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Journal articles on the topic 'Survey Language'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Saliby, Joe G. "Survey on Natural Language Generation." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (April 30, 2019): 618–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd22903.

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Webster, Jenny. "Mitigating Institutional Attitudes toward Sign Languages: A Model for Language Vitality Surveys." Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 27, no. 1 (November 2, 2021): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/deafed/enab036.

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Abstract This paper is about attitudes toward sign languages. The paper presents an idea to help make sign language surveys better in the future. In 2018, UNESCO (the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) published a sign language survey and a spoken language survey together for the first time. This was very important to show that spoken languages and signed languages are equal. But the sign language survey has some weaknesses. The idea presented in this paper says that: when people make sign language surveys, they should be aware of discrimination and negative attitudes; they should give signers access to the survey in sign language; and they should help signers decide what actions they can do to protect their sign language.

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P.R., Mahidar. "Sign Language Recognition Techniques - A Survey." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (April 20, 2020): 2747–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr201978.

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Mennecier, Philippe, John Nerbonne, Evelyne Heyer, and Franz Manni. "A Central Asian Language Survey." Language Dynamics and Change 6, no. 1 (2016): 57–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00601015.

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We have documented language varieties (either Turkic or Indo-European) spoken in 23 test sites by 88 informants belonging to the major ethnic groups of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan (Karakalpaks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Yaghnobis). The recorded linguistic material concerns 176 words of the extended Swadesh list and will be made publically available with the publication of this paper. Phonological diversity is measured by the Levenshtein distance and displayed as a consensus bootstrap tree and as multidimensional scaling plots. Linguistic contact is measured as the number of borrowings, from one linguistic family into the other, according to a precision/recall analysis further validated by expert judgment. Concerning Turkic languages, the results of our sample do not support Kazakh and Karakalpak as distinct languages and indicate the existence of several separate Karakalpak varieties. Kyrgyz and Uzbek, on the other hand, appear quite homogeneous. Among the Indo-Iranian languages, the distinction between Tajik and Yaghnobi varieties is very clear-cut. More generally, the degree of borrowing is higher than average where language families are in contact in one of the many sorts of situations characterizing Central Asia: frequent bilingualism, shifting political boundaries, ethnic groups living outside the “mother” country.

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Grant, Anthony P., and Joseph E. Grimes. "Language Survey Reference Guide." Language 72, no. 4 (December 1996): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416148.

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Vajda, Edward J., Scott Merrifield, and Martinus Salea. "North Sulawesi Language Survey." Language 76, no. 4 (December 2000): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417212.

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Bekken, Jon. "Foreign Language Press Survey." American Journalism 37, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08821127.2020.1715741.

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Rescorla, Leslie. "The Language Development Survey." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 54, no. 4 (November 1989): 587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5404.587.

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This paper reports data from four studies using the Language Development Survey (LDS), a vocabulary checklist designed for use as a screening tool for the identification of language delay in 2-year-old children. A survey completed by the parent in about 10 min, the LDS displayed excellent reliability as assessed by Cronbach's alpha and test-retest techniques. Total vocabulary score as reported on the LDS was highly correlated with performance on Bayley, Reynell, and Preschool Language Scale expressive vocabulary items. The LDS was found to have excellent sensitivity and specificity for the identification of language delay, with a criterion of fewer than 50 words or no word combinations at 2 years yielding very low false positive and false negative rates. Data from three of these studies demonstrate the utility of the LDS as a screening tool for children attending public and private pediatric practices. Prevalence data using the LDS are reported comparing three different severity cutoffs for more than 500 children in seven survey samples.

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Tolonen, Hanna, Päivikki Koponen, Katja Borodulin, Satu Männistö, Markku Peltonen, and Erkki Vartiainen. "Language as a determinant of participation rates in Finnish health examination surveys." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46, no. 2 (August 26, 2017): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817725243.

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Aim: A high participation rate is considered as a prerequisite for representative survey results, especially when it is known that non-participation is selective. In many countries migration is increasing and the proportion of people speaking other language(s) than the official language(s) of the country is also increasing. How does this affect survey participation rates? Methods: Data from four cross-sectional health examination surveys (the FINRISK Study) were used to evaluate the effect of the registered mother tongue to participation in the survey. Results: Finland has two official languages (Finnish and Swedish). Between 1997 and 2012, the proportion of the population with some other language as their registered mother tongue has increased significantly. Participation rates in the health surveys have been highest among the Finnish language group (68% in men in 1997 and 76% in women in 1997), while lowest among the foreign language group (43% in men in 1997 and 57% in women in 1997). In 2012, the participation rates had declined in all language groups: for men, 58%, 62% and 41% for Finnish, Swedish and foreign groups respectively, and for women 68%, 75% and 56%. Conclusions: The participation rate for the foreign language group was significantly lower than for the Finnish and Swedish groups. In future surveys it will be important to include actions to promote participation, e.g. providing survey material in several languages. These actions will increase costs but will be essential to ensure high participation rates and reliable results for the total population.

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N, Kaushik, and Vaidya Rahul. "A Survey of Approaches for Sign Language Recognition System." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 1775–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i1/pr200278.

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ACHEE, B. L., and DORIS L. CARVER. "OBJECT EXTENSIONS TO Z: A SURVEY." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 06, no. 03 (September 1996): 507–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194096000211.

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Formal specification languages provide assistance to solving the problem of high maintenance costs caused by ineffective communication of a system’s requirements. Using a sound mathematical basis, a formal specification language provides a precise and definitive system description that can serve as a binding contract. Additionally, the integration of the object-oriented paradigm with a formal specification language provides increased potential for software reuse, conceptually cleaner specifications and a framework for defining interfaces. To this end, there has been significant work done to extend existing specification languages to allow object-oriented specifications. This paper provides a comparison of such object-oriented specification languages, specifically, those extending Z. The paper is organized into five major sections. After a brief introduction to the concepts of formal specification languages and Z, a simple library system is defined and used as an example throughout the paper. Each of the object-oriented specification languages is introduced and classified as either using Z in an object-oriented style or providing a true object-oriented extension of Z. For each language, the specification of the example library system is presented following a brief overview of the language’s features. An in-depth comparison is made of each of the languages which provide a true object-oriented extension of Z.

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Gagan, B. R., Shivaprakash T, Thirumalai Shaktivel C, Vaishak P, and Kushal Kumar B. N. "Design of a New Language Seeks Literature Survey." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 1623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40949.

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Abstract: In a scientific study, computing is a must-have tool. In general, scientists have various difficulties, requirements, and views when it comes to computation, which need to be addressed by the programming language that they use, this cannot be satisfied by general-purpose languages. Also, researchers need to concentrate on the issue they are working on rather than the optimizations for the calculations, so instead of using a general-purpose language, if there exists a language whose compiler would take care of those optimizations, it would make their work easier and faster. This is a survey of the work undertaken to design the programming language and its compiler. The primary goal of this research is to examine the function of work, implementation strategy, steps taken for improving the performance, the procedure of benchmarking, and finally, the outcome of the papers studied. The survey's main conclusions are that: the most common language mentioned among the papers was Python which appears to be more popular among developers due to its simple syntax and library support for computing. On the other hand, Python lacks performance, to compensate for this performance issue, the community has developed tools like Cython, Numba, Pythran, etc, which can be used to speed up Python. Domain-specific languages such as Wolfram, Seq, and ELI highlighted various methods for overcoming problems. Some languages like Wolfram and ELI moved from interpreter to compiler to get the performance boost. Most of the compilers use LLVM as the backend for optimizations and code generation. Keywords: scientific computation, compiler, programming language

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Et. al., Pooja P. Walke. "A Survey on “Machine translation Approaches for Indian Languages”." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 10, 2021): 4792–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1941.

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Translation has always helped India to knit Indians together with respect to its rich culture and literature. Ideas and concepts like ‘Indian ancient literature’,’Indian rich culture’,’Indian philosophy’ and ‘Indian knowledgeable systems’ would have been impossible in the absence of translations with their natural integrationist mission.Machine Translation assist to translate Information presented in one language to other language. Information can be present in form of text, speech and image translating this information helps for sharing of information and ultimately information gain.Translation process is an extremely complex & challenging process. It requires an in-depth knowledge about grammar of both the languages i.e. Source language and Target language to frame the rules for target language generation. Marathi is a regional Indian language and consists of a lot of literature that could be useful if projected in the universal English language. As manual translation is a tedious task, we propose a literature survey about machine translation systems that translates Indian Languages into English Language using various Machine translation approaches like RBMT, SMT, NMT, Hybrid translation

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Shunqing, Xiong. "A survey of the current situation of Achang." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 38, no. 2 (December 31, 2015): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.38.2.03shu.

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Achang is a cluster of Tibeto-Burman languages spoken by Achang people distributed in the China-Myanmar border area. In China, Achang can be divided into three mutually unintelligible languages, those of Longchuan, Lianghe and Luxi counties. Longchuan is distinct, the other two are more similar. In Myanmar, the Longchuan language is also spoken, as well as a fourth Achang language.

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Vismans, Roel, Pierre Brachin, and Paul Vincent. "The Dutch Language: A Survey." Modern Language Review 81, no. 2 (April 1986): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3729798.

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Rubin, Joan, Anne Ediger, Edna Coffin, Donna Van Handle, and Ann Whiskeyman. "Survey of Interactive Language Discs." CALICO Journal 7, no. 3 (January 14, 2013): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cj.v7i3.31-56.

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Ketan Dagli, Mokshak, and Dr Preeti Savant. "SIGN LANGUAGE RECOGNITION: A SURVEY." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 6, no. 8 (December 1, 2021): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2021.v06i08.033.

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Sign Language Recognition is a growing field in research where different people are trying to develop or propose a system that can help the specially-able people of the society in the best possible way so that they can interact and communicate with the people of the society easily and without the problem of them learning the sign language. This language is basically used by the deaf and dumb people of society. This paper describes various ways a sign language recognition system has been built or has been proposed by different researchers. It also aims to have a better understanding of various recognition systems and various methods of recognizing and predicting the hand signs/hand gestures of the specially able people of the society. In return to predict a value which is in a humanreadable format that is text. This paper describes in detail about the various ways and how one method of sign language recognition is different from other based on performance, results, difficulty in developing the model, etc.

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Chan, Hock Chuan, Hong Jun Lu, and Kwok Kee Wei. "A Survey of SQL Language." Journal of Database Management 4, no. 4 (October 1993): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdm.1993100101.

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Shannon, Thomas F., and Pierre Brachin. "The Dutch Language: A Survey." Language 62, no. 4 (December 1986): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415197.

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Rixon, S. "Survey review: Language teaching games." ELT Journal 40, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/elt/40.1.62.

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Daud, Ali, Wahab Khan, and Dunren Che. "Urdu language processing: a survey." Artificial Intelligence Review 47, no. 3 (June 2, 2016): 279–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10462-016-9482-x.

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Zampieri, Marcos, Preslav Nakov, and Yves Scherrer. "Natural language processing for similar languages, varieties, and dialects: A survey." Natural Language Engineering 26, no. 6 (November 2020): 595–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324920000492.

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AbstractThere has been a lot of recent interest in the natural language processing (NLP) community in the computational processing of language varieties and dialects, with the aim to improve the performance of applications such as machine translation, speech recognition, and dialogue systems. Here, we attempt to survey this growing field of research, with focus on computational methods for processing similar languages, varieties, and dialects. In particular, we discuss the most important challenges when dealing with diatopic language variation, and we present some of the available datasets, the process of data collection, and the most common data collection strategies used to compile datasets for similar languages, varieties, and dialects. We further present a number of studies on computational methods developed and/or adapted for preprocessing, normalization, part-of-speech tagging, and parsing similar languages, language varieties, and dialects. Finally, we discuss relevant applications such as language and dialect identification and machine translation for closely related languages, language varieties, and dialects.

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Hapsari, Astri. "Language Learning Strategies in English Language Learning: A Survey Study." Lingua Pedagogia, Journal of English Teaching Studies 1, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/lingped.v1i1.18399.

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Strategic competence involves a number of learning and communication strategies which can be learned by language learners. These behaviors and thinking process can help second language learners to accelerate their target language learning. Teachers’ knowledge on these strategies will help language learners in overcoming the problems of their learning process. This survey study aims to describe students’ profile of strategic competence by mapping their language learning strategies. The participants were 106 students of Department of English Language Education in academic year 2014/2015. The instrument used was Oxford’s (1989) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) Worksheet, Version 7.0 for Speakers of Other Languages Learning English. Students’ profile of strategic competence in academic year 2014/2015 is: memory strategy (3.20), affective strategy (3.38), cognitive strategy (3.45), compensation strategy (3.46), social strategy (3.46), and metacognitive strategy (3.63). Therefore, the only strategy who has achieved high profile is metacognitive strategy (3.63). The other strategies are still on medium profile, which means all the students sometimes use the strategies. For the whole SILL strategies, students of Department of English Language Education, Universitas Islam Indonesia in academic year 2014/2015 get mean score 3.43, which also means on medium profile of strategic competence. From the result, it is recommended that the students need to develop the other five strategies from medium to high profile. Keywords: strategic competence, language learning strategies, survey study

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Murphy-Judy, Kathryn A., and Marlene Johnshoy. "Who’s Teaching Which Languages Online?" IALLT Journal of Language Learning Technologies 47, no. 1 (June 17, 2017): 137–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/iallt.v47i1.8570.

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This paper describes findings from recent national surveys on online language education (OLE) within a broader context of national surveys of post-secondary online education and world language enrollments. The surveys discussed and compared are the 2012 CARLA Survey by Johnshoy and BOLDD Surveys by Murphy-Judy (2014 & 2015). The findings reported here include: types and sizes of institutions; demographics of the teaching corps (CARLA data only); and, the mix of languages and levels. This work aims to provide useful information on online language education as it emerges as an important field in world language teaching and learning in the 21st century.

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Maarif, Haris, Rini Akmeliawati, and Teddy Surya Gunawan. "Survey on Language Processing Algorithm for Sign Language Synthesizer." International Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 4, no. 2 (May 29, 2018): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21535/ijrm.v4i1.1001.

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Maarif, Haris, Rini Akmeliawati, and Teddy Surya Gunawan. "Survey on Language Processing Algorithm for Sign Language Synthesizer." International Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 4, no. 2 (May 29, 2018): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21535/ijrm.v4i2.1001.

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Zavala-Rojas, Diana, Danielly Sorato, Lidun Hareide, and Knut Hofland. "The Multilingual Corpus of Survey Questionnaires: A tool for refining survey translation." Meta 67, no. 1 (September 7, 2022): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1092191ar.

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This article describes the design and compilation of the Multilingual Corpus of Survey Questionnaires (MCSQ), the first publicly available corpus of international survey questionnaires. Version 3.0 (Rosalind Franklin) is compiled from questionnaires from the European Social Survey, the European Values Study, the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, and the Wage Indicator Survey in the (British) English source language and their translations into eight languages (Catalan, Czech, French, German, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish and Russian). Documents in the corpus were translated with the objective of maximising data comparability across cultures. After contextualising aims and procedures in survey translation, this article presents examples of two types of problematic translation outcomes in survey questionnaires: The first type relates to the choice of idiomatic terms or fixed expressions in the source text. The second type relates to cases where the semantic variation of translation choices exceeds the scope allowed to maintain the psychometric properties across languages. With these examples, we aim to demonstrate how corpus linguistics can be used to analyse past translation outcomes and to improve the methodology for translating questionnaires.

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Nizamova, Liliya. "LANGUAGE COMPETENCE, ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR OF TATARS IN TATARSTAN AND THE REGIONS OF SIBERIA." Respublica literaria, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.47850/s.2020.1.72.

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The article uses the state statistical surveys on the native language, Russian and Tatar language proficien-cy and their use in everyday life by Tatars in the regions of Siberia and Tatarstan to assess the trends of language development in present-day Russia. Results of a survey in 2018 in the Republic of Tatarstan confirm the effects of language shift, reflected in the increasing assimilation and downward trends in the language proficiency and the use of the languages of the peoples of Russia.

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Adler, Astrid. "Language, or Dialect, That Is the Question. How Attitudes Affect Language Statistics Using the Example of Low German." Languages 6, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6010040.

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This paper explores how attitudes affect the seemingly objective process of counting speakers of varieties using the example of Low German, Germany’s sole regional language. The initial focus is on the basic taxonomy of classifying a variety as a language or a dialect. Three representative surveys then provide data for the analysis: the Germany Survey 2008, the Northern Germany Survey 2016, and the Germany Survey 2017. The results of these surveys indicate that there is no consensus concerning the evaluation of Low German’s status and that attitudes towards Low German are related to, for example, proficiency in the language. These attitudes are shown to matter when counting speakers of Low German and investigating the status it has been accorded.

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Chirimilla, Ramya, and Vishnu Vardhan B. "A Survey of Optical Character Recognition Techniques on Indic Script." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 6507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.6507ecst.

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Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technique that converts printed text and images into a digitized form, which can be manipulated by a machine. It has many application sectors like Banking, Financial, Legal applications, etc. Initially researchers were addressed and proposed many algorithms in image processing for character recognition and mapping. Most of the researchers focused on the Latin script English as it was supported by the Encoding standard ASCII. Later, people start realizing that OCR techniques for other languages are also gaining momentum these days. With the advent of technology and Unicode revolution, native language-based OCR solutions started emerging. In this paper, we aim to focus on the latest machine learning techniques applied on OCR for the language English and two languages from Indian continent were presented. Out of the two Indian languages, one is the stroke-based language, i.e. Hindi, and the other being cursive script-based language Telugu.

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Lestariningsih, Dewi Nastiti. "PENGGUNAAN DAN PERGESERAN BAHASA MASYARAKAT BELU DI KECAMATAN TASIFETO TIMUR (The Language Use and Language Shift of Belu Community at The East Tasifeto Districts)." Kandai 13, no. 1 (August 24, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/jk.v13i1.145.

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The result presented in this paper is the result of a survey conducted by Subbidang Tenaga Kebahasaan, Bidang Pembelajaran, Pusat Pembinaan, Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa in 2016. In general, the survey aims to provide an overview of the language situation that includes language attitude also a description of the use of Indonesian, local languages, and foreign languages in the border region of the NTT and Timor Leste. The survey on the use of the Indonesian language, local languages, and foreign languages is done by quantitative and qualitative methods based on a questionnaire of language use and language attitude. In general, language speakers in the district of Belu admit that their attitude show loyalty to the Indonesian. Based on the results of research, the Indonesian language use has been done in the formal situastion and public space. Another interesting thing that we have found in the language use is the language shift from local languages to Indonesian language. This is shown by the use of Indonesian language by the respondents (productive age) when communicating to their children at home. The factors influencing language shift due to social factors. The handling efforts tend to be the local language learning at home and the elementary level in school.

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Nisa, Atifa, Zamna Sarfraz, Amber Naveed, and Farah Mahmood. "A survey-based study of challenges of multilingualism in Pakistan." English Education Journal 14, no. 2 (June 9, 2023): 580–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/eej.v14i2.31977.

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This paper aims to investigate how people face different challenges in a multilingual and multicultural society, especially in Pakistan. The English enjoys official language status, while Urdu is the national language in Pakistan. Minority languages, on the other hand, are a sign of stigma and destitution, and most speakers of minority languages face discrimination. In this paper, a binary approach of qualitative and quantitative is used to explore multilingualism in Pakistan. In order to understand how Pakistan's language policy favors some languages over others and what impact that has appeared on politics, society, education, and the economy. A closed-ended questionnaire was given to 30 participants as part of the quantitative data gathering process utilizing the purposive sampling technique. In the qualitative phase, researchers used content analysis as a strategy to gather information from secondary sources in search of strategies and solutions to the challenges. It also briefly examines the effects of globalization on Pakistani languages. The findings of the study revealed that there is a need to use such strategies that help overcome these challenges and help in the development of English as an international language. Future researchers can undertake a longitudinal study to investigate the language development and experiences of multilingual persons in Pakistan and they can perform a comparative examination of multilingualism in various regions of Pakistan.

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AL-Banna, Alaa Ahmed, and Abeer K. AL-Mashhadany. "Natural Language Processing For Automatic text summarization [Datasets] - Survey." Wasit Journal of Computer and Mathematics Science 1, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 156–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/wjcm.72.

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Natural language processing has developed significantly recently, which has progressed the text summarization task. It is no longer limited to reducing the text size or obtaining helpful information from a long document only. It has begun to be used in getting answers from summarization, measuring the quality of sentiment analysis systems, research and mining techniques, document categorization, and natural language Inference, which increased the importance of scientific research to get a good summary. This paper reviews the most used datasets in text summarization in different languages and types, with the most effective methods for each dataset. The results are shown using text summarization matrices. The review indicates that the pre-training models achieved the highest results in the summary measures in most of the researchers' works for the datasets. Dataset English made up about 75% of the databases available to researchers due to the extensive use of the English language. Other languages such as Arabic, Hindi, and others suffered from low resources of dataset sources, which limited progress in the academic field.

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Rista, Amarildo, and Arbana Kadriu. "Automatic Speech Recognition: A Comprehensive Survey." SEEU Review 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 86–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/seeur-2020-0019.

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Abstract Speech recognition is an interdisciplinary subfield of natural language processing (NLP) that facilitates the recognition and translation of spoken language into text by machine. Speech recognition plays an important role in digital transformation. It is widely used in different areas such as education, industry, and healthcare and has recently been used in many Internet of Things and Machine Learning applications. The process of speech recognition is one of the most difficult processes in computer science. Despite numerous searches in this domain, an optimal method for speech recognition has not yet been found. This is due to the fact that there are many attributes that characterize natural languages and every language has its particular highlights. The aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the various techniques within the domain of Speech Recognition through a systematic literature review of the existing work. We will introduce the most significant and relevant techniques that may provide some directions in the future research.

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Kwan, Christine ML, Anna M. Napoles, Jeyling Chou, and Hilary K. Seligman. "Development of a conceptually equivalent Chinese-language translation of the US Household Food Security Survey Module for Chinese immigrants to the USA." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 2 (March 19, 2014): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014000160.

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AbstractObjectiveTo develop a conceptually equivalent Chinese-language translation of the eighteen-item US Household Food Security Survey Module.DesignIn the current qualitative study, we (i) highlight methodological challenges which arise in developing survey instruments that will be used to make comparisons across language groups and (ii) describe the development of a Chinese-language translation of the US Household Food Security Survey Module, called the San Francisco Chinese Food Security Module.SettingCommunity sites in San Francisco, CA, USA.SubjectsWe conducted cognitive interviews with twenty-two community members recruited from community sites hosting food pantries and with five professionals recruited from clinical settings.ResultsDevelopment of conceptually equivalent surveys can be difficult. We highlight challenges related to dialect, education, literacy (e.g. preferences for more or less formal phrasing), English words and phrases for which there is no Chinese language equivalent (e.g. ‘balanced meals’ and ‘eat less than you felt you should’) and response formats. We selected final translations to maximize: (i) consistency of the Chinese translation with the intent of the English version; (ii) clarity; and (iii) similarities in understanding across dialects and literacy levels.ConclusionsSurvey translation is essential for conducting research in many communities. The challenges encountered illustrate how literal translations can affect the conceptual equivalence of survey items across languages. Cognitive interview methods should be routinely used for survey translation when such non-equivalence is suspected, such as in surveys addressing highly culturally bound behaviours such as diet and eating behaviours. Literally translated surveys lacking conceptual equivalence may magnify or obscure important health inequalities.

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Purkayastha, Shauvik, Mridul Jyoti, Navam Pradhan, and Prasurjya Sarma. "A Survey on Sign Language Detection." International Journal of Computer Applications 182, no. 23 (October 17, 2018): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/ijca2018918029.

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Hongwei, Jia. "Language Security Problems: A Historical Survey." Sinología hispánica 2, no. 1 (June 13, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/sin.v2i1.5252.

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<p align="LEFT">This paper, grounded on historical facts of</p><p align="LEFT">language policies worldwide, reviews the</p><p align="LEFT">evolution of language policies in Great Britain,</p><p align="LEFT">United States, Germany, France and Soviet</p><p align="LEFT">Union in terms of national security, analyses the</p><p align="LEFT">achievements of language security at home,</p><p align="LEFT">reconsiders the current situation of language</p><p align="LEFT">security in China, and points out the weaknesses</p><p align="LEFT">of language security problems in China: (1)</p><p align="LEFT">stressing on macro-level researches, (2) standing</p><p align="LEFT">still over literature review, (3) lack of the</p><p align="LEFT">researches based on ethnic areas and</p><p align="LEFT">cross-border regions, (4) short of the studies of</p><p align="LEFT">language security problems over internet</p><p align="LEFT">media, and (5) language security problems in</p><p align="LEFT">ethnic areas and regional language security</p><p>strategy to be done.</p>

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Ostergren, Jennifer, and Sara Aguilar. "Speech-Language Pathology Assistant Supervisor Survey." Contemporary Issues in Communication Science and Disorders 42, Fall (May 2015): 226–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/cicsd_42_f_226.

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SONG, Dawei, Peng ZHANG, and Xindian MA. "A survey of quantum language models." SCIENTIA SINICA Informationis 48, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 1467–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/n112018-00163.

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Ndinga-Koumba-Binza, Hugues Steve. "Gabonese Language Landscape: Survey and perspectives." South African Journal of African Languages 27, no. 3 (January 2007): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02572117.2007.10587290.

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Meade, Cathy D., Melba Sánchez Ayéndez, Himilce Velez, Dinorah Martinez-Tyson, and Susan McMillan. "Methodological Issues in Spanish Language Survey." Nursing Outlook 58, no. 2 (March 2010): e21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2010.02.122.

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Pathak, Rijuka, and Somesh Dewangan. "Natural Language Chhattisgarhi: A Literature Survey." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 12, no. 2 (June 25, 2014): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v12p220.

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43

Nishino, Takako. "Communicative Language Teaching: An Exploratory Survey." JALT Journal 30, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37546/jaltjj30.1-2.

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Since 1989, the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) has attempted to promote higher achievement in English communicative skills among secondary school students by urging teachers to use communicative activities.MEXT has also undertaken to achieve this goal by executing a 5-year Action Plan.This exploratorystudy investigates Japanese teachers’ beliefs and practices regarding communicative language teaching (CLT) in their classrooms through a survey of 21 secondary school teachers. The results show that in order to employ CLT in their classrooms, teachers feel that a change in classroom conditions is a prerequisite. The results also show that CLT is beginning to be employed at the local level. In order to delineate ways to help this small local change lead to real English education reform in Japan, a comprehensive investigation of the beliefs of a larger number of language teachers is necessary. 1989年より、文部科学省（当時文部省）は、中学生・高校生の英語によるコミュニケーション能力を高めようと、外国語科授業でのコミュニケーション活動の採用を促してきた。さらに同省は、2003年から５年間の「英語が使える日本人」の育成のための行動計画の実施により、その方針の具体的な実現をねらっている。本探索的研究では、中学及び高等学校の英語教員２１人にアンケートを実施し、コミュニカティヴ･アプローチ（CLT）を授業に採用することについてどのような信条を持ち、どのように実践しているかについて調査した。その結果、被験者の多くはCLTを採用するために教室の教育環境を変えてほしいと願っていることが判明した。また、CLT は一部の学校で利用され始めていることがわかった。この傾向をさらに確かなものにするためにも、より多くの英語教員を対象にした包括的調査が必要である。

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Simmonds, P. "A survey of English language examinations." ELT Journal 39, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/elt/39.1.33.

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Carrier, M. "Survey review: Computer-assisted language learning." ELT Journal 41, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/elt/41.1.51.

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Yule, G. "Survey interviews for interactive language learning." ELT Journal 43, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/elt/43.2.142.

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Rastgoo, Razieh, Kourosh Kiani, and Sergio Escalera. "Sign Language Recognition: A Deep Survey." Expert Systems with Applications 164 (February 2021): 113794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113794.

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Shrivastava, Amit, and Jay Kumar Jain. "Natural language processing: A literature survey." International Journal of Communication and Information Technology 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/2707661x.2020.v1.i2a.13.

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Karanjkar, Vaishnavi, Rutuja Bagul, Raj Ranjan Singh, and Rushali Shirke. "A Survey of Sign Language Recognition." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 10 (October 1, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem26316.

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Sign Language is mainly used by deaf (hard hearing) and dumb people to exchange information between their own community and with other people. It is a language where people use their hand gestures to communicate as they can't speak or hear. The goal of sign language recognition (SLR) is to identify acquired hand motions and to continue until related hand gestures are translated into text and speech. Here, static and dynamic hand gestures for sign language can be distinguished. The human community values both types of recognition, even if static hand gesture recognition is easier than dynamic hand gesture recognition. By creating Deep Neural Network designs (Convolution Neural Network designs), where the model will learn to detect the hand motions images throughout an epoch, we are using Deep Learning Computer Vision to recognize the hand gestures. After the model successfully recognizes the motion, an English text file is created that can subsequently be translated to speech. The user can choose from a variety of translations for this paragraph. This application can be used without an internet connection and is entirely offline. With this model's improved efficiency, communication will be easier for the deaf (hard of hearing) and disabled people. We shall discuss the use of deep learning for sign language recognition in this paper. Key Words: sign language, convolutional neural network, computer vision.

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Alaghband, Marie, Hamid Reza Maghroor, and Ivan Garibay. "A survey on sign language literature." Machine Learning with Applications 14 (December 2023): 100504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mlwa.2023.100504.

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