Journal articles: 'Sustainable Aircraft'

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Mandal.B, Manoj Kumar, Srishti Bansal, Ch TrigunaSaideep Ch. TrigunaSaideep, Ashok Marshall, Chandran G. Chandran. G, and Karthikeyan D. P. Karthikeyan D P. "Sustainable Bio Fuel For Aircraft." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2014/72.

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Dhara, Aishwarya, and Jeyan Muruga Lal. "Sustainable Technology on Aircraft Design: A Review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012068.

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Abstract Next-generation air transportation is a key to influence the environment, safety, and the economy. Several programs strive to create emerging innovation towards sustainability, system integrity, and alternative fuels to guarantee a reduction of its environmental effect as greenhouse gas. Nowadays, the aerospace industry is looking forward to aviation sustainable developments across the globe. Few initiatives through a novel configuration of aircraft is established like Blended Wing Body, Flying V aircraft, Box wing Aircraft, and Double bubble Aircraft to enhance the cargo and passenger volume occupancy and cut-off the fuel burn percent. With the use of disruptive technologies, researchers are progressing the revolutionary airframe for transportation. A systematic overview and comprehensive survey of passenger-based aircraft are investigated. The objective study is to examine fuel burn and its impact on the environment by types of aircraft. In-depth literature review studies on four pillar strategies used to design an efficient airplane. In addition, this paper also serves on advancement in evolutionary technologies used in jet transport aircraft. Reflecting the benefits and challenges of different aircraft designs technologies were also highlighted. This paper highlights the future implications and managerial insights for future aircraft designers.

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Tian, Yu, Shifu Liu, Le Liu, and Peng Xiang. "Optimization of International Roughness Index Model Parameters for Sustainable Runway." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 2184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042184.

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Pavement roughness is a critical airport pavement characteristic that has been linked to impacts such as safety and service life. A properly defined roughness evaluation method would reduce airport operational risk, prolong the life of aircraft landing gear, and optimize the decision-making process for pavement preservation, which together positively contribute to overall airport sustainability. In this study, we optimized the parameters of the International Roughness Index (IRI) model to resolve the current poor correlation between the IRI and aircraft vibration responses in order to adapt and extend the IRI’s use for airport runway roughness evaluation. We developed and validated a virtual prototype model based on ADAMS/Aircraft software for the Boeing 737–800 and then employed the model to predict the aircraft’s dynamic responses to runway pavement roughness. By developing a frequency response function for the standard 1/4 vehicle model, we obtained frequency response distribution curves for the IRI. Based on runway roughness data, we used fast Fourier transform to implement the frequency response distribution of the aircraft. We then utilized Particle Swarm Optimization to determine more appropriate IRI model parameters rather than modifying the model itself. Our case study results indicate that the correlation coefficient for the optimized IRI model and aircraft vibration response shows a qualitative leap from that of the original IRI model.

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Eisenhut, Dominik, Nicolas Moebs, Evert Windels, Dominique Bergmann, Ingmar Geiß, Ricardo Reis, and Andreas Strohmayer. "Aircraft Requirements for Sustainable Regional Aviation." Aerospace 8, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8030061.

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Recently, the new Green Deal policy initiative was presented by the European Union. The EU aims to achieve a sustainable future and be the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. It targets all of the continent’s industries, meaning aviation must contribute to these changes as well. By employing a systems engineering approach, this high-level task can be split into different levels to get from the vision to the relevant system or product itself. Part of this iterative process involves the aircraft requirements, which make the goals more achievable on the system level and allow validation of whether the designed systems fulfill these requirements. Within this work, the top-level aircraft requirements (TLARs) for a hybrid-electric regional aircraft for up to 50 passengers are presented. Apart from performance requirements, other requirements, like environmental ones, are also included. To check whether these requirements are fulfilled, different reference missions were defined which challenge various extremes within the requirements. Furthermore, figures of merit are established, providing a way of validating and comparing different aircraft designs. The modular structure of these aircraft designs ensures the possibility of evaluating different architectures and adapting these figures if necessary. Moreover, different criteria can be accounted for, or their calculation methods or weighting can be changed.

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SHISHIDO, Masako. "About aircraft in a sustainable society." Proceedings of Conference of Tohoku Branch 2017.52 (2017): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeth.2017.52.120.

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Papantoni, Veatriki, Florian Linke, Katrin Dahlmann, Markus Kühlen, Daniel Silberhorn, Urte Brand, and Thomas Vogt. "Life Cycle Assessment of Power-to-Liquid for Aviation: A Case Study of a Passenger Aircraft." E3S Web of Conferences 349 (2022): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202234902003.

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The aviation sector is estimated to require a widespread deployment of sustainable fuels next to developments in aircraft technology and improvements in operations and infrastructure to efficiently reduce its climate impact. A possible pathway for more sustainable aviation fuels could be fuel production using hydrogen via water electrolysis with renewable energy followed by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, also known as Power-to-Liquid (PtL). In order to investigate whether this fuel pathway contributes to the reduction in environmental impacts, we conduct an environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) compared to fossil fuel for the use in a narrow-body shortto medium-haul aircraft fleet. Within the LCA, the focus lies on the phases of fuel production and operation of the aircraft’s life cycle. Unlike most LCA studies in aviation, the impacts of the flight emissions are computed based on the aircraft characteristics and considering the geographic position and altitude of the aircraft for a global route network. Since the aircraft design is not affected by the fuel types under investigation, the aircraft production and end-of-life phases are not considered in the LCA. This contribution shows the potential of PtL for aviation in a well-to-wake environmental sustainability analysis considering climate change and nine additional impact categories.

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Santos, Celise Villa dos, Daniel Rodrigo Leiva, Fábio Rodrigues Costa, and José Angelo Rodrigues Gregolin. "Materials Selection for Sustainable Executive Aircraft Interiors." Materials Research 19, no. 2 (March 11, 2016): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2015-0290.

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Keivanpour, S., and D. Ait Kadi. "A sustainable approach to Aircraft Engine Maintenance." IFAC-PapersOnLine 48, no. 3 (2015): 977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.06.210.

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Fusaro, Roberta, Nicole Viola, and Diego Galassini. "Sustainable Supersonic Fuel Flow Method: An Evolution of the Boeing Fuel Flow Method for Supersonic Aircraft Using Sustainable Aviation Fuels." Aerospace 8, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace8110331.

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This paper discloses a new algorithm, called sustainable supersonic fuel flow method, to complement the conceptual design of future supersonic aircraft with pollutant and greenhouse gases emissions estimation. Starting from already existing algorithms currently used to assess the environmental impact of already developed and operating aircraft, the authors suggest revisions to improve the formulations, thus extending their application. Specifically, this paper has two objectives: to support the design of future supersonic aircraft and to evaluate the impact of the exploitation of more sustainable aviation fuels, with special focus on biofuels and biofuel blends, since the conceptual design stage. The core of the algorithm developed to predict in-flight emissions of a supersonic aircraft has been validated with public data of Concorde flight experiments. In addition, corrective factors accounting for the most recently developed and certified biofuels have been included in the formulation.

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Lin, Weiwei, Jing Lu, Jinfu Zhu, and Li Xu. "Research on the Sustainable Development and Dynamic Capabilities of China’s Aircraft Leasing Industry Based on System Dynamics Theory." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (February 5, 2022): 1806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031806.

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The Boeing 737 MAX crisis and COVID-19 pandemic have seriously influenced the development of China’s aircraft leasing industry in the past two years. This paper applies system dynamics theory to explore the sustainable development of China’s aircraft leasing industry. It analyses the dynamic mechanism and constructs a system dynamics model. Based on China’s macroeconomic data and historical data from the financial, aviation, and leasing industries, it aims to stimulate the development of China’s aircraft leasing industry in the next five years. Through sensitivity analysis, this research finds that changes in GDP growth have the most obvious impact on the sustainable development of China’s aircraft leasing industry. Reducing the average financing cost and the income tax rate of aircraft leasing companies, increasing their investment in talent, and controlling risk will increase the market share of China’s aircraft leasing companies and promote the development of the industry. However, increasing the number of aircraft leasing companies has little effect on market share. On this basis, this paper proposes policy recommendations to promote the sustainable development of China’s aircraft leasing industry.

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Behere, Ameya, Tejas Puranik, Michelle Kirby, and Dimitri Mavris. "Parametric optimization of aircraft arrival trajectories for aviation noise mitigation using BADA4 performance model." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 4641–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2783.

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Successful mitigation of aviation noise is a key enabler for sustainable aviation growth. A key focus of this effort is the noise arising from aircraft arrival operations. Arrival operations are characterized by the use of high-lift devices, deployment of landing gear, and low thrust levels, which results in the airframe being the major component of noise. In order to optimize for arrival noise, management of the flap schedule and gear deployment is crucial. This research aims to create an optimization framework for evaluating various aircraft trajectories in terms of their noise impact. A parametric representation of the aircraft arrival trajectory will be created to allow for the variation of aircraft's flap schedule. The Federal Aviation Administration's Aviation Environmental Design Tool will be used to simulate the aircraft trajectory and performance, and to compute the noise metrics. Specifically, the latest performance model from EUROCONTROL called "Base of Aircraft Data - Family 4" will be used. This performance model contains higher fidelity modeling of aircraft aerodynamics and other characteristics which allows for better parametric variation.

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Aggarwal, Geetika, Neil Mansfield, Frederique Vanheusden, and Steve Faulkner. "Human Comfort Model of Noise and Vibration for Sustainable Design of the Turboprop Aircraft Cabin." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 27, 2022): 9199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159199.

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In recent years, the aircraft industry has made significant advancements in technology in the context of fuel consumption, maintenance, and performance. The most promising developments in terms of fuel efficiency and minimization of emissions are through future generations of turboprop aircraft (i.e., those generating thrust from a propeller). One important drawback with turboprop aircraft is that they tend to have noisier cabins, and there is an increased level of discomfort from vibration due to the tonality that is present. Human comfort perception is a key factor for aircraft manufacturers in the design of airframes and aircraft interiors. Noise and vibration are major sources of discomfort in aircraft cabins; hence, aircraft manufacturers are seeking to estimate passenger discomfort based on noise and vibration measurements in order to optimize the aircraft design. The aim of this research study is focused on building a comfort model for aircraft to enable designers and engineers to optimize the passengers’ traveling experience. In this paper, an experimental laboratory study is presented, determining the relative importance of noise and vibration for the turboprop aircraft cabin. The results show that with the increase in noise levels and vibration magnitudes, the overall human discomfort also increased. A linear comfort model is presented, allowing for the prediction of overall discomfort from measurements of turboprop noise and vibration for the optimization of aircraft cabins.

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DE HAAN, ALEXANDER, and KAREL MULDER. "SUSTAINABLE AIR TRANSPORT: IDENTIFYING POSSIBILITIES FOR TECHNOLOGICAL REGIME SHIFTS IN AIRCRAFT CONSTRUCTION." International Journal of Innovation Management 06, no. 03 (September 2002): 301–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1363919602000628.

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This paper analyses the historic genesis and further development of the dominant technological regime in civil passenger aircraft design, the civil jet engine aircraft. The emergence of the civil jet airliner cannot simply be explained as a technological necessity. Historically, more options were available which are still considered attractive for various niche applications in air transport. To reach sustainable long(er) range passenger transport, we will need radical new technological options; the dominant technological regime of civil jet aircraft design only produces incrementally more efficient aircraft. The paper analyses the history of the civil jet aircraft design regime in order to clarify the factors that contributed to the success of this regime, thereby also prohibiting a technological regime shift. It discusses options for new regimes in civil aviation, and draws conclusions regarding a path that could lead to sustainable air transport.

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Kılkış, Şan, and Şiir Kılkış. "Benchmarking aircraft metabolism based on a Sustainable Airline Index." Journal of Cleaner Production 167 (November 2017): 1068–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.183.

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Brooker, P. "Civil aircraft design priorities: air quality? climate change? noise?" Aeronautical Journal 110, no. 1110 (August 2006): 517–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000001408.

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AbstractA variety of related questions is posed. Are the right priorities for future aircraft design being set now? New civil aircraft types could be ‘silent’, i.e. make much less noise than current types. They could be ‘green’, i.e. safeguard the environment. Is silent as important as Green? The crucial answer is that future aircraft design should focus on substantial reductions on climate change impact. The air quality targets proposed by the ‘Sustainable Aviation’ initiative appear very ambitious: they should be pursued only to the extent that they do not affect improved fuel efficiency and reduced climate-changing emissions. Good progress has already been made on the aircraft noise targets proposed by the ‘Sustainable Aviation’ initiative, but again they should be pursued only to the extent that they do not affect improved fuel efficiency and reduced climate-changing emissions. The financial case for designing to reduce aircraft noise in order to deliver novel financial benefits, e.g. increase airport flights at night and/or relocate airports, is weak.

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Domogalla, Vincent, Lothar Bertsch, Martin Plohr, Eike Stumpf, and Zoltán S. Spakovszky. "Low-Noise Design of Medium-Range Aircraft for Energy Efficient Aviation." Aerospace 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9010003.

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Promising low-noise aircraft architectures have been identified over the last few years at DLR. A set of DLR aircraft concepts was selected for further assessment in the context of sustainable and energy-efficient aviation and was established at the TU Braunschweig in 2019, the Cluster of Excellence for Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Aviation (SE2A). Specific Top-Level aircraft requirements were defined by the cluster and the selected DLR aircraft designs were improved with focus on aircraft noise, emissions, and contrail generation. The presented paper specifically addresses the reduction of aviation noise with focus on noise shielding and modifications to the flight performance. This article presents the state of the art of the simulation process at DLR and demonstrates that the novel aircraft concepts can reduce the noise impact by up to 50% in terms of sound exposure level isocontour area while reducing the fuel burn by 6%, respective to a conventional aircraft for the same mission. The study shows that a tube-wing architecture with a top-mounted, forward-swept wing and low fan pressure ratio propulsors installed above the fuselage at the wing junction can yield significant noise shielding at improved low-speed performance and reduce critical fuel burn and emissions.

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Cipolla, Vittorio, Aldo Frediani, Karim Abu Salem, Marco Picchi Scardaoni, and Vincenzo Binante. "The Project “Parsifal”: Prandtlplane Architecture For The Sustainable Improvement Of Future Airplanes." MATEC Web of Conferences 304 (2019): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930401024.

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The activities reported in this paper are part of the project “PARSIFAL” (Prandtlplane ARchitecture for the Sustainable Improvement of Future AirpLanes), funded by the European Community under the Horizon 2020 program and coordinated by the University of Pisa (Italy); the other partners of the project are: Delft University of Technology (The Netherlands), ONERA (France), Arts et Métiers ParisTech-ENSAM (France), DLR (Germany) and SkyBox Engineering (Italy). The paper presents a summary of preliminary design activities, carried out with the project PARSIFAL in order to study the introduction of box-wing aircraft, known as “PrandtlPlane”, in the air transport system. PARSIFAL aims to investigate the adoption of the PrandtlPlane over short-to-medium routes, where aircraft compliant with the ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code “C” operate. According to such ICAO standard, the PrandtlPlane developed in PARSIFAL has a wingspan limited to 36m but, if compared to reference aircraft such as B737 and A320 families aircraft, it can improve the passenger capacity from about 200 to more than 300 units. This paper presents the design steps performed for the definition of a “baseline configuration” of the PrP, introducing the requirements and describing both the conceptual and preliminary design phases, including the high fidelity investigations CFD and FEM analyses.

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Dinu, Cornel, Sorin Eugen Zaharia, and Casandra Venera Pietreanu. "Considerations on Aircraft On-Ground De-Icing and Sustainable Airport Development." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 2 (March 15, 2019): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.2.6955.

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On-ground de-icing activity represents a need to protect the aircraft under low-temperature operating conditions, with a high degree of saturation of suspended water vapor or in precipitation conditions that may favor depositions on aircraft surfaces. This activity determines the use of de-icing and anti-icing agents in significant quantities, which leads to compliance with environmental protection standards. In this paper the authors identify solutions for the management of the residues resulting from de-icing activities that lead to soil contamination with different chemical compounds from the fluids used for de-icing.

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Zhang, Jinning, Ioannis Roumeliotis, and Argyrios Zolotas. "Sustainable Aviation Electrification: A Comprehensive Review of Electric Propulsion System Architectures, Energy Management, and Control." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 5880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14105880.

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The civil aviation sector plays an increasingly significant role in transportation sustainability in the environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Driven by the concerns of sustainability in the aviation sector, more electrified aircraft propulsion technologies have emerged and form a very promising approach to future sustainable and decarbonized aviation. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive and broad-scope survey of the recent progress and development trends in sustainable aviation electrification. Firstly, the architectures of electrified aircraft propulsion are presented with a detailed analysis of the benefits, challenges, and studies/applications to date. Then, the challenges and technical barriers of electrified aircraft propulsion control system design are discussed, followed by a summary of the control methods frequently used in aircraft propulsion systems. Next, the mainstream energy management strategies are investigated and further utilized to minimize the block fuel burn, emissions, and economic cost. Finally, an overview of the development trends of aviation electrification is provided.

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Arabul, Ahmet Yigit, Emre Kurt, Fatma Keskin Arabul, İbrahim Senol, Martin Schrötter, Róbert Bréda, and Dávid Megyesi. "Perspectives and Development of Electrical Systems in More Electric Aircraft." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2021 (April 29, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5519842.

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On-board electrical systems are the key components of each modern aircraft. They enable its safer, more comfortable, and environmentally friendlier operation. The strict regulations to reduce pollution and noise are produced by aircraft eventuated in projects like Clean Sky or ICAO Global Coalition for Sustainable Aviation. One solution to environmentally friendlier operation is the full electric propulsion of the aircraft, which enables the reduction of both noise and pollution. Such a concept requires a total change of all on-board power systems and enables the profound change in aircraft design. This paper presents the evolution of aircraft power systems into the so-called more electric aircraft (MEA) and discusses the state-of-the-art electrical systems. Furthermore, the concept of all-electric aircraft (AEA) is presented here.

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Frediani, A., Vittorio Cipolla, K. Abu Salem, V. Binante, and M. Picchi Scardaoni. "Conceptual design of PrandtlPlane civil transport aircraft." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 234, no. 10 (February 1, 2019): 1675–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410019826435.

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According to aircraft manufacturers and several air transportation players, the main challenge the civil aviation will have to deal with in the future is to provide a sustainable growth strategy, in order to face the growing demand of air traffic all over the world. The sustainability requirements are related to air pollution, noise impact, airport congestion, competitiveness of the air transportation systems in terms of travel time and passengers' comfort. Among the possible ways to allow a sustainable growth of the air transportation systems, disruptive aircraft configurations have been object of study for several years, in order to demonstrate that the improvement of aircraft performance can enable the envisaged growth. This paper presents the study of a possible novel configuration called “PrandtlPlane,” having a box-wing layout derived from Prandtl's “Best Wing System” concept. The paper deals with the definition of top level requirements and faces the conceptual study of the overall configuration, focusing on fuselage sizing as well as on the aerodynamic design of the box-wing system. This latter is designed through an optimization-driven strategy, carried out by means of a low-fidelity aerodynamic tool, which simulates the flow condition in the subsonic range and introduces corrections to take the transonic effects into account. Design procedures and tools are presented, showing preliminary results related to a PrandtlPlane compliant with ICAO Aerodrome Reference Code “C” standard, such as Airbus A320 and Boeing 737, whose wingspan is limited to 36 m. Activities and results here shown are part of the first phase of the research project “PARSIFAL” (Prandtlplane ARchitecture for the Sustainable Improvement of Future AirpLanes), funded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 Program, which aims to demonstrate that the PrandtlPlane configuration can improve aircraft payload capability, keeping their dimensions compatible with present airport infrastructures.

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Dmytro, Bugayko, Borysiuk Anton, Perederii Nadia, Sokolova Natalia, and Bugayko Danylo. "Role of ICAO CO2 emissions standard for new aircraft in civil aviation sustainable development process." Electronic Scientific Journal Intellectualization of Logistics and Supply Chain Management #1 2020 1, no. 13 (August 2022): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46783/smart-scm/2022-13-1.

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Achieving emissions reductions through technical standards is a fundamental element of ICAO’s basket of measures to address aviation emissions. The sector remains the last major transport mode without vehicle emission standards, so the intensive CAEP work over the past years was an important opportunity for ICAO to deliver on its stated climate goals. The development of an aeroplane CO2 Standard was one recommended element within the ICAO Programme of Action on International Aviation and Climate Change, which was subsequently endorsed by the ICAO High-level Meeting of Member States. Following the agreement of a draft Annex 16 Volume III certification requirement1 at CAEP/9, the CAEP/10 work programme for WG3 included work items E.05 on an aeroplane CO2 emissions Standard and E.06 on interdependencies (Appendix A). These items were allocated to the CO2Task Group (CO2TG). The 36-State ICAO Council has adopted a new aircraft CO2 emissions standard which will reduce the impact of aviation greenhouse gas emissions on the global climate. Contained in a new Volume III to Annex 16 of the Chicago Convention (Environmental Protection), the aircraft CO2 emissions measure represents the world’s first global design certification standard governing CO2 emissions for any industry sector. The Standard will apply to new aircraft type designs from 2020, and to aircraft type designs already in-production as of 2023. Those in-production aircraft which by 2028 do not meet the standard will no longer be able to be produced unless their designs are sufficiently modified.

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Hon, Kai San, Stanislav Karpuk, Daqing Yang, and Ali Elham. "Development of a Flight Simulator for Conceptual Aircraft Design and Sizing." Transactions on Aerospace Research 2022, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 31–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tar-2022-0009.

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Abstract This article describes the development of a flight simulator module within the ADEMAO aircraft design framework to investigate the effects of novel airframe and propulsion technologies on new generations of aircraft. Methods used to develop and integrate the fight simulator into the overall design framework are described. The simulator is validated based on existing data from the Convair CV-880M and is then used to analyze an example case of a conceptual medium-range aircraft with advanced airframe technologies designed in the Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Aviation research cluster at the Institute of Aircraft Design and Lightweight Structures at the Technische Universität Braunschweig. Results show the deficiencies of the medium-range aircraft in short-period pitch and Dutch roll performance, and recommendations for modifications to the conceptual medium-range aircraft are drafted.

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Baxter, Glenn. "Examination of Sustainable Water Management at Norway’s Major Hub Airport: The Case of Oslo Airport Gardermoen." Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research 2, no. 4 (October 22, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2104034.

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The present study used a detailed qualitative longitudinal research approach to examine the trends of water consumption, wastewater volumes, and drainage water volumes in Oslo Airport Gardermoen, which is Norway’s major hub airport, between the years 2005 and 2020. An overall upward trend was observed in the water consumption at Oslo Airport Gardermoen, which was consistent with the growth in air traffic and aircraft movements during the study period. The annual water consumption per enplaned passenger was observed to fluctuate during the study period. While the lowest water consumption per passenger (8 liters per passenger) was recorded in 2008, the highest levels (14.6 liters per passenger) were recorded in 2020. The annual water consumption (cubic meter per aircraft movement) increased during the study period, which was consistent with the growth in aircraft movements and the use of larger aircraft. The annual wastewater volume generally increased during the study period, while the annual drainage water volume fluctuated remarkably during the study period, with the latter reflecting varying drainage patterns at the airport. Oslo Airport Gardermoen has implemented a range of sustainable water management practices to supplement its existing water management practices and policies.

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Wan, Junqiang, Honghai Zhang, Fangzi Liu, Wenying Lv, and Yifei Zhao. "Optimization of Aircraft Climb Trajectory considering Environmental Impact under RTA Constraints." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (August 28, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2738517.

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In order to realize the concept of air traffic sustainable operation, taking the aircraft climbing stage as an example, firstly, we establish the vertical trajectory model of aircraft climbing, analyze the change rule of aircraft performance parameters under different indicated airspeed, and establish the RTA and RHA constraint models according to the waypoint constraints. Then, considering the fuel economy and the greenhouse effect of pollutant emission, we establish a multiobjective model of aircraft flight parameter optimization, and, based on the multiobjective genetic algorithm, we establish an optimization model. Finally, we use B737-800 aircraft to carry out simulation experiments and find that, with the change of speed, fuel consumption and warming trend are different, and “objective weight, aircraft mass, flight distance, RTA time window, and wind” have different effects on the optimization results. The results show that this optimization method has a good compromise between fuel consumption and greenhouse effect by changing the weighting factor. By optimizing the flight parameters of the aircraft, it can effectively reduce the impact on the environment and provide theoretical support for the green flight of the aircraft.

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Kokorikou, A., P. Vink, I. C. de Pauw, and A. Braca. "Exploring the design of a lightweight, sustainable and comfortable aircraft seat." Work 54, no. 4 (September 1, 2016): 941–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-162352.

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Morimoto, Risako, and Vassilis Agouridas. "Supporting Aircraft Manufacturers to Formulate and Implement Sustainable Development Strategies Systematically." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2106, no. 1 (January 2009): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2106-02.

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Afonso, Frederico, Ana Ferreira, Inês Ribeiro, Fernando Lau, and Afzal Suleman. "On the design of environmentally sustainable aircraft for urban air mobility." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 91 (February 2021): 102688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102688.

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Smith, David J. "The sustainable and green engine (SAGE) – Aircraft engine of the future?" International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 17, no. 4 (October 23, 2016): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465750316672601.

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The case of the European Union’s (EU) Clean Sky initiative and its sustainable and green engine programme focuses on a sector where the implications of climate change are likely to be keenly felt in the coming decades, namely air transport. It is a sector where to date there have been few green or eco innovations. The case focuses on a current EU-funded initiative designed to limit the impact of air transport on climate change. The initiative aims to foster innovation through the introduction of open rotor technology to power the next generation of short-/medium-haul airliners. This technology could potentially cut carbon dioxide emissions from commercial aircraft by 100 million tonnes per year. However, it may also prove to be a disruptive technology rendering existing aircraft and possibly some of the firms that produce them, obsolete. As well as introducing some of the features of disruptive technologies, the case highlights both the drivers for and barriers to the successful adoption of green innovations. Another important aspect of the case is that it also highlights the value of appropriate business strategies, such as the use of technology demonstrator programmes, in supporting and facilitating the adoption and diffusion of green innovations.

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Barke, Alexander, Timo Bley, Christian Thies, Christian Weckenborg, and Thomas S. Spengler. "Are Sustainable Aviation Fuels a Viable Option for Decarbonizing Air Transport in Europe? An Environmental and Economic Sustainability Assessment." Applied Sciences 12, no. 2 (January 8, 2022): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12020597.

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The use of drop-in capable alternative fuels in aircraft can support the European aviation sector to achieve its goals for sustainable development. They can be a transitional solution in the short and medium term, as their use does not require any structural changes to the aircraft powertrain. However, the production of alternative fuels is often energy-intensive, and some feedstocks are associated with harmful effects on the environment. In addition, alternative fuels are often more expensive to produce than fossil kerosene, which can make their use unattractive. Therefore, this paper analyzes the environmental and economic impacts of four types of alternative fuels compared to fossil kerosene in a well-to-wake perspective. The fuels investigated are sustainable aviation fuels produced by power-to-liquid and biomass-to-liquid pathways. Life cycle assessment and life cycle costing are used as environmental and economic assessment methods. The results of this well-to-wake analysis reveal that the use of sustainable aviation fuels can reduce the environmental impacts of aircraft operations. However, an electricity mix based on renewable energies is needed to achieve significant reductions. In addition, from an economic perspective, the use of fossil kerosene ranks best among the alternatives. A scenario analysis confirms this result and shows that the production of sustainable aviation fuels using an electricity mix based solely on renewable energy can lead to significant reductions in environmental impact, but economic competitiveness remains problematic.

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Thomas, C., and D. Raper. "The role of aero engineering in the sustainable development of the aviation industry." Aeronautical Journal 104, no. 1037 (July 2000): 331–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000091776.

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Summary The aviation industry plays a critical role in modern society, supporting global, regional and local economies and facilitating long distance travel for business and leisure. However the environmental impact of the industry is significant and this threatens the sustainability of future growth and the consequential benefits which could arise from it. Technological, operational and infrastructure improvements designed to reduce emissions and noise from aircraft are continually being eroded by the rapid growth of the industry, with the result that the environmental impact of air travel is increasing. Consequently, the sustainable development of the aviation industry will require that in future, technological innovation and fleet replacement continues at a rapid pace and that the highest priority is given to achieving a ‘step change’ in aircraft technology.

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Baxter, Glenn, Panarat Srisaeng, and Graham Wild. "A Qualitative Assessment of a Full-Service Network Airline Sustainable Energy Management: The Case of Finnair PLC." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (March 2, 2021): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.17.

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Airlines are extremely energy intensive. Around the world airlines are increasingly focusing on the environmentally sustainable energy management. Using a qualitative longitudinal case study research approach, this study examines Finnair’s sustainable energy management over the period 2010 to 2019. The airline’s major energy source is jet fuel used for the operation of the airline’s aircraft fleet and the electricity which is used to power its facilities located at Helsinki Airport. The study found that Finnair’s annual jet fuel consumption has grown throughout the study due to the airline’s route network and aircraft fleet expansion. The fuel required for ground vehicles has risen reflecting greater operational requirements due to the company’s expansion. The annual consumption of electricity and electricity for heating has displayed a general downward trend during the study period. The annual electricity per passenger has also decreased despite the large growth in passenger numbers. Finnair has increased its use of renewable energy sources for its flight and ground operations. A key energy saving strategy has been the acquisition and operation of a modern state-of-the-art, fuel efficient aircraft fleet.

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Wang, Suxiao, Wei Shi, and Yingjie Liao. "Multi-objective Optimization of Vertical Profile Trajectory for Civil Aircraft." E3S Web of Conferences 248 (2021): 02035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124802035.

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In order to further promote the sustainable development of civil aviation transportation industry, how to reduce the operating cost of civil aircraft has always been the focus of research. This paper establishes a performance optimization model of the aircraft on the vertical flight profile, which takes flight fuel cost and time cost as multi-objective functions and adopts energy state approximation method and optimal control theory. The trajectory of an aircraft in climbing, cruising and descent phases has been optimized using the established model and then simulated with the MATLAB software. The comparison results show that both fuel cost and time cost are significantly reduced through trajectory optimization.

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Cardeal, Gonçalo, Kristina Höse, Inês Ribeiro, and Uwe Götze. "Sustainable Business Models–Canvas for Sustainability, Evaluation Method, and Their Application to Additive Manufacturing in Aircraft Maintenance." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 9130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219130.

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The topic of sustainable business models is growing in literature and in the industry, driving companies to search for opportunities to improve their impact on the three pillars of sustainability—profit, people, and planet (economic, social, and environmental). However, the process of developing sustainable business models is often complex, due to conflicting objectives from the three dimensions of sustainability. This paper presents a procedure model that supports the design and assessment of business models with a sustainable perspective, by integrating a new business model canvas for sustainability (BMCS) and an evaluation method to assess it. A comprehensive assessment is proposed, performed in a life cycle perspective. The proposed model is applied and validated with a real case study, based on a new business model for an aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul company. The case is based on shifting from traditional maintenance, repair, and overhaul activities to adopting additive manufacturing as an activity that allows manufacturing optimized spare parts with benefits for the costumer. The results show the application of the procedure model on a specific case study, as well as the potential of additive manufacturing as a driver for more sustainable business models in the aircraft maintenance sector.

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Karpuk, Stanislav, Yaolong Liu, and Ali Elham. "Multi-Fidelity Design Optimization of a Long-Range Blended Wing Body Aircraft with New Airframe Technologies." Aerospace 7, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7070087.

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The German Cluster of Excellence SE²A (Sustainable and Energy Efficient Aviation) is established in order to investigate the influence of game-changing technologies on the energy efficiency of future transport aircraft. In this paper, the preliminary investigation of the four game-changing technologies active flow control, active load alleviation, boundary layer ingestion, and novel materials and structure concepts on the performance of a long-range Blended Wing Body (BWB) aircraft is presented. The BWB that was equipped with the mentioned technologies was designed and optimized using the multi-fidelity aircraft design code SUAVE with a connection to the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code SU2. The conceptual design of the BWB aircraft is performed within the SUAVE framework, where the influence of the new technologies is investigated. In the second step, the initially designed BWB aircraft is improved by an aerodynamic shape optimization while using the SU2 CFD code. In the third step, the performance of the optimized aircraft is evaluated again using the SUAVE code. The results showed more than 60% reduction in the aircraft fuel burn when compared to the Boeing 777.

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Keivanpour, Samira, Daoud Ait Kadi, and Christian Mascle. "End of life aircrafts recovery and green supply chain (a conceptual framework for addressing opportunities and challenges)." Management Research Review 38, no. 10 (October 19, 2015): 1098–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-11-2014-0267.

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Purpose – This paper aims to address the different aspects of end-of-life (EOL) aircraft problems and their effects on original manufacturer’s supply chain. Aircraft manufacturers, in the greener aviation context, need to care about the footprint of planes at the EOL. Considering the challenges in EOL aircraft recovery, the reverse logistics and green supply chain solutions in the other industrial sections cannot be applied in the aerospace industry. A conceptual framework with four elements, supply chain competency, governance policy, relationship in supply chain and aerospace industry context, provides a basis for assessing the opportunities and challenges of the green supply chain in this industry. Design/methodology/approach – The basic research method utilized in this paper is the literature review. The literature review is a research methodology that includes examining books, journals, conference proceedings and dissertations for available information on the area of research. The research area regarding EOL aircraft is new. A substantial amount of literature exists in the field of end-of-life vehicle, but the main content of literature about the aircraft recycling can be obtained via relatively few literature, technical reports, news and industrial experts’ opinions. The literature is complete in some respects while inadequate in others. A considerable amount of information has been gathered through graduate student projects. The other information has been collected via contacts with professionals involved in an EOL aircraft recycling project. The basis for this methodological framework comes from a research process proposed by Mayring (2010) that emphasizes on four steps: material collection, descriptive analysis, category section and material evaluation. Findings – This paper addresses the opportunities and challenges of applying a green supply chain for aircraft manufacturers and analyzes the different aspects of aircraft at the EOL in the context of green supply chain. Research limitations/implications – This study enriches the literature by identifying EOL aircraft value chain analysis in the sustainable development context. It provides an introduction to a fresh research theme and sheds some light on green supply challenges in the aerospace industry. Practical implications – The proposed conceptual framework in this paper helps practitioners to realize the opportunities and challenges of aircraft manufacturers in applying long-term strategies with respect to EOL aircrafts. The proposed framework helps manufacturers to evaluate different perspectives of the EOL aircraft problem. Moreover, the current contribution of aircraft manufacturers into EOL projects is not in a systematic structure and performed through several managerial and professional meetings. The proposed framework in this study is a valuable tool to evaluate the different opportunities and challenges in an organized way. Originality/value – This work provides a valuable framework for future research related to green supply chains in the aerospace context. It also aids practitioners to realize the EOL aircraft problem in the context of the green supply chain, considering the opportunities and challenges.

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Hızarcı, Halime, and Uğur Arifoğlu. "Challenges with the electrification of aircraft for a sustainable and greener aviation." International Journal of Sustainable Aviation 1, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsa.2022.10049162.

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Li, Lisha, Shuming Yuan, Yue Teng, and Jing Shao. "A Study on Sustainable Consumption of Fuel—An Estimation Method of Aircraft." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 7559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227559.

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Though the development of China’s civil aviation and the improvement of control ability have strengthened the safety operation and support ability effectively, the airlines are under the pressure of operation costs due to the increase of aircraft fuel price. With the development of optimization controlling methods in flight management systems, it becomes increasingly challenging to cut down flight fuel consumption by control the flight status of the aircraft. Therefore, the airlines both at home and abroad mainly rely on the accurate estimation of aircraft fuel to reduce fuel consumption, and further reduce its carbon emission. The airlines have to take various potential factors into consideration and load more fuel to cope with possible negative situation during the flight. Therefore, the fuel for emergency use is called PBCF (Performance-Based Contingency Fuel). The existing PBCF forecasting method used by China Airlines is not accurate, which fails to take into account various influencing factors. This paper aims to find a method that could predict PBCF more accurately than the existing methods for China Airlines.This paper takes China Eastern Airlines as an example. The experimental data of flight fuel of China Eastern Airlines Co, Ltd. were collected to find out the relevant parameters affecting the fuel consumption, which is followed by the establishment of the LSTM neural network through the parameters and collected data. Finally, through the established neural network model, the PBCF addition required by the airline with different influencing factors is output. It can be seen from the results that the all the four models are available for the accurate prediction of fuel consumption. The amount of data of A319 is much larger than that of A320 and A330, which leads to higher accuracy of the model trained by A319. The study contributes to the calculation methods in the fuel-saving project, and helps the practitioners to learn about a particular fuel calculation method. The study brought insights for practitioners to achieve the goal of low carbon emission and further contributed to their progress towards circular economy.

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Goupil, Philippe. "Model-based approaches for the future sustainable aircraft: the EU ADDSAFE project." IFAC-PapersOnLine 48, no. 1 (2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.05.172.

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Hızarcı, Halime, and Uğur Arifoğlu. "Challenges with the electrification of aircraft for a sustainable and greener aviation." International Journal of Sustainable Aviation 9, no. 1 (2023): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsa.2023.127484.

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Tengzelius, Ulf, Anders Johansson, Mats Åbom, and Karl Bolin. "Next generation aircraft noise-mapping." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 2064–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2043.

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At CSA, Centre for Sustainable Aviation at KTH Stockholm, several projects have run during the last 4 years. One outcome from this research is the SAFT-program for prediction of aircraft noise contours (noise-mapping) and time-histories in receiving points on ground. SAFT is a versatile and comprehensive tool already including several computational methods such as standard ECACdoc.29 method and more accurate time-stepping simulation-based representations of aircraft sound sources (frequency and direction dependent). The program allows for input of "general aircraft trajectory input" in the sense that either the trajectory data of concern is fitted to the current pre-defined formats or SAFT is easily updated to read a "new" format. Among the pre-defined formats of current version is csv-files prepared from OpenSky Historical database. From these kinds of data thrust and other noise-predictor variables are extracted and applied for noise-mapping. Moreover, SAFT allows for studies of aggregated air-traffic in defined areas as well as of single event flight-trajectories. And for these almost any metric (L, L, L, L, ...) might be extracted together with differences in dB, "Delta-dB", between any two scenarios or individual flights. Could be routing, runway-use, individual flight procedures etc. Anticipated future implementations involve drone trajectories and sound-source representations.

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Pinheiro Melo, Sofia, Alexander Barke, Felipe Cerdas, Christian Thies, Mark Mennenga, Thomas S. Spengler, and Christoph Herrmann. "Sustainability Assessment and Engineering of Emerging Aircraft Technologies—Challenges, Methods and Tools." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 5663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145663.

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Driven by concerns regarding the sustainability of aviation and the continued growth of air traffic, increasing interest is given to emerging aircraft technologies. Although new technologies, such as battery-electric propulsion systems, have the potential to minimise in-flight emissions and noise, environmental burdens are possibly shifted to other stages of the aircraft’s life cycle, and new socio-economic challenges may arise. Therefore, a life-cycle-oriented sustainability assessment is required to identify these hotspots and problem shifts and to derive recommendations for action for aircraft development at an early stage. This paper proposes a framework for the modelling and assessment of future aircraft technologies and provides an overview of the challenges and available methods and tools in this field. A structured search and screening process is used to determine which aspects of the proposed framework are already addressed in the scientific literature and in which areas research is still needed. For this purpose, a total of 66 related articles are identified and systematically analysed. Firstly, an overview of statistics of papers dealing with life-cycle-oriented analysis of conventional and emerging aircraft propulsion systems is given, classifying them according to the technologies considered, the sustainability dimensions and indicators investigated, and the assessment methods applied. Secondly, a detailed analysis of the articles is conducted to derive answers to the defined research questions. It illustrates that the assessment of environmental aspects of alternative fuels is a dominating research theme, while novel approaches that integrate socio-economic aspects and broaden the scope to battery-powered, fuel-cell-based, or hybrid-electric aircraft are emerging. It also provides insights by what extent future aviation technologies can contribute to more sustainable and energy-efficient aviation. The findings underline the need to harmonise existing methods into an integrated modelling and assessment approach that considers the specifics of upcoming technological developments in aviation.

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Liu, Fangzi, Minghua Hu, Wenying Lv, and Honghai Zhang. "Research on Optimization of Aircraft Climb Trajectory considering Environmental Impact." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (January 30, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6677329.

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Trajectory-based operation is a new technology that will be developed in the next generation of air traffic management. In order to clarify the optimization space of fuel consumption and emission impact on the environment under the specific operation limitation of air traffic management in the process of aircraft climb, an aircraft climb performance parameter optimization model considering the environmental impact is established. First, the horizontal and vertical climb models are established for the aircraft climb process, and then the optimization objectives are constructed by considering the impact of fuel consumption, exhaust emissions on air temperature, and the convenience of the flight process. Finally, the multiobjective model is solved by genetic algorithm. The B737-800 civil aviation aircraft is selected for simulation experiment to analyze the impact of speed change on the optimization target. The results show that with the change of speed, the fuel consumption and temperature rise are different, and the climb performance parameters of the aircraft are affected by the maximum RTA. By optimizing the flight parameters of the aircraft, it can effectively reduce the impact of flight on the environment and provide theoretical support for the sustainable development of civil aviation.

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Ahmad, Ali, Javier Ordoñez, Pedro Cartujo, and Vanesa Martos. "Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) in Agriculture: A Pursuit of Sustainability." Agronomy 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010007.

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The current COVID-19 global pandemic has amplified the pressure on the agriculture sector, inciting the need for sustainable agriculture more than ever. Thus, in this review, a sustainable perspective of the use of remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) or drone technology in the agriculture sector is discussed. Similarly, the types of cameras (multispectral, thermal, and visible), sensors, software, and platforms frequently deployed for ensuring precision agriculture for crop monitoring, disease detection, or even yield estimation are briefly discoursed. In this regard, vegetation indices (VIs) embrace an imperative prominence as they provide vital information for crop monitoring and decision-making, thus a summary of most commonly used VIs is also furnished and serves as a guide while planning to collect specific crop data. Furthermore, the establishment of significant applications of RPAs in livestock, forestry, crop monitoring, disease surveillance, irrigation, soil analysis, fertilization, crop harvest, weed management, mechanical pollination, crop insurance and tree plantation are cited in the light of currently available literature in this domain. RPA technology efficiency, cost and limitations are also considered based on the previous studies that may help to devise policies, technology adoption, investment, and research activities in this sphere.

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Tian, Yong, Lina Ma, Songtao Yang, and Qian Wang. "A Methodology for Calculating Greenhouse Effect of Aircraft Cruise Using Genetic Algorithm-Optimized Wavelet Neural Network." Complexity 2020 (October 28, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7141320.

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Reliable assessment on the environmental impact of aircraft operation is vital for the performance evaluation and sustainable development of civil aviation. A new methodology for calculating the greenhouse effect of aircraft cruise is proposed in this paper. With respect to both cruise strategies and wind factors, a genetic algorithm-optimized wavelet neural network topology is designed to model the fuel flow-rate and developed using the real flight records data. Validation tests demonstrate that the proposed model with preferred network architecture can outperform others investigated in this paper in terms of accuracy and stability. Numerical examples are illustrated using 9 flights from Beijing Capital International Airport to Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport operated by Boeing 737–800 aircraft on October 2, 2019, and the generated fuel consumption, CO2 and NOx emissions as well as temperature change for different time horizons can be effectively given through the proposed methodology, which helps in the environmental performance evaluation and future trajectory planning for aircraft cruise.

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Bheekhun, Nadiir, Abd Rahim Abu Talib, and Fortunato Cardenas. "Towards a sustainable aerogel airship: A primer." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.13 (October 9, 2018): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.13.21346.

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Airships are the ﬁrst craft that realized mankind’s dream of controlled, powered ﬂight but have been a forsaken method of air transportation since the invention of heavy-than-air aircraft. However, environmental concerns have urged humanity to think once again over the possibility of deploying these lighter-than-air ships. This paper describes an on-going project thereby a nature-inspired airship, namely Huvr Trek is being designed to address current airborne technological, economical and ecological gaps. It uses the world’s best thermal insulator and second lightest material, silica aerogel for inhibiting heat transfer within the balloon for efficient lift as well as in a prototype liquid-fuelled ramjet for propulsion. The airship uses carbon aerogels also as super capacitors for energy storage. Proposed applications of the aerogel airship are and implementations into advertising and tourism, surveillance, environmental monitoring, planetary exploration, cargo transportation, stratospheric observation, medical equipment carrier and telecommunication relay.

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Noh, H. Mohd, G. A. Rodrigo, and N. A. Abdul Rahman. "The adaptation of sustainable biojet fuels and its effect on aircraft engine maintenance." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 152 (October 2016): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/152/1/012043.

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Castro, Sigifredo, Lawrence C. Davis, and Larry E. Erickson. "Natural, cost-effective, and sustainable alternatives for treatment of aircraft deicing fluid waste." Environmental Progress 24, no. 1 (2005): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.10059.

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Frota, J. "NACRE novel aircraft concepts." Aeronautical Journal 114, no. 1156 (June 2010): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000003869.

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Abstract Commercial transport aircraft developed today are defined to balance all requirements foreseen for the short or medium term. Best engineering knowledge as much as minimum business risks consistently lead to the so-called ‘classic’ aircraft configuration. This balanced approach is efficient but can also inhibit innovative practices. Ensuring a sustainable growth in the aviation sector may require radical changes in the way we design and operate aircraft. Started in April 2005, NACRE is a four-year European research and technology integrated project, partly funded by the European Community under the Sixth Framework Programme, which aims at integrating and validating technologies that will enable the potential of new aircraft concepts to be assessed. In order to explore the most relevant capabilities and meet the widest range of challenges, the NACRE R&T project has identified a set of concepts tailored to address specific subsets of design drivers: • The Pro-Green aircraft concepts putting a major emphasis on the reduction of environmental impact of air travel; • The Passenger-driven Aircraft concepts aiming at optimised payload and appreciable quality of future aircraft for the end users; • The Simple Flying Bus, which puts the biggest emphasis on low manufacturing costs and minimum cost of ownership. Irrespective of what final future product configurations might ever look like, the NACRE aircraft concepts act as basic vectors, encompassing all the expected capability developments. The general project objectives are thus to use these concepts in order to: • Explore alternative routes for the major aircraft components (fuselage, wing, engine integration) better suited to their specific targets and which would have been rejected in a balanced approach; • Provide better answers to the full range of requirements by developing and, in some cases, validating the associated envelope of innovative component designs and associated technologies. NACRE is by essence a focused multidisciplinary approach. It does not concentrate on one specific aircraft concept, but it is aimed at developing solutions at a generic aircraft component level, which will enable the results to be applicable for a range of new aircraft concepts. For each of the major aircraft components, the multidisciplinary investigations will require an exploration of the different associated aspects of aerodynamics, materials, structure, engines and systems with the goal of setting the standards in future aircraft design, thus ensuring improved quality and affordability, whilst meeting the strengthening environmental constraints (emissions and noise), with a vision towards improving significantly the global efficiency of the air transport system.

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Mangold, Jonas, Daniel Silberhorn, Nicolas Moebs, Niclas Dzikus, Julian Hoelzen, Thomas Zill, and Andreas Strohmayer. "Refueling of LH2 Aircraft—Assessment of Turnaround Procedures and Aircraft Design Implication." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 28, 2022): 2475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072475.

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Green liquid hydrogen (LH2) could play an essential role as a zero-carbon aircraft fuel to reach long-term sustainable aviation. Excluding challenges such as electrolysis, transportation and use of renewable energy in setting up hydrogen (H2) fuel infrastructure, this paper investigates the interface between refueling systems and aircraft, and the impacts on fuel distribution at the airport. Furthermore, it provides an overview of key technology design decisions for LH2 refueling procedures and their effects on the turnaround times as well as on aircraft design. Based on a comparison to Jet A-1 refueling, new LH2 refueling procedures are described and evaluated. Process steps under consideration are connecting/disconnecting, purging, chill-down, and refueling. The actual refueling flow of LH2 is limited to a simplified Reynolds term of v · d = 2.35 m2/s. A mass flow rate of 20 kg/s is reached with an inner hose diameter of 152.4 mm. The previous and subsequent processes (without refueling) require 9 min with purging and 6 min without purging. For the assessment of impacts on LH2 aircraft operation, process changes on the level of ground support equipment are compared to current procedures with Jet A-1. The technical challenges at the airport for refueling trucks as well as pipeline systems and dispensers are presented. In addition to the technological solutions, explosion protection as applicable safety regulations are analyzed, and the overall refueling process is validated. The thermodynamic properties of LH2 as a real, compressible fluid are considered to derive implications for airport-side infrastructure. The advantages and disadvantages of a subcooled liquid are evaluated, and cost impacts are elaborated. Behind the airport storage tank, LH2 must be cooled to at least 19K to prevent two-phase phenomena and a mass flow reduction during distribution. Implications on LH2 aircraft design are investigated by understanding the thermodynamic properties, including calculation methods for the aircraft tank volume, and problems such as cavitation and two-phase flows. In conclusion, the work presented shows that LH2 refueling procedure is feasible, compliant with the applicable explosion protection standards and hence does not impact the turnaround procedure. A turnaround time comparison shows that refueling with LH2 in most cases takes less time than with Jet A-1. The turnaround at the airport can be performed by a fuel truck or a pipeline dispenser system without generating direct losses, i.e., venting to the atmosphere.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sustainable Aircraft'

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