials Research 988 (July 2014): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.988.101.

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In recent years, under the current situation of the exhausting non-renewable resources such as coal, oil and natural gas, there is a general interest in the sustainable production of chemicals and/or materials from biomass, which may play a major role in producing systems traditionally produced from petroleum. Cellulose is one of the most widely distributed renewable biopolymers. nanocellulose prepared from renewable and biodegradable lignocellulosic materials is green and environmental-friendly. It holds promise in a wide range of applications due to its nanoscale dimension and some unique properties, such as optical, electrical, magnetic and mechanical properties, etc. This review introduces the research progress in nanocellulose preparation methods.

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Subbotina, E., C. Montanari, P. Olsén, and Lars A. Berglund. "Fully bio-based cellulose nanofiber/epoxy composites with both sustainable production and selective matrix deconstruction towards infinite fiber recycling systems." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 2 (2022): 570–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta07758a.

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Kargupta, Wriju, Christine Browne, Luis Verdugo, Ian Hunt, Karen Stack, Warren Batchelor, and Joanne Tanner. "Flotation as a separation technology for recovering pulp fines and sustainable nanocellulose production." Separation and Purification Technology 270 (September 2021): 118810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118810.

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Beyan, Surafel Mustefa, Temesgen Abeto Amibo, S. Venkatesa Prabhu, and Abraham Getahun Ayalew. "Production of Nanocellulose Crystal Derived from Enset Fiber Using Acid Hydrolysis Coupled with Ultrasonication, Isolation, Statistical Modeling, Optimization, and Characterizations." Journal of Nanomaterials 2021 (October 7, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7492532.

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Currently, many scholars are looking for renewable biomass sources for the isolation of nanomaterials that have a sustainable property and are ecofriendly. Thus, effectively synthesize and characterization enset fiber nanocellulose using acid hydrolysis with sonication is focus of study. Additionally, process optimization for isolation of nanocellulose (CNCs) from raw enset fiber using RSM-CCD and characterizations of obtained CNCs was explored. The quadratic model was selected, and optimized values for CNCs yield (77.69%) that were acquired to be H2SO4: 51.6 wt. %, reaction temperature: 47°C, and time: 66.5 min. Chemical composition analysis, XRD, FTIR, PSA, SEM, and TGA were used for characterizing CNCs. The particle size distribution of CNCs is 66 nm. It has a crystalline index of 80.91% and excellent thermal stability. FTIR and chemical composition result indicated the reduction and removal of lignin and hemicellulose components that are usually available in the raw enset fibers. The SEM analysis reveals the structure and arrangement of the fiber bundles inside the raw material to nanocellulose. This property shows its endowing as a possibly consistent load-bearing material. This study could be given a noteworthy thought for designing and emerging CNC isolation, optimization, and industrial application.

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Hashemzehi, Mozhgan, Beko Mesic, Björn Sjöstrand, and Muhammad Naqvi. "A comprehensive review of nanocellulose modification and applications in papermaking and packaging: Challenges, technical solutions, and perspectives." BioResources 17, no. 2 (April 8, 2022): 3718–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.2.hashemzehi.

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The increasing usage of petroleum-based compounds has prompted numerous environmental concerns. Consequently, there has been a steady rise in research on the synthesis of useful materials from natural sources. Paper technologists are seeking environmentally acceptable dry end and wet end additives. Among the bio-based resources available, nanocellulose is a popular sustainable nanomaterial additive in the paper industry because of its high strength, high oxygen barrier performance, low density, great mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. NC’s extensive hydroxyl groups provide a unique possibility to dramatically modify the hydrophilicity and charge of the surface in order to improve their potential applications in the paper industry. The current paper reviews two series of surface modifications, each with various subcategories, depending on why modified nanocellulose is added in the paper production: to improve barrier properties or to improve mechanical properties of packaging materials. The methods presented in this study use the minimum amount of chemically hazardous solvents to have the least impact on the environment. This review focuses on modifications of nanocellulose and their subsequent application in the papermaking. The knowledge and the discussion presented in this review will form a literature source for future use by various stakeholders and the sustainable paper manufacturers.

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Zhao, Jinwei, Zhiqiang Gong, Can Chen, Chen Liang, Lin Huang, Meijiao Huang, Chengrong Qin, and Shuangfei Wang. "Adsorption Mechanism of Chloropropanol by Crystalline Nanocellulose." Polymers 14, no. 9 (April 25, 2022): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091746.

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Paper packaging materials are widely used as sustainable green materials in food packaging. The production or processing of paper materials is conducted in an environment that contains organic chlorides; therefore, potential food safety issues exist. In this study, the adsorption behavior of organic chlorides on paper materials was investigated. Chloropropanol, which has been extensively studied in the field of food safety, was employed as the research object. We studied the adsorption mechanism of chloropropanol on a crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) model. The results demonstrated that physical adsorption was the prevailing process, and the intermolecular hydrogen bonds acted as the driving force for adsorption. The adsorption effect assumed greatest significance under neutral and weakly alkaline conditions. A good linear relationship between the amount of chloropropanol adsorbed and the amount of CNC used was discovered. Thus, the findings of this study are crucial in monitoring the safety of products in systems containing chloropropanol and other chlorinated organic substances. This is particularly critical in the production of food-grade paper packaging materials.

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Zhao, Jinwei, Zhiqiang Gong, Can Chen, Chen Liang, Lin Huang, Meijiao Huang, Chengrong Qin, and Shuangfei Wang. "Adsorption Mechanism of Chloropropanol by Crystalline Nanocellulose." Polymers 14, no. 9 (April 25, 2022): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091746.

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Paper packaging materials are widely used as sustainable green materials in food packaging. The production or processing of paper materials is conducted in an environment that contains organic chlorides; therefore, potential food safety issues exist. In this study, the adsorption behavior of organic chlorides on paper materials was investigated. Chloropropanol, which has been extensively studied in the field of food safety, was employed as the research object. We studied the adsorption mechanism of chloropropanol on a crystalline nanocellulose (CNC) model. The results demonstrated that physical adsorption was the prevailing process, and the intermolecular hydrogen bonds acted as the driving force for adsorption. The adsorption effect assumed greatest significance under neutral and weakly alkaline conditions. A good linear relationship between the amount of chloropropanol adsorbed and the amount of CNC used was discovered. Thus, the findings of this study are crucial in monitoring the safety of products in systems containing chloropropanol and other chlorinated organic substances. This is particularly critical in the production of food-grade paper packaging materials.

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Ratnakumar, Abirami, Bandu Samarasekara, Shantha Amarasinghe, Shanari Rathnayake, and Lalin Karunanayake. "Path towards a sustainable bioeconomy: Conversion of locally available rice straw to nanocellulose." Bolgoda Plains 1, no. 2 (December 2021): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/bprm.v2.2021.1.

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The Sri Lankan agriculture sector has the potential to sup¬port a national bioeconomy. Rice straw is a key by-product generat¬ed from paddy cultivation. While it is traditionally treated as a waste matter, straw can be a valuable resource in producing biomass fi¬bers in the green composite production due to properties such as recyclability, biodegradability, renewability, nontoxicity, and high functionality. Comprehensive investigations have been carried out on the chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of cellulose fibers extracted from locally available straw. The study outcomes can help in determining how this material can be effectively used in various applications.

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Tavakoli, Mehrnoosh, Ali Ghasemian, Mohammad Reza Dehghani-Firouzabadi, and Bartłomiej Mazela. "Cellulose and Its Nano-Derivatives as a Water-Repellent and Fire-Resistant Surface: A Review." Materials 15, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010082.

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The inevitable destructive effects of moisture and temperature are obvious in cellulosic and nanocellulosic substrates. These materials are the main foundations of interdependent industries that produce products such as currency notes or high-quality packaging for sanitary, cosmetics, or ammunition in the defense industry. Therefore, it is essential to develop procedures to eliminate problems arising from humidity and fire to improve the quality of these green and sustainable materials. The production of waterproof and flame-resistant cellulose-based substrates has drawn increasing attention to resolve these drawbacks. In this review paper, we have initially summarized the most accessible cellulosic substrates, different kinds of nanocellulose, and the general information about water repellents and intumescent fireproof surfaces. Then, the potential and necessity of using cellulosic biobased substrates are addressed for use in modified shapes as waterproof and fire inhibitor coatings. Cost-effective, eco-friendly, and durable, dual-function coatings are also introduced as future challenges, which are exploited as water-repellents and flame-retardant cellulose-based surfaces for pulp and paper applications.

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Hamid, Sharifah Bee Abd, Mohammad Ziaul Karim, and Md Eaqub Ali. "Green Catalytic Approach for the Synthesis of Functionalized Nanocellulose from Palm Tree Biomass." Advanced Materials Research 925 (April 2014): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.57.

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Oil palm is a major agricultural product in Malaysia and it covers approximately 5 million hectares of land. Palm tree biomass is a by-product of oil palm cultivation. Biomass is a complex structure composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Cellulose, which gives the mechanical properties to the natural fiber, is organized in micro-fibrils enclosed by the other two main components: hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose microfibrils can be found as intertwined microfibrils in the cell wall (220 μm in diameter and 100 40,000 nm in length). Cellulose microfibrils are in turn exist in cellulose nanofibers having diameter of 550 nm and length several millimeters conformed by nanocrystalline domains and amorphous regions. Nanocellulose, which is a degradation product of cellulose, has recently come to public attention because of its great mechanical properties combined with low molecular weight, renewability and biodegradability. Another advantage of nanofibrillar cellulose is that their production does not interfere with the food chain, therefore, they can be considered as socially sustainable raw materials. However, before the nanocellulose can be fully utilized to fabricate smart and environmentally friendly new high-tech products. Most common applications of nanocellulose are for polymer composite, bioplastics, films, foams, gels, cosmetics, dimensionally stable thickener and emulsion, implant material, biodegradable tissue scaffold, suture, drug delivery vehicle, filter paper, speaker membrane, battery membrane, concrete, drilling muds & enhanced oil recovery, water treatment, etc. Several methods have been proposed for the extraction/preparations of nanocellulose which involve extensive chemical and mechanical treatments which are not environmentally friendly. This paper reviewed various methods along with their limitations for the controlled structure synthesis of functionalized nanocellulose from palm tree biomass. The green catalytic approaches are schematically outlined.

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SHATKIN, JO ANNE, THEODORE H. WEGNER, E. M. (TED) BILEK, and JOHN COWIE. "Market projections of cellulose nanomaterial-enabled products ? Part 1: Applications." May 2014 13, no. 5 (June 1, 2014): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj13.5.9.

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Nanocellulose provides a new materials platform for the sustainable production of high-performance nano-enabled products in an array of applications. In this paper, potential applications for cellulose nanomaterials are identified as the first step toward estimating market volume. The overall study, presented in two parts, estimates market volume on the basis of estimated tonnage of cellulose nanomaterials rather than the dollar value of production or profits from production. In this paper, we first identified potential uses from literature, presentations, and patent reviews, and then categorized these under the broad headings of high-volume, low-volume, and emerging/novel applications. For each application, the rationale for using nanocellulose is explained. The companion paper, Part 2, explains the assumptions and calculation of application-specific market estimates. High- and low-volume consumption applications of cellulose nanomaterials were identified from published data as well as expert input. We categorized potential market sizes as high or low by considering applications where cellulose nanomaterials would replace existing materials and be used at a published or estimated rate for some fraction of an entire existing market. Novel applications for cellulose nanomaterials that are presently considered niche markets are also identified, but volumes were not estimated because of a lack of published supporting data. Annual U.S. market potential for identified applications of nanocellulose is estimated as 6.4 million metric tons, with a global market potential of 35 million metric tons. The greatest volume potential for use of cellulose nanomaterials is currently in paper and packaging applications. Other potentially high-volume uses are in the automotive, construction, personal care, and textile sectors.

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Jančíková, Veronika, and Michal Jablonský. "The role of deep eutectic solvents in the production of cellulose nanomaterials from biomass." Acta Chimica Slovaca 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2022-0008.

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Abstract In recent years, the demand for environment-friendly products has been on an increasing trend among researchers and industry for sustainable development. Deep eutectic solvents are green solvents which, due to their properties (biodegradability, recyclability, low cost, availability, easy preparation, low toxicity, chemical and thermal stability), can be used in various fields such as polymer chemistry, which includes nanocellulose isolation and polysaccharides processing. Several studies have illustrated the effectiveness of using deep eutectic solvents instead of the conventional reaction system to produce and disperse nanomaterials. This work summarizes the use of deep eutectic solvents in the isolation of cellulosic nanomaterials from different types of biomass. Deep eutectic solvents demonstrate high effectiveness in swelling lignocellulosic biomass and producing cellulose nanomaterials. Overall, deep eutectics solvents represent an innovative and effective pretreatment process for the fractionation of raw cellulose-containing fibres to promote subsequent isolation of nanomaterials made from cellulose.

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Mirtaghavi, Ali, Jikui Luo, and Rajendran Muthuraj. "Recent Advances in Porous 3D Cellulose Aerogels for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 4 (October 19, 2020): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040152.

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Current approaches in developing porous 3D scaffolds face various challenges, such as failure of mimicking extracellular matrix (ECM) native building blocks, non-sustainable scaffold fabrication techniques, and lack of functionality. Polysaccharides and proteins are sustainable, inexpensive, biodegradable, and biocompatible, with structural similarities to the ECM. As a result, 3D-structured cellulose (e.g., cellulose nanofibrils, nanocrystals and bacterial nanocellulose)-based aerogels with high porosity and interconnected pores are ideal materials for biomedical applications. Such 3D scaffolds can be prepared using a green, scalable, and cost-effective freeze-drying technique. The physicochemical, mechanical, and biological characteristics of the cellulose can be improved by incorporation of proteins and other polysaccharides. This review will focus on recent developments related to the cellulose-based 3D aerogels prepared by sustainable freeze-drying methods for tissue engineering applications. We will also provide an overview of the scaffold development criteria; parameters that influenced the aerogel production by freeze-drying; and in vitro and in vivo studies of the cellulose-based porous 3D aerogel scaffolds. These efforts could potentially help to expand the role of cellulose-based 3D scaffolds as next-generation biomaterials.

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Mohammadi, Pezhman, A. Sesilja Aranko, Christopher P. Landowski, Olli Ikkala, Kristaps Jaudzems, Wolfgang Wagermaier, and Markus B. Linder. "Biomimetic composites with enhanced toughening using silk-inspired triblock proteins and aligned nanocellulose reinforcements." Science Advances 5, no. 9 (September 2019): eaaw2541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw2541.

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Silk and cellulose are biopolymers that show strong potential as future sustainable materials. They also have complementary properties, suitable for combination in composite materials where cellulose would form the reinforcing component and silk the tough matrix. A major challenge concerns balancing structure and functional properties in the assembly process. We used recombinant proteins with triblock architecture, combining structurally modified spider silk with terminal cellulose affinity modules. Flow alignment of cellulose nanofibrils and triblock protein allowed continuous fiber production. Protein assembly involved phase separation into concentrated coacervates, with subsequent conformational switching from disordered structures into β sheets. This process gave the matrix a tough adhesiveness, forming a new composite material with high strength and stiffness combined with increased toughness. We show that versatile design possibilities in protein engineering enable new fully biological materials and emphasize the key role of controlled assembly at multiple length scales for realization.

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Streimikyte, Paulina, Pranas Viskelis, and Jonas Viskelis. "Enzymes-Assisted Extraction of Plants for Sustainable and Functional Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 2359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042359.

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The scientific community and industrial companies have discovered significant enzyme applications to plant material. This rise imparts to changing consumers’ demands while searching for ‘clean label’ food products, boosting the immune system, uprising resistance to bacterial and fungal diseases, and climate change challenges. First, enzymes were used for enhancing production yield with mild and not hazardous applications. However, enzyme specificity, activity, plant origin and characteristics, ratio, and extraction conditions differ depending on the goal. As a result, researchers have gained interest in enzymes’ ability to cleave specific bonds of macroelements and release bioactive compounds by enhancing value and creating novel derivatives in plant extracts. The extract is enriched with reducing sugars, phenolic content, and peptides by disrupting lignocellulose and releasing compounds from the cell wall and cytosolic. Nonetheless, depolymerizing carbohydrates and using specific enzymes form and release various saccharides lengths. The latest studies show that oligosaccharides released and formed by enzymes have a high potential to be slowly digestible starches (SDS) and possibly be labeled as prebiotics. Additionally, they excel in new technological, organoleptic, and physicochemical properties. Released novel derivatives and phenolic compounds have a significant role in human and animal health and gut-microbiota interactions, affecting many metabolic pathways. The latest studies have contributed to enzyme-modified extracts and products used for functional, fermented products development and sustainable processes: in particular, nanocellulose, nanocrystals, nanoparticles green synthesis with drug delivery, wound healing, and antimicrobial properties. Even so, enzymes’ incorporation into processes has limitations and is regulated by national and international levels.

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Szlek, Dorota B., Autumn M. Reynolds, and Martin A. Hubbe. "Hydrophobic molecular treatments of cellulose-based or other polysaccharide barrier layers for sustainable food packaging: A Review." BioResources 17, no. 2 (2022): 3551–673. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.2.szlek.

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Paper, nanocellulose, and other polysaccharide-based materials can be excellent candidates for food packaging barrier layers, except that they tend to be vulnerable to moisture. This article reviews published research describing various chemical treatments having the potential to render hydrophobic character to such layers. Emphasis is placed on systems in which hydrophobic monomers are used to treat either particles or sheets comprised largely of polysaccharides. A goal of this review is to identify combinations of materials and procedures having promise for scale-up to industrial production, while providing effective resistance to moisture. The idea is to protect the underlying polysaccharide-based barrier layers such that they can continue to impede the transfer of such permeants as oxygen, greases, flavor compounds, and water vapor. A further goal is to minimize any adverse environmental impacts associated with the treatments. Based on the research articles considered in this review, promising hydrophobic treatments can be achieved involving silanes, ester formation, other covalent interactions, plasma treatments, and to some extent by various treatments that do not require formation of covalent bonds. The article is designed such that readers can skip ahead to items of particular interest to them.

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Martinez-Crespiera, Sandra, Belén Pepió-Tàrrega, Rosa M. González-Gil, Francisco Cecilia-Morillo, Javier Palmer, Ana M. Escobar, Sirio Beneitez-Álvarez, et al. "Use of Nanocellulose to Produce Water-Based Conductive Inks with Ag NPs for Printed Electronics." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 2946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23062946.

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The need for more sustainable printed electronics has emerged in the past years. Due to this, the use of nanocellulose (NC) extracted from cellulose has recently been demonstrated to provide interesting materials such as functional inks and transparent flexible films due to its properties. Its high specific surface area together with the high content of reactive hydroxyl groups provide a highly tailorable surface chemistry with applications in ink formulations as a stabilizing, capping, binding and templating agent. Moreover, NC mechanical, physical and thermal properties (high strength, low porosity and high thermal stability, respectively) provide an excellent alternative for the currently used plastic films. In this work, we present a process for the production of water-based conductive inks that uses NC both as a template for silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) formation and as an ink additive for ink formulation. The new inks present an electrical conductivity up to 2 × 106 S/m, which is in the range of current commercially available conductive inks. Finally, the new Ag NP/NC-based conductive inks have been tested to fabricate NFC antennas by screen-printing onto NC-coated paper, demonstrating to be operative.

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Kargupta, Wriju, Reanna Seifert, Mark Martinez, James Olson, Joanne Tanner, and Warren Batchelor. "Sustainable production process of mechanically prepared nanocellulose from hardwood and softwood: A comparative investigation of refining energy consumption at laboratory and pilot scale." Industrial Crops and Products 171 (November 2021): 113868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113868.

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Sadare, Olawumi O., Kelvin O. Yoro, Kapil Moothi, and Michael O. Daramola. "Lignocellulosic Biomass-Derived Nanocellulose Crystals as Fillers in Membranes for Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Review." Membranes 12, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12030320.

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The improvement of membrane applications for wastewater treatment has been a focal point of research in recent times, with a wide variety of efforts being made to enhance the performance, integrity and environmental friendliness of the existing membrane materials. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are sustainable nanomaterials derived from microorganisms and plants with promising potential in wastewater treatment. Cellulose nanomaterials offer a satisfactory alternative to other environmentally harmful nanomaterials. However, only a few review articles on this important field are available in the open literature, especially in membrane applications for wastewater treatment. This review briefly highlights the circular economy of waste lignocellulosic biomass and the isolation of CNCs from waste lignocellulosic biomass for membrane applications. The surface chemical functionalization technique for the preparation of CNC-based materials with the desired functional groups and properties is outlined. Recent uses of CNC-based materials in membrane applications for wastewater treatment are presented. In addition, the assessment of the environmental impacts of CNCs, cellulose extraction, the production techniques of cellulose products, cellulose product utilization, and their end-of-life disposal are briefly discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects for the development of CNC from waste biomass for application in wastewater treatment are discussed extensively. Finally, this review unraveled some important perceptions on the prospects of CNC-based materials, especially in membrane applications for the treatment of wastewater.

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Gallo Stampino, Paola, Laura Riva, Carlo Punta, Graziano Elegir, Daniele Bussini, and Giovanni Dotelli. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Cellulose Nanofibres Production Routes from Virgin and Recycled Raw Materials." Molecules 26, no. 9 (April 28, 2021): 2558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092558.

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Nanocellulose-based materials are attracting an increasing interest for the positive role they could play in sustainable development; being originated from renewable resources. Moreover, cellulose has a high potential of recycling from both post-consumer waste and industrial waste. Both factors, i.e., recyclability and renewable resources; results are also extremely favourable in the perspective of circular economy. Despite all these positive aspects, an industrial production has yet to start. At the lab scale, many preparation methods of cellulose nanofibres (CNF) are available; here, the three most common are analysed: (1) enzymatic pre-treatment followed by homogenisation (ENZHO), (2) oxidative pre-treatment combined with homogenisation (TOHO) or (3) oxidative pre-treatment followed by sonication (TOSO). All three processes have been experimentally carried out starting from both virgin and recycled cellulose from industrial waste sludge. The environmental sustainability of these three routes is estimated by the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) using experimental lab scale data. In this scenario, the comparative LCA has pointed out a superior performance of the ENZHO process, followed by TOHO and, lastly, by TOSO. The influence of energy consumption on the final results has been further investigated by a sensitivity analysis, showing that the TOHO and TOSO routes could reach similar performances by scaling-up the process from the laboratory. The different typology of CNF obtained by conducting the ENZHO process with respect to the TEMPO-mediated oxidation approach is also outlined as an additional element to be considered for the final selection of a suitable process.

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Mbakop, Sandrine, Lebea N. Nthunya, and Maurice S. Onyango. "Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Nanocellulose Functionalized–Hybrid Membranes and Application in Water Quality Improvement." Processes 9, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040611.

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The increasing discharge of voluminous non or partially treated wastewaters characterized by complex contaminants poses significant ecological and health risks. Particularly, this practice impacts negatively on socio-economic, technological, industrial, and agricultural development. Therefore, effective control of water pollution is imperative. Over the past decade, membrane filtration has been established as an effective and commercially attractive technology for the separation and purification of water. The performance of membrane-based technologies relies on the intrinsic properties of the membrane barrier itself. As a result, the development of innovative techniques for the preparation of highly efficient membranes has received remarkable attention. Moreover, growing concerns related to cost-effective and greener technologies have induced the need for eco-friendly, renewable, biodegradable, and sustainable source materials for membrane fabrication. Recently, advances in nanotechnology have led to the development of new high-tech nanomaterials from natural polymers (e.g., cellulose) for the preparation of environmentally benign nanocomposite membranes. The synthesis of nanocomposite membranes using nanocelluloses (NCs) has become a prominent research field. This is attributed to the exceptional characteristics of these nanomaterials (NMs) namely; excellent and tuneable surface chemistry, high mechanical strength, low-cost, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and renewability. For this purpose, the current paper opens with a comprehensive yet concise description of the various types of NCs and their most broadly utilized production techniques. This is closely followed by a critical review of how NC substrates and their surface-modified versions affect the performance of the fabricated NC-based membranes in various filtration processes. Finally, the most recent processing technologies for the preparation of functionalized NCs-based composite membranes are discussed in detail and their hybrid characteristics relevant to membrane filtration processes are highlighted.

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Maiuolo, Loredana, Vincenzo Algieri, Fabrizio Olivito, Matteo Antonio Tallarida, Paola Costanzo, Antonio Jiritano, and Antonio De Nino. "Chronicle of Nanocelluloses (NCs) for Catalytic Applications: Key Advances." Catalysts 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11010096.

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Nanocellulose (NC) is a biomaterial with growing interest in the field of nanocomposites and sustainable materials. NC has various applications including biodegradable materials, reinforcing agents, packaging films, transpiring membranes and medical devices. Among the many applications, the use of NC functionalized with organic and inorganic groups has found wide use as a catalyst in chemical transformations. The goal of this review is to collect the current knowledge on its catalytic applications for chemical groups conversion. We have chosen to organize the manuscript according to subdivision of NC into Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC), Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs), and Cellulose Nanofibers (CNFs) and their role as inorganic- and organic-functionalized NC-catalysts in organic synthesis. However, in consideration of the fact that the literature on this field is very extensive, we have decided to focus our attention on the scientific productions of the last five years.

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Pattanayak, Sabita, Pratigyan Priyadarsini, and Yengkhom Disco Singh. "Cellulose and Nanocellulose Productions from Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuel Production." Current Alternative Energy 04 (December 31, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2405463104999201231195628.

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Abstract:: Biofuel is an emerging fuel to replace the conventional fuel used in transportation. With intensive research efforts, a new number of novel technologies having high potential for sustainable development have been developed to extensively utilize the biomass with zero waste. Cellulose and nanocellulose is becoming as one of the most targeted polymers to convert in to biofuel. It is being obtained from different plants parts. However, a concern is that the source of sustainable feedstocks for cellulosic component as desired process under different circumstances to produce biofuel. This study reviews concisely the cellulosic component, nanocellulose, isolation and extraction by different pretreatment technologies envisaging enzy-matic hydrolysis, biochemical conversion process and different plant feedstock as biofuel production. Particular attentions are paid to first generation of biofuel, second generation of biofuel and third generation of biofuel in regards to nanocellulose applications. The most common feedstocks lignocellulosic biomass is extensively discussed in the later part. The review also aims to present different methods of syntheses of nanocellulose, cellulose production from biomass and their applica-tion towards the biofuel production.

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Ai, Yusen, Lei Zhang, Mei Cui, Renliang Huang, Wei Qi, Zhimin He, Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, and Rongxin Su. "Toward Cleaner Production of Nanocellulose: A Review and Evaluation." Green Chemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2gc01669a.

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Kaur, Prabhpreet, Neha Sharma, Meghana Munagala, Rangam Rajkhowa, Ben Aallardyce, Yogendra Shastri, and Ruchi Agrawal. "Nanocellulose: Resources, Physio-Chemical Properties, Current Uses and Future Applications." Frontiers in Nanotechnology 3 (November 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnano.2021.747329.

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The growing environmental concerns due to the excessive use of non-renewable petroleum based products have raised interest for the sustainable synthesis of bio-based value added products and chemicals. Recently, nanocellulose has attracted wide attention because of its unique properties such as high surface area, tunable surface chemistry, excellent mechanical strength, biodegradability and renewable nature. It serves wide range of applications in paper making, biosensor, hydrogel and aerogel synthesis, water purification, biomedical industry and food industry. Variations in selection of source, processing technique and subsequent chemical modifications influence the size, morphology, and other characteristics of nanocellulose and ultimately their area of application. The current review is focused on extraction/synthesis of nanocellulose from different sources such as bacteria and lignocellulosic biomass, by using various production techniques ranging from traditional harsh chemicals to green methods. Further, the challenges in nanocellulose production, physio-chemical properties and applications are discussed with future opportunities. Finally, the sustainability of nanocellulose product as well as processes is reviewed by taking a systems view. The impact of chemicals, energy use, and waste generated can often negate the benefit of a bio-based product. These issues are evaluated and future research needs are identified.

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Kian, Lau Kia, Hassan Fouad, Mohammad Jawaid, and Zoheb Karim. "Crystalline nanocellulose based sustainable nanoscopic composite membrane production: removal of metal ions from water." Cellulose, March 16, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04494-w.

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Felgueiras, Catarina, Nuno G. Azoia, Cidália Gonçalves, Miguel Gama, and Fernando Dourado. "Trends on the Cellulose-Based Textiles: Raw Materials and Technologies." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9 (March 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.608826.

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There is an emerging environmental awareness and social concern regarding the environmental impact of the textile industry, highlighting the growing need for developing green and sustainable approaches throughout this industry’s supply chain. Upstream, due to population growth and the rise in consumption of textile fibers, new sustainable raw materials and processes must be found. Cellulose presents unique structural features, being the most important and available renewable resource for textiles. The physical and chemical modification reactions yielding fibers are of high commercial importance today. Recently developed technologies allow the production of filaments with the strongest tensile performance without dissolution or any other harmful and complex chemical processes. Fibers without solvents are thus on the verge of commercialization. In this review, the technologies for the production of cellulose-based textiles, their surface modification and the recent trends on sustainable cellulose sources, such as bacterial nanocellulose, are discussed. The life cycle assessment of several cellulose fiber production methods is also discussed.

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Silva, Ana C. Q., Armando J. D. Silvestre, Carla Vilela, and Carmen S. R. Freire. "Cellulose and protein nanofibrils: Singular biobased nanostructures for the design of sustainable advanced materials." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 10 (December 13, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.1059097.

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Polysaccharides and proteins are extensively used for the design of advanced sustainable materials. Owing to the high aspect ratio and specific surface area, ease of modification, high mechanical strength and thermal stability, renewability, and biodegradability, biopolymeric nanofibrils are gaining growing popularity amongst the catalog of nanostructures exploited in a panoply of fields. These include the nanocomposites, paper and packaging, environmental remediation, electronics, energy, and biomedical applications. In this review, recent trends on the use of cellulose and protein nanofibrils as versatile substrates for the design of high-performance nanomaterials are assessed. A concise description of the preparation methodologies and characteristics of cellulosic nanofibrils, namely nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), and protein nanofibrils is presented. Furthermore, the use of these nanofibrils in the production of sustainable materials, such as membranes, films, and patches, amongst others, as well as their major domains of application, are briefly described, with focus on the works carried out at the BioPol4Fun Research Group (Innovation in BioPolymer based Functional Materials and Bioactive Compounds) from the Portuguese associate laboratory CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials (University of Aveiro). The potential for partnership between both types of nanofibrils in advanced material development is also reviewed. Finally, the critical challenges and opportunities for these biobased nanostructures for the development of functional materials are addressed.

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Sudheshwar, Akshat, Valerio Beni, Nadia Malinverno, Roland Hischier, Yuval Nevo, Benjamin Dhuiege, Mateu Borràs, et al. "Assessing Sustainability Hotspots in the Production of Paper-based Printed Electronics." Flexible and Printed Electronics, December 19, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/acacab.

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Abstract Novel printed electronics are projected to grow and be manufactured in the future in large volumes. In many applications, printed electronics are envisaged as sustainable alternatives to conventional (printed circuit board-based) electronics. One such application is in the semi-quantitative drug detection and point-of-care device called 'GREENSENSE' that uses paper-based printed electronics. This paper analyses the carbon footprint of GREENSENSE in order to identify and suggest means of mitigating disproportionately high environmental impacts, labelled 'sustainability hotspots', from materials and processes used during production which would be relevant in high-volume applications. Firstly, a life cycle model traces the flow of raw materials (such as paper, cellulose nanocrystals, and nanosilver) through the three 'umbrella' processes (circuit printing, component mounting, and biofunctionalization) manufacturing different electronic components (the substrate, conductive inks, energy sources, display, etc.) that are further assembled into GREENSENSE. Based on the life cycle model, life cycle inventories are modelled that map out the network of material and energy flow throughout the production of GREENSENSE. Finally, from the environmental impact and sustainability hotspot analysis, both crystalline nanocellulose and nanosilver were found to create material hotspots and they should be replaced in favor of lower-impact materials. Process hotspots are created by manual, lab-, and pilot-scale processes with unoptimized material consumption, energy use, and waste generation; automated and industrial-scale manufacturing can mitigate such process hotspots.

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Lohtander, Tia, Rafael Grande, Monika Österberg, Päivi Laaksonen, and Suvi Arola. "Bioactive Films from Willow Bark Extract and Nanocellulose Double Network Hydrogels." Frontiers in Chemical Engineering 3 (August 12, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fceng.2021.708170.

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In nature, the protection of sensitive components from external threats relies on the combination of physical barriers and bioactive secondary metabolites. Polyphenols and phenols are active molecules that protect organisms from physical and chemical threats such as UV irradiation and oxidative stress. The utilization of biopolymers and natural bioactive phenolic components as protective coating layers in packaging solutions would enable easier recyclability of materials and greener production process compared with the current plastic-based products. Herein, we produce a fully wood-based double network material with tunable bioactive and optical properties consisting of nanocellulose and willow bark extract. Willow bark extract, embedded in nanocellulose, was cross-linked into a polymeric nanoparticle network using either UV irradiation or enzymatic means. Based on rheological analysis, atomic force microscopy, antioxidant activity, and transmittance measurements, the cross-linking resulted in a double network gel with enhanced rheological properties that could be casted into optically active films with good antioxidant properties and tunable oxygen barrier properties. The purely biobased, sustainably produced, bioactive material described here broadens the utilization perspectives for wood-based biomass, especially wood-bark extractives. This material has potential in applications where biodegradability, UV shielding, and antioxidant properties of hydrogels or thin films are needed, for example in medical, pharmaceutical, food, and feed applications, but also as a functional barrier coating in packaging materials as the hydrogel properties are transferred to the casted and dried films.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sustainable nanocellulose production'

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