Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sustainable Carrying Capacity Assessment'
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Graymore, Michelle, and n/a. "Journey to Sustainability: Small Regions, Sustainable Carrying Capacity and Sustainability Assessment Methods." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060303.132137.
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Small region sustainability is an extremely important part of the journey to sustainability of the global population, as the most difference can be made at this spatial level through decision making and community choice. However, small regions have not been the focus of sustainability literature. Therefore, this thesis develops theory to explain what small region sustainability involves and tested the applicability of current sustainability assessment methods to find an effective tool for the journey to sustainability that can be used for social learning, decision making, policy development, research and monitoring of sustainability in small regions. It was found through the development of a model of sustainable carrying capacity and the major pressures of human activities on the environment, that sustainability for small regions means living equitably with the impacts of human activities in the region within the limits of its ecosystems. This thesis also found that none of the current sustainability methods tested were effective or useful as a tool for small regions. Therefore, a new sustainability assessment method was developed, the Sustainable Carrying Capacity Assessment (SCCA), which assesses the equitability and size of the major pressures that the human activities are causing and determines if this pressure exceeds the sustainable carrying capacity of the region, and thus, the sustainability of the population. Thus, for small regions to become sustainable, they must live equitably within the sustainable carrying capacity of the region's ecosystems, and a tool that can help them achieve this is the SCCA. By raising social awareness, guiding policy development and decision making this method can help guide small regions, and other spatial levels on their journey to sustainability. Therefore, it is recommended that Local Government Areas, Regional Organisation of Councils, schools, local community groups and anyone who wants to learn more about sustainability use this method. This thesis, therefore, makes a significant contribution to the field of sustainability.
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Graymore, Michelle. "Journey to Sustainability: Small Regions, Sustainable Carrying Capacity and Sustainability Assessment Methods." Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367280.
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Small region sustainability is an extremely important part of the journey to sustainability of the global population, as the most difference can be made at this spatial level through decision making and community choice. However, small regions have not been the focus of sustainability literature. Therefore, this thesis develops theory to explain what small region sustainability involves and tested the applicability of current sustainability assessment methods to find an effective tool for the journey to sustainability that can be used for social learning, decision making, policy development, research and monitoring of sustainability in small regions. It was found through the development of a model of sustainable carrying capacity and the major pressures of human activities on the environment, that sustainability for small regions means living equitably with the impacts of human activities in the region within the limits of its ecosystems. This thesis also found that none of the current sustainability methods tested were effective or useful as a tool for small regions. Therefore, a new sustainability assessment method was developed, the Sustainable Carrying Capacity Assessment (SCCA), which assesses the equitability and size of the major pressures that the human activities are causing and determines if this pressure exceeds the sustainable carrying capacity of the region, and thus, the sustainability of the population. Thus, for small regions to become sustainable, they must live equitably within the sustainable carrying capacity of the region's ecosystems, and a tool that can help them achieve this is the SCCA. By raising social awareness, guiding policy development and decision making this method can help guide small regions, and other spatial levels on their journey to sustainability. Therefore, it is recommended that Local Government Areas, Regional Organisation of Councils, schools, local community groups and anyone who wants to learn more about sustainability use this method. This thesis, therefore, makes a significant contribution to the field of sustainability.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
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Xercavins, Josep. "Carrying Capacity In East Sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel integrated assessment and a sustainable development approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6987.
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0.4.1. ORGANIZATIONIn the context of the global human/earth issues (population, poverty, imbalances, environment problematic, global warming, water scarcity, economical globalization, etc.) with the others the Carrying Capacity issue is emerging. It is a "driver" which is not always simply related with sustainable development concepts. It is therefore enormously important to give adequate answers to the majority of the global dilemmas.
The definition of carrying capacity is not easy because it is controversial. So the first chapter of this study is to adopt a clearer position in reference to the meaning, the borders, the key aspects, etc., of our approach to this issue. Basically, our approach is, first, from the sustainable development point of view and, second, a local approach in a global view. Finally and concretely, we indicate what aspects, in which place, how do we study carrying capacity? The answer to these questions will be: the agricultural (land and water) reality in a very specific region of East Sub Saharan Africa.
So the next step of the work is to specify and delimit our chosen region and, obviously, to study it in detail. Chapter 2, and some parts of Chapter 8, are the results of this.
The kind of methodological approach to global human/earth issues is, clearly, the most characteristic point of our work. We follow a scientific approach developed by Dr. Mihajlo Mesarovic over forty years ago in the mathematical systems analysis field and "finished" in multilevel integrated assessment with reasoning support tools for policy analysis. We study in depth and analyze this methodology in Chapter 3.
From a first or high level point of view of a hierarchy of models in our methodology, we study the population and, for the moment in this level, the carrying capacity reality, which is a dynamic system in reality, of our case study region. We have created the corresponding model and then, we have used a reference study from FAO/IIASA/UN [B.3.7] that, according to our bibliography searches and the role that it is continuing to play in the international studies of this issue in developing countries, is a "key reference". We find all of this in chapters 5 (population) and 6 (carrying capacity). In fact one of the goals of this work as a whole is to involve, extend, and indeed test the results of the mentioned report using our methodology.
Always from the hierarchical point of view we affront, finally, the second level representation of our issue. It is the most creative part of our study. We decide, after a deep analysis of the background, that we can succeed in developing a new agricultural model involving land and water aspects.
Because water is another controversial driving factor of the global human/earth issues, we focus on it in chapter 7. We add some personal special approach according to our methodology and "philosophy".
Chapter 8 is the highlight and plays, at the same time, an integrated role of the whole study and, in particular, the second level approach from the point of view of the hierarchy of the models. It allows us to make many final conclusions in several directions. About the methodology itself: extremely powerful with the interrelated combination of the different models levels approach. About the key report cited: only needs to be revised in its high input/output forecasting. The success and new possibilities in order to study the carrying capacity issue, for future policy "vision" analysis, that we now have from the point of view of agricultural reality. Finally, a dramatic foresight and call to the international decision- makers about the situation in our Case Study Region (essentially, the more stressful sub-region of East Sub-Saharan Africa).
0.4.2. OBJECTIVES AND CONTRIBUTIONS
Assessment of carrying capacity is essential in the search for the condition of sustainable development. While sustainability has a global dimension focus, for carrying capacity assessment has to be on geographic areas within which the needs of population have to be satisfied consistent with the physiologically determined time constraints. Specifically, food had to be secured for the population on location and in time where the need exists. Large geographic areas cannot be sustained by food imported from distant locations on the globe. In short, some degree of food self-sufficiency is a prerequisite for sustainability. The research reported here started by identifying eastern Sub-Sahara Africa as the most vulnerable geographic region in the sense of carrying capacity.
The objective of the research was to approach the question of carrying capacity in a practical integrated manner ("problematique"); i.e., in the context of real constraints imposed by environmental life support resources, rather than to "reduce" the problem to the considerations of the theoretical extreme capacity that have no chance of being achieved in reality.
On the first level, a model is developed focusing on the most dominant relationship between population evolution and carrying capacity as a dynamic, time varying system. Broad based data available in international sources are used. Results of FAO research, which is recognized as being the most authoritative, is used to parameterize the model for all countries in the region as well as for the region itself. The concept of an index of carrying capacity potential is developed to assess the results of the simulation using three levels of technology inputs of agricultural production, identified by the FAO.
A second level model is developed in which actual physical constraints -land, yields, water and irrigation- are explicitly taken into account. Assessment of carrying capacity supported by actual data is then conducted using the same carrying capacity potential index as the first level. Consistency of the results on the two levels has been demonstrated. This conclusion -not to be expected a priori- has justified the application of the multilevel, from the hierarchical of the models point of view, approach. As such it presents a contribution to the methodology beyond the carrying capacity problem per se.
So, in summary, the main contributions of the thesis are threefold:
a) Contribution to the complex systems analysis methodology based on the multilevel modeling hierarchy approach, that uses the notions of a dominant relationship rather than more detailed approximation, in order to construct models on different levels of the modeling hierarchy. Consistency of the results on two levels-not expected a priori-open the ways for application of the approach to other problem domains (global warming, water scarcity, etc.).
b) Development of an agricultural (land and water) model to study carrying capacity for any country, region, on the globe. The developed models and the reasoning approach in scenario analysis can be applied to other agricultural carrying capacity problems such as, i.e., for Afghanistan, Bangladesh, etc.
c) Concrete results about targets and policies for the region in the East Sub-Saharan Africa in order to improve their food self-security.
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Singer, Steven William. "ASSESSMENT OF CUMULATIVE TRAINING IMPACTS FOR SUSTAINABLE MILITARY LAND CARRYING CAPACITY AND ENVIRONMENT: QUANTIFYING QUALITY OF ENVIRONMENT AND LANDSCAPE." OpenSIUC, 2010. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/224.
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The United States Army land managers are facing a difficult task of balancing environmental quality and military land carrying capacity when planning missions. The increase in soil erosion and landscape fragmentation caused by intensive military training degrades environmental quality and restricts military missions simultaneously. So far, no effective tools can be applied to quantitatively assess the environmental quality of military training facilities. This study aims at overcoming the existing gaps in land management of the U.S. Army installations. In this study, spatial metrics were selected and used to quantify landscape quality and further their correlations with landscape aesthetics indicators were investigated to seek surrogates of the immeasurable indicators. The spatial metrics were then combined with other environmental variables including soil erosion, water quality, and noise to create an integrated indicator that comprehensively measures environmental quality for the U.S. Army installations using spatial multi-criteria decision analysis. The methodology proposed in this study was tested at Fort Riley Installation, Kansas. The obtained important results included i) Landsat Thematic Mapper TM imagery was better at identifying land cover categories than India Remote Sensing Imagery and their Brovey transformations and Principal Component Analysis (PCA); ii) Too fine of a spatial resolution of imagery led to a great number of small patches and degraded the accuracy of landscape segmentation; iii) both landscape shape index (LSI) and Aggregation Index (AI) had statistically significant correlation with military training intensity and quantified the landscape fragmentation well along with both LSI and AI had a significant negative correlation; iv) there were moderate correlations of LSI and AI with landscape complexity and Interspersion and Juxtaposition index (IJI) with disturbance; v) the landscape level environmental quality indicator obtained comprehensively and well quantified the overall environmental health and its dynamics, while the patch level indicator detailed the local environmental quality. The significant contributions made in this study included i) exploring the relationships of landscape aesthetic evaluations with spatial metrics variables and further incorporating the spatial metrics as surrogates of the landscape aesthetic evaluations into derivation of comprehensive environmental quality indicator; and ii) developing a practical method to integrate the individual factors into a comprehensive environmental quality indicator at both landscape and patch levels based on sustainable environmental health and military land carrying capacity. Without doubt, this study can provide effective tools for the Army land managers to accurately assess environmental quality and effectively plan military training on the installations. It is also expected this methodology can be applied to management of other lands such as agricultural, forested, and industrial lands, etc.
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Paiva, Renato Inhasz. "Informação ambiental sobre produtos para o consumo sustentável: os métodos de avaliação de impacto do ciclo de vida sob a ótica da sustentabilidade forte." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106132/tde-28012017-145109/.
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A degradação ambiental proporcionada pelo consumo de produtos (JORGENSON, 2003) é fruto tanto da evolução de uma sociedade que se distancia da natureza (MORAN, 2011), quanto de suas reais necessidades (FRY, 2005). Da mesma forma, os interesses do mercado, de governos e de consumidores enrijecem a manutenção de uma sociedade hiperconsumista (FRY, 2005). Este fato é observado pela existência de políticas governamentais de consumo (corrente do consumo verde) que prezam pela rotulagem ambiental, depositam a responsabilidade da redução da degradação ambiental no consumidor (AKENJI, 2014), e que não consideram que o aumento da ecoeficiência, sem questionar quais são os limites ambientais impostos para a realização das atividades humanas, provocam um efeito de rebote que pode elevar ainda mais a degradação ambiental (HANLEY et al., 2009). Em contrapartida, a corrente do consumo sustentável afirma ser necessário repensar os níveis de consumo de modo a não ultrapassarmos os limites impostos pelo ambiente à realização das nossas atividades (AKENJI, 2014). Desta forma, a informação necessária para a corrente do consumo sustentável é aquela que indica em que medida as capacidades de suporte do ambiente foram superadas (ALCOTT, 2008). Dentre todos os instrumentos capazes de fornecer informação sobre os aspectos ambientais de produtos, a Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) é o único instrumento desenhado para avaliar as consequências ambientais relacionadas ao ciclo de vida de um produto (CHEHEBE, 1997). Entretanto, as evidências encontradas na bibliografia indicam que os métodos utilizados pela ACV para mensurar as consequências ambientais do produto (métodos de AICV - Avaliação do Impacto do Ciclo de Vida) foram estruturados para calcular majoritariamente a ecoeficiência dos produtos, pois são poucos (ou não indicados pela bibliografia) os casos em que a capacidade de suporte do ambiente é avaliada por estes métodos (POTTING; HAUSCHILD, 2006). Diante deste quadro, esta dissertação se propôs a avaliar se os métodos de AICV existentes estão alinhados à sustentabilidade forte ou se estão alinhados à sustentabilidade fraca. Dois critérios de avaliação foram definidos com base nos princípios da sustentabilidade forte: (i) O resultado do indicador da Categoria de Impacto deve apresentar quanto da capacidade de suporte foi ultrapassada ou não para as emissões relacionadas ao ciclo de vida do produto - alinhado ao princípio (a) da sustentabilidade forte, de que as atividades humanas devem ser limitadas à capacidade de suporte do ambiente (COSTANZA; DALY, 1992) - e, (ii) Todas as Categorias de Impacto (CIs) do método de AICV devem atender ao requisito (i) - alinhado ao princípio (b) da sustentabilidade forte, de que não há substitutabilidade completa entre os diferentes elementos do capital natural (COSTANZA; DALY, 1992). Dos métodos de AICV avaliados (CML 2002, Eco-Indicator 99, Eco-Factors 2006, EDIP 2003, IMPACT2002+, MEErP 2011) verificou-se que nenhum método está alinhado aos princípios da sustentabilidade forte, pois os critérios (i) e (ii) não foram atendidos concomitantemente. Desta forma, concluiu-se que por não estarem alinhados aos princípios da sustentabilidade forte, os métodos de AICV avaliados não são capazes de atender à demanda do consumo sustentável por informações. Sua utilização demonstra que as políticas de consumo verde continuam a depositar a maior responsabilidade pela reversão da degradação ambiental nos consumidores, sem alterar a estrutura sistêmica criada pelos governos, pelo mercado e consumidores na qual o hiperconsumo prevalece.The environmental degradation provided by the consumption of products (JORGENSON, 2003) is the result of the evolution of a society that distances itself away from nature (MORAN, 2011) and from its real needs (FRY, 2005). At the same time, the interests of the market, governments and consumers maintain the hyper-consumption society (FRY, 2005). This fact is noticed by the presence of government consumption policies that appreciate environmental labeling, lay the responsibility for the reduction of the environmental degradation on the consumer (green consumption current) (AKENJI, 2014), and do not consider that the increase in eco-efficiency, without questioning the environmental limits for human activities, causes a rebound effect that can further raise environmental degradation (HANLEY et al., 2009). In contrast, the sustainable consumption current claims to be necessary to rethink consumption levels in order not to overpass the limits imposed by the environment for our activities (AKENJI, 2014). Thus, the necessary information for the sustainable consumption current is the one that indicates to what extent the environmental carrying capacity is exceeded (ALCOTT, 2008). Among all the instruments able to provide information on the environmental aspects of products, the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the only instrument designed to assess the environmental consequences related to the life cycle of a product (CHEHEBE, 1997). However, the evidence found in the literature indicates that the methods used by LCA to measure the environmental impact of products (LCIA methods - Life Cycle Impact Assessment) were structured to mainly calculate the eco-efficiency of products, once there are only a few cases (or no indicated by references) in which the environmental carrying capacity is assessed by these methods (POTTING; HAUSCHILD, 2006). Given this context, this work aimed to evaluate whether existing LCIA methods are aligned to the strong or weak sustainability currents. Two evaluation criteria were defined on the basis of strong sustainability: (i) The results of the Impact Category indicator should present how much of the carrying capacity has been exceeded or not by the emissions related to the product life cycle according to the principle (a) of the strong sustainability, which states that human activities should be limited by the environmental carrying capacity (COSTANZA; DALY, 1992) - and (ii) All Impact Categories of a LCIA method must meet the requirement (i) - according to the principle (b) of the strong sustainability, which states that there is no complete substitutability between the different elements of natural capital (COSTANZA; DALY, 1992). From the evaluation of the LCIA methods (CML 2002, Eco-Indicator 99 Eco-Factors 2006, EDIP 2003 IMPACT2002+ and MEErP 2011) it was found that any of these methods are aligned with the principles of the strong sustainability, once the methods do not comply with criteria (i) and (ii ) concurrently. Thus, it was concluded that once they are not aligned to the principles of strong sustainability, the evaluated LCIA methods are not able to meet the demand of sustainable consumption for information. Its use demonstrates that green consumption policies continue to place the greatest responsibility for the reversal of the environmental degradation on consumers, without changing the systemic structure created by governments, the market and consumers in which hyper-consumption prevails.
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Smith, Tiziana. "Quantifying China's carrying capacity : using optimization to explore sustainable food production." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/120602.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2018.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 113-119).
Feeding the world's growing population in an environmentally sustainable way is a complex social and engineering challenge. In this thesis, we develop a novel method for assessing the number of people that can be fed sustainably in a particular region for given natural resources and diet (the carrying capacity). A quantitative assessment of carrying capacity provides insight into the food security of the study region as well as the stress on the environmental system; in addition, this methodology can be used to assess the carrying capacity under a variety of policy interventions such as increasing yields, changing diets, or expanding irrigation infrastructure. The carrying capacity assessment uses optimization methods that find the cropping pattern that maximizes population subject to land, water, and diet constraints, considering a range of rainfed and irrigated crops. A data fusion procedure estimates the regional water and land resources needed to assess carrying capacity by combining measurements from diverse hydrologic and agronomic sources, including remote sensing data. Our carrying capacity methodology is illustrated with a case study of food security in China. China has historically been largely food self-sufficient, although its food imports have been increasing since the year 2000. We find that the population in China was well below the country's carrying capacity in the year 2000 given the diet and yields in that year. However, the population's changing diet - especially the growing preference for meat - is exacting a growing toll on land and water resources. We find that under a more recent diet (2013), China is not likely to be food self-sufficient, even with major investments in irrigated agriculture, without substantial increases in crop yield.
by Tiziana Smith.
Ph. D.
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Guo, Wei. "Building a tourism carrying capacity framework for global geoparks." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/712.
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The concept of geopark was first proposed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1999. After that, geotourism emerged as a novel strategy for sustainable development in rural areas. Tourism carrying capacity is a concept related to the optimum use of natural areas without creating environmental degradation. This concept has been widely employed in nature tourism in national parks. To apply the carrying capacity concept in global geoparks, the purpose of this study is to remodel existing tourism carrying capacity frameworks to foster sustainable use of global geoparks. A review of the development of carrying capacity concept and six tourism carrying capacity frameworks, namely, Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS), Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC), Visitor Impact Management (VIM), Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP), Visitor Activity Management Process (VAMP), and Tourism Optimization Management Model (TOMM) in Chapter 2 demonstrates that tourism carrying capacity concept is able to raise the awareness on sustainable tourism in national parks but these traditional tourism carrying capacity frameworks commonly failed to address the interests of all stakeholders. Thus, this thesis adopts the definition of tourism carrying capacity for geoparks as the situation or condition of a geopark where there is reconciliation (i.e., having balance and harmony) of environmental conservation, social maintenance, and economic development. Based on the three aspects (i.e., environmental conservation, social maintenance, and economic development) of this concept, a tailor-made framework for global geoparks was built in Chapter 3, using confirmatory factor analysis and the revised importance-performance analysis to evaluate tourism carrying capacity in Global Geoparks. Then the modified tourism carrying capacity framework was applied in two UNESCO Global Geoparks, namely, Hong Kong Global Geopark and Danxiashan Global Geopark, to address the inherent tensions between resources conservation and sustainable development in both Geoparks in Chapters 4 and 5. It was found that 1) there was compatibility only among the three dimensions, namely, environmental conservation, social maintenance, and economic development in two Geoparks; 2) the structure of the framework and the compatibility of the three dimensions can only be confirmed in the local community model (Figure 3.3) by the importance data of factors, i.e., resource, human environment, and facility. No validity can be established in the construct of the GGN model on the local community's satisfaction of the overall environments in two Parks and neither is there an agreement between the visitors in both Parks with the GGN criteria; and 3) from the satisfaction data on the three factors of the visitor model (Figure 3.4), i.e., environmental carrying capacity, political-economic carrying capacity, and socio-demographic carrying capacity, it shows that HKGP appears to be more sustainably managed than DXSGP. Collectively, this study has provided a new framework for evaluating tourism carrying capacity in a geopark. I hope to advance the methodological innovation of sustainable geotourism management and supplement the lacuna of criteria and standards for Global Geoparks in future studies.
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Zhang, Liye. "Carrying capacity assessment of diving sites in Hong Kong and Malaysia." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2016. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/339.
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This study aims to understand tourism carrying capacities of diving sites in Hong Kong and Malaysia. Specifically, ecological, psychological and social carrying capacities were assessed. Methodology involved photo quadrat transect survey, questionnaire survey and visual experiment survey. Over a period of two calendar years (2013 and 2014), 13, 12 and 9 photo quadrat transect surveys were conducted in Sharp Island, Tsim Chau and Mabul Island (Ray Point and Eel Garden) respectively to provide data for ecological carrying capacity assessment. In addition, 455 and 342 questionnaires were collected in Hong Kong and Mabul Island respectively to assess divers' satisfaction with diving attributes of the respective dive sites. Regarding social carrying capacity assessment, 247 and 158 visual experiment questionnaires were collected to assess crowding as perceived by divers in the two sites.;The ecological carrying capacity of Sharp Island lies between 172 and (less than) 825 divers every quarter in the absence of better solutions. At Tsim Chau, diving activity is not the most important factor in influencing the coverage of sea anemone. In addition, the use of additional (subjective) data was necessary to define the ecological carrying capacity of Tsim Chau and possibly Sharp Island. In Mabul Island, the results show that the ecological carrying capacity is about 16800-17200 divers per year at Ray Point and about 15600-16800 divers per year at Eel Garden. Based on the findings, it is likely that the usage of the diving sites on Sharp Island, Ray Point and Eel Garden have already exceeded the social carrying capacity. Regarding the psychological carrying capacity, this study found that the most important factor that influences divers' willingness to return to Hong Kong diving sites is "the quality of corals". In Mabul Island, the most important factor is "the value for money of Mabul diving". However, no studied diving sites have exceeded their psychological carrying capacities. Regarding the social carrying capacity, on both Hong Kong and Mabul Island diving sites, the "number of divers" was found to be the most influential factor for divers' perceived crowding. In Hong Kong, divers' begin to feel unacceptably crowded if 78̃ divers are visible to them at one time whereas in Mabul Island, divers would start to feel unacceptably crowded if 8 to 9 divers were visible to them at one time. Based on this, it is likely that the usage of both Hong Kong and Mabul Island diving sites have already exceeded the social carrying capacity.;With the increasing popularity of diving in recent years, divers and diving trips operators around the world need to be aware of divers' impact on coral reef, divers' satisfaction and underwater crowding problem. Finally, a series of management and policy measures to minimise the impact of diving activity on coral, improve divers' satisfaction and mitigate divers' crowding perception in underwater environment are proposed for sustainable use of diving sites in Hong Kong and Mabul Island.
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NAKAMURA, Hikaru, Naoshi UEDA, Minoru KUNIEDA, and Ahmed KAMAL. "ASSESSMENT OF STRENGTHENING EFFECT ON RC BEAMS WITH UHP-SHCC." 日本コンクリート工学会, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20917.
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Lane, Murray C. "The development of a carrying capacity assessment model for the Australian socio-environmental context." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/67485/1/Murray_Lane_Thesis.pdf.
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A key aim of this research was to highlight how society's understanding of constraints to the productive capacity of its resource base is vital to its long-term survival. This was achieved through the development of an online model, the Carrying Capacity Dashboard. The Dashboard was developed to estimate how much land Australian populations require for the production of their food, textiles, timber and liquid fuel. Findings reveal that Australia's estimated carrying capacity is currently over 40 million people but longer-term and more regional analyses suggest a much smaller number. Carrying capacity assessment also indicates that optimal resource security is to be found in balancing both small and large-scale self-sufficiency.
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Jamali, Shojaeddin. "Assessing load carrying capacity of existing bridges using SHM techniques." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/134484/1/Shojaeddin_Jamali_Thesis.pdf.
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This research provides a multi-tier framework for load carrying capacity assessment of bridges using structural health monitoring techniques. In this framework, four tiers are developed ranging from simplified to detailed tiers for holistic bridge assessment. Performance of each tier has been validated using various numerical and experimental examples of bridges and beam-like structures.
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Nguyen, Thi Hong Diep, Glino Gallardo Wenresti, Kumar Tripathi Nitin, and Hoang Minh Truong. "Cobia cage culture distribution mapping and carrying capacity assessment in Phu Quoc, Kien Giang province." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-126816.
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Cobia fish cage is the most popular marine culture species raised in Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam. For its sustainable development, there is a need to determine the carrying capacity to avoid nega-tive marine environmental impact in the future. This study was carried out to collect water samples each two months at the lowest and highest tides at four points around the farming area in Rach Vem, Phu Quoc Island, Kien Giang Province from February to October 2011. Water quality in cobia cage culture was surveyed to assess the environmental status of coastal aquaculture areas including seven parameters such as DO, COD, BOD, TSS, TN, TP and Chlorophyll-a. These parameters are suitable to rear cobia fish cage in this area. Nitrogen and phosphorus are considered as the principal nutrients produced by the cobia fish farm and affecting water environment. This study found that the carrying capacity for fish cage farming in the area is 290.96 to 727.81 tons (based on total nitrogen) and 428.64 to 1,383.88 tons (based on total phosphorus) from February to Au-gust 2011. The maximum number of cobia cages should be, based on total nitrogen, from 64 to 266 and, based on total phosphorus, from 94 to 253. Moreover, this study examined the possibility of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) technique based on Object-based Image Analysis (OBIA) method by THEOS imagery for mapping of cage culture facilities and detect the location for cobia cage culture in study areaCá bớp nuôi lồng bè là một trong những loài cá nuôi phổ biến khu vực ven biển Phú Quốc, Việt nam. Nhằm phát triển bền vững vùng ven biển, đề tài thực hiện đã xác định và đánh giá hiện trạng môi trường nước và sức tải môi trường của nghề nuôi cá bớp lồng bè ở đảo Phú Quốc. Nghiên cứu này được thực hiện thông qua việc thu mẫu môi trường nước mỗi 2 tháng theo mức nước triều cao nhất và thấp nhất tại 4 điểm quanh khu vực nuôi tại ấp Rạch Vẹm, huyện Phú Quốc, tỉnh Kiên Giang từ tháng 02-10/2011. Chất lượng nước khu vực nuôi thủy sản cũng được khảo sát với 7 chỉ tiêu gồm DO, COD, BOD, TSS, TN, TP, Chlorophyll-a. Các thông số chất lượng môi trường này phù hợp nuôi cá bớp tại khu vực nghiên cứu dựa trên tiêu chuẩn chất lượng môi trường. Trong nghiên cứu này, đạm và lân là 2 thông số được sử dụng để tính toán sức tải môi trường. Sức tải môi trường được tính toán cho khu vực nuôi cá bớp dao động khoảng từ 290.96 tấn đến 727.81 tấn (tính trên hàm lượng đạm tổng số) và từ 428,64 tấn đến 1.383,88 tấn (tính trên hàm lượng lân tổng số) trong thời gian từ tháng 2 đến tháng 10 năm 2011. Số lượng tối đa lồng bè nuôi cá bớp khoảng từ 64 đến 266 (đạm tổng số) và từ 94 đến 253 (lân tổng số) dựa vào phân tích hồi quy tương quan. Bên cạnh đó, công nghệ viễn thám và hệ thống thông tin địa lý (GIS) đã được ứng dụng bằng cách sử dụng ảnh THEOS để xác định vị trí và phân bố không gian khu vực nuôi cá lồng bè dựa trên phương pháp phân tích đối tượng theo hướng (OBIA)
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Rubio, Zuazo Ana Maria, and anarubio zuazo@gmail com. "Environmental influences on the sustainable production of the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata : a study in two southeastern Australian estuaries." The Australian National University. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, 2008. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080618.091057.
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There has been a continuous decline in both the production and general performance of the
SRO in NSW estuaries over the past three decades. The relationship of this decline to both
environmental and oyster-density related factors are assessed in this thesis. This question has
been examined at different scales: a large scale that compares two different estuaries (Clyde and
Shoalhaven Rivers, southern NSW); a regional scale that encompasses variations within an
estuary and, at a lease scale that examines processes pertaining to individual or small groups of
oysters. Levels of inorganic nutrients were in general very low potentially limiting primary
production. The limiting nutrient was nitrogen or phosphorus depending on whether long term
conditions were dry or wet, respectively. Only during rain events, through the input of terrestrial
material, were conditions favourable for fast rates of primary production. Carbon and nitrogen
isotope analysis has demonstrated that both external material and local resuspension of the
benthos constitute a major proportion of the SRO diet. The uptake of the various food sources
also varied considerably depending on local environmental conditions. Increases in SRO growth
were strongly correlated to increases in temperature with a low temperature cut-off at ~13°C.
Growth also appeared to reduce considerably when salinities lower than ~15ppt persisted for the
order of a month. These factors may alter growth through changes in filtration rates. These
processes were modelled in a coupled hydrodynamic-NPO (Nitrogen-Phytoplankton-Oyster)
model of the Clyde River. This demonstrated that primary production was more affected by
estuarine dynamics and nutrient concentrations than oyster uptake. At the current levels of
oyster densities, primary production by itself could not account for the observed oyster growth,
however growth became realistic with observed levels of POC added to the model. A set of
environmental indices were used to complement the model and to assess the sustainability of the
culture system. The combined indices indicated that while the ecological carrying capacity of
the Clyde was exceeded the production capacity at an estuarine scale was not. On the lease
scale, density experiments showed that while growth was not reduced as a result of current
stocking densities, the condition index was significantly affected.
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Slemp, Christopher T. "An assessment of community capacity for sustainable watershed management in the lower Kaskaskia River watershed /." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1966551511&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Slemp, Christopher Thomas. "An Assessment of Community Capacity for Sustainable Watershed Management in the Lower Kaskaskia River Watershed." OpenSIUC, 2009. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/131.
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Sprawling low density housing and retail developments characterize the growth patterns of many communities nationally. These patterns of development have been associated with impairments in ecosystem services that are critical to the functioning of social and natural systems. In response to the negative implications of these patterns, watershed initiatives are taking place across the U.S. These initiatives are characterized by participatory decision making processes involving diverse community interest groups. Studies have indicated that leadership and social capital contribute to the success of these initiatives. A qualitative assessment of community capacity for sustainable watershed management was conducted in two Lower Kaskaskia River watersheds. The study communities of Belleville and O'Fallon, Illinois are located in the eastern metropolitan region of St. Louis, MO. The primary concerns of community managers and planners are related to managing growth and its negative impacts on economic, social, and natural capitals. Six research questions drove this capacity assessment: (1) How do diverse community managers and residents define community health, (2) What role does the natural environment play in perceptions of community health, (3) What are the perceived effects of urbanization on the study communities, (4) What are community stakeholders' beliefs about the level of environmental protection within their communities, (5) What are stakeholders' perceptions of their communities' ability to solve problems and (6) What are critical indicators of community capacity to engage in sustainable watershed management. Study findings suggest that healthy natural environments are an essential element of healthy communities. Indicators of community capacity for watershed management were identified by participants. This list of indicators can be used as a tool by residents that have identified a need for a watershed initiative in their community. Key findings suggest that developing a sustainable vision, networking between groups, and leadership play important roles in the successful implementation of community based watershed initiatives.
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Aly, Ahmed Bakr Mourad. "Sustainable Beach Resort Development: A Decision Framework for Coastal Resort Development in Egypt and the United States." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77967.
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In recent decades, coastal tourism has grown significantly bringing enormous economic benefits to host communities, and causing many environmental and social impacts to the coastal environment. Beach resort development faces problems due to an inability on the part of stakeholders to make sound decisions about sustainable design due, in part, to the complexity of the sustainability issues and the lack of a comprehensive decision-making tool to assist them. In Egypt, design and planning regulations have not changed for decades, resulting in non-sustainable beach resort development. This study provides a "decision framework," a conceptual "Sustainable Design Model," which shifts the focus of stakeholders from the application of traditional physical carrying capacity procedures to a comprehensive approach linking sustainability indicators and carrying capacities. This approach includes an array of acceptable capacities based on the ecological, social, psychological, physical, economic, and managerial capacity thresholds of a site. This framework assists stakeholders in making rational decisions about what is to be built, where it is located, and how to build it. To test the model, a survey was conducted at 10 beach resort destinations (5 American, 5 Egyptian) to measure the difference in perceptions between stakeholders concerning sustainability indicators and carrying capacities. The instrument was determined valid and reliable using a test/retest procedure. A total of 276 responses were obtained for data analysis. Statistical analyses included frequency distribution, t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), factor analysis, and a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Sample demographic information was also collected. Results revealed a strong link between sustainability indicators and carrying capacity thresholds. While both Egyptian and American respondents recognized the importance of sensitive environmental developments, there were significant differences due to differences in culture, environment, regulations, and priorities. The American sample placed greater importance on the ecological indicators, while the Egyptian sample placed greater importance on the social, psychological, and managerial indicators. The American sample conveyed a positive attitude toward government regulations, design, and management efforts to incorporate sustainability principles into the built environment, while the Egyptian respondents conveyed a more negative attitude. As a result of this study, future Egyptian policy may be better informed of the gap between the theoretical concepts of sustainability and real world coastal development implementation.Ph. D.
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Cuadra, Margarita. "Assessment of the natural resource base of Nicaragua and case studies of its use in agricultural production and export /." Uppsala : Dept. of Ecology and Crop Production Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200525.pdf.
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Akhter, Feroz Raisin. "Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment for Sustainable Urban Development : A Study on Slum Population of Kota, India." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108959.
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The urban centres are becoming more vulnerable to climate change because of the rapid urbanization and the inequality of urban development. This study assesses the urban vulnerability in an integrated approach focusing the slum people as the targeted group. The slum people are severely exposed to climate risks in terms of city‟s overall development. The negative indications of the indicators of person‟s vulnerability represent their high sensitivity to the adverse impact of climate change. The determinants of adaptive capacity also confirm that the slum people are more vulnerable to climate change with having lower adaptive capacity; though, the city is possessing high development indexes. In this context, an institutional structure is developed to build multi-level urban climate governance with the involvement of all relevant stakeholders based on the case study and literature review to integrate the vulnerable group in development planning for climate change adaptation.
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Musaya, Lilly. "Beekeeping and Capacity Building for Sustainable Development: A Critical Assessment of a Beekeeping Training Programme in Cape Town’s Manenberg Township." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30187.
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Beekeeping is an important industry in South Africa yet it is in decline. The South African government and development agencies see the increasing production deficits in the industry as a business opportunity for income generation for social-economically disadvantaged groups. However, most of these developmental initiatives, which have taken the form of beekeeping training programmes have not succeeded in creating a profitable and sustainable source of income. My study interrogated one such project in order to determine how beekeeping training programmes could be revised to increase the likelihood of trainees becoming viable beekeepers. I have drawn on the International Labour Organisation’s knowledge and skills development framework (called Training for Rural Economic Empowerment) to assess the methodological processes used in the development and implementation of the beekeeping programme. I collected data using a combination of qualitative interviews, documentary sources and participant observation, and then used Miles and Huberman’s thematic coding approach to analyse the qualitative data. My main finding is that there were methodological gaps in the pre-training, training and post-training phases of the beekeeping programme, either because of the exclusion of participants’/targeted groups’ inputs in the processes, or because participatory decision-making processes with participants were misapplied. As a result, the beekeeping training programme did not match the participants’ needs, economic opportunities in their area, and their social situations, and these circumstances contributed, in large part, to the graduates not taking up beekeeping.
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Harris, Glenn Edward. "Assessment of the assimilative capacity of Kitimat Arm, British Columbia, a case study approach to the sustainable management of environmental contaminants." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0026/NQ51870.pdf.
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Wagner, Andre. "The impact of an organisational capacity assessment on non-profit organisations in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7706.
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Magister Economicae - MEconThe research study investigated the potential impact that organisational capacity assessments can have on the long-term sustainability of non-profit organisations (NPOs). The researcher employed longitudinal research design as the main instrument in the collection of data. Data was collected from four local non-profit organisations in the Cullinan and Bronkhorstspruit areas of South Africa. These organisations were evaluated by means of a questionnaire, which was developed by the researcher. NPOs can only play a pivotal role in community and social services if management, leadership, governance and other elements of organisational capacity are well developed and continuously strengthened. This is critical for attracting local and international donors who provide crucial running costs and relieve national, provincial and local government departments of the financial burden. Currently, the South African government supports NPOs in South Africa. The legislative and registration aspects of NPOs are regulated by the NPO Act (Act 71 of 1997) and the Income Tax Act (Act 58 of 1962). The State of South African Registered NPOs Report 2010/2011 indicated a growth of the number of registrations to have increased by 8.3%. However, in the same financial year a total number of 468 NPOs were deregistered; 98% of these lost their registration due to non-compliance of regulatory requirements. According to the State of South African Registered NPOs Report (2016) the total number of applications received for the financial year was 16 726 (53.7%), however 4 421 (46%) did not meet the requirements of sections 12-13 of the NPO Act, an issue that would definitely affect the existence of non-compliant institutions.
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Pihlblad, Kristina. "Non-governmental organizations’ impact in a sustainable context : A case study from ActionAid Denmark’s Global Platform Mt. Kenya." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-254892.
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As the world globalizes and people travel more, volunteering has never been more popular to combine with a cultural exchange. Many countries have volunteers and non-governmental organizations which try to help that country’s vulnerable. This study investigates the impact of non-governmental organizations through a case study done at one of ActionAid Denmark’s Global Platforms in Kenya. This Platform works as one of ActionAid’s training hubs where participants from mostly Denmark and Kenya take part in courses focusing on capacity building and global citizenship. Their aim is to provide knowledge to facilitate social change. By using qualitative data in the form of interviews and observation, this study makes an impact assessment and evaluates what impact the Mt. Kenya platform actually achieves and what challenges there might be. Questions about the impact and challenges are asked to a wide range of involved people at the Platform, namely participants, staff, locals and neighbors. This study’s theoretical concept employs the theories “4 Levels of Evaluation” developed by Donald Kirkpatrick and Robert Brinkerhoff’s “The Success Case Method” as well as Jack Mezirow’s theory of transformative learning and Beck’s & Purcell’s theory of social change. The analysis shows that the trainings themselves make a tremendous impact on the individuals participating in the Platform’s trainings. The courses are well structured and executed by the facilitators. The concept where different cultures meet and interact is a success in itself. To make even more impact in the community and for the people in the surrounding area, the Platform needs to be more visible to the locals and improve its marketing and communication activities so the locals want to participate more.
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Puurula, Arto. "Load-carrying capacity of a strengthened reinforced concrete bridge : Non-linear finite element modeling of a test to failure. Assessment of train load capacity of a two span railway trough bridge in Örnsköldsvik strengthened with bars of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRP)." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och -produktion, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26717.
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To meet the future traffic demands there is a constant need of making the infrastructure moreeffective. This can be achieved by increasing the capacity and/or life length of traffic lines. Apart of the efforts to do this is increasing the load carrying capacity of the railway bridges sothat it is possible to allow heavier freight trains to pass the bridges.In this thesis the assessment of the load carrying capacity of a strengthened concrete troughrailway bridge, The Övik Bridge, with two spans in Örnsköldsvik, in northern Sweden, istreated. To investigate the ultimate behavior of the bridge a full scale load test up to failure wasperformed in 2006.At the loading test in Örnsköldsvik a steel beam was placed in the mid of one of the spans ofthe bridge. The failure was caused by pulling the steel beam downwards with cables whichwere anchored with injection into the drilled holes in the bedrock beneath the bridge.While the mechanism of a bending failure is commonly considered to be well investigated, thestructural models for the shear failure are still the object of intense research. The bottom sidesof the edge beams of the Örnsköldsvik Bridge were strengthened with Near Surface Mountedreinforcement (NSM) consisting of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) to increase thebending capacity and in that way steer the bridge to failure in shear instead of bending.The material properties of the reinforcement were determined in tension tests. Concreteproperties were determined by testing drilled core samples. Displacements and deflections ofthe bridge, strains in concrete, steel and carbon fibre reinforcement were measured during thetest as a function of the increasing load.In this thesis the analysis of the failure of the bridge, structural models describing the behaviorand load carrying capacity are evaluated according to different design codes. Advanced finiteelement analysis is applied with both geometrical and material non-linearities included. Toverify the models used in codes and computer calculations the response of the bridge duringthe test is compared with the calculation results.The refined and calibrated FEM model is used to predict how high axle loads of a train theÖvik Bridge could have sustained. The Övik Bridge was designed in 1950’s for axle loads of20 ton. The calculations methods developed in this thesis show that the axle loads in the failurestate could have been increased at least up to 154 tons without strengthening and to 215 tonwith strengthening of the bridge slab with carbon fibre reinforcement bars with Af = 100 mm2c 150 mm using statistical mean values of loads and material properties in the calculations.Bärförmågan hos en förstärkt betongbroIcke-linjär finit elementmodellering av en brottbelastningTillståndsbedömning av en järnvägstrågbro med två spann i Örnsköldsvik förstärkt med stänger av kolfiberarmerade polymerer (CFRP)För att möta de framtida krav som trafiksektorn står inför måste infrastrukturen effektiviseras. Detta kan bland annat uppnås genom att öka trafikledernas kapacitet och livslängd. En del av denna ambition består av att öka lastkapaciteten på järnvägsbroar så att man kan tillåta tyngre godståg att passera.I denna avhandling behandlas tillståndsbedömning av en förstärkt trågbro av armerad betong. Bron hade två spann och var belägen i Örnsköldsvik i Sverige. Ett fullskaleförsök utfördes år 2006 för att studera brons beteende under ökande last tills brott uppstod.Under testet i Örnsköldsvik placerades en stålbalk i mitten av brons ena spann. Brottet frambringades genom att stålbalken drogs neråt med kablar, som hade förankrats i berget med injektion under bron, så att lasten på bron ökade. Medan mekanismen för böjmoment allmänt anses vara väl utredd är olika modeller för bärförmågan för tvärkraft fortfarande föremål för intensiv forskning. För att undvika det icke-intressanta böjbrottet förstärktes kantbalkarna i underkanten med kolfiberarmering (CFRP) i form av stavar som limmades fast i utsågade slitsar (Near Surface Mounted reinforcement, NSM). På det viset styrdes bron till att få skjuvbrott istället för böjbrott.Materialegenskaper för betongen bestämdes med hjälp av utborrade cylindrar och för armeringen med dragprov. Förskjutningar och utböjningar av bron samt töjningar i betong, stål- och kolfiberarmering mättes under pågående test som funktion av den ökande lasten.Bron analyserades på flera sätt för att jämföra verklig bärförmåga med olika normer. Ickelinjära finita element har härvid använts för att utvärdera hur avancerade beräkningsverktyg kan beskriva det verkliga skeendet. Olinjäriteter har beaktats i såväl material som geometri. Den förfinade och kalibrerade FEM -modellen användes för att bedöma den maximala axellasten för tåg som Öviksbron skulle ha kunnat bära. Öviksbron dimensionerades på 1950- talet för axellaster på 20 ton. Beräkningsmodellerna utvecklade i avhandlingen visar att bron i brottstadiet hade kunnat klara axellaster på minst 154 ton utan den utförda förstärkningen och på 215 ton med förstärkningen av broplattan med kolfiberstänger med Af = 100 mm2 c 150 mm. Statistiska medelvärden av laster och materialparametrar har härvid använts i beräkningarna.
Godkänd; 2012; 20120425 (ysko); DISPUTATION Ämnesområde: Konstruktionsteknik/Structural Engineering Opponent: Docent Mario Plos, Institutionen för bygg- och miljöteknik, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Göteborg Ordförande: Professor Mats Emborg, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Onsdag den 30 maj 2012, kl 10.15 Plats: F1031, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Oluwole, Samson Abayomi. "Sustainable development challenges of contemporary technologies : Nigeria liquefied-natural-gas project as a case study / S.A. Oluwole." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4120.
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The way people view development is changing. The world now advocates for a development that also considers future generations. There is a paradigm shift towards sustainable development - a development in today's lifestyle without destroying the resources for tomorrow generations. Sustainable development is a broad concept that addresses how human activities impact on the economic, environmental and social well-being of an ecosystem; however, practical application of the sustainability concept is complex because its objective assessment is elusive.
It is often said that the effect of technology on society has never been more profound than today. As mankind develops in science and technology to improve on his well-being, certain impacts are made on the systems that support human existence. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) technology, like gas-to-liquid (GTL) technology, is a latest innovation conceived to 'fight' the problem of gas flaring, and help contribute to the social and economic growth of the people; but it is necessary for man to know if these contemporary technologies are sustainable.
This dissertation critically appraises the impact of the LNG project on the community of Bonny Island in Nigeria from a holistic perspective. The approach to the research work is three-fold: an appropriate sustainability framework is selected based on certain criteria; sustainability indicators are developed from the chosen framework; and the sustainability indicators are used to assess the impact of the project on the flora and fauna of the community.
To have a clear picture of the impact of Nigeria LNG on its host community, Epe-Waterside is chosen as a control community because of its similar socio-geographical outlook to Bonny Island community. The control community is then subjected to the same set of sustainability indicators for a comparative analysis. The outcome of the research work shows that, though the economic and social conditions of Bonny Island seem much better, its environmental status remains a challenge. In other words, it can be concluded that the present approach to the operation of the LNG technology is not sustainable.Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Bagge, Niklas. "Structural assessment procedures for existing concrete bridges : Experiences from failure tests of the Kiruna Bridge." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och brand, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-63000.
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Assessing existing bridges is an important task in the sustainable management ofinfrastructure. In practice, structural bridge assessments are usually conducted usingtraditional and standardised methods, despite knowledge that these methods oftenprovide conservative estimates. In addition, more advanced methods are available, suchas nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis, that are used for research purposes and cansimulate the structural behaviour of bridges more accurately. Therefore, it would beuseful to develop practical and reliable procedures for refined assessments using theseadvanced techniques.Focusing on the ultimate load-carrying capacity of existing concrete bridges, this thesispresents a procedure for structural assessments. The fundamental idea is to improve theassessment successively, as necessary to predict bridges’ structural behaviour adequately.The procedure involves a multi-level assessment strategy with four levels of structuralanalysis, and an integrated framework for safety verification. At the initial level (Level 1)of the multi-level strategy, traditional standardised methods are used, no failures arecovered implicitly in the structural analysis and action effects are verified using localresistances calculated using analytical models. In the subsequent enhanced levels (Levels2 – 4), nonlinear FE analysis is used for stepwise integration of the verification of flexural,shear-related and anchorage failures into the structural analysis. The framework for safetyverifications includes partial safety factor (PSF), global resistance safety factor (GRSF) andfull probabilistic methods. Within each of these groups, verifications of desired safetymargins can be conducted with varying degrees of complexity.To demonstrate and evaluate the proposed structural assessment procedure, comparativestudies have been carried out, based on full-scale tests of a prestressed concrete bridge.This was the Kiruna Bridge, located in the northernmost city in Sweden, which was duefor demolition as part of a city transformation project, necessitated by large grounddeformations caused by the large nearby mine. Thus, it was available for destructiveexperimental investigation within the doctoral project presented in this thesis. The bridgehad five continuous spans, was 121.5 m long and consisted of three parallel girders with a connecting slab at the top. Both the girders and slab were tested to failure to investigatetheir structural behaviour and load-carrying capacity. Non-destructive and destructivetests were also applied to determine the residual prestress forces in the bridge girders andinvestigate the in situ applicability of methods developed for this purpose. The so-calledsaw-cut method and decompression-load method were used after refinement to enabletheir application to structures of such complexity. The variation of the experimentallydetermined residual prestress forces was remarkably high, depending on the sectioninvestigated. There were also high degrees of uncertainty in estimated values, and thusare only regarded as indications of the residual prestress force.Level 1 analysis of the multi-level assessment strategy consistently underestimatedcapacity, relative to the test results, and did not provide accurate predictions of the shearrelatedfailure observed in the test. With linear FE analysis and local resistance modelsdefined by the European standard, Eurocode 2, the load-carrying capacity wasunderestimated by 32 % for the bridge girder and 55 % for the bridge deck slab. At theenhanced level of structural analysis (Level 3), nonlinear FE analyses predicted thecapacities with less than 2 % deviation from the test results and correctly predicted thefailure mode. However, for existing bridges there are many uncertainties, for instance,the FE simulations were sensitive to the level of residual prestressing, boundaryconditions and assumed material parameters. To accurately take these aspects intoaccount, bridge-specific information is crucial.The complete structural assessment procedure, combining the multi-level strategy andsafety verification framework, was evaluated in a case study. Experiences from theprevious comparative studies were used in an assessment of the Kiruna Bridge followingthe Swedish assessment code. The initial assessment at Level 1 of the multi-level strategyand safety verification, using the PSF method, indicated that the shear capacity of one ofthe girders was critical. The most adverse load case (a combination of permanent loads,prestressing and variable traffic loads) was further investigated through enhancedstructural analyses implicitly accounting for flexural and shear-related failures (Level 3).Nonlinear FE analysis and safety evaluation using the PSF method, several variants of theGRSF method and the full probabilistic analysis for resistance indicated that the permittedaxle load for the critical classification vehicle could be 5.6 – 6.5 times higher than thelimit obtained from the initial assessment at Level 1. However, the study also indicatedthat the model uncertainty was not fully considered in these values. The modeluncertainty was shown to have strong effects on the safety verification and (thus)permissible axle loads. The case study also highlighted the need for a strategy forsuccessively improving structural analysis to improve understanding of bridges’ structuralbehaviour. The refined analysis indicated a complex failure mode, with yielding of thestirrups in the bridge girders and transverse flexural reinforcement in the bridge deck slab,but with a final shear failure of the slab. It would be impossible to capture suchcomplexity in a traditional standardised assessment, which (as mentioned) indicated thatthe shear capacity of the girder limited permissible axle loads. However, nonlinear FEanalyses are computationally demanding, and numerous modelling choices are required.Besides a strategy for rationally improving the analysis and helping analysts to focus oncritical aspects, detailed guidelines for nonlinear FE analysis should be applied to reduce the analyst-dependent variability of results and (thus) the model uncertainty. Clearly, toensure the validity of bridge assessment methods under in situ conditions, theirevaluations should include in situ tests. This thesis presents outcomes of such tests, therebyhighlighting important aspects for future improvements in the assessment of existingbridges.
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Sogoni, Mbulelo. "Assessment of capacity development through public-private partnership: a case study of the Department of Economic Development and Environmental Affairs in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/327.
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The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a capacity development programme initiated by the Department of Economic Development and Environmental Affairs (DEDEA) as a mechanism to enhance the performance of the employees in order to improve service delivery to the people of the Eastern Cape. The public service is enjoined by the Constitution to provide services that citizens need, and for this reason it is in need of educated, trained and professional public servants, especially in the technical, professional and managerial categories. The department also recognized the potential of public–private partnerships (PPPs) to improve performance in the areas of transformation and service delivery, and that it required investments aimed at developing and strengthening public management capacity. However, the effectiveness of the PPP as a mechanism for capacity development, remained unknown. The literature reviewed overwhelmingly supported the assertion that human capital development is critical for performance in the public service. The review also highlighted the importance of partnerships, especially the role of the private sector in the area of capacity development, advancing the argument that PPPs should be pursued in order to leverage ideas, resources, and capabilities to achieve public service goals. Various research tools, namely interviews, questionnaires and document analysis were used to conduct the study. Data collected and analysed provided empirical evidence of improved performance of both the individual managers and the department in the functional areas of financial governance and management; programme and project management; as well as ethics and professionalism. It suggested a strong correlation between training, capacity development and service delivery. This research found the DEDEA/National Business Initiative (NBI) PPP initiative, as a capacity development mechanism to enhance the performance of the department‟s employees, effective. On strength of the overwhelming evidence gathered through this research, it strongly recommends that the programme be rolled out to other employees.
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Mello, Silas Volpon de [UNESP]. "Proposta de modelagem da capacidade de suporte hídrica para o estado de São Paulo, Brasil." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151652.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este texto apresenta uma pesquisa que propõe um modelo para calcular a Capacidade de Suporte Hídrica (CSH) de regiões urbanizadas visando o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, principal objetivo da humanidade neste século. Utilizando as Análises Estocásticas de Fronteira como ferramenta de modelagem da capacidade de suporte, juntamente com o auxílio de um sistema de informações geográficas (SIG), foi criado um método para calcular a carga antrópica no meio ambiente, ou seja, calcular a intensidade de solicitação ou estresse sobre os recursos naturais que uma dada região exerce sobre seu meio. Um estudo exploratório foi elaborado para verificar a viabilidade desta proposta e posteriormente um modelo específico foi desenvolvido, utilizando variáveis de natureza hídrica, culminando no cálculo da CSH dos municípios e das Unidades de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos (UGRHI) do estado de São Paulo. A disponibilidade hídrica superficial dos objetos de estudo, uma das variáveis hídricas que compõe o modelo, foi calculada de forma aproximada utilizando a nova proposta de regionalização de vazões para o estado de São Paulo, onde foi criado o primeiro banco de dados que agrega informações sobre as vazões Q95, Q7,10 e Qm para todos os municípios do estado.Na sequência, foram simulados três cenários abordando possíveis construções do modelo CSH, dois deles consideraram diferentes formas de agrupamento dos parâmetros e o terceiro obteve as classificações de suporte hídrico para as UGRHIs a partir dos resultados dos municípios. O primeiro cenário apontou 5 UGRHIs e 213 municípios em potencial déficit hídrico e o segundo apontou 6 UGRHIs e 180 municípios nesta mesma situação. O terceiro cenário apontou 7 UGRHIs em potencial déficit no suprimento da demanda de água. A partir dos resultados, foram apontadas regiões que estão sob potencial estresse hídrico, ou seja, que não conseguem fornecer de maneira sustentável a quantidade de água requerida por seus habitantes. Essas regiões podem ser apontadas como as mais vulneráveis em períodos de seca. Assim, pretende-se disponibilizar um modelo para auxiliar na questão da preservação do meio ambiente nas escalas local e regional, considerando-se a disponibilidade de água.
This work presents a research project that proposes a model to calculate the Hydric Carrying Capacity (HCC) of urbanized areas aiming at the Sustainable Development, the main goal of humanity in this century. Using Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) as a modeling technique for carrying capacity along with geographic information systems (GIS), a method to calculate the anthropic load in the environment was created. In other words, the idea was to calculate the stress intensity on the natural resources that a given region produces on its environment. An exploratory study was carried out to verify the feasibility of this proposal and later a specific model was developed. Using hydric variables, the model resulted in the determination of the HCC for the municipalities and for the Water Resources Management Units (UGRHI) of the State of São Paulo. The surface water availability of the objects of study, which is one of the hydric variables that compose the model, was calculated in an approximate way using the new proposal of regionalization of flows for the state of São Paulo. This resulted in the first database that aggregates information about the flows Q95, Q7,10 and Qm for all municipalities in the state. Three scenarios were simulated, discussing possible constructions of the HCC model. Two of them considered different ways of grouping the parameters and the third one obtained the hydric support classifications for the UGRHIs from the results of the municipalities. The first scenario pointed out 5 UGRHIs and 213 municipalities in potential hydric deficit, while the second pointed to 6 UGRHIs and 180 municipalities in this same situation. The third scenario pointed out 7 UGRHIs in potential deficits in supplying water demand. From these results, regions that are under potential water stress were pointed out, that is, regions that cannot provide the amount of water required by their inhabitants in a sustainable way. These regions can be identified as the most vulnerable in periods of drought. Thus, the idea was to provide a model as an aid for the environment preservation at both local and regional scales, considering the availability of water.
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Mokrošová, Petra. "Vliv cestovního ruchu na socio-kulturní sféry regionů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199968.
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The tourism industry is one of the fastest growing economic branches in the world. Because of a multiplication effect, which is one of it's important characteristics, it creates suitable conditions for increasing an economic and socio-cultural value of a region. Nevertheless, this value increasing depends on a development level of a region, it's potential to develop tourism and a co-ordination of activities which ensure the potential development. Research was mostly focused on economic impacts of tourism development in regions. But it's impacts on socio-cultural environment are very important as well. If tourism development is managed responsibly in a region it can generate considerable positive effects on local communities (first of all an improvement of living standards, development of public facilities etc.). In the opposite case it can generate irretrievable negative effects, especially changes of local community lifestyle , changes in local social and cultural values or changes in physical environment. On one hand tourism contributes to keep cultural diversity in the world and mediates cognition and interaction between different people and cultures , on the other hand it transmits negative aspects of globalization which tend to affect traditions and specific cultures of particular regions in a destructive way. So the aim of the diploma thesis is to point out psychological and sociological aspects of tourism, it's relation to culture and cultural identity and it's impacts on local communities. The analysis is focused on Prague characteristics and tourism impacts on it's socio-cultural environment.
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Saha, Polin, Salman Ahmad, Ashfaq Abbasi, and Masood Khan. "Environmental Management Systems and Sustainability : Integrating Sustainability in Environmental Management Systems." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3228.
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To check rapidly deteriorating environmental conditions, many management tools are being used by different industries. In order to address environmental issues the corporate sector has seen a drastic increase in the use of environmental management systems. There is strong need to check how these environmental management systems are rendering environmental management services. Research shows that environmental management systems are mistakenly expected to prescribe technical and environmental objectives. Without describing what goals an organization must achieve, they lay out a system for management of numerous environmental obligations. Hence environmental management systems are not strategic; they tend to reactively fix issues contingent upon their occurrence and may miss opportunities to avoid problems before they occur. Further, environmental management itself is seen in isolation of a socio-ecological context, which makes environmental management lose ground and operate in a virtual vacuum. Mostly environmental management is identified as an ’agenda’ which runs counter to the overall development of an organization. Provided, environmental management systems can be integrated with basic principles of sustainable development these management systems can be utilized as a launching pad to move organizations towards sustainability. Built to render the administrative services only through a mechanism of self regulation and continuous improvement, these management systems can be used to deliver sustainable product planning. The present study illustrates the possibilities for integration of sustainability objectives into environmental management systems. In our effort to integrate sustainability in environment management systems extensive literature reviews, interviews and a case study (Hammarplast AB) have been used. For the analysis of the current reality, a framework for strategic sustainable development and methods incorporating “backcasting from principles of sustainability” – i.e. templates for sustainable product development and strategic life cycle management – has been used. The use of tools not only illustrates contemporary sustainability gaps but also gives a concrete set of guidance to integrate sustainability in environmental management systems.
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Lindsjö, Nicole, and Sanna Andersson. "När är gränsen nådd? : En kvalitativ studie om Barcelona." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-36109.
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Syfte: Mot bakgrund kring en ökad turism i europeiska storstäder (Statista, u.å.) har syftet med studien varit att studera Barcelona som exempel för att bidra med en djupare förståelse kring hur turister och lokalbefolkning uppfattar varandra i stadsmiljöer med högt turistantal. Samt undersöka hur turismen har förändrat stadens stadskärna och miljö (Duran, 2005). Metod: I studien har ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt applicerats i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer och insamling av vetenskapliga artiklar till empirin. Tolv personer som har intervjuats som har koppling till Barcelona och det sammanfattas i empirin, tillsammans med de vetenskapliga artiklarna. Slutsatser: Den här studie har undersökt Barcelona som exempel för att belysa massturism som är ett omfattande problem som även går att finna i andra europeiska storstäder. Genom de insamlade intervjuerna och de vetenskapliga artiklar påvisades det att Barcelona har fått både positiva och negativa effekter av den massiva turism som finns i staden. Utifrån de insamlade intervjusvaren kunde slutsatsen dras att den sociala aspekten har störst negativ inverkan på lokalbefolkningen i staden.Purpose: Against the background of increased tourism in European metropolitan areas (Statista, u.o.), the purpose of the study has been to study Barcelona as an example to contribute a deeper understanding of how tourists and locals perceive each other in urban environments with a high tourist number. As well as investigating how tourism has changed the city's city center and environment (Duran, 2005). Methodology: In this study, a qualitative approach has been applied in the form of semi-structured interviews and the gathering of scientific articles of empirical data. Twelve people interviewed who are connected to Barcelona and this is summarized in empirical section, along with the scientific articles. Conclusions: This study has explored Barcelona as an example to illustrate mass tourism, which is a major problem that can be found in other European cities. Through the collected interviews and the scientific articles, it was demonstrated that Barcelona has had both positive and negative effects of the massive tourism that exists in the city. Based on the collected interview answers, it could be concluded that the social aspect has the most negative impact on local people in the city.
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Zíb, Petr. "Průzkum a posouzení existujícího výrobního objektu pro rekonstrukci." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225369.
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Overview of diagnostic methods. Inspection of buildings and structures - photographic documentation of the existing situation, analysis of documents. Design of diagnostic tests, treatment plan, diagnostic investigation and determination of critical deficiencies. Carrying out the survey and sampling. Evaluation and classification of materials. Static assessment of the selected design.
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Sanz, Lázaro Carlos. "Consecuencias ecológicas del enriquecimiento por materia orgánica procedente de la acuicultura y de vertidos de petróleo en ecosistemas costeros." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10776.
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El objetivo de esta tesis es estudiar el efecto del enriquecimiento por materia orgánica producida por el cultivo de peces en el mar y por los vertidos de petróleo en el medio marino. Este trabajo intenta explicar las consecuencias ecológicas de los impactos generados por este tipo de contaminación, y en diseñar de test de toxicidad para evaluar la contaminación en el sur de las costas europeas. Específicamente, en relación con el impacto de la acuicultura, los estudios de recuperación durante la Apertura de peces bentónicos de reducción de piscicultura marina, el papel de la depredación en el sistema bentónico dispersión de los residuos y los vínculos horizontales y verticales con un impacto bentónico.The aim of this thesis is to study the effect of organic matter enrichment produced by marinefinfish farming and oil spills on the marine environment. This work is focused on elucidating theecological consequences of the impact generated by this type of pollution, and on designingtoxictity tests to evaluate pollution for southern European coasts. Specifically, related with aquaculture impact, it studies benthic recovery during open sea fish farming abatement, the role of predation in the benthic system and links horizontal and vertical waste dispersion with benthic impact.
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"Carrying Capacity In East Sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel integrated assessment and a sustainable development approach." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/295838.
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Swei, Ching-Liang, and 隋清涼. "A Study of Water Environment Carrying Capacity and Sustainable." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03865127762838302539.
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碩士國立中央大學
環境工程學系
85
To live or develop sustainably, people must utilize resources sustinably.And the term carrying capacity is just the judgement whether resources wereutilized sustainably or not. i.e The amount of resources consumed must notbe great than that of environment could carry. This study was based on sustainable development indicators to choose onesrelated to water environment carrying capacity that defined as influenced by watr quality, water consumption and land-use. The above chosen indicators werelimitations that evaluate to compare the above chosen indicators. For developingsustainably in any river basin, we should try to promote the capacity to a satisfied level if the real population of a river basin is great than the population equivalent calculated by the above method. In our case study, we only consider the following five aspects: the classifiedwater quality standard of water body, municipal water conumption, industrialwater consumption, the rate of an uptown- commercial area to total area, the rateof an industrial area to total area, the non-forest areas, and the divided numbers of the changeable area. The final results show that the industrial waterconsumption and the rate of an industrial area to total area influence the population equivalent significantly, others are not.
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O'Brien, Erin Lindsey. "Carrying capacity for sustainable tourism development : Tofino, British Columbia, Canada." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/980.
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Tourism has the potential of leaving permanent footprints on the physical, cultural and economic environments of tourism destinations. Understanding and managing these footprints is paramount to understanding the industry, and to the successful management of the associated host-guest relationships. Research questions and objectives examine the concepts of tourism carrying capacity and tourism space to determine whether tourism development in Tofino, British Columbia has exceeded its limits of acceptable use. Data were collected through surveys directed to three stakeholder groups; local residents, tourism businesses and tourists. Data were analyzed using quantitative, qualitative and spatial means. The research found that tourism carrying capacity has not been exceeded for the business and tourist participants, but is divided within the resident stakeholder group. Perceived tourism space was similar for all participant groups, but some identified areas did not match the defined boundaries of tourism use set forth by the District of Tofino.
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Cheng, Chun-Fa, and 鄭春發. "Research on Carrying Capacity and Sustainable city : a case study of Taipei Metropolis." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95822327598349186405.
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碩士國立中興大學
都市計劃研究所
84
Recently , the international resource utilization strategy is tend to lead to sustainable city , hoping for harmony relationship between human activity and natural environment under global change.IUCN,UNEP and WWF (1991) defined " Sustainable development " as " improving the quality of human life while living the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems."But city is not a closed system , the carrying capacity will change by trade .Unrestricted trade may relieve lacal ecological constraints , it actually reduces long-term global carrying capacity ( Ress and Wackernagel , 1994).In view of that , this reaserch takes Taipei metropolis as the case study area.After reviewing the related researchs , we find that there are still fewer researchs about sustainable development applying the carrying capacity analysis , and none of that could be found in Taiwan.More over , carrying capacity analysis emphasizes the constrained aspect of environment , failed to consider the appropriated carrying capacity effect upon the system , and couldn''t explain the interaction between natural environment system and human activity system clearly.So , this research evaluate Taipei metropolis carrying capacity by population , land area and urban system the contributes to other system using emergy analysis via ecology and economis .After the analysis as above, there are five conclusions as listed：1. Before thinking about Suatainable development of Taiwan area , the sustainable development of metropolis should be emphasized frist , so called " Think globally , act locally"2.The selfcontained ability of Taipei metropolis is decreasing , on the contrary , the dependent degree is increasing year-by-year. Within the evaluation of N.T. dollars , purchased resources will be substituted for local natural resources.3.The life-support system of Taipei metropolis is still far from the better utility. The growth of urbanized area is beyond increasing local carrying capacity by technicality and the speed of appropriated carrying capacity by trade .4.From the point of view of population , local carrying capacity of Taipei metropolis is discreasing year-by-year. From the point of view of ecological footprint analysis , in 1994 , the ecological footprint of Taipei metropolis is 23 . From the point of Taipei Metropolis contributed to outer system , after 1985 , the degree of contribution is negative.5.The sustainable development of Taipei metropolis should consider omnibearing aspect of every sustainable strategy.rint.
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Hsieh, Chia-Hsuan, and 謝佳璇. "Study on Methodology for Carrying Capacity Assessment and Response Mechanism of Water Supply System." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03883471851568147903.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
生物環境系統工程學研究所
101
The spirit of sustainable development is not only using the environmental resources efficiently for economic and social development but also protecting the environment from degrading. To implement the spirit, analyzing the carrying capacity of water supply due to present and planning facilities and tolerance of water shortage is important. Also, considering the limits of future carrying capacity can scheme the development of future regional water resources. The Lanyang creek watershed is a unique area of water supply development in Taiwan. It rarely has severe water shortage. Therefore, no reservoir is built in the area. However, to support the long-time developments, it has well-built water supply systems. According to the Lanyang creek Watershed’s special development, a different development of water resource system with more environmental considerations can be put into practice when it confronts with possible water shortage risks. This study analyzes the carrying capacity of water supply systems of Lanyang creek watershed and future water demands. According to the results of sensitivity analysis on future carrying capacity, the envelopes of key factors can be determined to make sure not exceeding acceptable risks of water shortage. Moreover, with the vision of sustainable development, this study discusses the measures dealing with water shortage and brings up the water supply strategies for different shortage situations. The measures include using groundwater as backup supply, using groundwater as normal supply, and constructing water-storing facilities to conduct conjunctive operation of surface water and groundwater. Base on the design case study on the measures of conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater, this study proposes constructing water-storing facilities to increase retaining water and pumping groundwater for normal water supply. This study develops conjunctive operation rule curves, which extends the concept of reservoir operation rule curves to the conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater and allows pumping groundwater during the non-drought periods. The rule curve’s goal is to minimize the total water shortage and groundwater drawdown and the Tabu search and the stepwise method are applied to fine the optimal operational rule curves. According to the results of design case study, the optimized conjunctive operation rule curves can reduced more water shortagethan using surface water only or using groundwater as backup.
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-Yong, Li, and 王立詠. "Ecotourism Assessment on Influential Factors of Carrying Capacity of the Tainan Syh-Tsao Wildlife Conservation Area." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54827788622924326055.
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碩士立德管理學院
資源環境研究所
95
Recently, because people of Taiwan emphasizes more and more the qualities and needs of recreational activities, the eco-tourism is becoming the newest market of tourism. The year 2002 which is Eco-Tourism of Taiwan is declared by Executive Yuan. In addition, a series of processes of tourism which includes the areas of selecting, the rules making and the program designing are developed for Eco-tourism. How to control the carrying capacity for eco-tourism is very important, so the development of eco-tourism would depend on the best suitable amount of tourists in this area for eco-tourism. The carrying capacity, which the government cares about, contains several aspects including ecology, sociology and facility. However, how to ascertain those factors for the facility capacity and planning the suitable bearing capacity are two important issues to determine the successful eco-tourism. The main purpose of this research is to discuss the factors of bearing capacity, and explores the key factors which affects the facility capacity of wildlife conservation area and taking the Tainan Syh-Tsao Wildlife Conservation Area as experiment object. By using the literature analysis and the analysis for regional characters, this research selects three factors which could affect the carrying capacity for Tainan Syh-Tsao Wildlife Conservation Area mostly. Three factors, which include facility capacity in ecological, bearing capacity in sociology and bearing capacity in facility, have 26 detailed items. This research adopts the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to affirm the weight and the priority of these factors. The result from the first level of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) indicates the bearing capacity in ecology is most emphasized by scholars among three factors. The top ten items among 26 detailed items from the second level of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are the usage of mobile ferry, heterogeneity, habitat reduce, the press toward soil from transportation, wasted gas from transportation, the usage of immobile ferry, the tramp at soil from tourists and the tramp at plant from tourists, and the notation for environment protection from resident and beautiful scenery view. Furthermore, this research tries to enhance the function and convenience of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) by using the computer software, MATLAB. The result from this research could be useful to develop eco-tourism by providing the factors of bearing capacity of eco-tourism to Tainan Syh-Tsao Wildlife Conservation Area in Tainan. Besides, this pattern for the factors of the bearing capacity toward eco-tourism, which is build in this research, could be the reference for bearing capacity in eco-tourism to expand similar area, the index to build the bearing capacity, and the reference to plan the program in wildlife conservation.
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Rubio, Zuazo Ana Maria. "Environmental influences on the sustainable production of the Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata : a study in two southeastern Australian estuaries." Phd thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/49349.
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There has been a continuous decline in both the production and general performance of the SRO in NSW estuaries over the past three decades. The relationship of this decline to both environmental and oyster-density related factors are assessed in this thesis. This question has been examined at different scales: a large scale that compares two different estuaries (Clyde and Shoalhaven Rivers, southern NSW); a regional scale that encompasses variations within an estuary and, at a lease scale that examines processes pertaining to individual or small groups of oysters. ... A set of environmental indices were used to complement the model and to assess the sustainability of the culture system. The combined indices indicated that while the ecological carrying capacity of the Clyde was exceeded the production capacity at an estuarine scale was not. On the lease scale, density experiments showed that while growth was not reduced as a result of current stocking densities, the condition index was significantly affected.
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Zacarias, D. A. "Tourism carrying capacity assessment as a tool to support coastal management: a pilot survey at two mass tourism beaches." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/382.
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Dissertação mest., Gestão da Água e da Costa, Universidade do Algarve, 2010Coastal resources are an important component for recreational activities. With increasing tourism activities in the world, beaches in several parts of the world are getting each time much crowded with the resulting threats to local ecosystems and local people, what calls for a much appropriate resource management practices. This project attempted to outline and describe the carrying capacity process as a support tool for coastal management. This research aimed to determine the recreational carrying capacity of Faro Beach (Portugal) and Tofo Beach (Mozambique), based on the combination of the tourist carrying capacity assessment framework developed by Cifuentes (1992) and the PAOT approach (Manning, 2002) and supported by field surveys, tourist counts, on-site biophysical characteristics and questionnaires. Results showed that physico-ecological carrying capacity should be between 1,491 and 2,982 visits/day (at Faro Beach) and between 5,301 and 10,601 visits/day (at Tofo Beach) with impact acceptability curves being 305 and 608 tourists (for local people and tourists respectively, at Faro Beach), and 358 and 714 (for local people and tourists respectively, at Tofo Beach). These results suggest that the physico-ecological carrying can be applied for ecosystem management, whilst the socio-cultural carrying capacity should be addressed when management objectives are tourists and beach users. Importantly it is necessary to address the highest level of support showed to prospective managerial options.
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Jin, Qian. "A comparison of tourism crowding management between tourism sites in Cairns and Xi’an: based on tourism carrying capacity assessment." Thesis, 2009. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/10520/1/01front.pdf.
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Tourism crowding management is an important part of sustainable tourism
development. Tourism managers are responsible for preserving the natural and
cultural resources which form the bases for attractions. In addition, tourist site
managers are responsible for making sure tourists can experience the sites relatively
free from excessive crowds. The importance of crowding issues in tourism is
reinforced by considerable previous research attention. Several researchers have
investigated tourists’ crowding-related norms as a way of providing suggestions to
site management personnel. Previous research has identified many factors which can
influence tourists’ perceptions of crowding. Most researchers have tried to establish
crowding specific concepts to support the sound conservation as well as the use of the
resources, while at the same time supporting successful businesses and quality visitor
experiences. Building on the previous literature, the central aim of this thesis is to
compare crowding-related issues between different kinds of sites in order to develop a
crowding management model specifically relevant to tourist attractions. In developing
the crowding management model, three comparative studies were conducted; the first
explored tourists’ actual use levels and tourists’ perceived use levels, the second
studied factors influencing tourists’ perceptions of crowding and the third investigated
crowding managerial strategies. These comparative studies were conducted at five
sites in Cairns, Australia and five sites in Xi’an, China. The sites employed in the two
destinations involve very different environments. The sites in Cairns are located in a
developed country and are environmentally based settings, while the cultural sites in
Xi’an are located in a rapidly developing country. These differences provide
important points of contrast but facilitate the construction of a broadly based
understanding of crowding management at tourist attractions.
In Study One, observations were conducted to find out the visitors’ actual use levels
of the settings. In order to compare the actual visitor use levels and the perceived use
levels, a questionnaire based survey of on-site visitors (N = 585) was used to reveal
tourists’ crowding-related norms. The questionnaire study was then linked to detailed
observation studies conducted earlier at the sites. Several evaluative dimensions
reported by previous researchers were followed to measure use levels, including “preference”, “desirability”, and “tolerance”. The tolerance and preference data were
used to undertake a comparison with the actual visitor use levels. The key findings of
this study using single sample t test comparisons were that several aspects of
crowding management were a problem at sites in Xi’an but not in Cairns. Moreover,
the actual visitor use levels exceeded visitors’ preference at some popular sites in
Xi’an in the peak season. These findings were not replicated in Cairns.
The purpose of Study Two was to investigate the relationships between tourists’ site
evaluations and tourists’ use levels. Additionally, the study sought to explain the
tourists’ perceptions. Data collected from the same questionnaire survey were also
used in this study. The relationships among tourists’ crowding-related perceptions,
including the evaluative dimensions of environment concern, crowd concern,
tolerance, preference, desire and satisfaction, were tested using the independent ttests,
one-way ANOVAs, correlations and multiple regressions. A key finding was
that there were relationships between the three evaluative dimensions. There were
further links to visitors’ desire to stay in the settings and their satisfaction with the
settings. The findings varied for the two destinations since tourists had different
perceptions at sites in Cairns and Xi’an. Age, nationality and type of travel influenced
the perception of crowding and other crowding relationships but gender did not.
The final study investigated the ideas, opinions and strategies to control crowding, as
revealed by interviews with a number of key site managers. The semi-structured
interviews were conducted by sampling CEOs and senior managers of six natural sites
in Cairns and ten cultural sites in Xi’an. Data collected in this Study Three were
analyzed by coding the dominant themes in the interviews in a version of the
grounded theory approach. The responses of managers provided considerable
information about crowding management strategies. First, several factors were
identified which lead to crowding in Xi’an, but not in Cairns. These factors included
seasonality, the homogeneous types of tourists, unevenly distributed numbers of
tourists within the sites, facility deficiencies and poor service delivery on the busiest
days. Second, managers in both destinations provided suggestions for better crowding
management. These included ticketing and pricing controls, cooperation with other
sectors, monitoring of problems and contingency plans for crises. The sites in Xi’an
faced more difficulties in controlling tourists’ activities in the peak season, especially
in the Golden Weeks. The managers at the Chinese sites paid more attention to
crowding management issues.
As a result of these three linked studies, a crowding management model for tourist
sites was developed. This model provided a structured approach defining the factors
to consider in the crowd management process. Finally, this thesis noted some study
limitations and suggested several future study areas which could contribute to
consolidating the work conducted in the present research. It can be suggested that
researchers and managers need to continue to work together to deal with the
increasingly troubling problem of too many people in the same tourist space.
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Halleröd, Åsa. "Your tourism kills my neighborhood. : När gränsen för social hållbarhet är nådd. En fallstudie i Hållbar Turismutveckling, Barcelona 2017." Thesis, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-34488.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this article is to study in what way the politicians manage the work of Sustainable Tourism Development in Barcelona. The questions at issue is to define the main problems in the city caused by tourists and in what way the city is working to find sustainable and long-term solutions. The method used is a qualitative analysis of important Management documents for tourism of Barcelona City Council, especially Barcelona Strategic Tourism Plan, diagnosis, 2017-2020. The results shows that the biggest problems caused by tourism is overcrowding in Ciutat Vella as well as noise and social fragmentation caused by private rented homes, and loss of public space for the citizens in the same area. The city is working together with the citizens of Barcelona, direct and indirect stakeholders to find sustainable solutions, compiling the Barcelona Strategic Tourism Plan 2020. Apart of finding solutions for the tourist situation, one of the main goals with the plan is to improve the social conditions for the citizens of Barcelona. One of the solutions against overcrowding is to widen the brand of and the destination of Barcelona to find new, responsable segments. The other is mainly about all kind of Visitors-Management in order to manage visitors from overcrowded areas to less crowded areas. To solve the renting problems, new restrictions and supervision is made.Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera på vilket sätt politikerna i Barcelona arbetar för en Hållbar Turismutveckling. Det övergripande målet är att definiera huvudproblemen i staden, orsakade av turism samt på vilket sätt staden arbetar för att finna långsiktiga, hållbara lösningar. Metoden utgörs av en kvalitativ analys av viktiga styrdokument vid Barcelona Kommun, speciellt fokus läggs på Barcelona Strategic Tourism Plan 2020. Resultatet visar att de största problemen är överexploatering i Ciutat Vella, samt störningar och sociala motsättningar orsakade av privatuthyrda bostäder, samt brist på plats i det offentliga rummet för lokalbefolkningen i ovan nämnt område. Staden arbetar tillsammans med lokalbefolkningen, direkta och indirekta intressenter för att finna hållbara lösningar genom att sammanställa en strategisk handlingsplan. Utöver att finna lösningar på turistsituationen är ett av de övergripande målen att förbättra levnadsvillkoren för invånarna i staden. En av lösningarna på överexploateringen är att bredda destinationen Barcelonas varumärke för att på så sätt finna nya, hållbara kundsegment. Den andra lösningen består huvudsakligen av Visitor-Management med syfte att styra besökare från överexploaterade områden till de mindre hårt belastade. För att komma till rätta med uthyrningsproblematiken har nya regler och kontroller införts.
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Chanda, Michael Mulimansenga. "Factors that impact on the capacity of district aids task forces to coordinate sustainable decentralized hiv/aids services in Zambia: the case of Lusaka daft." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3225.
Full textAbstract:
Master of Public Health - MPHIntroduction According (UNAIDS/WHO, 2011a) globally, 34.0 million [31.4 million–35.9 million] people were living with HIV at the end of 2011 out of which 80% live in Sub Saharan Africa. In absolute terms, the burden of HIV increased by 354% between 1990 and 2006 (Ortblad et al, 2010). The prevalence of HIV in Zambia stands at 14.3% in the age group 15 to 49 years. Having realized that HIV/AIDS is no longer a health issue alone Zambia embarked on the multisectoral response initiative which allows many stakeholders to play their role. In order to coordinate this multiplicity of stakeholders the government of Zambia created the National HIV/AIDS/STI/TB Council (NAC) with the core mandate to coordinate the national HIV/AIDS response agenda. In turn, the NAC created the Provincial (PATF) and District AIDS Task Forces (DATF) as decentralized structures through which to coordinate the response at provincial and district levels respectively. However, DAFT is not coordinating the response to HIV/AIDS epidemic effectively but the reason for the ineffective coordination has not yet been described. Aim The aim of the study is to explore factors which impact on the capacity of Lusaka DATF to coordinate an effective and sustainable local HIV/AIDS response. Methods A descriptive qualitative research was undertaken using purposive sampling methods. Data collection methods included a Document Review, Key Informant Interviews using semi structured interview guides, Focus Group Discussions and Field Notes. Results The study has found that the following factors promote effective coordination of DATF stakeholders and their activities at local level: recognition of the DATF by stakeholders as a formal structure which is enshrined within the institutional framework of the government; joint planning and resource mobilisation for activities by stakeholders particularly around national commemoration days such as World AIDS Day and the National VCT day and holding of stakeholder forum meetings to share experiences and lessons learnt. The study has also established that the following factors are responsible for preventing the DATF from coordinating effectively include: DATF does not exist as a legal entity enshrined in any Act of Parliament No. 10 of 2002 which created the NAC; there are multiple reporting channels for local stakeholders instead of having only one reporting framework through the DFATF; inadequate stakeholder forums; lack of memoranda of understanding between the DATF and stakeholders; weak technical capacity of the DACA due to factors such as lack of a training programme; inadequate joint planning and resource mobilisation plans and efforts; poor understanding and different interpretations of the of the concept of coordination by different stakeholders; weak feedback mechanisms from the DATF secretariat to stakeholders; and multiplicity of DATF guidelines by different partners which have at times contradicted each other. Poor political, civic and technical leadership engagement has been identified as key inhibiting factors.
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Tedela, Tenaw Hailu. "Analytical study on the appraisal of communal land use management practices and policies towards climate resilience and sustainability in Bir-Temicha Watershed of the Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23351.
Full textAbstract:
This study was aimed at analysing communal land use management practices and
policies towards sustainability and climate resilience. The objectives of this study
were to assess rainfall variability, climate change impact, adaptation practices and
impediment factors for adaptation on the one hand and, on the other, analysing the
pressure, scrutinising the sustainability of institutional practices, and assessing
policy setting and its application status in managing communal lands. To conduct
the study, a household survey, key informant interviews and group discussions
were used. It employed both quantitative and qualitative methods. For analysis,
rainfall variability trend analysis, different empirical formulas, Principal Component
Analysis and analysis of variance were used. In addition, Qualitative Content
Analysis technique and descriptive statistical tools were also used. The study found
that there was spatiotemporal rainfall variability. About 18 extreme wet and 8
extreme dry events were depicted out of 194 frequencies of events. The most
outstanding manifestations of climate change/variability impacts identified were:
water scarcity, migration, severe erosion and feed scarcity. Applying biophysical
measures on communal lands, practicing area enclosure and constraction of feeder
road were moderately excersised adaptation and mitigation practices while, low
level community awareness was the most outstanding barrier for community
adaptation. Besides, feed source and fuel biomass energy did not satisfy
community demand. Government recognition to support community user groups,
the existence of community labour contribution and congruence between
government legislation and community by-laws were found moderately strong.
Besides, communal land administration and use of legislative setting and
instruments to govern land administration were adequately in place to implement
communal land use and management. However, workability of by-laws in applying them at the ground was a major weakness. In conclusion, the study revealed that
there exist generally a weak communal land use management practices and policy
implementation towards enhancing sustainability and climate resilience.
Hence, the following recommendations were forwarded: enhancing community
awareness, encouraging communities to establish their own private woodlots and
grazing areas to reduce the pressure on communal land, applying proper
communal land resource use and management plans and certifying communal
lands with demarcation and maps should be given due emphasis to enhance
sustainability. Moreover, policy and legislation evaluation and revision to improve its
application at the ground is fundamental. On top of this, further research endeavour
is still paramount important to scrutinize the integral effects of the biophysical,
social, cultural and legislative dimensions for better sustainable and climate resilient
communal land use management practices and policy implementationCollege of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences
Ph. D. (Environmental Management)
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Jefferies, Mervyn. "The impact of surf tourism on the community of Tofino." Thesis, 2018. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/10340.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation explores the emergence of surf tourism as a significant aspect of rural communities. It uses an inductive qualitative approach focused on Tofino, British Columbia, Canada as an example to provide an in-depth exploration of a rural community effected by this phenomenon. Qualitative interviews were conducted with a snowball sample of key informants to address the following research objectives: (1) What factors have influenced the evolution of surf tourism in Tofino; (2) How might the evolution of surf tourism in this case study relate to the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC); (3) What is the impact of surf tourism on the broader community development of Tofino?
Analysis of the Tofino data elicited following themes: (1) For some, surfing is a desirable lifestyle, reflecting in some ways the concepts of specialization, serious leisure, and community’s identity; (2) Surf shops are a community hub for local surfers and surf tourists; (3) Pacific Rim National Park plays a critical role in the region, contributing to surfing and the surf tourism industry, but has yet to fully engage with surfers or the surfing industry; (4) New and more affordable equipment technology has brought increased access to cold-water surf and surf tourism, reducing what may have constrained the early development of surf tourism; (5) Considerable increases in the supply and demand for surfing in Tofino have occurred, tempered by the increased number of surfing competitions and other new tourism segments that exist in the community; (6) Increasing safety issues may undermine the growth of surf tourism; (7) Limits to surf tourism growth are evident regarding facility and physical carrying capacity; (8) As a result of the considerable growth of surfing in Tofino, recreational crowding, and conflict are in evidence, as are coping mechanisms; (9) ‘Localism’ exists in Tofino, but perhaps less so than in other destinations which have a fixed beach break; (10) Surf tourism has the potential for positive and negative impacts on First Nations communities in the region; and (11) Local government plays an important role.
These themes were then analyzed and linked to the following theoretical concepts: serious leisure; specialization; leisure constraints; localism; violence; conflict; crowding, carrying capacity, amenity migration, the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC); and, rural tourism. This led to some intriguing findings. For example, unlike most other popular surf tourism destinations, crowding is not so apparent in the surf because the surf breaks in the Tofino area are primarily beach breaks that constantly shift as the bathymetry of the ocean floor changes with tides and currents, resulting in constant wave changes. This contrasts with fixed break conditions found elsewhere, so in Tofino it is easier to avoid other surfers by simply moving to another part of the wave.
When the Tofino findings were compared with TALC, some similarities and differences were noted. Factors that appear to be consistent with the TALC model are: increasing numbers of tourists, changing type of tourists (e.g. more mass tourists, compared to the early days of surf tourism), increasing numbers of tourism facilities, increased levels of marketing, increased levels of interaction between visitors and local communities (perhaps leading to instances of conflict, and localism), and increased economic benefits to the community. However, one possible departure from the expected trajectory is impacts on the natural environment, which have increased in some ways, but are improved in other ways. There has been some environmental change in terms of the growth in the town of Tofino, and with the development of lodgings near to the surrounding beaches. However, much of the larger landscape, remains largely intact or less impacted than what might have occurred without the presence of Pacific Rim National Park, and the Clayoquot Biosphere Reserve. Further, the TALC model suggests that the development of tourism will lead to lesser local control of development. The Tofino findings suggest that there remains a great deal of local control and that local government support the tourism industry, including surf tourism.
It was noted that the emerging surf tourism refers to several concepts found in the general nature tourism literature, such as crowding, conflict and carrying capacity, but the surf tourism literature tends to overlook the complexity of some of these concepts. For example, future surf tourism research might consider more explicit examination of the various dimensions of conflict described in this study, including in group and outgroup conflict, interpersonal conflict and social values conflict. There is little evidence of the incorporation of these concepts in the surf tourism literature.
Finally, the data exposed a high level of social capital within the surf community and also between surfers and non-surfers as a facet of a close-knit rural community dependent to a degree on surf tourism as a social driver manifesting in mutual cooperation, trust and reciprocity occurring in social institutions such as surf-shops.Graduate
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Kaini, Santosh. "Climate change impacts on river water availability for irrigation, crop irrigation water requirements and canal system capacity needs in an irrigation scheme in Nepal." Thesis, 2021. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42511/.
Full textAbstract:
The impacts of climate change on water resources and agriculture, accompanied by a growing population, have contributed to increasing food and water scarcity. Due to the continuing growth in population and changes in food requirement habits, the demand for agricultural products is increasing continuously. It has been projected that the rise in food demand will increase by 50-100% between 2009 to 2050. The irrigation sector plays a crucial role in the agricultural food production system, utilizing about 70% of the world‘s total annual water consumption. About 16% of the world‘s cropland is irrigated, accounting for about 44% of the world‘s food production.
Climate variability influences water availability for agriculture, crop water demand, and crop grain yield, rendering global food security vulnerable to climate change. Research has shown that South Asia will face negative impacts on agriculture due to climate change, and food scarcity will increase if adaptation measures are not considered.
In this regard, there is a need to investigate existing irrigation schemes by assessing the impacts of climate change on both the supply and demand sides of irrigation water simultaneously to cope with changes in future water availability and food scarcity. This research aims to holistically investigate the climate change impacts on both the supply and demand sides of irrigation water. The methodology developed in this research investigated climate change impacts on the supply and demand sides of irrigation water in the Sunsari Morang Irrigation Scheme in the Koshi River basin of Nepal. The irrigation command area is 68,000 hectares.
With this background, the objective of this research is to assess the climate change impacts on the supply and demand sides of irrigation water. This research is divided into four major components.
1. Selection of global climate models and downscaling of global climate model outputs to assess climate change impacts on daily rainfall and temperature (minimum and maximum) in the river basin and irrigation command area.
2. Future impacts of climate change on river water availability at the main irrigation canal intake.
3. Crop water requirements due to climate change.
4. The irrigation canal system‘s hydraulic capacity requirements for irrigation
water supply in the climate change context.
Climate change is the main driver in assessing river water availability for irrigation, crop irrigation requirements, and canal system capacity needs for the future. In this study, climate change scenarios Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 for the short-term (2016–2045), mid-century (2036–2065), and end-of-century (2071–2100) periods were considered. Representative General Circulation Models (GCMs) were selected for the study area under each climate change scenario and study period. Daily precipitation and temperature data based on selected GCMs were downscaled to a higher resolution (10 × 10 km2). The downscaled daily precipitation and temperature data were applied to assess the climate change impacts on water availability in the river, and irrigation water demand in the irrigation command area. The irrigation canal system capacity assessment was based on water availability in the river, and irrigation water demand.
The selection of global climate models for a specific geographical location, with high capacities to represent the past and to project the likely future climate, is a crucial step when assessing climate change impacts. An advanced envelope-based selection approach for the selection of a representative global climate model has been used in this research to select a representative climate model for the Koshi River basin. A total of 105 GCM simulations and 78 GCM simulations were taken for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios respectively for the initial selection of GCMs. The GCMs selection process involved three steps: (a) initial model selection considering changes in climatic means (mean air temperature and annual precipitation), (b) refined model selection based on projected changes in climatic extremes, and (c) final model selection based on past performance. One GCM/ensemble was selected at each corner of four climate extremes (cold/dry, warm/dry, cold/wet, and warm/wet) for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in the short-term (2016-2045), mid-century (2036-2065), and end-of-century (2071-2100) periods. After the selection of representative GCMs/ensembles, quantile mapping was applied for bias correction at a finer resolution of 10 km × 10 km.
The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model was used for hydrological modelling, and was calibrated and validated using observed river flow data measured near the headworks (intake) of the Sunsari Morang Irrigation Scheme in the Koshi River. Impacts of climate change on the flow of the Koshi River were projected for the short-term, mid-century, and end-of-century periods considering climate change scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 using downscaled daily precipitation and temperature data.
The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) crop model was selected for crop modelling, and was calibrated and validated using measured field data which included phenological development, biomass yield, and grain yield for the winter wheat crop in the Sunsari Morang Irrigation Scheme command area over two years. Impacts of climate change on the irrigation water demand, biomass yield, and grain yield were predicted for the short-term, mid-century, and end-of-century periods considering climate change scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, using downscaled daily precipitation and temperature data. In addition, the irrigation demand (mm/cropping period) required to reach potential wheat grain yields under current climate conditions was compared with observed irrigation practices and crop grain yield.
The hydraulic capacity of the main canal networks in the Sunsari Morang Irrigation Scheme, in terms of water losses and flow carrying capacity, were assessed using the Personal Computer Stormwater Management Model (PCSWMM) hydraulic model, which was calibrated and validated using measured canal characteristics, discharge, flow velocity, and water depth data. Information on daily water availability at the headwork of Sunsari Morang Irrigation Scheme in the Koshi River, drawn from hydrological assessments, was used to estimate water intakes into the canal network system. Based on irrigation water availability at the headwork, and the amount of irrigation water required for winter wheat crops, (both present and future), the winter wheat crop area coverage and the water carrying capacity of the main canal were assessed.
The key innovation of this research is the development of a comprehensive methodology to assess the climate change impacts on the supply and demand sides of irrigation water. The research has demonstrated its effectiveness through its successful application in the Sunsari Morang Irrigation Scheme in the Koshi River of Nepal. The methodology and outcome of the research could be adapted to similar physical-climatic conditions around the world to holistically assess the climate change impacts on both the supply and demand sides of irrigation water. The findings of this research are beneficial to water practitioners, the agricultural community, policymakers, planners, and researchers in Nepal and internationally.
The findings on representative General Circulation Models (GCMs) selection for the Koshi River basin could also be used by research and scientific communities. Findings on climate change impacts on precipitation and temperature, and projected Koshi River flows could be used by the National Planning Commission, Nepal and Water and Energy Commission Secretariat, Nepal, for sectoral and water resources project planning, and in formulating water resources policies and basin plans for the Koshi River basin respectively. Findings on climatic changes and their potential implications could be used by the relevant sectors for the development of adaptation strategies, including the National Planning Commission, Nepal. It could also be used by the Department of Water Resources and Irrigation, Nepal, for planning and management of irrigation projects and the expansion of the irrigation command areas. The findings on projected climate change impacts on water resources, irrigation water demand and hydraulic assessment of the irrigation canal network could be used by the Department of Water Resources and Irrigation, Nepal, to manage irrigation projects in the region and by local farmers to increase crop yield in study area. It is also hoped that the challenge of agricultural production for the growing population in the developing world could be addressed with some insights provided by this research, despite the negative impacts of climate change on the irrigation and water resources sector.
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Čáslavová, Eva. "Projevy a důsledky turistifikace v Teplicích." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-335148.
Full textAbstract:
This diploma thesis deals with effects and consequences of touristification in the spa town of Teplice. The aim of this work is the analysis of current state of Teplice's spa therapy and monitoring of functional changes in the town. The emphasis is placed on activities, relational links and the level of co- operation and attitudes of the main participants in the tourism in the town. An inseparable part is also an opinion poll (investigation) among local residents. The aim of this dissertation is, except for findings and an evaluation of effects of touristification in the area of interest, also the suggestion of steps leading to stabilization and improvement of the situation. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Deysel, Valencia. "The social sustainability of the Table Mountain cableway." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13384.
Full textAbstract:
Social sustainability provides a meaningful approach for industry practitioners wishing to establish a platform to engage communities within enterprise development. It can be said that sustainability requires much more than environmental and fiscal achievements and, with an increased awareness of issues such as equity and power sharing, more corporates are incorporating their strategies in line with social responsibility values. This study therefore takes a closer look at how the Table Mountain Aerial Cableway Company, integrates this important concept of social sustainability in its business practices.
The tourism industry has in fact grown to such an extent that global economists estimate the progress of international growth at between three and six percent annually. However, this growth can only be measured when businesses take social responsibility factors into consideration.
According to the UNWTO (2011, p 1) UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-Moon, opened the Fourth UN Conference on Least Developed Countries stating that the majority of: “…least developed countries (LDCs) are rich in resources. All have young and vibrant populations. These men and women need decent jobs, education, training, so they can make the most of their country’s assets - minerals and other commodities, farmland, rich stores of biodiversity and tourism potential”.
This study therefore focuses on current and future issues pertaining to socially sustainable tourism at the Table Mountain Aerial Cableway Company in Cape Town, South Africa. In addition, it presents solutions for reducing the negative impacts of tourism, whilst at the same time embracing the benefits of tourism for the area and its local communities.
The outcome of the study found that the Table Mountain Aerial Cableway Company added little value to social responsibility objectives. The company has made a significant effort in marketing their product through the mass media.
However, there is an overall corporate responsibility barrier. Much still needs to be done to ensure accountability for social responsibility issues, not just within this particular company, but also throughout the tourism industry.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)