Journal articles: 'Sustain attention'

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Rosenberg, Monica D., Dustin Scheinost, Abigail S. Greene, Emily W. Avery, Young Hye Kwon, Emily S. Finn, Ramachandran Ramani, Maolin Qiu, R. Todd Constable, and Marvin M. Chun. "Functional connectivity predicts changes in attention observed across minutes, days, and months." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 7 (February 4, 2020): 3797–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912226117.

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The ability to sustain attention differs across people and changes within a single person over time. Although recent work has demonstrated that patterns of functional brain connectivity predict individual differences in sustained attention, whether these same patterns capture fluctuations in attention within individuals remains unclear. Here, across five independent studies, we demonstrate that the sustained attention connectome-based predictive model (CPM), a validated model of sustained attention function, generalizes to predict attentional state from data collected across minutes, days, weeks, and months. Furthermore, the sustained attention CPM is sensitive to within-subject state changes induced by propofol as well as sevoflurane, such that individuals show functional connectivity signatures of stronger attentional states when awake than when under deep sedation and light anesthesia. Together, these results demonstrate that fluctuations in attentional state reflect variability in the same functional connectivity patterns that predict individual differences in sustained attention.

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Gordon, Michael, Barbara B. Mettelman, and Martin Irwin. "Sustained Attention and Grade Retention." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 2 (April 1994): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.2.555.

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Two studies are reported which explore the possible relationship between academic failure, as measured by grade retention, and the capacity to sustain attention on a computerized continuous performance task. In a nonreferred sample, 89 children who had been retained at some point in their academic careers showed a higher frequency of abnormal scores on an index of sustained attention than did 93 children who had never repeated a grade. In a sample of children who had been referred for an evaluation of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, children with a history of grade retention had significantly lower scores on the same measure of sustained attention. Results are discussed in terms of the possible contribution of attention deficits to over-all academic achievement, even for children who have not necessarily been referred for a clinical evaluation.

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Sarid, Miriam, and Zvia Breznitz. "Developmental Aspects of Sustained Attention among 2- to 6-year-old Children." International Journal of Behavioral Development 21, no. 2 (August 1997): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502597384884.

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This study examined sustained attention in children aged 2-6 years in two settings; during free play and during a structured test. Subjects were 48 nursery schoolchildren and 47 kindergarteners. In the free play setting, linear and quadratic relations with age were found for ability to sustain attention as measured by duration of play time and number of attended activities. Linear and quadratic relations were also found for distractibility as measured by the number of pauses in play. Older children tended to return to a previously attended activity following a break, whereas younger children did not. The ability to sustain attention increased until the age of 4 years, after which a plateau in development appeared. Results from the structured test showed no significant differences between age groups on the time spent attending to pictures, but revealed a significant linear trend for the ability to recall items from pictures. It is suggested that free play may be a sensitive measure of preschool-aged children’s ability to sustain attention.

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Brosnan, Méadhbh B., Mahnaz Arvaneh, Siobhán Harty, Tara Maguire, Redmond O'Connell, Ian H. Robertson, and Paul M. Dockree. "Prefrontal Modulation of Visual Processing and Sustained Attention in Aging, a tDCS–EEG Coregistration Approach." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 11 (November 2018): 1630–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01307.

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The ability to sustain attention is integral to healthy cognition in aging. The right PFC (rPFC) is critical for maintaining high levels of attentional focus. Whether plasticity of this region can be harnessed to support sustained attention in older adults is unknown. We used transcranial direct current stimulation to increase cortical excitability of the rPFC, while monitoring behavioral and electrophysiological markers of sustained attention in older adults with suboptimal sustained attention capacity. During rPFC transcranial direct current stimulation, fewer lapses of attention occurred and electroencephalography signals of frontal engagement and early visual attention were enhanced. To further verify these results, we repeated the experiment in an independent cohort of cognitively typical older adults using a different sustained attention paradigm. Again, prefrontal stimulation was associated with fewer attentional lapses. These experiments suggest the rPFC can be manipulated in later years to increase top–down modulation over early sensory processing and improve sustained attention performance. This holds valuable information for the development of neurorehabilitation protocols to ameliorate age-related deficits in this capacity.

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Palmer, Kara K., Matthew W. Miller, and Leah E. Robinson. "Acute Exercise Enhances Preschoolers’ Ability to Sustain Attention." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 35, no. 4 (August 2013): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.4.433.

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A growing body of research has illuminated beneficial effects of a single bout of physical activity (i.e., acute exercise) on cognitive function in school-age children. However, the influence of acute exercise on preschoolers’ cognitive function has not been reported. To address this shortcoming, the current study examined the effects of a 30-min bout of exercise on preschoolers’ cognitive function. Preschoolers’ cognitive function was assessed following a single bout of exercise and a single sedentary period. Results revealed that, after engaging in a bout of exercise, preschoolers exhibited markedly better ability to sustain attention, relative to after being sedentary (p = .006, partial eta square = .400). Based on these findings, providing exercise opportunities appears to enhance preschoolers’ cognitive function.

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Van den Driessche, Charlotte, Mikaël Bastian, Hugo Peyre, Coline Stordeur, Éric Acquaviva, Sara Bahadori, Richard Delorme, and Jérôme Sackur. "Attentional Lapses in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Blank Rather Than Wandering Thoughts." Psychological Science 28, no. 10 (August 11, 2017): 1375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617708234.

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People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulties sustaining their attention on external tasks. Such attentional lapses have often been characterized as the simple opposite of external sustained attention, but the different types of attentional lapses, and the subjective experiences to which they correspond, remain unspecified. In this study, we showed that unmedicated children (ages 6–12) with ADHD, when probed during a standard go/no-go task, reported more mind blanking (a mental state characterized by the absence of reportable content) than did control participants. This increase in mind blanking happened at the expense of both focused and wandering thoughts. We also found that methylphenidate reverted the level of mind blanking to baseline (i.e., the level of mind blanking reported by control children without ADHD). However, this restoration led to mind wandering more than to focused attention. In a second experiment, we extended these findings to adults who had subclinical ADHD. These results suggest that executive functions impaired in ADHD are required not only to sustain external attention but also to maintain an internal train of thought.

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Lee, Kate E., Kathryn J. H. Williams, Leisa D. Sargent, Nicholas S. G. Williams, and Katherine A. Johnson. "40-second green roof views sustain attention: The role of micro-breaks in attention restoration." Journal of Environmental Psychology 42 (June 2015): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.04.003.

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FLECK, DAVID E., PAULA K. SHEAR, and STEPHEN M. STRAKOWSKI. "Processing efficiency and sustained attention in bipolar disorder." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 11, no. 1 (January 2005): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617705050071.

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We hypothesized that patterns of sustained attention performance in bipolar disorder were consistent with processing efficiency theory—a theory of the relationship between central processing capacity and performance. We predicted (1) sustained attention deficits during mania because symptoms interfere with limited-capacity executive control processes resulting in decreased performance effectiveness; and (2) decreased processing efficiency during euthymia, as indicated by speed/accuracy tradeoffs, consistent with a stable phenotypic abnormality. Twenty-five manic bipolar, 23 euthymic bipolar, and 28 healthy comparison participants were compared on a continuous performance task and administered symptom-rating scales. The manic group was significantly impaired on overall perceptual sensitivity and demonstrated a significant linear decrease in performance over time, consistent with impaired sustained attention. The euthymic group evidenced significantly slower overall hit reaction time (RT), but when RT was controlled they performed similarly to the healthy group over time. Two discriminant functions combined to separate the groups on manic symptom severity and on-task effort/strategy use. These findings are consistent with processing efficiency theory. They suggest that euthymic patients sustain attention through effortful control at the expense of processing efficiency, while acute mania reduces the capacity for control and impairs sustained attention. Problems with processing efficiency are viewed as trait characteristics of bipolar disorder that may be overlooked by traditional error-based assessments. (JINS, 2005, 11, 49–57.)

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Marando, I., R. Matthews, L. Grosser, C. Yates, and S. Banks. "P090 The Effect of Workload, Sleep Deprivation and Time of Day on Simulated Driving Performance." SLEEP Advances 2, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2021): A50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpab014.134.

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Abstract Sustained operations expose individuals to long work periods, which deteriorates their ability to sustain attention. Biological factors, including sleep deprivation and time of day, have been shown to play a critical role in the ability to sustain attention. However, a gap in the literature exists regarding external factors, such as workload. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of sleep deprivation, time of day, and workload on sustained attention. Twenty-one participants (18–34y, 10 F) were exposed to 62 hours of sleep deprivation within a controlled laboratory environment. Every 8 hours, sustained attention was measured using a 30-minute monotonous driving task, and subjective workload was measured using the NASA-Task Load Index (TLX). Workload, defined as time on task was assessed by splitting the drive into two 15-minute loops. A mixed model ANOVA revealed significant main effects of day (sleep deprivation) and time of day on lane deviation, number of crashes, speed deviation and time outside the safe zone (all p<.001). There was a significant main effect of workload (time on task) on lane deviation (p=.042), indicating that a longer time on task resulted in greater lane deviation. NASA-TLX scores significantly increased with sleep deprivation (p<.001), indicating that subjective workload increased with sleep loss even though the task remained constant. Workload, sleep deprivation and time of day produced a deterioration in sustained attention. With this, countermeasures that not only consider sleep deprivation and time of day, but also workload (time on task) can be considered.

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O’Gráda, Cara, Sandra Barry, Nicola McGlade, Caragh Behan, Farhan Haq, Judy Hayden, Therese O’Donoghue, et al. "Does the ability to sustain attention underlie symptom severity in schizophrenia?" Schizophrenia Research 107, no. 2-3 (February 2009): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2008.07.013.

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Godwin, Karrie E., Lucy C. Erickson, and Rochelle S. Newman. "Insights From Crossing Research Silos on Visual and Auditory Attention." Current Directions in Psychological Science 28, no. 1 (November 16, 2018): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721418807725.

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Many learning tasks that children encounter necessitate the ability to direct and sustain attention to key aspects of the environment while simultaneously tuning out irrelevant features. This is challenging for at least two reasons: (a) The ability to regulate and sustain attention follows a protracted developmental time course, and (b) children spend much of their time in environments not optimized for learning—homes and schools are often chaotic, cluttered, and noisy. Research on these issues is often siloed; that is, researchers tend to examine the relationship among attention, distraction, and learning in only the auditory or the visual domain, but not both together. We provide examples in which auditory and visual aspects of learning each have strong implications for the other. Research examining how visual information and auditory information are distracting can benefit from cross-fertilization. Integrating across research silos informs our understanding of attention and learning, yielding more efficacious guidance for caregivers, educators, developers, and policymakers.

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Moores, Elisabeth, and Jackie Andrade. "Ability of dyslexic and control teenagers to sustain attention and inhibit responses." European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 12, no. 4 (December 2000): 520–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095414400750050213.

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Stave, Elise A., Michael D. De Bellis, Steven R. Hooper, Donald P. Woolley, Suk Ki Chang, and Steven D. Chen. "Dimensions of Attention Associated With the Microstructure of Corona Radiata White Matter." Journal of Child Neurology 32, no. 5 (January 16, 2017): 458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073816685652.

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Mirsky proposed a model of attention that included these dimensions: focus/execute, sustain, stabilize, encode, and shift. The neural correlates of these dimensions were investigated within corona radiata subregions in healthy youth. Diffusion tensor imaging and neuropsychological assessments were conducted in 79 healthy, right-handed youth aged 4-17 years. Diffusion tensor imaging maps were analyzed using standardized parcellation methods. Partial Pearson correlations between neuropsychological standardized scores, representing these attention dimensions, and diffusion tensor imaging measures of corona radiata subregions were calculated after adjusting for gender and IQ. Significant correlations were found between the focus/execute, sustain, stabilize, and shift dimensions and imaging metrics in hypothesized corona radiata subregions. Results suggest that greater microstructural white matter integrity of the corona radiata is partly associated with attention across 4 attention dimensions. Findings suggest that white matter microstructure of the corona radiata is a neural correlate of several, but not all, attention dimensions.

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SEGALOWITZ, S. J., J. DYWAN, and A. UNSAL. "Attentional factors in response time variability after traumatic brain injury: An ERP study." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 3, no. 2 (March 1997): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617797000957.

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Reaction time (RT) is often used in the assessment of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), presumably because it reflects either information processing speed or attentional capacity. To clarify this distinction, we examined behavioral RT and the within-subject variability of RT as they relate to electrophysiological measures of attention and information processing. These include the P300 latency, which reflects stimulus evaluation time, P300 amplitude, which reflects attentional allocation, and the preresponse component of the contingent negative variation (CNV), which reflects sustained attention. We found that the latency and variability in behavioral RT were not correlated with the latency or variability of the P300, suggesting that stimulus evaluation time is not a major contributor to RT and its variability in this paradigm. However, among normal controls, RT was related to P300 amplitude, and therefore to attentional allocation. For the TBI subjects, it was the variability, not the speed, of RT that was related to P300 amplitude and to the preresponse component of the CNV. These data suggest that, while in normal controls RT reflects attentional allocation, among TBI subjects it is the variability in RT that is sensitive to the ability to allocate and sustain attention. (JINS, 1997, 3, 95–107.)

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Lara, Tania, Enrique Molina, Juan Antonio Madrid, and Ángel Correa. "Electroencephalographic and skin temperature indices of vigilance and inhibitory control." Psicológica Journal 39, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 223–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/psicolj-2018-0010.

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AbstractNeurophysiological markers of the ability to sustain attention and exert inhibitory control of inappropriate responses have usually relied on neuroimaging methods, which are not easily applicable to real-world settings. The current research tested the ability of electroencephalographic and skin temperature markers to predict performance during the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), which demands vigilance and inhibitory control. In Experiment 1, we recorded the electroencephalogram (EEG) during the performance of SART and found that event-related potentials underlying inhibitory control (N1 and N2/P3) were influenced by a time on task effect, suggesting a decrement in attentional resources necessary for optimal inhibitory control. In Experiments 2 and 3, we recorded skin temperatures (distal, proximal and the distal-proximal temperature gradient –DPG) and found that they were sensitive to differential demands of mental workload, and that they were related to behavioural performance in the SART. This study suggests that the recording of EEG and skin temperature may be used to monitor fluctuations of attention in natural settings, although further research should clarify the exact psychological interpretation of these physiological indices.

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Blythe, Betty J., Elizabeth M. Tracy, Avis Kotovsky, and Selma Gwatkin. "Organizational Supports to Sustain Intensive Family Preservation Programs." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 73, no. 8 (October 1992): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949207300802.

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In response to increased funding for programs to avoid unnecessary out-of-home placements, family preservation programs are being implemented by private and public agencies. The authors identify the organizational supports that are required to sustain family preservation programs over time. These supports include ongoing training, a broad view of supervisory responsibilities, and careful attention to maintaining relationships with referring and other agencies. Future issues facing family preservation programs also are discussed.

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Dashtbozorgi, Zahra, Mehri Dadashpour Ahangar, Sahar Aminalsharieh, Jamal Ashoori, and Marjan Alizadeh. "The Effect of Neurofeedback Training on Sustain Attention and Working Memory in Male Elementary School Students with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorde." Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.shefa.5.4.5.

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Nilsson, Jessica A., Elizabeth A. Fulton, Craig R. Johnson, and Marcus Haward. "How to Sustain Fisheries: Expert Knowledge from 34 Nations." Water 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2019): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020213.

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Ensuring productive and sustainable fisheries involves understanding the complex interactions between biology, environment, politics, management and governance. Fisheries are faced with a range of challenges, and without robust and careful management in place, levels of anthropogenic disturbance on ecosystems and fisheries are likely to have a continuous negative impact on biodiversity and fish stocks worldwide. Fisheries management agencies, therefore, need to be both efficient and effective in working towards long-term sustainable ecosystems and fisheries, while also being resilient to political and socioeconomic pressures. Marine governance, i.e., the processes of developing and implementing decisions over fisheries, often has to account for socioeconomic issues (such as unemployment and business developments) when they attract political attention and resources. This paper addresses the challenges of (1) identifying the main issues in attempting to ensure the sustainability of fisheries, and (2) how to bridge the gap between scientific knowledge and governance of marine systems. Utilising data gained from a survey of marine experts from 34 nations, we found that the main challenges perceived by fisheries experts were overfishing, habitat destruction, climate change and a lack of political will. Measures suggested to address these challenges did not demand any radical change, but included extant approaches, including ecosystem-based fisheries management with particular attention to closures, gear restrictions, use of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) and improved compliance, monitoring and control.

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Zhao, Sijia, Gabriela Bury, Alice Milne, and Maria Chait. "Pupillometry as an Objective Measure of Sustained Attention in Young and Older Listeners." Trends in Hearing 23 (January 2019): 233121651988781. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331216519887815.

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The ability to sustain attention on a task-relevant sound source while avoiding distraction from concurrent sounds is fundamental to listening in crowded environments. We aimed to (a) devise an experimental paradigm with which this aspect of listening can be isolated and (b) evaluate the applicability of pupillometry as an objective measure of sustained attention in young and older populations. We designed a paradigm that continuously measured behavioral responses and pupillometry during 25-s trials. Stimuli contained a number of concurrent, spectrally distinct tone streams. On each trial, participants detected gaps in one of the streams while resisting distraction from the others. Behavior demonstrated increasing difficulty with time-on-task and with number/proximity of distractor streams. In young listeners ( N = 20; aged 18 to 35 years), pupil diameter (on the group and individual level) was dynamically modulated by instantaneous task difficulty: Periods where behavioral performance revealed a strain on sustained attention were accompanied by increased pupil diameter. Only trials on which participants performed successfully were included in the pupillometry analysis so that the observed effects reflect task demands as opposed to failure to attend. In line with existing reports, we observed global changes to pupil dynamics in the older group ( N = 19; aged 63 to 79 years) including decreased pupil diameter, limited dilation range, and reduced temporal variability. However, despite these changes, older listeners showed similar effects of attentive tracking to those observed in the young listeners. Overall, our results demonstrate that pupillometry can be a reliable and time-sensitive measure of attentive tracking over long durations in both young and (with caveats) older listeners.

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Fischbeck, Luke. "Mockingbirds: Modelling attention, memory and the texture of repair." Technoetic Arts 19, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/tear_00066_1.

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How do we show what we know? How do the models used to interpret, build understanding and sustain relationships with the world, work? Artificial intelligence models ‐ particularly those characterized as ‘deep’ learning models ‐ provoke a reframing of, and renewed attention to, these basic questions. Machines designed to learn through continuous, embedded use give rise to a form of automated intersubjectivity premised on normative notions of continuity, completeness and repair that are often opaque. A turn to poetic practice may revivify supple categories of human and non-human, with attentive connection across multiple worlds, discursively explaining these models even as they enfold us. A companion video to this text can be viewed at: <uri xlink:href="https://vimeo.com/525096901">https://vimeo.com/525096901</uri>.

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Brittain, Charles. "A Stoic Ethics for Attention (Seneca Letter 56)." Rhizomata 9, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 224–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rhiz-2021-0013.

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Abstract Seneca’s Letters sketch a theory of attentive action according to which distraction is caused by inconsistent beliefs about values, such that the degree of an agent’s attention to an endorsed action is proportionate to the consistency of her beliefs about value, i. e. her proximity to virtue. The agent’s activity of attentive action is co-ordinated with a state of alertness to her interests, which accordingly triggers switches in attention that sustain the endorsed action in single-minded agents or cause distraction if the new interest is irrelevant to it. Seneca’s theory reflects the older Stoic conception of the tensional mental strength of the virtuous agent, which Chrysippus identified as the causal factor over and above virtue that ensures her successful performance of right action.

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Moffatt, Lyndsay. "Exquisite Attention: Introduction to the Special Issue of Language & Literacy." Language and Literacy 12, no. 2 (October 20, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20360/g2kw2g.

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It gives me great honour to welcome you to this special issue of Language & Literacy. In this issue you will find a range of thoughtful and provocative inquiries that reflect some of the diverse range of research in language and literacy education today. This issue was born of the recent marriage of the Language and Literacy Researchers of Canada (LLRC) and Language & Literacy: A Canadian ejournal. From this point forward these two organizations have made a commitment to support each other in their efforts to sustain critical conversations about language and literacy education and research.

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Larasati, Ratih, Lia M. Boediman, and Mita Aswanti. "Penerapan prinsip DIR/Floortime Meningkatkan Kemampuan Memusatkan Atensi pada Anak dengan ADHD." Jurnal Ilmu Perilaku 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2017): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jip.1.1.33-44.2017.

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Developmental, Individual Differences, Relationship-Based approach (DIR/Floortime) is one of the available interventions focused on increasing the quality of caregiver-child interaction. This study is aimed at investigating the effectiveness of DIR/Floortime to increase the ability to sustain attention on a 4 year-old child with Early Onset Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This is a qualitative research involving two participants, a boy diagnosed with ADHD, and the mother of the boy. This research utilized observation and interview in gathering the data, accompanying the use of observation log for duration of attention and frequency of distractedness specifically designed for this research, Functional Emotional Assessment Scale (FEAS), questionnaire and interview guideline: Observing Child’s Biological Challenge (OCBC), and Sensory Processing – Motor Planning Questionnaire (SPMPQ). The result of this study indicated that the application of DIR/Floortime principles is effective in increasing the ability to sustain attention on a 4 year-old child with Early Onset ADHD, along with the increase of the functional emotional development of both mother and child as shown with the increase of attention span, the decrease of frequency of distractibility, and score increase in the Functional Emotional Assessment Scale (FEAS).

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Adelirad, Fatemeh, Maryam Moghaddam Salimi, Iman Dianat, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Vijay Kumar Chattu, and Hamid Allahverdipour. "The Relationship between Cognitive Status and Retained Activity Participation among Community-Dwelling Older Adults." European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education 12, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 400–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12040029.

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Identifying retained activity participation to old age can improve age-related changes in balance and cognition function. Subjects ≥ 60 years were enrolled in this study. Balance and Cognitive function include working memory, executive function, and sustained and divided attention was evaluated with “Fullerton advanced balance”, “n-back”, “Wisconsin card sort”, “sustain and divided attention test”, respectively. In addition, retained activity participation was measured using the Activity Card Sort questionnaire. The univariate and multivariate regression analyses of different domains of retained activity participation were used as independent variables, including instrumental activity, low-effort leisure, high-effort leisure, and social activity on balance and specific domains of cognition. Seventy-seven subjects (65.3 ± 4.4 years, 61% female) were included. About 47% of older adults had a college education, 32.3% had a diploma, and 20.7% had elementary–middle education. These results show that retained instrumental activity had a relationship with working memory (β = 0.079, p < 0.05). In addition, we found that retained high-effort leisure activity can increase balance, divided attention, and executive function score (β = 0.1, β = 0.05, β = 0.02, p < 0.05). Moreover, there was a positive relationship between retained low-effort activity and sustained attention (β = 0.08, p < 0.05). In addition, the coefficient of determination (R2) for balance, working memory, executive function, sustained, and divided attention were 0.45, 0.25, 0.13, 0.11 and 0.18, respectively. The study suggests that retained activity participation types may have various effects on balance and some selective cognitive components in older people.

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Fragaszy, Dorothy M., Yonat Eshchar, Elisabetta Visalberghi, Briseida Resende, Kellie Laity, and Patrícia Izar. "Synchronized practice helps bearded capuchin monkeys learn to extend attention while learning a tradition." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 30 (July 24, 2017): 7798–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1621071114.

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Culture extends biology in that the setting of development shapes the traditions that individuals learn, and over time, traditions evolve as occasional variations are learned by others. In humans, interactions with others impact the development of cognitive processes, such as sustained attention, that shape how individuals learn as well as what they learn. Thus, learning itself is impacted by culture. Here, we explore how social partners might shape the development of psychological processes impacting learning a tradition. We studied bearded capuchin monkeys learning a traditional tool-using skill, cracking nuts using stone hammers. Young monkeys practice components of cracking nuts with stones for years before achieving proficiency. We examined the time course of young monkeys’ activity with nuts before, during, and following others’ cracking nuts. Results demonstrate that the onset of others’ cracking nuts immediately prompts young monkeys to start handling and percussing nuts, and they continue these activities while others are cracking. When others stop cracking nuts, young monkeys sustain the uncommon actions of percussing and striking nuts for shorter periods than the more common actions of handling nuts. We conclude that nut-cracking by adults can promote the development of sustained attention for the critical but less common actions that young monkeys must practice to learn this traditional skill. This work suggests that in nonhuman species, as in humans, socially specified settings of development impact learning processes as well as learning outcomes. Nonhumans, like humans, may be culturally variable learners.

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Erfani, Marjan, Hedayat Sahraei, Zahra Bahari, Gholam Hossein Meftahi, Boshra Hatef, Alireza Mohammadi, and Seyed Hossein Hosseini. "Evaluation of the Effect of Time Change in Cognitive Function in Volunteers in Tehran." Global Journal of Health Science 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2016): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n2p119.

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BACKGROUND: Time change (which can lead to sleep duration decrements) can lead to brain dysfunction if repeated. In the present study, cognitive functions of the volunteers were evaluated before and after the time changes in Tehran.METHODS: Eleven, voluntary healthy persons (21±2 year old) were evaluated for their cognitive functions including sustain attention, reaction time, and mental fatigue twenty-one days before the time changes and thirty-eight days after time change using PASAT software. In addition, plasma cortisol level was measured before and after the time changes.RESULTS: After the time changes salivary cortisol concentration increase, but general mental health was decreased. Sustain attention was shortened after time change which was significantly different compared with before the time changes. Reaction time was increased after the time changes in comparison with the before the time changes, but was not statistically significant. In addition, mental fatigue was increased after the time changes.CONCLUSION: It seems that time change may reduce brain cognitive functions which are manifested by general mental health, sustain attention reduction, reaction time as well as mental fatigue.

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Dubal, Stéphanie, and Roland Jouvent. "Time-on-task effect in trait anhedonia." European Psychiatry 19, no. 5 (August 2004): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.04.007.

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AbstractThe capacity to sustain attention was explored in a sample of anhedonic subjects according to the Chapman physical anhedonia scale. Sustained attention was determined by studying task-induced changes over the duration of the Eriksen response competition task [Percept. Psychophys. 16 (1974) 143]. Anhedonic subjects had longer reaction times (RTs), but missed no more targets than control subjects. Anhedonic subject RTs got longer with time-on-task (TOT) and displayed greater intra-subject variability. These results confirm those of a previous study indicating that anhedonic subjects may have developed a more conservative response strategy [Psychophysiology 37 (2000) 711] and suggest that this strategy may result in a more rapid decrease in energetical resources. Moreover, the greater intra-subject variability demonstrates the importance of assessing performance over time and its relationship to the variability of responses in the cognitive performance of anhedonic subjects.

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Leap, Braden, and Diego Thompson. "Social Solidarity, Collective Identity, Resilient Communities: Two Case Studies from the Rural U.S. and Uruguay." Social Sciences 7, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci7120250.

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Worldwide, communities face disruptions driven by phenomena such as climate change and globalization. Socio-ecological resilience theorists have called for greater attention to the social dynamics that inform whether and how communities are reorganized and sustained in response to such challenges. Scholars increasingly stress that social heterogeneities provide resources that communities can mobilize to adapt and sustain themselves in response to disruptions. Utilizing the sociological literature that emphasizes that social solidarities and collective identities are centrally important to community responses to socio-ecological disruptions, we argue that solidarities grounded in collective identities can act as important mediators between social heterogeneity and resilience. Drawing on qualitative data from rural communities in the central United States and southwestern Uruguay, we explore how group solidarity enabled individuals to more effectively draw on their diverse knowledges, skills, and resources to sustain their communities. Linked by a collective identity grounded in rurality, in each setting, individuals effectively worked together to adapt to emerging socio-ecological disruptions. These results suggest that we can better understand how social heterogeneities inform resilience by considering how solidarities grounded in collective identities influence whether and how individuals can successfully cooperate to rearrange and sustain their communities. When working with rural communities, specifically, it will be especially important to account for solidarities and collective identities tied to rurality.

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Zhang, Qijian, Jinghui He, Hua Li, Najun Li, Qingfeng Xu, Dongyun Chen, and Jianmei Lu. "A novel ternary memory property achieved through rational introduction of end-capping naphthalimide acceptors." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 31 (2017): 7961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc01796k.

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Small molecule-based multilevel rewritable memory devices have gained attention because they possess super-high storage density, can sustain the stored data without power supply and erase/rewrite electrically; however, formation of these memory devices is extremely hard to achieve.

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Botella, Juan, María José Contreras, Pei-Chun Shih, and Víctor Rubio. "Two Short Tests Fail to Detect Vigilance Decrements." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 17, no. 1 (January 2001): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.17.1.48.

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Summary: Deterioration in performance associated with decreased ability to sustain attention may be found in long and tedious task sessions. The necessity for assessing a number of psychological dimensions in a single session often demands “short” tests capable of assessing individual differences in abilities such as vigilance and maintenance of high performance levels. In the present paper two tasks were selected as candidates for playing this role, the Abbreviated Vigilance Task (AVT) by Temple, Warm, Dember, LaGrange and Matthews (1996) and the Continuous Attention Test (CAT) by Tiplady (1992) . However, when applied to a sample of 829 candidates in a job-selection process for air-traffic controllers, neither of them showed discriminative capacity. In a second study, an extended version of the CAT was applied to a similar sample of 667 subjects, but also proved incapable of properly detecting individual differences. In short, at least in a selection context such as that studied here, neither of the tasks appeared appropriate for playing the role of a “short” test for discriminating individual differences in performance deterioration in sustained attention.

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Zani, Alberto, Clara Tumminelli, and Alice Mado Proverbio. "Electroencephalogram (EEG) Alpha Power as a Marker of Visuospatial Attention Orienting and Suppression in Normoxia and Hypoxia. An Exploratory Study." Brain Sciences 10, no. 3 (March 2, 2020): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10030140.

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While electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha desynchronization has been related to anticipatory orienting of visuospatial attention, an increase in alpha power has been associated to its inhibition. A separate line of findings indicated that alpha is affected by a deficient oxygenation of the brain or hypoxia, although leaving unclear whether the latter increases or decreases alpha synchronization. Here, we carried out an exploratory study on these issues by monitoring attention alerting, orienting, and control networks functionality by means of EEG recorded both in normoxia and hypoxia in college students engaged in four attentional cue-target conditions induced by a redesigned Attention Network Test. Alpha power was computed through Fast Fourier Transform. Regardless of brain oxygenation condition, alpha desynchronization was the highest during exogenous, uncued orienting of spatial attention, the lowest during alerting but spatially unpredictable, cued exogenous orienting of attention, and of intermediate level during validly cued endogenous orienting of attention, no matter the motor response workload demanded by the latter, especially over the left hemisphere. Hypoxia induced an increase in alpha power over the right-sided occipital and parietal scalp areas independent of attention cueing and conflict conditions. All in all, these findings prove that attention orienting is undergirded by alpha desynchronization and that alpha right-sided synchronization in hypoxia might sub-serve either the effort to sustain attention over time or an overall suppression of attention networks functionality.

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Carreiro, Luiz Renato Rodrigues, Rafael Angulo Condoretti Barros Novaes, Mayara Miyahara Moraes Silva, and Vera Rocha Reis Lellis. "TEMPORAL SUSTENANCE OF ATTENTION IN CHILDREN DURING INFANCY USING REACTION TIME MEASURES." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 6, no. 12 (December 31, 2018): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol6.iss12.1255.

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Sustained attention corresponds to the ability to maintain attentional focus on an activity for a longer period with the same consistency pattern. Knowledge about the development of mental abilities is essential for the understanding of how cognitive processes establishes throughout development and their relation to brain organization. This study aims to analyze the ability to sustain attentional focus in time in children of different age groups. The study included 78 children aged 6 to 11 years old (44 girls and 34 boys), enrolled from the 1st year to the 5th year of private school in São Paulo, Brazil. Each participant was instructed to fixate the gaze at the fixation point (FP), prepare to respond after it changed color to blue and respond as quickly as possible to the occurrence of the target (0.3-degree square superimposed to the central point) pressing the space bar, measuring the reaction time (RT). The target would come after one of 12 equal possible time intervals (100; 400; 700; 1000; 1300; 1600; 1900; 2200; 2500; 2800; 3100 and 3400 ms) in milliseconds. Multifactor ANOVA with repeated measures results demonstrated a significant effect (F (4, 73) = 13.001, p <0.001) for Schooling. It was also verified a systematic decrease of the RT as a function of cue-target time interval increase (F (11, 803) = 26,708, p <0.001). In this manner, we observed a systematic decrease in the RT due to the increase in schooling and in function of increase cue-target time interval.

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Habalová, Mária. "Musical Activities in the Development of Cognitive Processes (Attention) in Children in Early Childhood Intervention." Studia Scientifica Facultatis Paedagogicae Universitas Catholica Ružomberok 21, no. 2 (2022): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54937/ssf.2022.21.2.67-78.

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The perception of music requires focus on what is happening here and now. When working with children with developmental issues, it is important to modulate stimuli, so they are strong enough to attract and sustain their attention, despite any limitations. In musical activities, the children follow and respond to the musical movement that occurs within various changes in pitch, melody, intensity, rhythm, timbre, etc. Through these changes, it is possible to regulate the level of attention span. Different musical activities can be implemented into various educational and intervention strategies according to the children’s interests as well as their specific needs. The aim of this paper is to present music as an attractive and effective medium to improve children’s attention.

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Coco, Marinella, Andrea Buscemi, Matej Tušak, Vincenzo Perciavalle, Alfio Nifosì, Paolo Cavallari, Donatella Di Corrado, and Valentina Perciavalle. "Attentive Processes and Blood Lactate in the Sambo." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 20, 2022): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031113.

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Background: Sambo is a martial art and combat sport that originated in the Soviet Union. There are two main stiles, Sport Sambo and Combat Sambo which resembles modern mixed martial arts. Very little literature is available about physiological aspects of Sambo and, in particular, on the possible effects on cognitive domains. The purpose of the present research was to determine if there is a correlation between a blood lactate increase and the intensity and/or selectivity of attentions. Methods: Sixteen male athletes practicing Sambo for at least 5 years participated voluntarily in the study. Each athlete had to sustain, with an interval of one week, both a Sport Sambo match and a Combat Sambo match, each lasting 5 min. Blood lactate levels as well as attentive capacities were evaluated at three different times: at rest, i.e., 5 min before the start of the session (pre), at end of the session and 15 min after its conclusion. Reaction time protocol was used to evaluate the intensity of attention, whereas divided attention was assessed for analyzing the selectivity of attention together with errors and omissions. Results: Concerning Sport Sambo, blood lactate was 1.66 mmol/L (±0.55 SD) before the session, reached a mean value of 3.40 mmol/L (±0.45 SD) at the end of the session (end) and returned to values similar to initial ones (a mean value of 1.98 mmol/L (±0.37 SD) after 15 min (15-end). None of the attentive parameters examined, showed statistically significant differences. Conversely, for Combat Sambo, it was found a significant increase in blood lactate levels that went from 1.66 mmol/L (±0.55 SD) before the session (pre), to 4.76 mmol/L (±0.60 SD) at the end (end) and then back to values similar to those observed before the session 15 min after its conclusion (15-end), i.e., 1.97 mmol/L (±0.37 SD); however, after a Combat Sambo session increases in blood lactate were associated with significant worsening of attentional mechanisms. Conclusions: In conclusion, in all the participants, the worsening of attentional mechanisms was observed only after the Combat Sambo session in which blood lactate values exceeded 4 mmol/L. This figure, also known as the Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA), is commonly used to determine the anaerobic threshold.

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Wenger, Lisa M., John L. Oliffe, and Joan L. Bottorff. "Psychosocial Oncology Supports for Men." American Journal of Men's Health 10, no. 1 (November 11, 2014): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988314555361.

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Although men’s cancer experiences have received limited attention within the field of psychosocial oncology, increasing attention is being devoted to the development and evaluation of men-centered programs. This scoping review describes this emergent body of literature, detailing the focus, participation, and impact of interventions designed to help men with cancer build illness-specific knowledge, adapt to illness, manage side effects, distress, and uncertainty, sustain relationships, and more. Striving to build on existing knowledge, research gaps and opportunities are discussed, including a need for stronger methodologies, more tailored and targeted supports, attention to the experiences of men with nonprostate cancers, and the explicit integration of gender analyses in the research process.

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Subramanian, Muthumeenakshi, B. Geethanjali, N. P. Guhan Seshadri, Bhavana Venkat, and R. Vijayalakshmi. "Visualization of Brain Activation During Attention-Demanding Tasks Using Cognitive Signal Processing." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 11, no. 1 (January 2017): 60–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcini.2017010105.

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Attention is the primary cognitive process to induce a response to a stimulus. The present study aims at evaluating the activation of different brain regions while performing an attention requiring task. The analysis is achieved with the help of electroencephalography (EEG) recorded simultaneously during the entire period of execution of task. The relative theta and gamma power were significantly higher (p=0.05) during task when compared to rest, whereas in alpha band the relative power was significantly higher (p=0.05) during rest when compared to task. Event related synchronization (ERS) and Event Related Desynchronization (ERD) in relative theta power and relative alpha power respectively was observed particularly in the parietal electrodes (associated with attention). Theta synchronisation and alpha desynchronization is associated with good performance further supported by the task performance with minimal errors. These event-related changes helped sustain attention and visualization of the activated brain regions was accomplished for a better depiction of the findings.

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Friedman, Stewart D. "Sibling Relationships and Intergenerational Succession in Family Firms." Family Business Review 4, no. 1 (March 1991): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1991.00003.x.

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Sibling relationships can turn into rivalries that destroy family firms. In this article, clinical and theoretical research on families, organizations, and conflict resolution are drawn on to develop intervention strategies aimed at helping family firm members both increase awareness about forces that sustain destructive sibling conflicts and find ways of working through them. Competition for parental love and attention spurs sibling rivalry. Whether siblings become rivalrous depends largely on parental responses to this contest. Because adult brothers and sisters in family firms remain organizationally subordinated to their parents, they face unique challenges in overcoming sibling rivalry's harmful effects. Yet this is precisely the task confronting them if they are to sustain family management of their business through intergenerational succession.

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Suciu, B., R. Paunescu, and I. Miclutia. "Memory, attention and language deficits in major depressive disorder." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.756.

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ObjectivesFor a long time, cognitive deficits were considered as part of depressive episodes and were expected to improve as other affective symptoms diminished with treatment. Because of this, cognitive impairment was rarely assessed for Major depressive disorder, but in the present time this has changed.MethodsThe study included 35 patients (age between 18 and 70) diagnosed with recurrent major depressive disorder (according to ICD-10 and DSM-V) which were evaluated during an acute depressive episode. The severity of depression was quantified clinically and with the help of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale -17 items- whereas cognitive functions were evaluated with standard cognitive tests.ResultsOut of the 35 patients included, 25 were female patients, the rest of 10 being represented by male participants. A median score of 81,5 seconds on the Trail Making Test part A showed attention focusing deficits when compared with standard scores. For semantic fluency, ten words represented the mean score; whereas for phonemic fluency the mean score was lower (seven words). A median score of 5 words resulted from the assessment of the verbal learning and memory, these are considered to be associated with memorization and retention of a list of words given.ConclusionsThese results sustain what the majority of studies revealed, that cognitive deficits are present in all cognitive domains, mostly in attention, verbal fluency and memory.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Terreblanche, S. J. "The Post-Apartheid Economy." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 18, no. 2 (1990): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1548450500003863.

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The nature of the post-apartheid society is very much on the agenda. In the multitude of publications, conferences and debates on this agenda, the bulk of the attention is given to the need for—and the possible characteristics of—a non-racial political system. Much less attention is given to the nature of the post-apartheid economic system, and to the structural changes necessary to synchronize it with the new political system and to ensure that it will have the fiscal capacity to sustain a truly democratic parliamentary system.

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Terreblanche, S. J. "The Post-Apartheid Economy." Issue 18, no. 2 (1990): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700501085.

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The nature of the post-apartheid society is very much on the agenda. In the multitude of publications, conferences and debates on this agenda, the bulk of the attention is given to the need for—and the possible characteristics of—a non-racial political system. Much less attention is given to the nature of the post-apartheid economic system, and to the structural changes necessary to synchronize it with the new political system and to ensure that it will have the fiscal capacity to sustain a truly democratic parliamentary system.

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Wollter, Filip, Ola Segnestam Larsson, and Lars Oscarsson. "Sustaining a plurality of imperatives: an institutional analysis of knowledge perspectives in Swedish social service policies." Social Work and Social Sciences Review 22, no. 2 (April 8, 2021): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/swssr.v22i2.1511.

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Social services are among the public policy areas criticized for lacking a reliable knowledge base to support professional as well as political ambitions and actions. This article contributes to the literature on knowledge perspectives in social service policies by studying and analyzing mechanisms that sustain a plurality of perspectives in the policies. The empirical material consists of knowledge perspectives in social service policies at the national level for child and family care and substance abuse treatment in Sweden between 1992 and 2015. Mechanisms that sustain a plurality of perspectives are identified with the support of an institutional logics framework. The main findings are that a plurality of knowledge perspectives. such as professional, scientific, and organizational, seems to be a permanent rather than temporary configuration; and that this permanent plurality is sustained by a set of mechanisms, including assimilation, blending, segregation, and contradiction. Despite this pluralism, there are few comments or guidelines in policy regarding the relationship between different knowledge perspectives. The findings suggest that more attention should be paid to the relationship between different knowledge perspectives and its impact on social work practice. In this, research and practice together need to support a development towards a more transparent professional acting.

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Khanjani, Zeynab. "Study on Effectiveness of Yoga Training on Sustain Attention in Sub-groups of ADD, HD and ADHD Children." Psychology and Behavioral Sciences 5, no. 4 (2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20160504.11.

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Van der Lubbe, Rob H. J., Elian de Kleine, and Karolina Rataj. "Dyslexic individuals orient but do not sustain visual attention: Electrophysiological support from the lower and upper alpha bands." Neuropsychologia 125 (March 2019): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.01.013.

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Killgore, William D., and Gary H. Kamimori. "0225 Can Caffeine Sustain Attention and Vigilance Under Prolonged Monotonous Conditions During 77 Hours of Total Sleep Deprivation?" Sleep 42, Supplement_1 (April 2019): A92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsz067.224.

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Hines, Denise A., and Emily M. Douglas. "Understanding the Use of Violence Among Men Who Sustain Intimate Terrorism." Partner Abuse 2, no. 3 (2011): 259–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.2.3.259.

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Researchers in the field of intimate partner violence (IPV) are paying increasing levels of attention to the notion that members of aggressive and violent relationships cannot always be dichotomized as innocent victims versus blameworthy perpetrators; nonetheless, no research has documented characteristics of IPV victims that may predict their use of abusive and aggressive behaviors in response to their partners’ IPV. This study fills this gap and is unique because it uses a sample of 302 men who sustained intimate terrorism from their female partners and sought help. Results showed that victims who used physical IPV, in comparison with victims who did not, were younger and were more likely to abuse alcohol. In addition, in comparison with victims who used minor physical IPV, victims who used severe physical IPV were more likely to use—and use more frequently—other forms of IPV, and they were more likely to be substance abusers. Results are discussed in terms of possible theoretical implications, directions for future research, and practice implications.

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Hensby, Alexander. "Networks of Non-Participation: Comparing ‘Supportive’, ‘Unsupportive’ and ‘Undecided’ Non-Participants in the UK Student Protests against Fees and Cuts." Sociology 51, no. 5 (October 13, 2015): 957–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038515608113.

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As a topic in its own right, political non-participation is under-studied in the social sciences. While existing approaches have tended to focus on the gaps between engagement patterns and public policy, or the rational disincentives to an individual’s participation, less attention has been paid to the explanatory power of socio-cultural factors. Taking its lead from studies by Oegema and Klandermans and Norgaard, this article uses recent student protests in the UK as a case study for exploring non-participation. Drawing on survey and interview data, findings indicate that whereas network access and collective identification are commonly seen as helping produce and sustain political participation, networks of collective dis-identification might help to produce and sustain political non-participation.

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Ermakoff, Ivan. "Fear of Enemies and Collective Action. By Ioannis D. Evrigenis. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. 256p. $85.00." Perspectives on Politics 7, no. 1 (February 12, 2009): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592709090276.

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This book may be read from two complementary and enlightening perspectives: as a history of political thought centered on the role played by fear in group formation, and as a theoretical treatise on “negative association,” that is, collective action based on a principle of identification in opposition to others. Both perspectives sustain each other. The first draws attention to a rich and insightful reinterpretation of classical and lesser-known texts. The peculiarity of this history of political thought is that it records not inflection points but continuity and resilience. The second perspective is intended to bring about positive knowledge. This conflation of genres is an appealing facet of the book. In tracing a continuity of thought, Ioannis Evrigenis purports to demonstrate the validity of a theoretical claim about the centrality of negative association. By the same token, the historical exposé lays bare the set of premises that sustains the claim.

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Komorowska, Hanna. "The Role of Attention in Teacher Education: A Factor in the Quality of European Schooling." Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition 7, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/tapsla.7928.

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The text is an article of reflection aiming to examine causes of disproportions between the amount of effort undertaken by leading international institutions in the field of education and the quality of European school systems measured by the attainment of curricular goals. As worrying trends have been observed mainly at the classroom level, psychological rather than organizational factors need to be examined. It is hypothesized that current didactic problems should be explained by attention rather than motivation deficits. The paper, therefore, analyzes various types and aspects of attention, tendencies to misdirect it as well as ways of building and maintaining attention in order to counteract distraction, boredom and overstimulation of both teachers and learners. Suggestions are also formulated for pre- and in-service teacher education programs which are postulated to give more emphasis to the role of attention as well as to provide a toolkit of verbal and non-verbal strategies which may help language teachers to elicit and sustain learners’ attention without departing from the lesson scenario.

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Naina Mohamed, Rozita, and Halimahton Borhan. "Exploring customer attachment behaviour to sustain the retail industry in Malaysia." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 10, no. 1 (January 24, 2014): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-08-2013-0044.

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Purpose – The effectiveness of customer experience management to current market growth and perhaps business sustainability has drawn the attention of practitioners and academicians. This paper aims to address the gap by empirically investigating the effect of service encounter, trustworthy promotion and customer attachment behaviour with the moderating influence of customer emotional experience and commitment. Design/methodology/approach – The study has used a survey approach with a self-administered questionnaire distributed in a retail store intercept: a drop off and collect technique. A hypothesized model was developed, analyzed and tested rigorously using the structural equation modelling procedure. Findings – The findings reveal that customer emotional experience has positive significant effects on customer attachment behaviour, but not commitment. However, consumers in general will look for the trustworthiness of promotional activities when purchasing both local and international products. Originality/value – The novelty of this study is the contribution of original knowledge through the development of new findings from a new invention, using the practical tool of comprehensive customer emotion experience, with new dimensions, scale and model. These findings have important implications for future research directions and management of the local or international retail industry.

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Brewis, Alexandra, Karen L. Schmidt, and Claudia Amira Sánchez Casas. "Cross-cultural study of the childhood developmental trajectory of attention and impulse control." International Journal of Behavioral Development 27, no. 2 (March 2003): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0165025024400173.

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The maturation lag model explains inattention and impulsivity in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as delayed maturation along a normal developmental trajectory. The concept of a cross-culturally uniform developmental trajectory is tested by a comparison of the performance of 212 Mexican school children on the Test of Variable Attention (TOVA) with the performance of populations previously studied. An observed pattern of decreasing errors of omission (indicating improving ability to sustain attention) with increasing age did confirm the predictions of the existing developmental trajectory model, although the shape of this change was linear rather than curvilinear. A predicted age-related decrease in errors of commission (indicating improving impulse control) was not observed. Gender differences in attentional and impulse control measures among Mexican children, aged 6–12 years, were not significant, in contrast to the findings of previous US studies in which boys performed poorly compared with girls. Mexican children made significantly more errors of omission and commission than American children, indicating greater degrees of characteristic inattentive and impulsive behaviours in childhood. These results indicate that the assumption of a uniform developmental trajectory of these behaviours should be carefully considered before it is applied to understanding children’s behaviour in culturally diverse settings.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Sustain attention'

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