Journal articles on the topic 'Sustainable forestry Australia'
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1
W. Norton, Tony, and Neil D. Mitchell. "Towards the sustainable management of southern temperate forest ecosystems: lessons from Australia and New Zealand." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 4 (1994): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940293.
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The temperate forest ecosystems of Australia and New Zealand have had a similar history of exploitation and destruction since European settlement. This differed markedly from the previous use of these forests by indigenous peoples. Australian Aborigines are considered to have used the forests on a sustainable basis. Fire was the primary management tool and probably had its greatest effect on floristic composition and structure. The Maori of New Zealand initially cleared substantial areas of forest, but by the time of European settlement they appear to have been approaching sustainable management of the remainder. In both countries, the arrival of Europeans disrupted sustainability and significantly changed the evolutionary history of the forests and their biota. The exploitation and destruction of temperate forests by Europeans in both countries has been driven largely by agricultural and forestry activities, based around settlement and export industries. The Australian continent never had substantial forest cover but this has been reduced by more than half in just 200 years. New Zealand has suffered a similar overall level of further loss; although in the lowlands this can reach 95 per cent. In recent times, forest production and management policies in the two countries have diverged. In both countries the majority of remaining indigenous forests are on publicly-owned land. Australia still maintains indigenous forest production as an industry exploiting old growth forests, the management being split between an emphasis on production forestry and nature conservation. New Zealand has largely abandoned indigenous forestry on public lands, the management being vested in a single conservation department. In New Zealand the production emphasis has mostly moved to sustainable plantation forestry, whereas in Australia, despite recommendations to halt or markedly reduce old growth forest logging, the transition to primary dependence on plantation production has yet to occur.
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Brand, David G. "Forest management in New South Wales, Australia." Forestry Chronicle 73, no. 5 (October 1, 1997): 578–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73578-5.
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Forest management policy in New South Wales, Australia, has been dramatically changing during the past two decades in response to public controversy and widening expectations of the values that the forest should provide to society. The nature of NSW forest management today is a reflection of the unique Australian forest ecology, the nature of the forest sector, and the emergence of conflict and polarized views on forest management in the past two decades. Recent efforts have made progress in resolving the forest debate. The key elements have included an expanded protected areas reserve system, expanded reliance on plantation forests for wood supply, increased wood security for native forest industries in return for a commitment to value-adding and the implementation of an ecologically sustainable forest management framework. Like other Australian States, NSW is currently negotiating Regional Forest Agreements with the Commonwealth Government that will set the stage for future directions in forest management. Key words: forest policy, Australia, New South Wales forest management
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Dargusch, Paul. "Understandings of Sustainable Corporate Governance by Australian Managed Investment Schemes and Some Implications for Small-scale Forestry in Australia." Small-scale Forestry 7, no. 1 (February 6, 2008): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11842-008-9041-7.
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Marohasy, Jennifer. "Australia's Environment Undergoing Renewal, Not Collapse." Energy & Environment 16, no. 3-4 (July 2005): 457–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958305054672394.
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In his new book Collapse Jared Diamond contends that the Australian environment is generally unproductive and has been irreversibly damaged by European farming, forestry and fisheries practices. Diamond reflects a popular view that is continually reinforced by environmental campaigning in Australia. The reality is more complex. Many Australian farms are amongst the most productive and sustainable in the world and in some situations have successfully broken natural cycles of low fertility. There are many examples where in the past there has been over-exploitation resulting in environmental damage. However government policies now tend to favor conservation over industry. Many once productive forests and fisheries are now closed to harvesting. These areas have become part of Australia's increasing reserve systems. By ignoring the evidence of ecological renewal and suggesting there is everywhere an environmental crisis, Diamond spreads misinformation and makes it difficult to identify the remaining real environmental issues that do need to be addressed.
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L Bougher, Neale, and Inez C Tommerup. "Restoration of Australia?s native fungi: For improved commercial environmental forestry, farm revegetation and sustainability in the Australian wheatbelt region." Microbiology Australia 24, no. 3 (2003): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma03338.
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There is currently much effort being put into methods of harnessing Australia?s plant biodiversity for profitable farming systems with multiple environmental benefits. However, less attention has been given to significant components of natural ecosystems other than plants. One such component is Australia?s diverse and unique native fungi, and the range of largely ignored, out of sight, ecosystem functions provided by fungi. Though poorly recognised to date, management and restoration of Australia?s native fungi and other soil organisms in tandem with animals and plants are likely to be key parts of an overall strategy to achieve environmentally sustainable and economically profitable agricultural landscapes for the long term.
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B. Lindenmayer, D., and H. F. Recher. "Aspects of ecologically sustainable forestry in temperate eucalypt forests - beyond an expanded reserve system." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 1 (1998): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980004.
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The utilization of native forests is one of the most contentious and socially-divisive issues in Australia. Much of the recent conflict over the conservation and exploitation of Australia's temperate forests has focussed on the expansion of the reserve system. Even if this aspect of forest conflict is resolved, there will be a number of major changes required before the forest sector can be regarded as having made the transition to ecological sustainability. The expansion of the reserve system must not result in a reduction in off-reserve conservation efforts as most of the nation's forest biodiversity will still occur outside the protected area network. This means that progress toward ecological sustainability will involve an overall reduction in timber and pulpwood production from native forests. There needs to be a concerted research and monitoring effort to better understand forest ecosystems targeted for management. Such efforts must not only provide better knowledge of forest biota, but they should assist foresters to develop more ecologically-sensitive silvicultural systems ? including the partial replacement of traditional cutting methods with new ones. As part of this effort, there is a need for better stand inventory to assist more accurate resource and yield estimates, and the implementation of mechanisms to assess adherence to environmental codes for timber harvesting.
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C. Calver, M., and J. Dell. "Conservation status of mammals and birds in southwestern Australian forests. II. Are there unstudied, indirect or long-term links between forestry practices and species decline and extinction?" Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 4 (1998): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980315.
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There is little evidence in the literature for past or current negative impacts of forestry practices on the mammals and birds of the south-west forests of Western Australia, although there are few relevant, detailed studies. For the conclusion of no major negative impact of forestry practices to be accepted, it must be shown that there are no indirect connections between forestry practices and established causes of fauna decline and that it is unlikely that forestry practices will have delayed impacts on the conservation status of mammals and birds. This paper reviews the literature relevant to these issues and concludes: (i) past forestry practices are linked to the changed fire regimes implicated in the decline of several species, indirectly connecting forestry practices with an established cause of fauna decline, (ii) there are plausible links between forestry and long-term causes of fauna decline that have not been investigated thoroughly. However, these findings need not mean that a native timber industry is incompatible with conservation in the south-west forests. Rather, they highlight the need for mediation between parties in the forest management debate, perhaps using some of the approaches developed recently in eastern Australia and North America. Concurrently, research effort could be directed towards determining the effectiveness of management initiatives already in place to ameliorate forestry impacts, while identifying actions successful elsewhere and setting research priorities to enable their effective implementation in the south-west. Forest managers, past and present, have good reason to be proud of their efforts. Even during earlier eras, when the focus of forest management was largely on timber supply, the need to ensure successful regeneration after logging has acted to conserve the whole jarrah and karri forest ecosystem. Abbott and Christensen (1994). The challenges posed by old growth eucalypt forest management in Australia are unique and by virtue of historical events, lie with our generation. To our advantage is an appreciation of what reforms are required, the availability of adequate knowledge and technology, and an understanding of what is at stake. A move towards ecologically sustainable forest use in Australia's remaining eucalypt forests requires a combination of initiatives including an enhanced conservation reserve network, and markedly enhanced protective measures in unreserved forest ecosystems, irrespective of land tenure. Significant reductions in logging quotas and major changes to current codes of forest practice are required if stated biodiversity conservation goals are to be achieved. Institutional reforms are required to support these changes as is support for long-term ecological research and monitoring. Norton (1996).
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Russell-Smith, Jeremy, Cameron Yates, Andrew Edwards, Grant E. Allan, Garry D. Cook, Peter Cooke, Ron Craig, Belinda Heath, and Richard Smith. "Contemporary fire regimes of northern Australia, 1997 - 2001: change since Aboriginal occupancy, challenges for sustainable management." International Journal of Wildland Fire 12, no. 4 (2003): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf03015.
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Considerable research has been undertaken over the past two decades to apply remote sensing to the study of fire regimes across the savannas of northern Australia. This work has focused on two spatial scales of imagery resolution: coarse-resolution NOAA-AVHRR imagery for savanna-wide assessments both of the daily distribution of fires ('hot spots'), and cumulative mapping of burnt areas ('fire-scars') over the annual cycle; and fine-resolution Landsat imagery for undertaking detailed assessments of regional fire regimes. Importantly, substantial effort has been given to the validation of fire mapping products at both scales of resolution. At the savanna-wide scale, fire mapping activities have established that: (1) contrary to recent perception, from a national perspective the great majority of burning in any one year typically occurs in the tropical savannas; (2) the distribution of burning across the savannas is very uneven, occurring mostly in sparsely settled, higher rainfall, northern coastal and subcoastal regions (north-west Kimberley, Top End of the Northern Territory, around the Gulf of Carpentaria) across a variety of major land uses (pastoral, conservation, indigenous); whereas (3) limited burning is undertaken in regions with productive soils supporting more intensive pastoral management, particularly in Queensland; and (4) on a seasonal basis, most burning occurs in the latter half of the dry season, typically as uncontrolled wildfire. Decadal fine-resolution fire histories have also been assembled from multi-scene Landsat imagery for a number of fire-prone large properties (e.g. Kakadu and Nitmiluk National Parks) and local regions (e.g. Sturt Plateau and Victoria River District, Northern Territory). These studies have facilitated more refined description of various fire regime parameters (fire extent, seasonality, frequency, interval, patchiness) and, as dealt with elsewhere in this special issue, associated ecological assessments. This paper focuses firstly on the patterning of contemporary fire regimes across the savanna landscapes of northern Australia, and then addresses the implications of these data for our understanding of changes in fire regime since Aboriginal occupancy, and implications of contemporary patterns on biodiversity and emerging greenhouse issues.
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Hickey, Gordon M. "Polarized debate surrounding Tasmania’s old-growth forests." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 762–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85762-5.
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The debate surrounding Tasmania’s old-growth forests in 2004 represents a good example of a situation where, despite both sides of a highly polarized policy field drawing on science to support their world view (to varying degrees), little common ground was found to enable robust and shared discussions that were required to resolve the conflict and collectively define a sustainable future for Tasmania’s old-growth forests. This paper reviews the scientific and policy-related literature on old-growth eucalypt forests and outlines recent developments in old-growth forest policy in Tasmania. It describes the highly polarized public policy debate surrounding Tasmania’s old-growth forests in the lead up to the 2004 Federal election, and considers the challenges posed by polarized democratic debate when developing public policy. It then considers the different dimensions of forest-related scientific knowledge and discusses the role of science in informing and resolving the polarized old growth debate in Tasmania. Key words: Sustainable forest management, strategy, politics, research, government, Australia
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Lindenmayer, David. "Salvage harvesting – past lessons and future issues." Forestry Chronicle 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc82048-1.
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The increasing prevalence and/or increasing intensity of large-scale natural disturbance events in forests means that post-disturbance salvage logging is becoming more widespread. Salvage logging can have a wide range of environmental impacts, but some of these are not well known or not well understood by policy makers and natural resource managers. Some of these impacts are briefly summarized in this paper. Improved long-term forest planning needs to be embraced that takes into account the not only the environmental but also the social and environmental impacts of salvage harvesting. Past mistakes and future opportunities associated with salvage harvesting are illustrated by a case study from the Lower Cotter Catchment in south-eastern Australia. Key words: salvage harvesting, natural disturbance, environmental impacts, ecologically sustainable forestry, forest planning, long-term forest sustainability
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Nikles, D. G., D. I. Bevege, G. R. Dickinson, M. W. Griffiths, D. F. Reilly, and D. J. Lee. "Developing African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) germplasm and its management for a sustainable forest plantation industry in northern Australia: progress and needs." Australian Forestry 71, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2008.10676269.
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Brotherhood, JR, GM Budd, AL Hendrie, SE Jeffery, FA Beasley, BP Costin, W. Zhien, MM Baker, NP Cheney, and MP Dawson. "Project Aquarius 3. Effects of Work Rate on the Productivity, Energy Expenditure, and Physiological Responses of Men Building Fireline With a Rakehoe in Dry Eucalypt Forest." International Journal of Wildland Fire 7, no. 2 (1997): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9970087.
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Four crews of firefighters built fireline for 7 min periods (with intervening rests), without fire, at self-chosen 'slow', 'normal', and 'fast' rates in Australian eucalypt forests. Individuals differed twofold for energy expenditure (EE, measured as oxygen uptake by the Douglas bag technique) and relative work load (RWL, i.e % of maximum oxygen uptake), and threefold for productivity and efficiency (productivity per unit EE). They maintained their differences in all stages of the test and also while suppressing free-running wildland fires, showing that the work rate adopted was a stable characteristic of the individuals' work behaviour. The technique of raking fireline did not constrain EE but instead allowed firefighters to call upon their maximum work capacity for urgent tasks with no reduction in efficiency. EE, RWL, and heart rate increased linearly with productivity whereas perceived exertion and pulmonary ventilation increased curvilinearly, rising steeply at 'fast' work rates. We suggest that perceived exertion and the ventilatory threshold (the upper limit of comfortable breathing) provide the cues by which firefighters pace themselves at sustainable work rates that balance their fireline productivity against its physiological cost. The findings were highly consistent over four crews, three summers, and two regions and are thus generally applicable to bushfire suppression in southern Australia.
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Gilani, Haris R., and John L. Innes. "The State of British Columbia’s Forests: A Global Comparison." Forests 11, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030316.
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The Forest Resources Assessment 2015 is a comprehensive dataset from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), which provides the opportunity to explore some of the emerging topics related to sustainable forest management. This paper assesses how forests in British Columbia, Canada, compare globally on several key sustainable forest management parameters in four domains—biophysical indicators and legal framework, management plans, data management, and stakeholder involvement. The comparison was done against eight jurisdictions, namely Australia, China, Japan, the European Union, New Zealand, the Russian Federation and the USA. To accomplish our objectives, country-specific data on sustainable forest management parameters were extracted from the 2015 FAO’s Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA). Data specific to B.C. were sourced from Canada’s National Forest Inventory, and National Forest Database. Our results showed that British Columbia (B.C.) has one of the highest proportions of land covered with forests (57%) among all jurisdictions. The total forest area in B.C. has remained stable at around 55 million ha. The current rate of deforestation (6200 ha per year) is among the lowest in all jurisdictions. Data on the extent of primary forests in B.C. is unavailable. However, 22.6 million ha (41% of B.C.′s forests) have been classified as old growth forests (using a definition unique to B.C.). B.C. is the leading provincial forest producer by volume, and produced 67.97 million m3 of roundwood in 2015. With approximately 11 billion m3 of standing timber, roundwood production volume has held steady since 1990. In British Columbia, the National Forest Inventory—British Columbia Program (NFI-B.C.) is used to track and monitor the current status of the forests. It involves both ground plots and remote sensing. The most recent B.C. State of the Forests is one of the most comprehensive reports among all jurisdictions, using 24 topic areas, with each topic comprising several indicators of sustainable forest management. We conclude that British Columbia ranks high among other jurisdictions on several key sustainable forest management parameters with legislation and forest management regimes aiming to meet the environmental, social and economic needs of current and future generations.
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Potts, B. M., R. C. Barbour, A. B. Hingston, and R. E. Vaillancourt. "Genetic pollution of native eucalypt gene pools—identifying the risks." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 1 (2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02035.
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The contamination of native-eucalypt gene pools via exotic pollen is of concern as (i) pollen dispersal is believed to be much more widespread than seed dispersal, (ii) reproductive barriers are often weak between closely related species, (iii) European settlement has already had a major impact on Australia's eucalypt woodlands and mallee, (iv) there has been a rapid expansion of eucalypt plantations and restoration plantings in Australia and (v) Australia is the custodian of an internationally important genetic resource. Pollen flow between plantation and native eucalypt species has already been reported and implementation of strategies to minimise the risk and consequences of genetic pollution is important if Australian forestry is to be considered sustainable. The risks associated with the introduction of non-native species, provenances and hybrids include direct effects on the gene pool through genetic pollution as well as indirect effects on dependent biodiversity. In many cases, the risk of genetic pollution will be small due to strong barriers to hybridisation between distantly related species, differences in flowering time or poor fitness of hybrids. There is no risk of hybridisation between species from the different major eucalypt genera and/or subgenera (e.g. symphyomyrts, monocalypts, eudesmids, bloodwoods and angophora). The main plantation species are symphyomyrts and within this subgenus, the probability of successful hybridisation generally decreases with increasing taxonomic distance between species. The planting of non-local provenances or improved material within the range of native populations has the potential to have an impact on local gene pools to varying degrees, indicating the requirement for the adoption of management strategies to reduce this risk. Naturally small or remnant populations are at particular risk. A framework for assessment of the risk of genetic pollution is developed herein.
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Potts, B. M., R. C. Barbour, A. B. Hingston, and R. E. Vaillancourt. "Corrigendum to: TURNER REVIEW No. 6 Genetic pollution of native eucalypt gene pools—identifying the risks." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 3 (2003): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02035_co.
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The contamination of native-eucalypt gene pools via exotic pollen is of concern as (i) pollen dispersal is believed to be much more widespread than seed dispersal, (ii) reproductive barriers are often weak between closely related species, (iii) European settlement has already had a major impact on Australia's eucalypt woodlands and mallee, (iv) there has been a rapid expansion of eucalypt plantations and restoration plantings in Australia and (v) Australia is the custodian of an internationally important genetic resource. Pollen flow between plantation and native eucalypt species has already been reported and implementation of strategies to minimise the risk and consequences of genetic pollution is important if Australian forestry is to be considered sustainable. The risks associated with the introduction of non-native species, provenances and hybrids include direct effects on the gene pool through genetic pollution as well as indirect effects on dependent biodiversity. In many cases, the risk of genetic pollution will be small due to strong barriers to hybridisation between distantly related species, differences in flowering time or poor fitness of hybrids. There is no risk of hybridisation between species from the different major eucalypt genera and/or subgenera (e.g. symphyomyrts, monocalypts, eudesmids, bloodwoods and angophora). The main plantation species are symphyomyrts and within this subgenus, the probability of successful hybridisation generally decreases with increasing taxonomic distance between species. The planting of non-local provenances or improved material within the range of native populations has the potential to have an impact on local gene pools to varying degrees, indicating the requirement for the adoption of management strategies to reduce this risk. Naturally small or remnant populations are at particular risk. A framework for assessment of the risk of genetic pollution is developed herein.
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Woo, Heesung, Mauricio Acuna, Martin Moroni, Mohammad Taskhiri, and Paul Turner. "Optimizing the Location of Biomass Energy Facilities by Integrating Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS)." Forests 9, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9100585.
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Internationally forest biomass is considered to be a valuable renewable energy feedstock. However, utilization of forest harvesting residues is challenging because they are highly varied, generally of low quality and usually widely distributed across timber harvesting sites. Factors related to the collection, processing and transport impose constraints on the economic viability of residue utilization operations and impact their supply from dispersed feedstock locations. To optimize decision-making about suitable locations for biomass energy plants intending to use forest residues, it is essential to factor in these supply chain considerations. This study conducted in Tasmania, Australia presents an investigation into the integration of Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) and Geographical Information systems (GIS) to identify optimal locations for prospective biomass power plants. The amount of forest harvesting biomass residues was estimated based on a non-industrial private native resource model in Tasmania (NIPNF). The integration of MCA and a GIS model, including a supply chain cost analysis, allowed the identification and analysis of optimal candidate locations that balanced economic, environmental, and social criteria within the biomass supply. The study results confirm that resource availability, land use and supply chain cost data can be integrated and mapped using GIS to facilitate the determination of different sustainable criteria weightings, and to ultimately generate optimal candidate locations for biomass energy plants. It is anticipated that this paper will make a contribution to current scientific knowledge by presenting innovative approaches for the sustainable utilization of forest harvest residues as a resource for the generation of bioenergy in Tasmania.
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Kehl, John, Brett Waring, Robyn Smith, and David Nalder. "Multiple Use Management Planning in Queensland, Australia: the Koombooloomba Ecotourism Project (a case study)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 152, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2001.0123.
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Queensland, Australia's second largest state, has 4 million hectares of publicly owned state forest, managed for multiple use. The government and the community expect state forest management to protect biodiversity, landscapes, cultural heritage values and water quality. State forests are also available for a wide range of commercial and non-commercial uses including timber harvesting, honey production, eco-tourism,grazing, mining, quarrying, education, scientific research, military training and recreation. A proportion of this estate is located throughout Queensland's coastal zone, in close proximity to the major population centres. In the coastal mountains in particular, the juxtaposition of high conservation values, commercial timber, recreation and eco-tourism demands precipitates conflict over forest use and presents a challenge for multiple use planning systems. Beginning in 1986, state forest planning utilised a system called Management Priority Area Zoning (MPAZ). This was a manual system which partitioned forestry land into primary priority use zones with a variety of secondary uses permitted. Decisions were made by professional foresters without public input. Although many of the concepts in MPAZ are still valid,such an autocratic approach is no longer acceptable. In 1998, development began on a new forest planning system known as MUMPS (Multiple Use Management Planning System). It is broadly based on MPAZ, but incorporates GIS and decision-support technology coupled with the capacity for structured community participation. MUMPS is designed to operate on a scale of 50 000 to 100 000 ha, with the planning area subdivided into 100 to 150 planning units. At its analytical core, MUMPS is a phased process for forming a steering committee: collation of site-specific data, assessment and evaluation of a number of forest uses, procedures for gauging and incorporating community and stakeholder values and a process for examining management and compatibility as well as the preparation of a draft and final plan. To ensure its effectiveness, MUMPS is being developed in an iterative manner with field trials based on MUMPS modules and concepts, while the whole system is being integrated and refined. The Koombooloomba Ecotourism Project is one of these MUMPS trials. The site of the trial is a tropical, mountainous region in northern Queensland, partly in the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area. It includes an hydro-electric dam within publicly owned native forest and encompasses a number of key values including the world heritage rainforest, conservation,hydro-power generation, indigenous culture, timber,eco-tourism and recreation. In this case, MUMPS took over a stalled, unstructured planning process. The MUMPS process reinvigorated the earlier planning project, broadened the assessed values and resulted in a management plan. The case study demonstrates how forest managers, the community (including traditional Aboriginal land-owners),commercial tourism, recreationists and the hydro-electricity industry can cooperate in the sustainable management of a listed World Heritage mountain forest area. Issues associated with the methodology, community involvement and management implications are discussed and analysed.
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Poudyal, Bishnu Hari, Tek Narayan Maraseni, and Geoff Cockfield. "Implications of Selective Harvesting of Natural Forests for Forest Product Recovery and Forest Carbon Emissions: Cases from Tarai Nepal and Queensland Australia." Forests 10, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080693.
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Selective logging is one of the main natural forest harvesting approaches worldwide and contributes nearly 15% of global timber needs. However, there are increasing concerns that ongoing selective logging practices have led to decreased forest product supply, increased forest degradation, and contributed to forest based carbon emissions. Taking cases of natural forest harvesting practices from the Tarai region of Nepal and Queensland Australia, this study assesses forest product recovery and associated carbon emissions along the timber production chain. Field measurements and product flow analysis of 127 commercially harvested trees up to the exit gate of sawmills and interaction with sawmill owners and forest managers reveal that: (1) Queensland selective logging has less volume recovery (52.8%) compared to Nepal (94.5%) leaving significant utilizable volume in the forest, (2) Stump volume represents 5.5% of total timber volume in Nepal and 3.9% in Queensland with an average stump height of 43.3 cm and 40.1 cm in Nepal and Queensland respectively, (3) Average sawn timber output from the harvested logs is 36.3% in Queensland against 61% in Nepal, (4) Nepal and Queensland leave 0.186 Mg C m−3 and 0.718 Mg C m−3 on the forest floor respectively, (5) Each harvested tree damages an average of five plant species in Nepal and four in Queensland predominantly seedlings in both sites, and (6) Overall logging related total emissions in Queensland are more than double (1.099 Mg C m−3) those in Nepal (0.488 Mg C m−3). We compared these results with past studies and speculated on possible reasons for and potential implications of these results for sustainable forest management and reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.
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Lewin, Allison, Karen Mo, Henry Scheyvens, and Sara Gabai. "Forest Certification: More Than a Market-Based Tool, Experiences from the Asia Pacific Region." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 6, 2019): 2600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092600.
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Over the last 25 years, the global area of certified forests has grown rapidly and voluntary forest certification has become recognized as an effective tool to engage international markets in improving sustainability within forest management units. However, the bulk of this growth has occurred in North America, Northern Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, with relatively limited uptake in the tropics. Since its creation, forest certification has been largely understood as a “market-based” mechanism, in contrast to government-led policies and regulations. Through the experience of the Responsible Asia Forestry and Trade (RAFT) partnership in the Asia Pacific region, we find that the framing of forest certification as voluntary and market-based, and as a mechanism to overcome governance failure, has created an artificial dichotomy. In this dichotomy, voluntary certification and regulatory measures to promote sustainable forest management are conceived of and pursued largely independently. We argue that it is more constructive to view them as complementary approaches that share a common goal of increasing sustainability across the forestry sector. In practice, forest certification interacts with conventional governance institutions and mechanisms. Understanding these interactions and their implications, as well as additional possibilities for interaction, will help in realizing the full potential of forest certification.
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Hayward, Jennifer A., Deborah A. O'Connell, R. John Raison, Andrew C. Warden, Michael H. O'Connor, Helen T. Murphy, Trevor H. Booth, et al. "The economics of producing sustainable aviation fuel: a regional case study in Queensland, Australia." GCB Bioenergy 7, no. 3 (June 3, 2014): 497–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12159.
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Boer, Matthias M., Jaymie Norris, Rohan J. Sadler, and Pauline F. Grierson. "Ecologically sustainable management of fire-prone landscapes in southern Australia: A complex systems point of view." Forest Ecology and Management 234 (November 2006): S155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.206.
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Ettelaei, Azin, Assaad Taoum, Jon Shanks, and Gregory Nolan. "Rolling Shear Properties of Cross-Laminated Timber Made from Australian Plantation Eucalyptus nitens under Planar Shear Test." Forests 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13010084.
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With the increasing availability of fast-growing Eucalyptus plantation logs in Australia in recent years, the timber manufacturing sector has become interested in discovering the opportunities of producing value-added timber products from this resource. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) could be a potential sustainable product recovered from this resource and supply material for commercial buildings. Shear of the inner cross-laminates, known as rolling shear, is one of the governing factors in serviceability and limit state design for this product under out-of-plane loading. This study evaluated the rolling shear (RS) properties of CLT with heterogonous layup configurations using different structural grade Eucalyptus nitens (E. nitens) timber under the planar shear test. Based on the results, Gr and τr values were shown to be significantly correlated with the density of the CLT panel. There was also a positive correlation between the RS modulus and MOR of the CLT panel. The specimens with high MOE in the top and bottom layers indicated the highest τr and Fmax values. This indicated that using high-grade boards in the top and bottom lamellae plays an important role in increasing the RS strength, whereas using them in the cross-layer has a positive contribution in increasing shear modulus. The maximum observed RS strength and modulus ranged from 2.8–3.4 MPa and 54.3–67.9 MPa, respectively, exceeding the RS characteristic values of the resource. The results obtained in this study were comparable to those recommended in European standards for softwood CLT, demonstrating the potential use for eucalypt timber boards in CLT production. This paper provides an important insight into supporting the potential engineering applications of CLT panel products fabricated with eucalypt plantation.
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Hopmans, Peter, Jürgen Bauhus, Partap Khanna, and Chris Weston. "Carbon and nitrogen in forest soils: Potential indicators for sustainable management of eucalypt forests in south-eastern Australia." Forest Ecology and Management 220, no. 1-3 (December 2005): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.006.
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Hänel, Mirko, Darja Istenič, Hans Brix, and Carlos A. Arias. "Wastewater-Fertigated Short-Rotation Coppice, a Combined Scheme of Wastewater Treatment and Biomass Production: A State-of-the-Art Review." Forests 13, no. 5 (May 22, 2022): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050810.
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Vegetated filters based on short-rotation coppice (SRC) can be used to treat various industrial and municipal wastewater while producing valuable biomass in an economical and sustainable way, showing potential in the field of pollution control and bio-based circular economy. This study provides an overview of the state of the art in wastewater-fertigated SRC systems (wfSRCs) worldwide. Different designs, wastewater sources, tree species and varieties, planting schemes, geographic locations, and climates for wfSRC implementation were identified after conducting a literature review. The performance review includes standard water quality parameters, BOD5, COD, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium, as well as the extent of pathogen and emergent contaminant removal and biomass production rates. Identified knowledge gaps and important factors to support the practical implementation of wfSRCs are highlighted. Europe leads the research of wfSRC, followed by North America and Australia. The available publications are mainly from developed countries (73%). The most applied and studied tree species in wfSRC systems are willows (32%), followed by eucalyptus (21%) and poplars (18%). Most of the reviewed studies used domestic wastewater (85%), followed by industrial wastewater (8%) and landfill leachate (7%). Most data show high BOD5 and COD removal efficiencies (80%). There are large differences in the documented total nitrogen and total phosphorus removal efficiencies (12%–99% and 40%–80%, respectively). Enhanced biomass growth in wfSRC systems due to wastewater fertigation was reported in all reviewed studies, and biomass production varied from 3.7 to 40 t DM/ha/yr. WfSRCs seem to have high potential as viable and cost-effective wastewater treatment alternatives to conventional treatment technologies.
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Ockwell, David, and Jon C. Lovett. "Fire assisted pastoralism vs. sustainable forestry—the implications of missing markets for carbon in determining optimal land use in the wet–dry tropics of Australia." Journal of Environmental Management 75, no. 1 (April 2005): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.11.001.
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Jenkins, M., J. Salzman, G. Bennett, and J. Granfors. "Making the priceless valuable: forests and ecosystem services." International Forestry Review 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820829523998.
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Historically, forest ecosystem services have been undervalued or not valued at all, thus encouraging the destruction and conversion of our global forest estate. Fortunately, these last decades have witnessed a real shift – the active and innovative development of markets and payments for the ecosystem values of forests and other ecosystems. Payments for Environmental Services programs are now in place around the globe. Schemes focused on forest carbon, such as the California Cap-and-Trade law, programs in China and Colombia, South Korea and Chile, coupled with new initiatives in the aviation sector, point to steady progress toward the carbon/climate value of forests. Innovative green infrastructure initiatives around water and watersheds in Peru, Costa Rica, Australia and South Africa provide another growing stream of value for forests. And sustainable commodity supply chains and conservation banking bring more large-scale private sector actors and new business sectors to the table. Here we provide a global status of PES around the world.
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Khan, Asim, Warda Asim, Anwaar Ulhaq, and Randall W. Robinson. "A Multiview Semantic Vegetation Index for Robust Estimation of Urban Vegetation Cover." Remote Sensing 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14010228.
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Urban vegetation growth is vital for developing sustainable and liveable cities in the contemporary era since it directly helps people’s health and well-being. Estimating vegetation cover and biomass is commonly done by calculating various vegetation indices for automated urban vegetation management and monitoring. However, most of these indices fail to capture robust estimation of vegetation cover due to their inherent focus on colour attributes with limited viewpoint and ignore seasonal changes. To solve this limitation, this article proposed a novel vegetation index called the Multiview Semantic Vegetation Index (MSVI), which is robust to color, viewpoint, and seasonal variations. Moreover, it can be applied directly to RGB images. This Multiview Semantic Vegetation Index (MSVI) is based on deep semantic segmentation and multiview field coverage and can be integrated into any vegetation management platform. This index has been tested on Google Street View (GSV) imagery of Wyndham City Council, Melbourne, Australia. The experiments and training achieved an overall pixel accuracy of 89.4% and 92.4% for FCN and U-Net, respectively. Thus, the MSVI can be a helpful instrument for analysing urban forestry and vegetation biomass since it provides an accurate and reliable objective method for assessing the plant cover at street level.
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Nantongo, Judith S., Brad M. Potts, Hugh Fitzgerald, Jessica Newman, Stephen Elms, Don Aurik, Heidi Dungey, and Julianne M. O’Reilly-Wapstra. "Quantitative Genetic Variation in Bark Stripping of Pinus radiata." Forests 11, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 1356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11121356.
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Bark stripping by mammals is a major problem for conifer forestry worldwide. In Australia, bark stripping in the exotic plantations of Pinus radiata is mainly caused by native marsupials. As a sustainable management option, we explored the extent to which natural variation in the susceptibility of P. radiata is under genetic control and is thus amenable to genetic improvement. Bark stripping was assessed at ages four and five years in two sister trials comprising 101 and 138 open-pollinated half-sib families. A third younger trial comprising 74 full-sib control-pollinated families was assessed at two and three years after planting. Significant additive genetic variation in bark stripping was demonstrated in all trials, with narrow-sense heritability estimates between 0.06 and 0.14. Within sites, the amount of additive genetic variation detected increased with the level of bark stripping. When strongly expressed across the two sister trials, the genetic signal was stable (i.e., there was little genotype × environment interaction). No significant non-additive effect (specific combining ability effect) on bark stripping was detected in the full-sib family trial, where it was estimated that up to 22.1% reduction in bark stripping might be achieved by selecting 20% of the less susceptible families. Physical traits that were genetically correlated, and likely influenced the amount of bark removed from the trees by the marsupials, appeared to depend upon tree age. In the older trials, these traits included bark features (presence of rough bark, rough bark height, and bark thickness), whereas in the younger trial where rough bark was not developed, it was the presence of obstructive branches or needles on the stem. In the younger trial, a positive genetic correlation between prior height and bark stripping was detected, suggesting that initially faster growing trees exhibit more bark stripping than slower growing trees but later develop rough bark faster and became less susceptible. While the presence of unexplained genetic variation after accounting for these physical factors suggests that other explanatory plant traits may be involved, such as chemical traits, overall the results indicate that selection for reduced susceptibility is possible, with potential genetic gains for deployment and breeding.
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West, P. W., E. M. Cawsey, J. Stol, and D. Freudenberger. "Firewood harvest from forests of the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. Part 1: Long-term, sustainable supply available from native forests." Biomass and Bioenergy 32, no. 12 (December 2008): 1206–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.02.017.
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F. Recher, Harry. "Forestry, cultural ecology and ecological sustainability." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 1 (1998): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980001.
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For the past decade, the world has been told that ecologically sustainable development is the hope for the future: using only what we need without comprising the opportunities and needs of future generations. Across the Pacific, the concept has been embraced by all levels of government, by non-government conservation groups, by industry, by the media, and by conservation biologists. A former Australian Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, even went so far during a re-election campaign as to commit the Australian Government and the Australian people to the ecologically sustainable development of the Australian continent.
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B. Lindenmayer, David, and Tony W. Norton. "The conservation of Leadbeater's Possum in southeastern Australia and the Northern Spotted Owl in the Pacific north-west of the USA; management issues, strategies and lessons." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 1 (1994): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc930013.
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Aspects of the conservation and management of the endangered species Leadbeater's Possum Gymnobelideus leadbeateri in southeastern Australia and the Northern Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis caurina in the Pacific north-west of the USA are similar in their nature and the intensity of public debate. Both species occur in temperate forests that are also used for intensive wood production. Due to historial factors and present forestry management regimes, a major conflict in land-use exists between the conservation of these animals and intensive timber harvesting in both geographic regions. The long-term persistence of Leadbeater's Possum and the Northern Spotted Owl will depend primarily on the protection and appropriate management of mature and old growth stands or attributes of such types of forest. The Interagency Spotted Owl Scientific Committee developed a set of guiding biological principles and used knowledge of the autecology and natural history of the species to formulate a management plan to help ensure the viability of populations of the Northern Spotted Owl beyond the next century. Unfortunately, the strategies currently proposed for the conservation of Leadbeater's Possum are unlikely to ensure its long-term persistence, and, therefore, the Victorian Government's position on this matter is inconsistent with its undertakings in the new National Forest Policy. We discuss the application of the approach and strategies proposed by the Interagency Committee to the conservation of Leadbeater's Possum. Attempts to manage the Northern Spotted Owl and Leadbeater's Possum will reflect the ability of governments to pursue truly ecologically sustainable development and resource use.
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Sarre, A. D., and S. M. Davey. "The Sustainable Development Goals, forests, and the role of Australian Forestry." Australian Forestry 84, no. 2 (April 3, 2021): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1920207.
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de Klerk, Saskia, Mohammad Reza Ghaffariyan, and Morgan Miles. "Leveraging the Entrepreneurial Method as a Tool for the Circular Economy: The Case of Wood Waste." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031559.
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New global and domestic policy and regulatory initiatives promoting a circular economy have renewed interest in the beneficial repurposing of commercial waste streams. Likewise, consumer trends and customers’ increased understanding of what they purchase, where it comes from, and what happens to it post-consumption have forced firms to consider reducing and reusing their production waste streams. The forest products industry is an exemplar of becoming more adept at reorganising and exploiting repurposed waste streams for beneficial reuse. This paper explores three case studies from the Australian forestry sector that illustrate how wood waste is being profitably repurposed as an input into other products. We use the lens of the entrepreneurial method to explore how firms recognise, strategically access, and exploit the sustainable opportunities that can range from sustainably sourced inputs to environmental-, social-, and governance-driven consumption and investments. Effectual logic allows the reconceptualisation of forestry waste streams into inputs for use in creating new commercial products and provides a theoretical framework. While the repurposing of wood waste is profitable for the forestry firm, we found that social and economic gains reach far beyond the region in which these activities occur. Innovations often stimulate other innovations, resulting in a virtuous cycle within regional Australia’s emerging circular economy.
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Shao, Huamei, and Gunwoo Kim. "A Comprehensive Review of Different Types of Green Infrastructure to Mitigate Urban Heat Islands: Progress, Functions, and Benefits." Land 11, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 1792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101792.
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Climate change and rapid urbanization increase/amplify urban heat islands (UHIs). Green infrastructure (GI) is an effective and popularly strategy used to moderate UHIs. This paper aims to better understand the progress of different GI types (urban parks, urban forests, street trees, green roofs, green walls) in mitigating UHIs, and what benefits they provide. Firstly, this paper used CiteSpace to analyze 1243 publications on the Web of Science from 1990 to 2021, then analyzed the function/regulation of ecosystem services/benefits and values of GI types in reducing UHIs. The historical review results show that research on all GI types showed rapid growth since 2013, and their GR increased rapidly. The highest-ranking keywords were urban heat island/heat island, climate/climate change/microclimate, and temperature/land surface temperature/air temperature. “Design,” “vegetation,” “quality,” and “reduction” are the top four strongest keyword bursts. The most published countries are the People’s Republic of China, USA, Australia, Germany, and Italy, and the top three institutions are the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Arizona State University, and the National University of Singapore. Landscape and Urban Planning, Building and Environment, Energy and Building, and Urban Forestry and Urban Greening are the most published journals. In urban areas, different GI types as a form of ecosystem hardware provide multiple functions (reduced land surface temperatures, lower building energy usage, improved thermal comfort and enhanced human health, reduced morbidity and mortality, etc.). GI thus provides a regulated ecosystem service to ameliorate UHIs primarily through temperature regulation and shade. At the same time, GI provides benefits and values (ecological, economic, social, and cultural) to humans and urban sustainable development. GI types determine the functions they provide, afford corresponding regulated ecosystem services, and provide benefits and values in a logical/recycle system. Overall, this review highlights the development and importance of GI, as well as the relationship of GI types and functions of regulating the ecosystem service benefits and values to mitigate UHI, and advances the study of climate change adaptation in cities.
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Ostry, M. E., and G. Laflamme. "Fungi and diseases — natural components of healthy forestsThis article is one of a collection of papers based on a presentation from the Stem and Shoot Fungal Pathogens and Parasitic Plants: the Values of Biological Diversity session of the XXII International Union of Forestry Research Organization World Congress meeting held in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, in 2005." Botany 87, no. 1 (January 2009): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-090.
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Forest health is described and perceived in different ways by the general public, land owners, managers, politicians, and scientists, depending on their values and objectives. Native tree pathogens and diseases are often associated with negative impacts even though damage is limited or not widespread. Too often, the concepts of tree health and forest health are used interchangeably and are not related to scale. Similar to fire, occurrences of disease outbreaks focus on the negative effects. However, native pathogens often exist in equilibrium with natural forest communities so their critical ecological roles are not easily discernible. Examined holistically, native fungi and diseases, dead and dying trees, and the many complex ecological interactions among them provide valuable benefits that ultimately contribute to sustainable, healthy forest ecosystems.
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F. Recher, Harry. "Pines, Palms and Pandas." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 1 (1999): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990001.
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IN this issue, I have taken the somewhat unusual step of publishing a research proposal as a Forum Essay. This has been done for four reasons. First, the research proposed takes advantage of a unique and important opportunity to learn more about the genetics of isolated populations of Australian marsupials. An opportunity which was created by the destruction of a large area of native Eucalyptus forest during an era when forest authorities in Australia were pre-occupied with making Australia independent of foreign wood imports. It was also a time when Australian foresters were unsure of their ability to manage native forests sustainably. Thus, secondly, the study proposed provides an unanticipated benefit from an otherwise environmentally destructive and ill-conceived practice. Third, apart from attending conferences, there are few opportunities for researchers to present their research to a wide audience for comment before it is commenced or as progress reports. Finally, the publication of research results rarely allows authors the opportunity to fully disclose the intellectual (as opposed to the experimental) design of their research. It has been my longstanding opinion that these are serious omissions in the communication of ecological research, much of which is necessarily long term and final results slow in coming. I hope readers will take advantage of this opportunity and, as requested by the authors, either provide comment for publication or extend their views to the authors so that maximum benefit is gained from the research proposed.
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Wang, Xiuting, Wenwen Zhang, Xin Zhao, Huiqin Zhu, Limiao Ma, Zengqiang Qian, and Zheng Zhang. "Modeling the Potential Distribution of Three Taxa of Akebia Decne. under Climate Change Scenarios in China." Forests 12, no. 12 (December 6, 2021): 1710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121710.
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Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz., Akebia trifoliata subsp. australis (Diels) T. Shimizu and Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne. are the source plants of the traditional Chinese medicines AKEBIAE CAULIS and AKEBIAE FRUCTUS, and have high pharmaceutical value. However, the resource reserve of these plants has dramatically declined due to habitat destruction, which has seriously affected their adequate supply and sustainable utilization. A poor knowledge of the potential distribution of these medicinal materials would seriously constrain the protective exploitation of wild resources and the establishment of new cultivations. In this study, based on the scenarios of SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5, the maximum entropy model was used to predict the potential distribution of these three Akebia taxa under current and future (2030s, 2050s, 2070s and 2090s) climate conditions. Our findings showed that the potentially suitable areas of these three Akebia taxa were mainly distributed in China at 101.8–121.9° E and 23.5–34.6° N. Temperature played a more significant role than precipitation in affecting the distribution. The dominant bioclimatic variable that affected the distribution of A. trifoliata and A. quinata in China was the minimum temperature of the coldest month (BIO06). For A. trifoliata subsp. australis, the mean diurnal range (BIO02) was the dominant variable influencing its distribution. Compared with current conditions, the moderate- and high-suitability areas of these three Akebia taxa were predicted to shrink towards the core areas, while the low-suitability areas were all observed to increase from the 2030s to the 2090s. With the increase in radiative forcing of SSP, the low-impact areas of these three Akebia taxa showed a decreasing trend as a whole. Our results illustrate the impact of climate change on the distribution of Akebia, and would provide references for the sustainable utilization of Akebia’s resources.
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Garvie, Leanda C., Stephen H. Roxburgh, and Fabiano A. Ximenes. "Greenhouse Gas Emission Offsets of Forest Residues for Bioenergy in Queensland, Australia." Forests 12, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): 1570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111570.
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Harnessing sustainably sourced forest biomass for renewable energy is well-established in some parts of the developed world. Forest-based bioenergy has the potential to offset carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels, thereby playing a role in climate change mitigation. Despite having an established commercial forestry industry, with large quantities of residue generated each year, there is limited use for forest biomass for renewable energy in Queensland, and Australia more broadly. The objective of this study was to identify the carbon dioxide mitigation potential of replacing fossil fuels with bioenergy generated from forest harvest residues harnessed from commercial plantations of Pinus species in southeast Queensland. An empirical-based full carbon accounting model (FullCAM) was used to simulate the accumulation of carbon in harvest residues. The results from the FullCAM modelling were further analysed to identify the energy substitution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions offsets of three bioenergy scenarios. The results of the analysis suggest that the greatest opportunity to avoid or offset emissions is achieved when combined heat and power using residue feedstocks replaces coal-fired electricity. The results of this study suggest that forest residue bioenergy is a viable alternative to traditional energy sources, offering substantive emission reductions, with the potential to contribute towards renewable energy and emission reduction targets in Queensland. The approach used in this case study will be valuable to other regions exploring bioenergy generation from forest or other biomass residues.
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Francis, Ben, Tyron Venn, Tom Lewis, and Jeremy Brawner. "Case Studies of the Financial Performance of Silvopastoral Systems in Southern Queensland, Australia." Forests 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020186.
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There is considerable uncertainty surrounding the future availability of hardwood timber from state-owned native forests in southern Queensland. The timber industry is becoming increasingly reliant on private native forests, where much is on properties primarily managed for beef cattle grazing. Historically, these forests have been periodically high-grade harvested without silvicultural treatment or cleared to increase pasture production where landholders have the right to do so. This study compares these traditional forest management practices at four case study properties against silvopastoral system alternatives. Merchantable timber, pasture and cattle production was estimated for each management scenario with a native forest silvicultural treatment response model. The net present value of each scenario was estimated over a 20-year management period. For all case study properties, the worst-performing forest management scenario was to clear forest for grazing. Investment in silvopastoral systems in southern Queensland was found to be financially attractive, particularly when silvicultural treatments were implemented in year zero to increase timber production. Silvicultural treatments increased the mean annual increment of merchantable timber over 20 years by an average of 1.3 m3/ha/year relative to the scenario where no management was performed in year zero. Forest management scenarios with silvicultural treatments had better financial performance than scenarios without silvicultural treatment. However, long payback periods and sovereign risk are serious impediments to silvopastoral system adoption in southern Queensland. If these concerns can be overcome, private native forests have the potential to be sustainably managed to improve the financial performance of farms, improve regional employment and income generation, supply Queensland’s future hardwood timber needs, and increase carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation on private land.
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Zhang, Yang, and Samsung Lim. "Drivers of Wildfire Occurrence Patterns in the Inland Riverine Environment of New South Wales, Australia." Forests 10, no. 6 (June 24, 2019): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060524.
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In the inland riverine environment of Australia, wildfires not only threaten human life and cause economic loss but also make distinctive impacts on the ecosystem (e.g., injuring or killing fire-sensitive wetland species such as the river red gum). Understanding the drivers of wildfire occurrence patterns in this particular environment is vital for fire-risk reduction and ecologically sustainable management. This study investigated patterns and driving factors of wildfire occurrence over the years from 2001 to 2016 and across the New South Wales side of the Riverina bioregion. Descriptive analyses were conducted for fires of different causes and that burned different vegetation types. Logistic regression models were developed by incorporating factors that provide information on weather, climate, fuel, topography and ignition sources. Analyses revealed that most fires occurred in summer, with human-caused fires primarily in spring and summer, and natural fires in summer. Summer was the most fire-prone season in forested wetlands, whereas fires in drylands mostly occurred during spring and summer. Fire probabilities were higher under severe weather conditions, in areas with higher annual rainfall, in forested wetlands and in areas with intermediate inundation frequencies. Special attention needs to be paid to the effects of vegetation type and inundation frequency on fire occurrence. Weather, climate&fuel and ignition sources were comparably important in explaining human-caused fire occurrence, whereas weather was more important than climate&fuel in explaining natural fire occurrence. Understandings obtained from this study can potentially support the planning of fire and forest management, as well as to supplement the relatively scarce knowledge on riverine wildfire occurrence.
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Budd, GM, JR Brotherhood, AL Hendrie, SE Jeffery, FA Beasley, BP Costin, W. Zhien, MM Baker, NP Cheney, and MP Dawson. "Project Aquarius 10. Effects of Work, Weather, and Fire on the Energy Expenditure, Strain, and Productivity of Men Suppressing Wildland Fires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 7, no. 2 (1997): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9970167.
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Four crews of male firefighters were studied while they attempted to suppress well-developed experimental bushfires of intensities commonly faced by hand-tool crews, and also while they built fireline in the same way without fire, during three summers in Australian eucalypt forests. Multiple-regression analyses of their responses showed that they maintained their deep body temperature and heart rate at constant and sustainable levels over a wide range of work duration and intensity, and of heat from weather and fire that frequently exceeded the limits recommended in current heat-stress guidelines. Energy expenditure declined slightly with warmer weather and fire although not with rake duration. Productivity was unchanged by warmer weather but declined slightly with rake duration and with fire. The findings confirm the effectiveness of the firefighters' work practices that allowed them to set their own pace, and of their light, well ventilated clothing that permitted unrestricted evaporation of sweat.
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Recher, HA. "Conserving forest biodiversity: A comprehensive multiscaled approach." Australian Mammalogy 25, no. 1 (2003): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am03113_br.
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DAVID Lindenmayer and Jerry Franklin are the two most influential forest conservation biologists of the past decade and will probably remain so for the coming decade. Each has contributed significantly to forest research, management, biodiversity conservation and policy. Lindenmayer is an Australian based at the Australian National University in Canberra who has worked mainly in the temperate eucalypt forests of Victoria and southeastern New South Wales. Most of his research is wildlife oriented, with an emphasis on arboreal marsupials and the impacts of forest management on forest vertebrates. Franklin is an American at the University of Washington, Seattle in the Pacific Northwest. His research is more botanically oriented, with an emphasis on the impacts of forest management on forest structures (e.g., large trees and logs) and processes. Of the two, Franklin has had the greatest involvement in the political, economic and social processes driving the modern change in forestry practices and attitudes. Together they form a formidable team to present a summary and an analysis of how temperate forests globally can and should be managed. Their goal is not just to enhance biodiversity and other ecological values, but to ensure the long-term sustainability of forest ecosystems. Only when forests are managed sustainably to protect biodiversity can forest managers guarantee the many social and economic benefits derived from the world’s forests, including wood production.
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Bowman, David M. J. S. "Conflagrations and the Wisdom of Aboriginal Sacred Knowledge." Fire 4, no. 4 (November 24, 2021): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4040088.
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Lindenmayer, D. B., C. MacGregor, and P. Gibbons. "Comment Economics of a nest-box program for the conservation of an endangered species: a re-appraisal." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 2244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-142.
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Spring et al. (D.A. Spring, M. Bevers, J.O.S. Kennedy, and D. Harley. 2001. Can. J. For. Res. 31: 19922003) recently published a paper on the economics of a nest-box program for the endangered arboreal marsupial, Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) in southeastern Australian forests. While their paper is a useful one, there are some important limitations of nest-box programs that need to be highlighted. In the case of Leadbeater's possum, we have undertaken extensive nest-box studies in Victoria mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.) forests, where the vast majority of populations of the species now occur. Although large numbers of nest boxes have been deployed, very few have actually been occupied, which is a major problem since the effectiveness of any nest-box program will depend on patterns of use by the target species. Given very low levels of nest-box occupancy, harvesting regimes such as those that lead to on-site tree retention are needed to better conserve hollow-dependent species like Leadbeater's possum. Moreover, the need for nest boxes in the first place indicates that logging practices are presently not ecologically sustainable, and modified forestry practices need to be adopted.
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Cary, Geoffrey J., Wade Blanchard, Claire N. Foster, and David B. Lindenmayer. "Effects of altered fire intervals on critical timber production and conservation values." International Journal of Wildland Fire 30, no. 5 (2021): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf20129.
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Forests exhibit thresholds in disturbance intervals that influence sustainability of production and natural values including sawlog production, species existence and habitat attributes. Fire is a key disturbance agent in temperate forests and frequency of fire is increasing, threatening sustainability of these forest values. We used mechanistically diverse, theoretical fire interval distributions for mountain ash forest in Victoria, Australia, in the recent past and future to estimate the probability of realising: (i) minimum sawlog harvesting rotation time; (ii) canopy species maturation; and (iii) adequate habitat hollows for fauna. The likelihood of realising fire intervals exceeding these key stand age thresholds diminishes markedly for the future fire regime compared with the recent past. For example, we estimate that only one in five future fire intervals will be sufficiently long (~80 years) to grow sawlogs in this forest type, and that the probability of forests developing adequate habitat hollows (~180 years) could be as low as 0.03 (3% of fire intervals). Therefore, there is a need to rethink where sawlogs can be sourced sustainably, such as from fast-growing plantations that can be harvested and then regrown rapidly, and to reserve large areas of existing 80-year-old forest from timber harvesting.
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Wilson, Geoff A., and P. Ali Memon. "Indigenous Forest Management in 21st-Century New Zealand: Towards a ‘Postproductivist’ Indigenous Forest–Farmland Interface?" Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 37, no. 8 (August 2005): 1493–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37144.
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The critique of indigenous forest management in New Zealand in this paper contextualises the discussion in light of recent Eurocentric debates on the transition towards ‘postproductivist’ and ‘multifunctional’ agricultural and forestry regimes. The research findings confirm recent criticisms of Australian writers with regard to the direct transferability of the notion of a transition towards postproductivism developed by European researchers and also lend support to Holmes's (2002) notion of productivist and postproductivist occupance. Long-standing productivist demands continue to be made on New Zealand's indigenous forests, especially from economically marginalised stakeholder groups who depend on the continuation of logging for economic survival. We argue that the tension between the recent adoption of a ‘postproductivist’ conservation policy at government level and the continuing ‘productivist’ attitudes among some stakeholder groups explains why the protection of remaining indigenous forests continues to be contested. The New Zealand findings also provide further evidence for those persons criticising the implied linearity and dualism inherent in the Eurocentric postproductivist transition model. We argue that processes at the New Zealand forest–farmland interface support Wilson's (2001) notion of a territorialisation of productivist and postproductivist territories into a ‘multifunctional’ territory. From a social constructionist perspective, the results highlight the fact that a clear separation into productivist and postproductivist occupance may not be easy to conceptualise as our view of agricultural land as ‘productivist’ territory and unlogged or sustainably managed indigenous forest as ‘postproductivist’ territory is largely based on a Euro–American ‘deep green’ view of unaltered ‘nonhuman’ nature. This supports Mather's (2001) suggestion that postproductivism should be cast as part of a shifting mode of social regulation of forestry with particular stakeholder groups constructing images of nature according to their interests, and where western ideas of nature as a (postproductivist) wilderness embody cultural politics which arguably serve to marginalise the interests of indigenous communities.
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Mackensen, J., J. Bauhus, and E. Webber. "Decomposition rates of coarse woody debris—A review with particular emphasis on Australian tree species." Australian Journal of Botany 51, no. 1 (2003): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt02014.
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We reviewed the decay patterns and lifetimes (time to reach 95% mass loss) of coarse woody debris (CWD) on the forest floor. The objectives were to identify the factors influencing the decomposition process of CWD and to provide estimates of lifetimes for CWD from Australian tree species. This information is required for greenhouse accounting of forestry activities and land use change as well as the sustainable management of CWD in forest ecosystems. The analysis of a global data set on decay rates of CWD showed that, in particular, the mean annual temperature was a main driver of decomposition, accounting for 34% of the variation in decay rates. The Q10, the factor by which biological processes accelerate when temperature increases by 10�C, was 2.53. Additional determinants of CWD decay rates were the initial density of wood and the diameter of logs. Median and average lifetimes derived from 184 decay rates were 49 and 92 years, respectively, which is considerably higher than the 10-year default for all litter proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The pattern of decay in most cases followed a negative exponential curve. To overcome the paucity of information on decomposition of CWD in Australian forests and woodlands, decay rates for a large number of species were derived from wood durability and decay resistance studies. For native Australian species, lifetimes ranged from 7 years in Eucalyptus regnans to 375 years in E. camaldulensis. The lifetimes for timber durability Classes 1–4 were 54, 39, 26 and 11 years, respectively, below 30� latitude and without the influence of termites. However, the experimental conditions under which durability and decay resistance are commonly determined are substantially different from the situation under which CWD decomposes in the field. These estimates must therefore be regarded as minimum lifetimes for CWD of most species. To determine decay rates of CWD with greater certainty, long-term field experiments in a wide range of ecosystems are required.
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Budd, GM, JR Brotherhood, AL Hendrie, SE Jeffery, FA Beasley, BP Costin, W. Zhien, MM Baker, NP Cheney, and MP Dawson. "Project Aquarius 5. Activity Distribution, Energy Expenditure, and Productivity of Men Suppressing Free-Running Wildland Fires With Hand Tools." International Journal of Wildland Fire 7, no. 2 (1997): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9970105.
Full textAbstract:
Timed-activity studies were made of four crews while they attempted to suppress well-developed experimental bushfires of intensities commonly faced by handtool crews, and also while they built fireline in the same way without fire, during three summers in Australian eucalypt forests. Fireline construction with rakehoes (including step up) occupied, on average, 63% of the crew's time. Firefighters raked for 38 seconds followed by 10 seconds of step up, thus obtaining frequent brief rests for the arm muscles involved in raking. Energy expenditure (EE) of all fire-suppression activities averaged 516 W, equivalent to a relative work load (RWL) of 45% of the men's maximum work capacity. Pulmonary ventilation averaged 55 (range 38-83) 1 min-1 during raking and 40 (range 23-73) 1 min-1 during all activities. Each firefighter built 1.90 m2 of fireline per minute of raking, and 1.21 m2 min-1 over the whole period of the attack. Each hour the six men engaged in fireline construction built and held 436 m2, i.e. 512 metres of fireline 0.85 metres wide. Individuals consistently differed twofold in their self-chosen levels of raking EE and RWL and threefold in productivity and efficiency (productivity per unit EE), whereas average raking EE did not differ between crews, nor between attacks with and without fire. We conclude that wildland firefighters pace themselves at their own preferred and sustainable work rates.
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Henry, B. K., T. Danaher, G. M. McKeon, and W. H. Burrows. "A review of the potential role of greenhouse gas abatement in native vegetation management in Queensland's rangelands." Rangeland Journal 24, no. 1 (2002): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj02006.
Full textAbstract:
Concern about the risk of harmful human-induced climate change has resulted in international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. We review the international and national context for consideration of greenhouse abatement in native vegetation management and discuss potential options in Queensland. Queensland has large areas of productive or potentially productive land with native woody vegetation cover with approximately 76 million ha with woody cover remaining in 1991. High rates of tree clearing, predominantly to increase pasture productivity, continued throughout the 1990s with an average 345,000 ha/a estimated to have been cleared, including non-remnant (woody regrowth) as well as remnant vegetation. Estimates of greenhouse gas emissions associated with land clearing currently have a high uncertainty but clearing was reported to contribute a significant proportion of Australia's total greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 (21%) to 1999 (13%). In Queensland, greenhouse emissions from land clearing were estimated to have been 54.5 Mt CO2-e in 1999. Management of native vegetation for timber harvesting and the proliferation of woody vegetation (vegetation thickening) in the grazed woodlands also represent large carbon fluxes. Forestry (plantations and native forests) in Queensland was reported to be a 4.4 Mt CO2-e sink in 1999 but there are a lack of comprehensive data on timber harvesting in private hardwood forests. Vegetation thickening is reported for large areas of the c. 60 million ha grazed woodlands in Queensland. The magnitude of the carbon sink in 27 million ha grazed eucalypt woodlands has been estimated to be 66 Mt CO2-e/a but this sink is not currently included in Australia's inventory of anthropogenic greenhouse emissions. Improved understanding of the function and dynamics of natural and managed ecosystems is required to support management of native vegetation to preserve and enhance carbon stocks for greenhouse benefits while meeting objectives of sustainable and productive management and biodiversity protection.
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Mokryi, Volodymyr, Ihor Petrushka, and Elvira Dzhumelia. "Restoration of cross-border Ukrainian-Polish man-made territories of Roztochia by phytomeliorative methods." Environmental safety and natural resources 40, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2021.4.100-109.
Full textAbstract:
Extraction leads to the formation of specific anthropogenic landscapes, which are mining. They are inferior in the area to agriculture and forestry. As a result, the lithogenic basis of landscapes is broken, and there is a fast alteration of a surface therefore the man-made neo relief is formed.The purpose of the work is theoretical substantiation of phytocoenotic bases of afforestation of dump landscapes and practical realization of biological-coenotic grounds of technology of creation of forest cultures on the reclaimed lands which correspond to concepts of nature conservation paradigms and are based on data of morphophysiological monitoring and application of mycorrhizal technologies.The object of comparative studies are selected syngenetic phytomeliorants: common reed (Phragmites australis); buttercup caustic (Ranunculus acris); horsetail (Equisetum arvense); Reed warbler (Phalaroides arundinacea); goat willow (Salix coprea). The experimental material was taken from the territory of underground smelting of sulfur, areas adjacent to Yavoriv quarry, control samples – from the adjacent intact area. Quantitative determination of pigments was performed by the standard spectrophotometric method, as well as by the method of derivative spectroscopy. The activity of the photosynthetic apparatus was studied by photoinduced chlorophyll fluorescence.Studies have shown statistically significant changes in the quantitative composition of plastid pigments in plant leaves in all studied areas compared to their appropriate background values.The technology of forest reclamation of anthropogenic geocomplexes has been developed and tested by creating silvicultural areas based on mycorrhized planting material. The system of landscape-ecological reclamation measures, together with complex ecological monitoring, serves as a basis for sustainable development of cross-border Ukrainian-Polish man-made territories of Roztochia.