Journal articles on the topic 'Suspension'
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1
Savić, Vesna, Milica Martinović, Ivana Nešić, Jelena Živković, and Ivana Gajić. "Influence of additives on suspension structure." Advanced Technologies 10, no. 1 (2021): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/savteh2101037s.
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The aim of this study was to compare the stability and texture of three zinc oxide suspensions with different additives. Suspension 1 was made as official magistral formulation Suspensio album 7.5% from Formulae magistrales 2008. Suspension 2 was prepared when 1% carbomer gel was added to suspension 1 and suspension 3 was prepared when polysorbate 20 was added to suspension 2. After stability tests, texture analysis was performed on all suspensions. Following parameters were measured: hardness cycle 1, hardness cycle 2, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, resilience and springiness. The study showed that suspension 3 had the lowest value of hardness, and therefore the best spreadability. Also, suspension 3 was the least sticky of all three, since it was characterized with the lowest adhesiveness. Further, suspension 3 was the most cohesive and is predicted to withstand the stress during packing and use longer than others. On the other hand, the highest values of resilience and springiness were detected for suspension 1, while the lowest was related to suspension 2. Therefore, the best textural characteristics were assigned to suspension 3. This result is in accordance with the results of performed stability tests. The results of our study offer insight into potential improvements of the current magistral formulation Suspensio album 7.5%.
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Dodange, Setare, Reza Riahifar, Babak Raissi, Maziar S. Yaghmaee, and Amir Alhaji. "Heterocoagulation simulation of nano alumina and silica particle dispersion using discrete element method." International Journal of Materials Research 113, no. 4 (March 22, 2022): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2020-8123.
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Abstract Heterocoagulation in alumina–silica suspension is studied using 2-dimensional discrete element method simulations. Controlling the structure and stability of the binary suspensions via selecting the appropriate size of precursors is crucial in ceramics processing. Alumina and silica particles with a broad range of sizes and size ratios are investigated. The size and the size ratio determine the degree of heterocoagulation and impact the suspension’s structure. Analyzing simulation results shows that when the sizes of silica and alumina particles are comparable, and the radii of particles are below 300 nm, a chain-like structure is formed. In suspensions with high size asymmetry, smaller silica particles surround larger alumina particles, and the degree of heterocoagulation is dependent on the composition of the suspension. The results show that suspension composition can also be used to tune the heterocoagulation structure.
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Sun, Li, Zhao Deng, and Qing Zhang. "Design and Strength Analysis of FSAE Suspension." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (December 9, 2014): 414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01408010414.
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China FSAE race introduced formula racing gradually in the university campus in order to make FSAE racing have better ride comfort, handling and stability. Design and strength analysis of FSAE suspension were also proposed. Firstly, according to the whole layout of FSAE racing, the suspension mode was selected, both front and rear suspension were unequal push rod type double wishbone independent suspensions. Secondly, the main parameters and the orientation structure of the front and rear suspension were preliminarily designed. The wheels alignment parameters were selected with all kinds of stiffness, damping coefficient, followed by cross arm length calculation. According to the design parameters, suitable rim and shock absorber were chosen to determine the structure of the suspension’s main components . Thirdly, the front and rear suspension models were set up by the SolidWorks 3D software. Finally, the analysis of static stress on the main components of FSAE racing using the simulation module was performed to form the car suspension system so that it meets the design requirements of the FSAE regulations. This paper could provide references for the real vehicle development.
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Lee, Seungjun, Jaehoo Lee, and Nongmoon Hwang. "Effect of the Dispersion State in Y5O4F7 Suspension on YOF Coating Deposited by Suspension Plasma Spray." Coatings 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2021): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070831.
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The stable Y5O4F7 suspension for dense yttrium oxyfluoride (YOF) coating by suspension plasma spraying (SPS) was developed. Electrostatically and electrosterically stabilized aqueous Y5O4F7 suspensions were prepared and compared with a commercially available Y5O4F7 suspension without dispersant. The wettability and dispersibility of the Y5O4F7 suspensions were evaluated in terms of the zeta potential, average particle size, and size distribution with electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The viscosity was measured and the sedimentation was tested to examine the fluidity and stability of the Y5O4F7 suspensions. When electrostatic (BYK-154) and electrosteric (BYK-199) dispersants were added to the Y5O4F7 suspension, the isoelectric point (IEP) of Y5O4F7 particles in the suspension shifted to lower pH. The zeta potential of both of electrostatically and electrosterically stabilized Y5O4F7 suspensions were higher than ±40 mV at pH of 8.6, respectively, which were much higher than of the Y5O4F7 suspension without dispersant. Meanwhile, the average particle size of the electrosterically stabilized Y5O4F7 suspension was much smaller than that of the electrostatically stabilized one. The electrosteric stabilization had a great effect on improving the wettability and dispersibility of the Y5O4F7 suspension. The coating rate of the electrosterically stabilized Y5O4F7 suspension was the highest among the three tested suspensions. In addition, the YOF coating deposited with the electrosterically stabilized Y5O4F7 suspension had the highest hardness and the lowest porosity.
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Zhou, Hai Fang, Xiao Xiang Wang, and Ri Zhi Wang. "Electrophoretic Deposition of Nacre Coatings on Titanium Substrates." Key Engineering Materials 309-311 (May 2006): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.747.
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Nacre powder suspensions in alcohol added with acetic acid (Suspension I) or calcium chloride (Suspension II) were prepared. Titanium substrates were coated with nacre powder by EPD in the suspensions. The result shows that Suspension II is more stable than Suspension I, and deposition rate in Suspension II is much higher than that in Suspension I. XRD and FTIR results show that the nacre coatings exhibit the same characteristics as the raw nacre powder. SEM morphologies show that uniform coatings are achieved. Scratch test shows that bonding strength of coatings from Suspension I is much higher than that of Suspension II. The higher bonding strength from Suspension I was confirmed to be closely related to the concurrent deposition of organic molecules dissolved in the suspension.
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Peng, Yucheng, and Brian Via. "The Effect of Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspension Treatment on Suspension Viscosity and Casted Film Property." Polymers 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 2168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132168.
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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted significant interest in different industrial sectors. Many applications have been developed and more are being explored. Pre-treatment of the suspension plays a critical role for different applications. In this study, different pre-treatment methods, including homogenization, ultrasonication, and mixing with a magnetic stirrer were applied to a CNC suspension. After treatment, the rheological behaviors of the treated CNC suspensions were characterized using a rotational viscometer. The treated suspensions were then used to cast films for characterization by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR). All the CNC suspensions demonstrated a shear thinning phenomena. Homogenization or ultrasonication significantly decreased the suspension viscosity compared with the suspension mixed by a magnetic stirrer. The viscosity of CNC suspension changed with time after treatment and settlement of treated CNC suspensions in room conditions increased the viscosity dramatically with time. Different UV and visible light interferences were observed for the CNC films generated from suspensions treated by different methods. The degree of crystallinity of the CNC films evaluated by FT-NIR showed that the film from suspension treated by homogenization and ultrasonication has the highest degree of crystallinity. Pre-treatments of CNC suspension affected the suspension viscosities and formed film properties.
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Yang, Lin, Jun Wei Zhang, and Si Zhong Chen. "Research on Hydro-Pneumatic Balanced Suspension of Multi-Spindled Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 66-68 (July 2011): 855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.855.
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A hydro-pneumatic balanced suspension is proposed based on the structural features of general hydro-pneumatic suspension and balanced suspension. Two types of suspensions mathematics models are built and differential equations of motion are derived with Lagrange-Equation. Performance of the two suspensions is simulated with the software of MATLAB. The results show that ride performance of vehicles is improved using hydro-pneumatic balanced suspension. Therefore, hydro-pneumatic balanced suspension is more suitable for multi-spindled vehicles.
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Mantry, Shubhrajit, Shubham Shinde, Sahil Shaikh, Sumit Joshi, and Ganesh Dama. "Emerging Implementation of Nano-Suspension Technology for Delivery of Poorly Soluble Drug for the Treatment of Helminths Disease." International Journal of Current Research and Review 14, no. 06 (2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/ijcrr.2022.14607.
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Anthelmintics are medications that are used to treat parasitic worm infections. This comprises flat worms like flukes and tapeworms as well as round worms like nematodes. They are critical for human tropical medicine. Nano-suspensions are one of the many applications of nanotechnology. Nano-suspensions are liquid formulations that feature submicron colloidal dispersion of pharmaceutical active component particles stabilised by surfactants. Nano-suspension technology is a novel and cost-effective method for improving the bioavailability of hydrophobic medicines, particularly those that are poorly soluble in aqueous solutions. Nano-suspensions play a significant role in the development of new medication formulations. High pressure homogenizers, emulsion solvent evaporation, melt emulsification technique, and nanoprecipitation are all used to make nano-suspensions. Particle size, zeta potential, drug content, and in vitro drug dissolution were all examined for the nano-suspensions. Poorly soluble drugs can benefit from nano-suspension technology to improve their stability and bioavailability. The bioavailability of nano-suspension was also tested in mice, which showed that the particle size distribution of nano-suspension was considerably affected by bioavailability. The rate of anthelmintic nano-suspension dissolution was substantially higher than that of raw drug powder. In vivo pharmacokinetic characteristics of nano-suspension indicated a substantial increase in Cmax and AUC(0-t) when compared to pure drug. When compared to pure drug bioavailability, anthelmintic nano-suspension had a greater oral bioavailability.
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Nugroho, Pipit Wahyu. "Analisis Getaran Kendaraan Sistem Satu Roda dalam tinjauan Dua Derajat Kebebasan." Jurnal Energi dan Teknologi Manufaktur (JETM) 2, no. 01 (June 30, 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jetm.v2i01.34.
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The comfort of the vehicle passenger of the vehicle and its stability are the important variables that are always needed by everyone who uses transportation. In order to achieve this goal, the suspension of the vehicle will play an important role because its function is to isolate passengers from the effects of excitation from outside the vehicle and also to control the wheels attached to the road surface.
Therefore in this study, the influence of various types of suspensions on vehicle vibrations is observed in terms of comfort and stability. The type of suspension in this study is related to the level of suspensión stiffness namely the spring and the damper. Vehicle modeling to be applied in a one-wheeled vehicle with two degrees of freedom. The experimental study is conducted by loading of vehicle body weight and passengers to three type of suspension, soft, medium and hard. Vibration responses to be analyzed on the vehicle equation using Matlab to obtain the acceleration response of the displacement and the defelction.
This research obtains a vibration response graph for each type of suspension for some kind of road profile.
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Peng, Zhiwei, and John F. Brady. "Forced microrheology of active colloids." Journal of Rheology 66, no. 5 (September 2022): 955–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1122/8.0000504.
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Particle-tracking microrheology of dilute active (self-propelled) colloidal suspensions is studied by considering the external force required to maintain the steady motion of an immersed constant-velocity colloidal probe. If the probe speed is zero, the suspension microstructure is isotropic but exhibits a boundary accumulation of active bath particles at contact due to their self-propulsion. As the probe moves through the suspension, the microstructure is distorted from the nonequilibrium isotropic state, which allows us to define a microviscosity for the suspension using the Stokes drag law. For a slow probe, we show that active suspensions exhibit a swim-thinning behavior in which their microviscosity is gradually lowered from that of passive suspensions as the swim speed increases. When the probe speed is fast, the suspension activity is obscured by the rapid advection of the probe and the measured microviscosity is indistinguishable from that of passive suspensions. Generally for finite activity, the suspension exhibits a velocity-thinning behavior—though with a zero-velocity plateau lower than passive suspensions—as a function of the probe speed. These behaviors originate from the interplay between the suspension activity and the hard-sphere excluded-volume interaction between the probe and a bath particle.
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Borojeni, Iman Azarian, Babak Raissi, Amir Maghsoudipour, Mahmood Kazemzad, and Ehsan Marzbanrad. "Aging Behavior of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) in Non Aqueous Suspensions for Electrophoretic Deposition Application." Key Engineering Materials 412 (June 2009): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.412.279.
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In this research aging behaviors of yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) in non aqueous suspensions, namely ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, acetylacetone and the mixture of ethanol-acetylacetone were investigated. For this purpose, electrical conductivity, electrophoretic mobility and suspension stability during aging time (6 to 7 days) were evaluated. Except for the ethanol-acetyl acetone mixture, each suspension contained 0 to 0.8 g/L iodine. It was revealed that, the alcoholic suspensions indicated lower conductivity in comparison with acetylacetone suspensions. However, acetylacetone suspension showed lower conductivity variation with time. Although iodine could improve the electrophoretic mobility of ethanol and acetylacetone suspensions, it had little effect on electrophoretic mobility of isopropanol and n-propanol suspensions. Also, it was indicated that iodine as a dispersant was not helpful for alcoholic suspensions stability. It was concluded that the mixture of acetylacetone-ethanol suspension was the best candidate in this study for electrophoretic deposition of YSZ, owing to its little behavior variation with the aging time, low conductivity and high electrophoretic mobility. High quality crack-free layers were electrophoretically deposited from this suspension on the substrate by applying 50 V/cm electrical field.
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Baker-Smith, E. Christine. "Suspensions Suspended: Do Changes to High School Suspension Policies Change Suspension Rates?" Peabody Journal of Education 93, no. 2 (February 9, 2018): 190–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0161956x.2018.1435043.
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Mohd Riduan, Aizuddin Fahmi, Noreffendy Tamaldin, Ajat Sudrajat, and Fauzi Ahmad. "Review on active suspension system." SHS Web of Conferences 49 (2018): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184902008.
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For the past decade, active suspension systems had made up most of research area concerning vehicle dynamics. For this review, recent studies on automobile active suspensions systems were examined. Several vehicular suspension types were also described to compare amongst them. From published investigations by previous researchers, various automotive suspensions in terms of cost, weight, structure, reliability, ride comfortability, dynamic and handling performance were exhibited and compared. After careful examination, it was concluded that electromagnetic active suspensions should be the general direction of vehicle suspension designs due to its energy regeneration, high bandwidth, simpler structure, flexible and accurate force control, better handling performance as well as drive characteristics.
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Horie, Masanori, Haruhisa Kato, Shigehisa Endoh, Ayako Nakamura, Junko Maru, Naohide Shinohara, and Katsuhide Fujita. "Effects of Various Carbon Nanotube Suspensions on A549, THP-1, and Peritoneal Macrophage Cells." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 24 (July 2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.24.1.
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The effects of iron content, fiber length, and stability of carbon nanotube (CNT) suspension on cells were examined. Five kinds of single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) suspensions were prepared: with catalytic iron, without iron, long SWCNTs (stable), short SWCNTs (stable), and short SWCNT (unstable). These suspensions were applied to A549, THP-1, and mouse peritoneal macrophage cells. After a 24-h exposure, the mitochondrial activity, cell membrane damage, intracellular oxidative stress, and expression of cytokine genes were determined. Among these properties of SWCNTs, stability of CNT suspension had the most influence on the cells, whereas the effects of iron content and fiber length were small. The unstable SWCNT suspension caused a substantial increase in intracellular ROS levels. Additionally, the cellular effects of stable multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were examined. The MWCNT suspension did not show any cellular effects. Overall, influences of CNT suspension on mitochondrial activity and cell membrane damage were small. These results suggest that the physical properties of CNT suspension are important factors for their cellular effects. Thus, CNT suspensions prepared with the same material but having different physical properties would differ in the cellular effects they exert, including cytotoxicity. Therefore, physical characterization of CNT suspensions is essential to the evaluation of CNT toxicity. In particular, stability of CNT suspension notably influenced the intracellular ROS level.
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Zhang, Xin-Jie, Mehdi Ahmadian, and Kong-Hui Guo. "On the Benefits of Semi-Active Suspensions with Inerters." Shock and Vibration 19, no. 3 (2012): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/640275.
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Inerters have become a hot topic in recent years especially in vehicle, train, building suspension systems, etc. Eight different layouts of suspensions were analyzed with a quarter-car model in this paper. Dimensionless root mean square (RMS) responses of the sprung mass vertical acceleration, the suspension travel, and the tire deflection are derived which were used to evaluate the performance of the quarter-car model. The behaviour of semi-active suspensions with inerters using Groundhook, Skyhook, and Hybrid control has been evaluated and compared to the performance of passive suspensions with inerters. Sensitivity analysis was applied to the development of a high performance semi-active suspension with an inerter. Numerical simulations indicate that a semi-active suspension with an inerter has much better performance than the passive suspension with an inerter, especially with the Hybrid control method, which has the best compromise between comfort and road holding quality.
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Nurdin, Irwan, Idris Yaacob Iskandar, M. Rafie Johan, and Bee Chin Ang. "Characterization and Stability Monitoring of Maghemite Nanoparticle Suspensions." Advanced Materials Research 576 (October 2012): 398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.576.398.
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Maghemite nanoparticle suspensions were synthesized using a co-precipitation method and characterized by a variety of techniques including XRD, TEM, magnetic measurement, DLS, and zeta potential. The stability of the suspension was monitored by measuring the particle size distribution using DLS over a period of two months. The diffraction pattern from XRD measurement confirmed that the particles were maghemite with an average crystallite size of 9.4 nm. TEM observations and analyses showed that the geometry of maghemite nanoparticles were nearly spherical with a mean physical diameter of 9.9 nm. The maghemite nanoparticles showed superparamagnetic behavior with saturation magnetization value of 32.20 emu/g. The mean hydrodynamic diameter of the suspension remained unchanged after two months which indicated no formation of aggregation. The hydrodynamic diameters recorded were 45.1 nm and 48.4 nm, respectively. Additionally, lack of sedimentation indicated that the suspension was stable. The suspension’s zeta potential values were 41.5 mV and 40.4 mV for as synthesized and after two month of storage respectively.
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Lacoe, Johanna, and Matthew P. Steinberg. "Do Suspensions Affect Student Outcomes?" Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 41, no. 1 (August 17, 2018): 34–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0162373718794897.
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Discipline reformers claim that suspensions negatively affect suspended students, while others suggest reforms have unintended consequences for peers. Using student panel data from the School District of Philadelphia, we implement student fixed effects and instrumental variable (IV) strategies to examine the consequences of suspensions for offending students and their peers. A suspension decreases math and reading achievement for suspended students. The effects are robust to IV estimates leveraging a district-wide policy change in suspension use. Suspensions are more salient for students who personally experience suspension than for their peers. Exposure to suspensions for more serious misconduct has very small, negative spillovers onto peer achievement, but does not change peer absences.
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Tang, Ai Hua, Jian Ping Tian, and Xiao Xu Liu. "Kinematics Characteristic Analysis and Structural Parameter Optimization of Twist Beam Rear Suspension." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 1710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.1710.
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The multi-body dynamics analysis is an important method to analyze the movement and dynamics characteristics of a car in modern vehicle design process . The twist beam rear suspension which is for rear wheel steering was widely equipped on front engine rear wheel drive vehicles . The modeling of twist beam rear suspensions is always difficult to describe accurately for its unique structural behaviour . First of all , a non-linear method based on multi-body dynamics was used to establish the dynamics model of the twist beam rear suspension system by using the ADAMS/Car . Secondly, the kinematics analysis of the rear suspension was realized and the main suspension parameters (toe angle, camber angle and wheel base) were calculated by changing wheel travel by means of ADAMS/Car . Finally , the suspension was optimized . The result shows that integrative use of ADAMS/Car and ADAMS/Insight in the kinematics analysis and optimized design of the suspensions is rapidly and effectively to design vehicle suspensions .
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Matheus, Boeira Braga, and Cristina dos Santos Rocha Sandra. "Effect of Surface Properties on Particle Growth Kinetics for Polymer Coating in Spouted Bed." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1616–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1616.
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In this research, glass beads with size range between 1.68 and 2mm were coated with 5 polymeric suspensions. The suspensions formulations differ in relation to their employment and physical properties (solids concentration, surface tension and rheology), generating different characteristics of wettability and adhesion with the nucleus. The aim of this study was to evaluate particle coating in a spouted bed through analysis of particle growth in terms of solid surface energy, wettability, and adhesion before and after the formation of the first layer of polymeric film on the particle. The solid-suspension and film-suspension systems were characterized by contact angle and surface energy. The operating conditions were fixed for all suspensions: 1.5 kg of beads, air velocity of 0.369 m/s, air temperature of 60 °C, suspension flow rate of 4 ml and atomizing pressure of 10 psig. Analyzing particle growth kinetics, different behaviors were observed and related not only to glass-suspension wettability, but also to polymeric film-suspension surface properties.
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Rakhmankulova, Barna, Sayibdjan Mirzaev, and Mazhid Yusupov. "Numerical simulation of tasks of vertical viscoelastic oscillation of suspension systems of frame, engine, cabin and seat." E3S Web of Conferences 365 (2023): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336501007.
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The analysis of the structures of the springing systems of modern vehicles showed that polymer composites are used in vehicles for which the decrease in curb weight is a critical indicator. The use of springs (suspensions) from polymer composites makes it possible to reduce the weight of the elastic element and increase durability while improving the smoothness of movement, reducing noise, and increasing traffic safety. When replacing the steel suspension with a polymer composite suspension, the mass of unsprung parts of the car decreases, and the economic performance of wheeled vehicles improves. The article discusses the problem of vertical viscoelastic oscillations of the suspension systems of the skeleton, engine, cabin, and seat. When considering the suspension's rheological properties, the Boltzmann-Volterra integral model is used. The Koltunov-Rzhanitsyn nucleus is used as a nucleus, which has weakly singular features of the Abel type. The system of integro-differential equations describing the studied process is solved by a method based on the use of quadrature formulas. The effect of the parameters of the hereditary-deformable properties of the suspension on the vibration shape is shown.
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Moravec, Jiří, Tomáš Jirout, František Rieger, and Lukáš Krátký. "Mixing system for highly concentrated fine-grained suspensions." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 11, no. 4 (January 1, 2009): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-009-0043-9.
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Mixing system for highly concentrated fine-grained suspensions The mixing equipment for highly concentrated fine-grained suspensions must be designed differently from the equipment in which a suspension with a low concentration of the solid phase or bigger particles is mixed. It is due to the different rheological properties of the suspensions. In this work we are trying to find a suitable mixing system for a highly concentrated fine-grained suspension. The aim was to determine an effect of particular geometrical parameters of the tested mixing systems on a suspension process, especially from the energetic viewpoint. The energetic costs of all the used mixing systems were compared on the basis of the power consumption which was necessary for reaching the state of sufficient suspension movement in the whole mixed bulk. As a result, it was confirmed that multistage impellers can be used even in standard vessels (with a liquid level height equal to a vessel diameter) with a profit. During experiments, the state of sufficient movement was determined by a visual observation of the suspension at the vessel bottom, at the wall and also at the suspension level.
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Sahu, Yogesh, Arvind Singh Jadon, Prateek Jain, Bhupendra Singh Thakur, Basant Khare, and Anushree Jain. "An Overview on Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Suspensions." International Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research 7, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v7i1.54.
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The suspension is a biphasic liquid or semi-solid dosage form where the finely divided insoluble solid drug particles are homogeneously dispersed in a liquid or semi-solid medium. The solid drug particles act here as the dispersed phase and the liquid or the semi-solid as the dispersion medium. The particle diameter in a suspension is usually greater than 0.5 µm. However, it is difficult and also impractical to impose a sharp boundary between the suspensions and the dispersions having finer particles. Suspensions are an important class of pharmaceutical dosage forms. The advantages of suspension dosage forms include effective dispensing of hydrophobic drugs; avoidance of the use of cosolvents; masking of unpleasant taste of certain ingredients; offering resistance to degradation of drugs due to hydrolysis, oxidation or microbial activity; easy swallowing for young or elderly patients; and efficient intramuscular depot therapy. In addition, when compared to solution dosage forms, relatively higher concentration of drugs can be incorporated into suspension products. The present review provides an overview of various aspects of suspensions such as classification of suspensions, theories of suspensions, various suspending agents, formulations aspects of suspensions, stability of suspensions and recent research work that is being carried on suspensions. Keywords: Suspensions, suspending agents, flocculated, Stability.
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Qiu, Chengqun, Ang Chen, Yuqiu Xu, and Yujie Shen. "Optimal Design and Dynamic Performance Analysis of Vehicle Suspension Employing an Eccentric Inerter." Shock and Vibration 2022 (September 8, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6696788.
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This paper concerns the dynamic performance analysis of the vehicle ISD (inerter-spring-damper) suspension employing an eccentric inerter. Firstly, the quarter car model of the two basic vehicle suspension layouts involving an eccentric inerter, namely, the series-connected layout and the parallel-connected layout, is established. Then, by considering the overall performance such as the vehicle body acceleration, the suspension working space, and the dynamic tire load, the key parameters of the two suspensions are optimized by using the genetic algorithm. Simulation analysis results indicate that the series-connected vehicle ISD suspension is superior to the parallel-connected one, and all of the RMS values of the body acceleration, the suspension working space, and the dynamic tire load are decreased significantly by comparing to the conventional suspension, while the improvement of the parallel-connected vehicle ISD suspension is relatively poor. At last, the impact of the flywheel eccentricity and the screw pitch on the dynamic performance indices of the two suspensions is discussed, and the trade-offs among the three performances are analyzed, which will provide a guide method for the suspension design when considering the eccentric factor.
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Tran, Jennie, Melissa A. Gervase, Jason Evans, Rebecca Deville, and Xiaowei Dong. "The stability of quetiapine oral suspension compounded from commercially available tablets." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): e0255963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255963.
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Quetiapine fumarate (QF) is an atypical antipsychotic used off-label for the treatment of delirium in critically-ill infants and children. For the treatment of pediatric populations or patient populations with trouble swallowing tablets, an oral suspension would be an ideal dosage formulation. However, there are no liquid formulations of QF commercially available. Therefore, a compounded oral suspension prepared from the commercial QF tablets is widely used in clinical settings. The extemporaneous preparation of QF compounded oral suspension changes the formulation from a solid form to a liquid form. Thus, the stability of QF compounded oral suspension should be critically evaluated to guide pharmacists for administration and storage of QF compounded oral suspensions. However, the stability of the nonaqueous oral QF suspension was not measured. The objective of this study was to develop QF compounded oral suspensions at 10 mg/mL by using commercial QF tablets in two readily available aqueous vehicles (Ora-Sweet and Ora-Blend) and measure their stability at both room temperature and under refrigeration. Physical stability of the QF compounded suspensions were evaluated by appearance and odor. Chemical stability of the QF compounded suspensions were evaluated based on pH, degradation, drug content and the amount of the drug dissolved in the vehicles. An HPLC method was validated and used to evaluate QF compounded suspensions over 60 days. In addition to the total drug in the suspensions, the dissolved drug in the vehicles was also measured during the stability testing and evaluated as a stability parameter. Overall, QF suspension prepared in Ora-Blend was preferable, demonstrating a superior 60-day stability at both room temperature and refrigerated storage.
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Zhou, Bin. "Optimization Design of Engine Mounting System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.168.
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This paper studied the original rubber suspensions, which found that the original rubber suspension has high transfer ratio, not conducive to energy attenuation. In view of this situation, redesigned of the new rubber suspension, the new rubber suspension was studied by 3D numerical analysis, the results show, the new suspension on the structure and mechanical properties can meet the needs of the engine. The new suspension and the original suspension are doing the contrast test, the results show, the new suspension has the low transmission rate, and transmission rate increases with the speed change relatively flat, which to improve the comfort of the car.
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Butler, Jason E. "Suspension dynamics: moving beyond steady." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 752 (July 4, 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.278.
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AbstractThe dynamics of flowing, concentrated suspensions of non-colloidal particles continues to surprise, despite decades of work and the widespread importance of suspension transport properties to industrial processes and natural phenomena. Blanc, Lemaire & Peters (J. Fluid Mech., 2014, vol. 746, R4) report a striking example. They probed the time-dependent dynamics of concentrated suspensions of rigid and neutrally buoyant spheres by simultaneously measuring the oscillatory rheology and the sedimentation rate of a falling ball. The sedimentation velocity of the ball through the suspension depends strongly on the frequency of oscillation, though the rheology was found to be independent of frequency. The results demonstrate the complexities of suspension flows and highlight opportunities for improving models by exploring suspension dynamics and rheology over a wide range of conditions, beyond steady and unidirectional ones.
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Tang, Ai Hua, Ou Jian, and Guo Hong Deng. "Modeling and Kinematics Characteristic Analysis of Twist Beam Rear Suspension Using ADAMS/Car." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 1056–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.1056.
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The multi-body system analysis has become one of the main simulation techniques to calculate the kinematics characteristics of a car suspension under wheel travel or to build a virtual prototype model of a vehicle in order to predict the vehicle dynamics performance. The modeling of twist beam rear suspensions is always difficult for the unique structural behavior of this component. A non-linear method based on multi-body dynamics software (ADAMS/Car) was used to represent the twist beam within the suspension system. The kinematics characteristic analysis of the rear suspension was realized by means of ADAMS/Car. The main suspension parameters (toe angle, camber angle and wheel track variation) were calculated by changing wheel travel. The result shows that the method of suspension kinematics analysis by using ADAMS/Car can be used in the design of suspensions conveniently.
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Zhang, Li Ming, Tian Ma, Hai Feng Li, and Yong Huang. "Preparation of Refractory Nozzle by Gelcasting of Zirconia Suspensions with Coarse Particles." Key Engineering Materials 280-283 (February 2007): 987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.280-283.987.
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Zirconia suspensions with coarse particles were prepared and the rheogical behavior and sediment stability of such suspensions with different dispersants were studied. It was found that ZrO2 suspension stabilized with TAC (tri-ammonium citrate) has an obvious shear-thinning behavior and rapid settlement; In contrast, the suspension stabilized with arabic gum shows a shear-thickening behavior and hardly any settlement. Considering both fluidity and settlement stability, APA (ammonium-polyacrylate) was chosen as the dispersant to increase the solid volume fraction of ZrO2 suspension. Utilizing the above suspension, a kind of refractory nozzle for precision casting of a Cu-Cr alloy was prepared by gelcasting. Such nozzle has a very good resistance to thermal shock and flux scouring.
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Pugazhenthi, N., M. Karthick, and D. L. Belgin Paul. "Improving the Efficiency of Suspension for Automobiles Using Ferrofluid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 854 (October 2016): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.854.109.
Full textAbstract:
In automobile application, suspensions are used for various purposes. To improve the stability and to withstand maximum load we are trying to add additional source which is called suspension. These suspensions are made attached along with the ordinary suspension. This is manufactured using magnetic fluid called ferrofluid. Here the complete preparation of ferrofluid was done and their characteristics were studied. In this, the experimental setup of suspension has been studied and working was analyzed. The fluid was prepared and compared the viscosity with ordinary fork oil. This liquid substance which acts as a source of suspension, which has maximum efficiency when compared to ordinary fluid. These can be varied to different shapes depending on the application and needs.
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Alfagih, Iman M., Norah Aloraini, and Eram Eltahir. "Quality and Stability Evaluation of Extemporaneously Compounded Losartan Potassium Oral Suspension at the Hospital Pharmacy." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International 35, no. 14 (May 25, 2023): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2023/v35i147371.
Full textAbstract:
Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of an extemporaneous formulation of losartan potassium oral suspensions from crushed losartan potassium tablets to ensure that the compounded suspension maintained its quality attributes during its storage period.
Methodology: Losartan potassium suspensions were compounded extemporaneously in the same way they are prepared for patients at a hospital pharmacy. The suspensions were kept in the refrigerator at 4°C and evaluated immediately and after 9, 18, and 28 days. Suspension ease of redispersion, color, odor, pH, particle size, zeta potential, viscosity, and sedimentation volume were all evaluated. In addition, microbiological stability, drug content, and drug dissolution were assessed.
Results: During the study period, the extemporaneously compounded suspension retained its color and odor, and the pH profile remained consistent. Moreover, all suspensions were easily resuspended in a homogeneous liquid with gentle shaking, and no caking was detected. Furthermore, the results of the microbiological test revealed no microbial growth. The content uniformity and dissolution test results met the pharmacopeial requirements. The findings revealed that the losartan potassium compounding procedure was reliable and capable of producing 2.5 mg/mL of losartan potassium suspension using commercially available tablets and Ora-Blend as a suspending vehicle. Furthermore, after 28 days in the refrigerator (4°C), the suspension had acceptable quality features.
Conclusion: Extemporaneously compounded suspension allows physicians to prescribe a variable dose that adjusts to each patient’s needs, providing treatment when the liquid dosage form is unavailable.
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Yi, Kyongsu, and Karl Hedrick. "Dynamic Tire Force Control by Semiactive Suspensions." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 115, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899124.
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This paper presents a semiactive suspension control algorithm to reduce dynamic tire forces and it includes the development and application of observers for bilinear systems with unknown disturbances. The peak dynamic tire forces, which are greatly in excess of static tire forces, are highly dependent on the dynamic characteristics of vehicle suspensions. One way to reduce dynamic tire forces is to use advanced suspension systems such as semiactive suspensions. Semiactive control laws to reduce dynamic tire forces are investigated and a bilinear observer structure for bilinear systems with unknown disturbances is formulated such that the estimation error is independent of the unknown external disturbances and the error dynamics are stable for bounded inputs. The motivation for the development of a disturbance decoupled bilinear observer comes from the state estimation problem in semiactive suspensions. An experimental study on the performance of a semiactive suspension to reduce the dynamic tire forces is made via a laboratory vehicle test rig. The semiactive suspension has been implemented by using a modulable damper, accelerometers and a personal computer. Experimental studies show that the performance of the semiactive suspension is close to that of the best passive suspension for all frequency ranges in the sense of minimizing the dynamic tire forces and that the dynamic tire force can be replaced by the estimated one. The dynamic tire forces for both passive and semiactive control test cases are compared to show the potential of a semiactive suspension to reduce the dynamic tire forces.
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Shannan, J. E., and M. J. Vanderploeg. "A Vehicle Handling Model With Active Suspensions." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 111, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3259009.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents two vehicle models used to investigate the effects of active suspensions. One is a linear seven degree of freedom ride model. The second is a nonlinear ten degree of freedom ride and handling model. Full state feedback optimal control algorithms are developed for both models. The seven degree of freedom model is used to study ride effects. The active suspension substantially reduced the motion of the sprung mass. The ten degree of freedom model is used to study the effects of the active suspension on the directional response characteristics of the vehicle. The handling characteristics exhibited by the active suspension are very similar to those of the passive suspension. However, the active suspension did significantly reduce sprung mass motions during the handling maneuvers. It is then illustrated that by altering various feedback gains, active suspensions can be made to change the handling characteristics in the nonlinear range.
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Nakaznoy, Oleg A., and Alexander A. Tsipilev. "On calculational analysis of suspensions with hydraulic springs." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 16, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-105257.
Full textAbstract:
BACKGROUND: The information about application of hydraulic springs in suspension systems of tanks and self-propelled artillery weapons may be found in domestic scientific and nonfiction literature. In addition, machines, which prototypes were equipped with this type of suspension, are known. For instance, possibility of hydraulic suspension implementation was proven on the T-34 tank prorotype, whereas application of this type of suspension with heavy tanks gave the most prospectivity. Complication of sealing build-up with sufficient life span, development of technologies of metal springs strengthening and shutdown of heavy tanks development did not allowed hydraulic suspensions to become widespread. At present, they are not used at all, whereas methods of analytical calculation are not in public access, despite of the interest of a group of scientists.
AIMS: Development of the method of determination of main parameters of suspensions with hydraulic springs and analysis of properties of the T-34-76 Soviet middle tank prototype hydraulic suspension from the point of modern theory of nonlinear suspension systems.
METHODS: Justification and confidence of given dependencies for properties calculation, conclusions and recommendations are confirmed with application of strict mathematical apparatus of mechanics, hydraulics and thermodynamics as well as scientifically justified theoretical backgrounds.
RESULTS: Historic data on liquids compressibility researches, method of analytical determination of main properties of hydraulic springs with various design schemes, allowing restoring of properties of suspensions of existing tracked vehicles, synthesizing properties of other suspensions and, moreover, estimating reasonability of properties of suspension with hydraulic springs, are presented in the article. According to the method, proposed in the article, properties of the hydraulic spring from the T-34-76 Soviet middle tank prototype, equipped with hydraulic suspension, were restored and analyzed. In addition, suspension properties for the same vehicle were synthesized and used for a comparative analysis.
CONCLUSIONS: The information, presented in the article, is helpful for research engineers, interested in study of elastic behavior of liquids in case of their application in suspension systems, whereas the proposed method, allowing synthesis of reasonable properties of hydraulic springs, gives an opportunity to study the ride comfort of tank propotypes, equipped with hydraulic suspension, with a good quality and, moreover, to synthesize hydraulic springs properties according to the demands, given to a design engineer.
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Hua, CR, Y. Zhao, ZW Lu, and H. Ouyang. "Random vibration of vehicle with hysteretic nonlinear suspension under road roughness excitation." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 1 (January 2018): 168781401775122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814017751222.
Full textAbstract:
The analysis of random vibration of a vehicle with hysteretic nonlinear suspension under road roughness excitation is a fundamental part of evaluation of a vehicle’s dynamic features and design of its active suspension system. The effective analysis method of random vibration of a vehicle with hysteretic suspension springs is presented based on the pseudoexcitation method and the equivalent linearisation technique. A stable and efficient iteration scheme is constructed to obtain the equivalent linearised system of the original nonlinear vehicle system. The power spectral density of the vehicle responses (vertical body acceleration, suspension working space and dynamic tyre load) at different speeds and with different nonlinear levels of hysteretic suspension springs are analysed, respectively, by the proposed method. It is concluded that hysteretic nonlinear suspensions influence the vehicle dynamic characteristic significantly; the frequency-weighted root mean square values at the front and rear suspensions and the vehicle’s centre of gravity are reduced greatly with increasing the nonlinear levels of hysteretic suspension springs, resulting in better ride comfort of the vehicle.
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Bogdevičius, Marijonas, and Raimundas Junevičius. "DYNAMIC PROCESSES OF THE RETROFITED REAR SUSPENSION OF THE VEHICLE." TRANSPORT 19, no. 6 (December 31, 2004): 262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2004.9637985.
Full textAbstract:
The main aim of the investigation is to design rear suspension and to improve the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle. Three types of rear suspensions that consist of a leaf spring, a hydraulic and a pneumatic damper, an air spring are designed. The dynamic models of the quarter car with these rear suspensions are presented. Random disturbance of particular road surface is played back by using a spectral density and Monte Carlo method. Natural frequencies of rear suspension are presented. The dependence of standard deviations of the first, the second and the third derivates of particular random displacements on the vehicle speed is obtained. Dynamic characteristics of three rear suspensions are compared and the best rear suspension is determined.
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Kou, Fa Rong. "The Control Study of Vehicle Active Suspension with Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (September 2011): 716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.716.
Full textAbstract:
Actuator is the key to vehicle active suspension. Based on the analyses of traditional passive suspension and active suspension system, a novel vehicle active suspension with Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator (EHA) is put forward. The system consists of two parts: spring and actuator with variable control force. The actuator is made up of hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic pump, controller and BLDCM. According to bond graph principles, bond graph model of 2 DOF passive suspensions and bond graph model of EHA active suspension are built. Moreover, fuzzy logic controller is designed and fuzzy control active suspension is simulated using MATLAB tools. The prototype and test rig of EHA active suspension are developed and bench tests are carried out. The simulation and experimental results show that fuzzy control active suspension with EHA provides better ride comfort, handling and stability than passive suspension.
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Huang, Chen, Kunyan Lv, Qing Xu, and Yifan Dai. "Research on the Multimode Switching Control of Intelligent Suspension Based on Binocular Distance Recognition." World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, no. 12 (December 7, 2023): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj14120340.
Full textAbstract:
As the upgrade of people’s requirements for automotive driving comfort, conventional passive suspensions for cars have fallen short of existing demands due to their nonadjustable damping and stiffness, so semiactive suspensions and active suspensions have gained growing acceptance. Compared with active suspensions, semiactive suspensions offer the advantages of a low manufacturing cost and reliable structure, and thus have become the preferred choice for most vehicles. To optimize the control effect of semiactive suspensions under different working conditions, this paper completed the modeling of magnetorheological semiactive suspension system dynamics and road inputs; then, the design of binocular camera sensing algorithms was performed to obtain the real-time distance of the target using the point cloud ranging function, and the parameters required for suspension control were also obtained. This was followed by the completion of the control-mode-switching rules and the design of the suspension controller. According to the different control objectives, the mode could be divided into the obstacle-road mode, straight-road mode, and curved-road mode. The suspension controller included the BP-PID (neural network PID controller) controller and the force distributor. Finally, the effectiveness of the mode-switching rules and the control method was verified through system simulation and the hardware-in-the-loop test.
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Schramm, Laurier L., and Loren G. Hepler. "Surface and interfacial tensions of aqueous dispersions of charged colloidal (clay) particles." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 1915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-243.
Full textAbstract:
We have measured (du Nouy ring and maximum bubble pressure methods) suspension–air surface tensions of aqueous suspensions of montmorillonite and have observed that these surface tensions are larger than those of pure water at the same temperatures. Further measurements have shown that dispersed montmorillonite also increases the suspension–toluene interfacial tension compared with that of pure water–toluene. Similar measurements on aqueous suspensions of kaolinite have yielded suspension–air interfacial tensions with uncertainties as large as the observed (small) effect, and also shown that the suspension–toluene interfacial tension is decreased (opposite to the effect of montmorillonite) by amounts larger than the experimental uncertainties. Measurements of maximum bubble pressures at different flow rates have provided information about the effect of surface age on observed surface tensions.
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MADDEN, K. M., N. G. MARKLEY, and M. SEARS. "The structural stability of topological cocycles." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 19, no. 5 (October 1999): 1309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143385799141750.
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Cocycles of $Z^m$ actions on compact metric spaces can be used to construct $R^m$ actions or flows, called suspension flows. A suspension provides a higher-dimensional analog to the familiar flow under a function and we look to this construction as a way of generating interesting $R^m$ flows. Even more importantly, an $R^m$ flow with a free dense orbit has an almost one-to-one extension which is a suspension [6] and thus suspensions can be used to model general $R^m$ flows. In this paper we examine the sensitivity of the suspension construction to small perturbations in the cocycle. Theorem 4.7 establishes the fact that two cocycles that are sufficiently close yield suspensions that are isomorphic up to a time change.
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Reindel, Kristin, Fang Zhao, Susan Hughes, and Vivek S. Dave. "In Vitro Evaluation of Eslicarbazepine Delivery via Enteral Feeding Tubes." Hospital Pharmacy 52, no. 11 (September 25, 2017): 752–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018578717732340.
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Purpose: The feasibility of preparing an eslicarbazepine acetate suspension using Aptiom tablets for administration via enteral feeding tubes was evaluated. Methods: Eslicarbazepine acetate suspension (40 mg/mL) was prepared using Aptiom tablets after optimizing the tablet crushing methods and the vehicle composition. A stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed to monitor the eslicarbazepine stability in the prepared suspension. Three enteric feeding tubes of various composition and dimensions were evaluated for the delivery of the suspensions. The suspension was evaluated for the physical and chemical stability for 48 hours. Results: The reproducibility and consistency of particle size reduction was found to be best with standard mortar/pestle. The viscosity analysis and physical stability studies showed that ORA-Plus:water (50:50 v/v) was optimal for suspending ability and flowability of suspension through the tubes. The developed HPLC method was found to be stability indicating and suitable for the assay of eslicarbazepine acetate in the prepared suspension. The eslicarbazepine concentrations in separately prepared suspensions were within acceptable range (±3%), indicating accuracy and reproducibility of the procedure. The eslicarbazepine concentrations in suspensions before and after delivery through the enteric feeding tubes were within acceptable range (±4%), indicating absence of any physical/chemical interactions of eslicarbazepine with the tubes and a successful delivery of eslicarbazepine dosage via enteric feeding tubes. The stability study results showed that eslicarbazepine concentration in the suspension remained unchanged when stored at room temperature for 48 hours. Conclusion: The study presents a convenient procedure for the preparation of a stable suspension of eslicarbazepine acetate (40 mg/mL) using Aptiom tablets, for administration via enteral feeding tubes.
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Lee, Wan-Man Ellaria, Ralph A. Lugo, William J. Rusho, Mark MacKay, and John Sweeley. "Chemical Stability of Extemporaneously Prepared Lorazepam Suspension at Two Temperatures." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-9.4.254.
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The objective of this study was to determine the chemical stability of extemporaneously prepared lorazepam suspension (1 mg/mL) stored at two temperatures (4°C and 22°C) for 3 months. Lorazepam tablets marketed by two manufacturers (Mylan Pharmaceuticals and Watson Laboratories) were used to extemporaneously formulate two independently prepared suspensions. Each suspension was prepared using sterile water, Ora-Plus® and Ora-Sweet® to achieve a final concentration of 1 mg/mL. The two brands of tablets required different volumes of vehicles to prepare a pharmaceutically optimal suspension. The suspensions were stored in amber glass bottles at 4°C and 22°C for 91 days. Samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography at baseline and on days 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 63, and 91. The suspensions were considered stable if the mean lorazepam concentration remained greater than 90% of the initial concentration. The chemical stabilities of these two extemporaneously prepared lorazepam suspensions were comparable throughout the study. Both lorazepam suspensions were stable for 63 days when stored at 4°C or 22°C, and both were stable for 91 days when refrigerated at 4°C. When stored at room temperature, the suspension prepared from the Watson tablet retained 88.9 ± 1.4% of the initial concentration on day 91 and was therefore considered unstable, while the suspension prepared from the Mylan tablet was stable for the entire 91-day study.
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Hirata, Yoshihiro, Yosuke Tanaka, and Yuko Sakamoto. "Packing Density and Consolidation Energy of Colloidal Particles through Pressure Filtration." Advances in Science and Technology 45 (October 2006): 471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.471.
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The applied pressure and suspension height during consolidation of a 15 vol% Al2O3 suspension (0.15 μm α-Al2O3 particles, isoelectric point pH 7.8) at pH 3 - 10 in a closed cylinder were continuously recorded using a pressure filtration apparatus. The apparent viscosity decreased with decreasing suspension pH. The final packing density of the dispersed acidic suspensions at pH 3.2 and 5.6 reached 62 – 63% at 19 MPa of applied pressure. The viscous basic suspensions at pH 7.8 and 9.6 were consolidated to 52 – 54 % density. Because of the release of the stored elastic strain energy, the height of the consolidated Al2O3 compact increased after releasing the pressure. The energy required to consolidate 1 cm3 of Al2O3 particles was in the range from 3.0 to 15.9 J, and became larger for the dispersed acidic suspensions. The energy applied between two colloidal particles during consolidation (W) was compared to the interaction energy (Ei) between two particles in a suspension.
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Borsuk, Marina, Fábio Furtado, Heloise Sasso Teixeira, Willian Nascimento Duarte, Talita Szlapak Franco, and Thais Helena Sydenstricker Flores-Sahagun. "NANOCOMPOSITES PRODUCTION THROUGH SUSPENSION, SEMI-SUSPENSION, AND EMULSION POLYMERIZATION." Revista Contemporânea 4, no. 5 (May 22, 2024): e3986. http://dx.doi.org/10.56083/rcv4n5-115.
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Nanocellulose-reinforced polymeric composites can be produced in situ, where polymerization occurs in the presence of reinforcing fillers. Moreover, it can also be produced ex situ, when, the polymeric matrix is mixed with a nanocellulose suspension. This paper provides a review covering technical information, including physical, chemical, and procedural characteristics of the polymerization process. It explores the use of three different in situ techniques: suspension, semi-suspension, and emulsion in the presence of nanocellulose suspensions to produce nanocellulose-reinforced composites. The polymerization techniques addressed in this work, when in the presence of nanocellulose, generally yield biodegradable materials from a renewable source and with wide applicability.
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Konieczny, Łukasz, and Rafał Burdzik. "Comparison of Characteristics of the Components Used in Mechanical and Non-Conventional Automotive Suspensions." Solid State Phenomena 210 (October 2013): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.210.26.
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The paper presents the comparison of the characteristics of spring and damping components used in conventional and non-conventional automotive suspensions. The conventional suspension is based on steel coil springs and hydraulic dampers with fixed characteristics. As an example, the adaptive non-conventional suspension shows the characteristics of hydropneumatic suspension components (suspension are constantly being developed and is now based on mechatronic control systems of damping characteristics). The paper summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of these solutions.
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Karnopp, Dean. "Two Contrasting Versions of the Optimal Active Vehicle Suspension." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 108, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3143776.
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It is generally agreed that vehicle suspensions should isolate the body from roadway unevenness inputs but it is less clear on which other functions are most important. Some studies focus on keeping the wheel-road contact force excursions as small as possible for safety reasons and others focus on limiting the main suspension deflection for good rigid body motion control. In this paper, two performance indices are used which lead to optimal state variable feedback laws for the suspension force. Body isolation is traded off in one case against contact force variation and in the other against suspension deflection. The use of symmetric root locus sketches shows the types of system that result in both cases. It is shown that optimal active suspensions designed according to different criteria are not necessarily comparable and it may not be fair to compare an optimal suspension with a conventional one, unless all aspects of suspension performance are considered simultaneously.
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Niculescu, Adrian Ioan, Antoni Jankowski, Miroslaw Kowalski, and Tudor Sireteanu. "Solutions in the Vehicle Suspension." Journal of KONES 26, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0107.
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AbstractThe paper presents a review of the suspension solutions used on the street vehicle up to the now a days, finalising with presentation of their damping characteristics and with evaluation of their advantages or disadvantages. Long time the suspension systems have been dominated by the classic passive suspensions realized with metallic springs, shock absorbers with constant damping coefficients and anti-roll bars, excepting some luxury and sport cars using semi-active and active suspensions. There are presented some semi-active suspension solutions with continuous or discontinuous damping characteristics adjustment and the evolution of the Citroen and other active suspensions. All of them improve in some matter the performances but all of them have not ability to recuperate energy and has auxiliary energy consumption so last period the electromagnetically shock absorbers are researched, the paper presenting some of them. The paper also presents magneto rheological MR damper, solutions for adjustable passive shock absorbers and solutions for passive shock absorbers with variable damping coefficient with the stroke, e.g. Monroe Sensa Trac, Citroën Solution and VZN solution, with their damping characteristics and performances.
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Shukla, Dr Anoopkumar. "Design and Analysis of Drone Landing Gear for Agriculture." International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management 03, no. 04 (April 23, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/isjem01527.
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This study aim to design and analysis of drone landing gear with spring suspension for agriculture. A literature review was conducted to examine the existing research on the topic of agricultural drone and it’s landing gear. Then testing present landing gear has been done and also the designing and analysis of new landing gear with suspension has been done. The result show that the drones landing gear without suspension break easily. This also shows that the landing gear with suspension have more life time then the landing gear without suspensions system. Key Words:agricultural, drone, spring suspension, landing gear
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Predoi, Daniela, Simona Liliana Iconaru, Mihai Valentin Predoi, Mikael Motelica-Heino, Nicolas Buton, and Christelle Megier. "Obtaining and Characterizing Thin Layers of Magnesium Doped Hydroxyapatite by Dip Coating Procedure." Coatings 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2020): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060510.
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A simple dip coating procedure was used to prepare the magnesium doped hydroxyapatite coatings. An adapted co-precipitation method was used in order to obtain a Ca25−xMgx(PO4)6(OH)2, 25MgHAp (xMg = 0.25) suspension for preparing the coatings. The stabilities of 25MgHAp suspensions were evaluated using ultrasound measurements, zeta potential (ZP), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) information at nanometric resolution regarding the shape and distribution of the 25MgHAp particles in suspension was obtained. The surfaces of obtained layers were evaluated using SEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. The antimicrobial evaluation of 25MgHAp suspensions and coatings on various bacterial strains and fungus were realized. The present study presents important results regarding the physico-chemical and antimicrobial studies of the magnesium doped hydroxyapatite suspensions, as well as the coatings. The studies have shown that magnesium doped hydroxyapatite suspensions prepared with xMg = 0.25 presented a good stability and relevant antimicrobial properties. The coatings made using 25MgHAp suspension were homogeneous and showed remarkable antimicrobial properties. Also, it was observed that the layer realized has antimicrobial properties very close to those of the suspension. Both samples of the 25MgHAp suspensions and coatings have very good biocompatible properties.
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Shen, Yujie, Jinsen Wang, Fu Du, Xiaofeng Yang, Yanling Liu, and Long Chen. "Dynamic Performance Analysis of Semiactive Vehicle ISD Suspension Based on the Power-Driven-Damper Strategy." Shock and Vibration 2024 (March 13, 2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/3495503.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, the vehicle ISD (inerter-spring-damper) suspension and power-driven-damper control strategy are combined to the suspension design, and the power-driven-damper semiactive ISD suspension is proposed. The dynamic models of the passive suspension S1 and two semiactive ISD suspensions S2 and S3 are established. Based on the port-controlled Hamiltonian theory, the power-driven-damper semiactive control strategy is designed by analyzing the power transfer of suspension S3. Then, the parameters of the two models are optimized by the particle swarm optimization algorithm, and the optimization results show that the suspension S3 has better performance. The influence of the semiactive damping coefficient, the spring stiffness, and the inertance on the vibration suppression performance is investigated based on the suspension S3. The effect of parameter perturbation on power-driven-damper semiactive vehicle ISD suspension illustrates that the designed semiactive vehicle ISD suspension has better ride comfort in a wider range frequency and good robust performance.
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Buckner, Gregory D., Karl T. Schuetze, and Joe H. Beno. "Intelligent Feedback Linearization for Active Vehicle Suspension Control." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 123, no. 4 (July 3, 2000): 727–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1408945.
Full textAbstract:
Effective control of ride quality and handling performance are challenges for active vehicle suspension systems, particularly for off-road applications. Off-road vehicles experience large suspension displacements, where the nonlinear kinematics and damping characteristics of suspension elements are significant. These nonlinearities tend to degrade the performance of active suspension systems, introducing harshness to the ride quality and reducing off-road mobility. Typical control strategies rely on linear, time-invariant models of the suspension dynamics. While these models are convenient, nominally accurate, and tractable due to the abundance of linear control techniques, they neglect the nonlinearities and time-varying dynamics present in real suspension systems. One approach to improving the effectiveness of active vehicle suspension systems, while preserving the benefits of linear control techniques, is to identify and cancel these nonlinearities using Feedback Linearization. In this paper the authors demonstrate an intelligent parameter estimation approach using structured artificial neural networks that continually “learns” the nonlinear parameter variations of a quarter-car suspension model. This estimation algorithm becomes the foundation for an Intelligent Feedback Linearization (IFL) controller for active vehicle suspensions. Results are presented for computer simulations, real-time experimental tests, and field evaluations using an off-road vehicle (a military HMMWV). Experimental results for a quarter-car test rig demonstrate 60% improvements in ride quality relative to baseline (non-adapting) control algorithms. Field trial results reveal 95% reductions in absorbed power and 65% reductions in peak sprung mass acceleration using this IFL approach versus conventional passive suspensions.