Academic literature on the topic 'Surveillance detection – United States – History'
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Journal articles on the topic "Surveillance detection – United States – History"
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LI, JOHN, GULZAR H. SHAH, and CRAIG HEDBERG. "Complaint-Based Surveillance for Foodborne Illness in the United States: A Survey of Local Health Departments." Journal of Food Protection 74, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-353.
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Foodborne illnesses are an important public health problem in the United States in terms of both the burden of illness and cost to the health care system. Strengthening foodborne illness surveillance helps address the growing issues of food safety in the United States. Very little is known about the use of consumer complaint surveillance systems for foodborne illness. This study evaluates the use of these surveillance systems by local health departments (LHDs) in the United States and their practices and policies for investigating complaints. Data for this study were collected through two Web-based surveys based on a representative sample of LHDs in the United States; 81% of LHDs use complaint-based surveillance. Of those that did not have a complaint system, 64% reported that the state health department or another agency ran their complaint system. Health departments collect a wide variety of information from callers through their complaint systems, including food intake history. Most of the LHDs, however, do not store the information in an electronic database. Outbreak rates and complaint rates were found to be positively correlated, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.38. Complaints were the most common outbreak detection mechanism reported by respondents, with a median of 69% of outbreaks during the previous year found through complaints. Complaint systems are commonly used in the United States. Increasing the rate at which illnesses are reported by the public and improving investigation practices could help increase the number of outbreaks detected through complaint surveillance.
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Midgley, Claire, Brian Rha, Joana Y. Lively, Angela P. Campbell, Julie A. Boom, Parvin H. Azimi, Geoffrey A. Weinberg, et al. "2639. Respiratory Virus Detections in Asthma-Related Pediatric Hospitalizations: New Vaccine Surveillance Network, United States." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S922—S923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2317.
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Abstract Background Respiratory viruses are associated with most asthma exacerbations (AEx) in children; however, the role of different viruses in AEx is unclear. We describe respiratory virus detections among pediatric inpatients with AEx (AEx-inpatients). Methods Through active, prospective surveillance at 7 US medical centers, we enrolled inpatients (<18 years) with acute respiratory illness (ARI) during November 1, 2015–June 30, 2016. We defined an AEx-inpatient as an inpatient with a principal admission or discharge diagnosis of asthma (ICD-10-CM, J45.xx). Mid-turbinate nasal and/or throat swabs were tested by molecular assays for influenza A or B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus 1–3, rhinovirus or enterovirus (RV/EV), human metapneumovirus and adenovirus. We assessed virus detections among AEx-inpatients throughout the surveillance period or by season (winter: December–February; spring: March–May), and by patient age and history of asthma/reactive airway disease (asthma/RAD). Results We tested 3,897 inpatients with ARI; of whom, 954 were AEx-inpatients. Most AEx-inpatients (741/954 [78%]) reported an asthma/RAD history. Viruses were more frequently detected among AEx-inpatients <5 years (350/458 [76%]) than 5–17 years (305/496 [61%], P < 0.001). Most (615/655 [94%]) detections were of single viruses. The most frequent single virus detections were RV/EV (474/954 [50%]) and RSV (76/954 [8%]) but the frequency of each virus varied by season and age group (figure). Single RV/EVs were the most common virus detections in both seasons and all groups. Single RSV detections were prominent among <5 year olds in winter (40/185 [22%]). Among those with single RV/EV or RSV detections, 285/474 (60%) and 49/76 (64%) required supplemental oxygen, respectively (P = 0.676); median length of stay was 1 day (range: 0–45; IQR: 1–2) and 2 days (range: 0–6; IQR: 1–2.5), respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusion AEx-inpatients <5 years were more likely to have respiratory virus detections than those 5–17 years. Single RV/EVs formed the majority of virus detections throughout the surveillance period, regardless of age. RSV played a notable role in winter among patients <5 years. These findings could inform prevention or treatment strategies for virus-associated AEx. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Peterson, Kelly S., Julia Lewis, Olga V. Patterson, Alec B. Chapman, Daniel W. Denhalter, Patricia A. Lye, Vanessa W. Stevens, et al. "Automated Travel History Extraction From Clinical Notes for Informing the Detection of Emergent Infectious Disease Events: Algorithm Development and Validation." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): e26719. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26719.
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Background Patient travel history can be crucial in evaluating evolving infectious disease events. Such information can be challenging to acquire in electronic health records, as it is often available only in unstructured text. Objective This study aims to assess the feasibility of annotating and automatically extracting travel history mentions from unstructured clinical documents in the Department of Veterans Affairs across disparate health care facilities and among millions of patients. Information about travel exposure augments existing surveillance applications for increased preparedness in responding quickly to public health threats. Methods Clinical documents related to arboviral disease were annotated following selection using a semiautomated bootstrapping process. Using annotated instances as training data, models were developed to extract from unstructured clinical text any mention of affirmed travel locations outside of the continental United States. Automated text processing models were evaluated, involving machine learning and neural language models for extraction accuracy. Results Among 4584 annotated instances, 2659 (58%) contained an affirmed mention of travel history, while 347 (7.6%) were negated. Interannotator agreement resulted in a document-level Cohen kappa of 0.776. Automated text processing accuracy (F1 85.6, 95% CI 82.5-87.9) and computational burden were acceptable such that the system can provide a rapid screen for public health events. Conclusions Automated extraction of patient travel history from clinical documents is feasible for enhanced passive surveillance public health systems. Without such a system, it would usually be necessary to manually review charts to identify recent travel or lack of travel, use an electronic health record that enforces travel history documentation, or ignore this potential source of information altogether. The development of this tool was initially motivated by emergent arboviral diseases. More recently, this system was used in the early phases of response to COVID-19 in the United States, although its utility was limited to a relatively brief window due to the rapid domestic spread of the virus. Such systems may aid future efforts to prevent and contain the spread of infectious diseases.
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SEYS, S. A., F. SAMPEDRO, and C. W. HEDBERG. "Factors associated with recovery of meat products following recalls due to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 14 (June 17, 2016): 2940–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816001266.
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SUMMARYFood-product recall data for recalls due to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) from 2000 to 2012 were obtained for establishments regulated by the United States Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). Statistical tests were used to assess the factors associated with recovery of product following STEC recalls along with the relationship between cluster detection and jurisdictions. Our results indicated that the percentage of recalled product recovered following a recall action due to STEC was dependent on the complexity of distribution, type of distribution, amount of time between production and recall dates, and the number of pounds of product recalled. Illness-related STEC recalls were associated with a lower percentage of product recovery which was probably impacted by larger amounts of product recalled, broader production scope, and delays from epidemiological and traceback investigations. Further, detection of illnesses related to STEC recalls seemed to be enhanced in states with additional resources and a history of successful foodborne investigations. This makes an argument for additional resources dedicated to public health agencies specifically for the surveillance of foodborne illnesses.
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Zhang, Yan, James A. Smith, Alexandros A. Ntelekos, Mary Lynn Baeck, Witold F. Krajewski, and Fred Moshary. "Structure and Evolution of Precipitation along a Cold Front in the Northeastern United States." Journal of Hydrometeorology 10, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 1243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jhm1046.1.
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Abstract Heavy precipitation in the northeastern United States is examined through observational and numerical modeling analyses for a weather system that produced extreme rainfall rates and urban flash flooding over the New York–New Jersey region on 4–5 October 2006. Hydrometeorological analyses combine observations from Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) weather radars, the National Lightning Detection Network, surface observing stations in the northeastern United States, a vertically pointing lidar system, and a Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer with simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). Rainfall analyses from the Hydro-Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) system, based on observations from WSR-88D radars in State College, Pennsylvania, and Fort Dix, New Jersey, and WRF model simulations show that heavy rainfall was organized into long-lived lines of convective precipitation, with associated regions of stratiform precipitation, that develop along a frontal zone. Structure and evolution of convective storm elements that produced extreme rainfall rates over the New York–New Jersey urban corridor were influenced by the complex terrain of the central Appalachians, the diurnal cycle of convection, and the history of convective evolution in the frontal zone. Extreme rainfall rates and flash flooding were produced by a “leading line–trailing stratiform” system that was rapidly dissipating as it passed over the New York–New Jersey region. Radar, disdrometer, and lidar observations are used in combination with model analyses to examine the dynamical and cloud microphysical processes that control the spatial and temporal structure of heavy rainfall. The study illustrates key elements of the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall that can be used to characterize flash flood hazards in the urban corridor of the northeastern United States.
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Chhatwal, Jagpreet, Sumeyye Samur, Ju Dong Yang, Lewis R. Roberts, Mindie Nguyen, A. Burak Ozbay, Turgay Ayer, Neehar Parikh, and Amit G. Singal. "Multi-target blood test to improve the performance of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance programs: A modeling-based virtual trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2022): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.4_suppl.405.
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405 Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fastest rising cause of cancer mortality in the United States. Although clinical guidelines recommend ultrasound (U/S), with or without the serum biomarker alpha fetoprotein (AFP) for HCC surveillance in at-risk patients, only 24% of patients adhere to surveillance and only one-third of HCCs are detected before developing symptoms. A multi-target HCC blood-based test (mt-HBT) was recently shown to have promising sensitivity for early HCC detection and may help improve surveillance adherence given its blood-based nature. Our objective was to evaluate the comparative clinical effectiveness of mt-HBT with the current standard-of-care surveillance strategy in patients with cirrhosis. Methods: We simulated a virtual trial by developing a microsimulation model of the natural history of HCC in patients with compensated (Child Pugh A) cirrhosis over a 30-year horizon. To inform model parameters, we used published data on tumor progression, competing risks of mortality, and real-world HCC surveillance adherence. Test performance characteristics were informed by a network meta-analysis. We simulated the life course of 51-year-old patients with cirrhosis and compared no surveillance with biannual surveillance using (1) AFP only, (2) U/S only, (3) U/S+AFP, (4) mt-HBT, and (5) mt-HBT with improved adherence. We assumed a blood-based test—without U/S—would improve surveillance adherence by 10% compared with current adherence (̃4% absolute improvement). Results: Per 100,000 cirrhosis patients, mt-HBT detected 6,220 more early-stage HCC than no surveillance, 2,250 (+57%) more than AFP, 1080 (+21%) more than U/S, and 200 (-3%) less than U/S+AFP. mt-HBT with improved adherence detected 210 (+3%) more early-stage HCC than U/S+AFP (Table). The remaining HCC cases were either symptomatic or the patients died per other competing causes prior to detection. The number of screening tests needed to detect one HCC were 296 for AFP, 287 for U/S, 253 for U/S+AFP, 254 for mt-HBT and 262 for mt-HBT with improved adherence. The number of diagnostic MRI/CT needed to detect one HCC were 40 for AFP, 38 for U/S, 45 for U/S+AFP, 37 for mt-HBT, and 38 for mt-HBT with improved adherence. Conclusions: mt-HBT detects more early-HCC cases than U/S and similar number of early-HCC cases with U/S+AFP. By decreasing surveillance barriers and increasing adherence, mt-HBT could improve early HCC detection and could be promising option for HCC surveillance in patients with cirrhosis. [Table: see text]
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Zahariadis, George, Ari R. Joffe, James Talbot, Albert deVilliers, Patricia Campbell, Kanti Pabbaraju, Sallene Wong, et al. "Identification and Epidemiology of Severe Respiratory Disease due to Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection in Alberta." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 21, no. 4 (2010): e151-e157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/293098.
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BACKGROUND: In March 2009, global surveillance started detecting cases of influenza-like illness in Mexico. By mid-April 2009, two pediatric patients were identified in the United States who were confirmed to be infected by a novel influenza A (H1N1) strain. The present article describes the first identified severe respiratory infection and the first death associated with pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) in Canada.METHODS: Enhanced public health and laboratory surveillance for pH1N1 was implemented throughout Alberta on April 24, 2009. Respiratory specimens from all patients with a respiratory illness and travel history or those presenting with a severe respiratory infection requiring hospitalization underwent screening for respiratory viruses using molecular methods. For the first severe case identified and the first death due to pH1N1, histocompatibility leukocyte antigens were compared by molecular methods.RESULTS: The first death (a 39-year-old woman) occurred on April 28, 2009, and on May 1, 2009, a 10-year-old child presented with severe respiratory distress due to pH1N1. Both patients had no travel or contact with anyone who had travelled to Mexico; the cases were not linked. Histocompatibility antigen comparison of both patients did not identify any notable similarity. pH1N1 strains identified in Alberta did not differ from the Mexican strain.CONCLUSION: Rapid transmission of pH1N1 continued to occur in Alberta following the first death and the first severe respiratory infection in Canada, which were identified without any apparent connection to Mexico or the United States. Contact tracing follow-up suggested that oseltamivir may have prevented ongoing transmission of pH1N1.
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Kahsay, Ruth, Maria A. Gómez-Morales, Hilda N. Rivera, Isabel McAuliffe, Edoardo Pozio, and Sukwan Handali. "A Bead-Based Assay for the Detection of Antibodies against Trichinella spp. Infection in Humans." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 5 (May 5, 2021): 1858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1569.
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ABSTRACTHuman trichinellosis can be diagnosed by a combination of medical history, clinical presentation, and laboratory findings, and through detection of anti–Trichinella IgG in the patient’s sera. ELISA using excretory–secretory (E/S) antigens of Trichinella spiralis larvae is currently the most used assay to detect Trichinella spp. antibodies. Bead-based assay can detect antibodies to multiple antigens concurrently; the ability to detect antibody to T. spiralis using a bead assay could be useful for diagnosis and surveillance. We developed and evaluated a bead assay to detect and quantify total IgG or IgG4 Trichinella spp. antibodies in human serum using T. spiralis E/S antigens. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay were determined using serum from 110 subjects with a confirmed diagnosis of trichinellosis, 140 subjects with confirmed infections with other tissue-dwelling parasites, 98 human serum samples from residents of the United States with no known history of parasitic infection, and nine human serum samples from residents of Egypt with negative microscopy for intestinal parasites. Sensitivity and specificity were 93.6% and 94.3% for total IgG and 89.2% and 99.2% for IgG4, respectively. Twelve percent of sera from patients with confirmed schistosomiasis reacted with the IgG Trichinella bead assay, as did 11% of sera from patients with neurocysticercosis. The Trichinella spp. bead assay to detect IgG total antibody responses has a similar performance as the Trichinella E/S ELISA. The Trichinella spp. bead assay shows promise as a method to detect trichinellosis with a possibility to be used in multiplex applications.
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Sande, Christopher M., Amanda B. Payne, Christine L. Kempton, Marilyn J. Manco-Johnson, and Anjali Sharathkumar. "Epidemiology of Inhibitors in Persons with Severe Hemophilia a in the United States: Analyses of a National Database." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 2470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-109978.
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Abstract Background: Development of inhibitory alloantibodies, commonly known as "inhibitors," against exogenously infused factor VIII (FVIII) is the most significant complication of hemophilia therapy. The aim of this study was to understand the epidemiology of inhibitors in persons with severe hemophilia A (PWHA) in the United States using a national database, the Community Counts Registry for Bleeding Disorders Surveillance. Methods: The Community Counts Registry collects detailed medical information on patients with bleeding disorders who receive treatment within the US Hemophilia Treatment Center Network (USHTCN). Patients with severe hemophilia A with (PWHA-I) and without an inhibitor (PWHA-NI) enrolled in the registry between 12/1/2013 and 7/9/2018 were included in this cross-sectional exploratory analysis. PWHA designated as having an unknown history of inhibitor were excluded. Data elements included basic demographics (age, sex/gender, race, ethnicity, employment, insurance status), clinical characteristics (age of diagnosis, treatment characteristics), inhibitor characteristics (age at detection, inhibitor-specific treatments, titers, status), and outcome data (bleeding events, joint disease and procedures, intracranial hemorrhage, ED visits, hospitalizations, chronic pain, opioid use, and days missed from school/work). Data were categorized with reported frequencies, and comparisons between PWHA-I and PWHA-NI were made using Chi-square tests. Results: Of 4375 patients with severe hemophilia A, 1142 (26.1%) had a reported history of inhibitor. Among the cohort were 13 (0.30%) female and 7 (0.16%) transgender patients. PWHA-I and PWHA-NI were similarly distributed among sex/gender categories. PWHA-I were more frequently Hispanic, Latino/a, or Spanish origin or black or African American and less frequently white. Nearly all patients were insured, although PWHA-I more frequently utilized public insurance as opposed to commercial insurance as primary insurance, which may align with the lower rate of employment among PWHA-I (Table 1). PWHA-I more frequently reported a history of intracranial hemorrhage. Notably, no association was identified between inhibitor history and history of joint bleed, history of invasive joint procedure, or limitations of activity level at the time of assessment. During the 12 months prior to assessment, a lower percentage of PWHA-I reported hemophilia-related chronic pain, but those PWHA-I with chronic pain reported opioid use at a modestly increased rate. PWHA-I were more frequently seen in the emergency department and hospitalized than PWHA-NI during the 12 months prior to reporting, and PWHA-I reported more days missed from work or school (Table 1). Within the PWHA-I cohort, 45.7% of patients had inhibitors detected prior to age 2 years. The majority (64.8%) of PWHA-I had a history of immune tolerance induction and 56.3% reported using routine doses of FVIII concentrates to treat bleeding events. Bypassing agents and increased FVIII concentrates were each used for ~20% of PWHA-I (Table 2). Conclusions: This study provides an estimate of the burden of inhibitors in persons with severe hemophilia A in the US, representing approximately 52.9% of all severe hemophilia A patients treated in the USHTCN (CDC, unpublished data). History of an inhibitor reduced patient productivity and increased ED and hospital utilization. Future efforts will focus on a longitudinal analysis of this cohort to better understand the natural history and outcome of inhibitors and their impact on patient quality of life and health care utilization. Acknowledgments: This study was performed with the advice of the Community Counts Inhibitor Interest Group and was supported by funds from an ASH HONORS Award for Mr. Sande. Disclosures Payne: Shire: Other: treatment product donation; Genentech: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bayer: Other: treatment product donation; Bioverativ: Other: treatment product donation; Novo Nordisk: Other: treatment product donation. Kempton:Novo Nordisk: Research Funding; Genetech, Inc: Honoraria, Research Funding; Shire: Honoraria; Bayer AG: Honoraria; Spark Therapeutics: Honoraria; Grifols: Honoraria; Catalyst Biosciences: Honoraria. Manco-Johnson:CSL Behring: Honoraria; Novo Nordisk: Honoraria; Biogentek: Honoraria; Bayer AG: Honoraria, Research Funding; Baxalta, now part of Shire: Honoraria. Sharathkumar:CSL Behring: Honoraria; Shire: Honoraria; Bayer: Honoraria.
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Khalifeh, Yara, Amir F. Beirat, Razan Aljaras, Dana Alhaffar, Ahmad Karkash, Adel Hajj Ali, Nasser H. Hanna, and Ali Ajrouch. "Empowering women’s health: Opportunity to bridge breast cancer screening to lung cancer screening." JCO Oncology Practice 19, no. 11_suppl (November 2023): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/op.2023.19.11_suppl.121.
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121 Background: Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death for women in the United States (US). It surpasses the combined mortality rate of breast, cervical and ovarian cancers. Early detection of LC at stage I increases the 5-year survival rate to 80%. Lung Cancer Screening (LCS) is an effective tool for early detection. However, while 78% of women over 50 in the US undergo Breast Cancer Screening (BCS), only 6% of eligible women receive LCS. Methods: This is a retrospective study of all women diagnosed with primary LC presenting to Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center from January 2019 to December 2020. We collected sociodemographic characteristics and information related to smoking history, LCS and BCS. We excluded patients with a prior history of lung or breast cancer who were under surveillance, and those with unknown smoking history. We assessed the BCS and LCS eligibility and utilization according to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force latest recommendations. We also determined the utilization of LCS in women who have received BCS. Results: Among the 307 women who met the eligibility criteria, 87.6% were white, 51.8% had a Medicare insurance, 41.7% were ever-smoker, and 64.5% had advanced stages of LC (Stage II-Stage IV). Approximately half of our cohort was eligible for LCS, but only 20% received LCS. On the other hand, 72% were eligible for BCS and 58% of them underwent BCS. Among women who received BCS and were eligible for LCS, only25% underwent LCS. The median time from BCS to LC diagnosis was approximately 2.2 years. Among the 178 women who received BCS within one year prior to LC diagnosis, 27% underwent LCS. Among the remaining women who did not have LCS,66.7% of women were already in a later stage (Stage II-IV) at the time of LC diagnosis. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that majority of women, who met the eligibility criteria for BCS and LCS, received BCS but not LCS prior to their LC diagnosis. This shows that despite the potential mortality benefit, LCS is still underutilized. Receiving LCS at the time of BCS can provide a valuable opportunity to increase LCS participation among eligible women and the potential of diagnosing LC at earlier stages.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surveillance detection – United States – History"
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Babaee, Tamirdash Mohamadreza. "Staging Belonging: Performance, Migration, and the Middle Eastern Diaspora in the United States." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1593024898855739.
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Scott, Katherine Anne. "Reining in the State: Civil Society, Congress, and the Movement to Democratize the National Security State, 1970-1978." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2009. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/38730.
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HistoryPh.D.
This dissertation explores the battle to democratize the national security state, 1970-1978. It examines the neo-progressive movement to institutionalize a new domestic policy regime, in an attempt to force government transparency, protect individual privacy from state intrusion, and create new judicial and legislative checks on domestic security operations. It proceeds chronologically, first outlining the state's overwhelming response to the domestic unrest of the 1960s. During this period, the Department of Justice developed new capacities to better predict urban unrest, growing a computerized databank that contained millions of dossiers on dissenting Americans and the Department of Defense greatly expanded existing capacities, applying cold war counterinsurgency and counterintelligence techniques developed abroad to the problems of protests and riots at home. The remainder of the dissertation examines how the state's secret response to unrest and disorder became public in the early 1970s. It traces the development of a loose coalition of reformers who challenged domestic security policy and coordinated legislative and litigative strategies to check executive power.
Temple University--Theses
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Berrios-Ayala, Mark. "Brave New World Reloaded: Advocating for Basic Constitutional Search Protections to Apply to Cell Phones from Eavesdropping and Tracking by Government and Corporate Entities." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1547.
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Imagine a world where someone’s personal information is constantly compromised, where federal government entities AKA Big Brother always knows what anyone is Googling, who an individual is texting, and their emoticons on Twitter. Government entities have been doing this for years; they never cared if they were breaking the law or their moral compass of
human dignity. Every day the Federal government blatantly siphons data with programs from the original ECHELON to the new series like PRISM and Xkeyscore so they can keep their tabs on issues that are none of their business; namely, the personal lives of millions. Our allies are taking note; some are learning our bad habits, from Government Communications Headquarters’ (GCHQ) mass shadowing sharing plan to America’s Russian inspiration, SORM. Some countries are following the United States’ poster child pose of a Brave New World like order of global events. Others like Germany are showing their resolve in their disdain for the rise of tyranny. Soon, these new found surveillance troubles will test the resolve of the American Constitution and its nation’s strong love and tradition of liberty. Courts are currently at work to resolve how current concepts of liberty and privacy apply to the current conditions facing the privacy of society. It remains to be determined how liberty will be affected as well; liberty for the United States of America, for the European Union, the Russian Federation and for the people of the World in regards to the extent of privacy in today’s blurred privacy expectations.B.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
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Kershner, Seth. "“A Constant Surveillance”: The New York State Police and the Student Peace Movement, 1965-1973." 2021. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/1057.
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Historians recognize that there was an increase in political repression in the United States during the Vietnam War era. While a number of accounts portray the Federal Bureau of Investigation as the primary driver of repression for many groups and individuals during the 1960s and 1970s, particularly those on the left, historians typically overlook the role played by local and state law enforcement in political intelligence-gathering. This thesis seeks to advance the study of one aspect of this much larger topic by looking at New York State Police surveillance of the Vietnam-era student peace movement. Drawing extensively on State Police spy files housed at the New York State Archives, the thesis makes several significant contributions to the existing historiography on this period. First, it demonstrates how state and local police contributed to the climate of political repression and surveillance during the Vietnam era. Second, while this thesis encompasses state police surveillance at all types of institutions, including elite private universities and second-tier state colleges, in doing so it provides the first-ever detailed look at how community college students organized against the war. Since a majority of community college students were from relatively low-income backgrounds, chronicling the history of protest on two-year campuses gives historians another angle from which to counter the persistent myth that antiwar activism failed to penetrate the most working-class sectors of U.S. society.
Books on the topic "Surveillance detection – United States – History"
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Jensen, Joan M. Army surveillance in America, 1775-1980. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.
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Davidson, James West. Afterthe fact: The art of historical detection. 3rd ed. New York: Mcgraw-Hill, 1992.
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H, Lytle Mark, ed. After the fact: The art of historical detection. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.
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H, Lytle Mark, ed. After the fact: The art of historical detection. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.
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H, Lytle Mark, ed. After the fact: The art of historical detection. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.
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Davidson, James West. After the fact: The art of historical detection. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2009.
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Davidson, James West. After the fact: The art of historical detection. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.
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H, Lytle Mark, ed. After the fact: The art of historical detection. 4th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000.
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H, Lytle Mark, ed. After the fact: The art of historical detection. 5th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2005.
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H, Lytle Mark, ed. After the fact: The art of historical detection. 2nd ed. New York: Knopf, 1986.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Surveillance detection – United States – History"
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Venette, Robert C., Doria R. Gordon, Jennifer Juzwik, Frank H. Koch, Andrew M. Liebhold, Robert K. D. Peterson, Sharlene E. Sing, and Denys Yemshanov. "Early Intervention Strategies for Invasive Species Management: Connections Between Risk Assessment, Prevention Efforts, Eradication, and Other Rapid Responses." In Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States, 111–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_6.
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AbstractManaging invasive species becomes increasingly difficult and expensive as populations of new pathogens, plants, insects, and other animals (i.e., pests) spread and reach high densities. Research over the past decade confirms the value of early intervention strategies intended to (1) prevent invasive species from arriving within an endangered area or (2) detect and respond quickly to new species incursions (Baker et al. 2009; Ewel et al. 1999; Holden et al. 2016; Leung et al. 2014). The goal of such biosecurity approaches is to keep or return the density of invasive species to zero so that damages from those pests might be prevented or to confine populations to localized areas so that damage from those species might be limited (Magarey et al. 2009). Prediction, prevention, early detection, eradication, and other rapid responses, all components of proactive management, are less costly and more effective than reactive tactics (Epanchin-Niell and Liebhold 2015; Leung et al. 2002; Lodge et al. 2006; Rout et al. 2014) (Fig. 6.1). Prediction is achieved through risk assessment (a process to forecast the likelihood and consequence of an invasion) and pathway analysis (a process to evaluate the means by which invasive species might be brought into an area of concern). Prevention is achieved through a variety of measures including regulations and quarantine treatments. Indeed, pathway analyses and subsequent regulation of those pathways are considered “the frontline in the prevention of biological invasions” (Hulme 2009) and cost-effective approaches (Essl et al. 2015; Keller et al. 2007; Leung et al. 2002; Tidbury et al. 2016). Surveillance is fundamental to early detection, and if a target species is detected, the primary rapid responses are eradication, containment, or suppression (reviewed in Beric and MacIsaac 2015). Early intervention strategies often operate at spatial scales that are much greater than the scale at which most land managers operate. Success thus requires effective coordination among researchers, regulators, and managers at international, national, sub-national, and local levels.
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Reeves, Matt, Inés Ibáñez, Dana Blumenthal, Gang Chen, Qinfeng Guo, Catherine Jarnevich, Jennifer Koch, et al. "Tools and Technologies for Quantifying Spread and Impacts of Invasive Species." In Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States, 243–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_11.
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AbstractThe need for tools and technologies for understanding and quantifying invasive species has never been greater. Rates of infestation vary on the species or organism being examined across the United States, and notable examples can be found. For example, from 2001 to 2003 alone, ash (Fraxinus spp.) mortality progressed at a rate of 12.97 km year −1 (Siegert et al. 2014), and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) is expected to increase dominance on 14% of Great Basin rangelands (Boyte et al. 2016). The magnitude and scope of problems that invasive species present suggest novel approaches for detection and management are needed, especially those that enable more cost-effective solutions. The advantages of using technologically advanced approaches and tools are numerous, and the quality and quantity of available information can be significantly enhanced by their use. They can also play a key role in development of decision-support systems; they are meant to be integrated with other systems, such as inventory and monitoring, because often the tools are applied after a species of interest has been detected and a threat has been identified. In addition, the inventory systems mentioned in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_10 are regularly used in calibrating and validating models and decision-support systems. For forested areas, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data are most commonly used (e.g., Václavík et al. 2015) given the long history of the program. In non-forested systems, national inventory datasets have not been around as long (see Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-45367-1_10), but use of these data to calibrate and validate spatial models is growing. These inventory datasets include the National Resources Inventory (NRI) (e.g., Duniway et al. 2012) and the Assessment Inventory and Monitoring program (AIM) (e.g., McCord et al. 2017). Similarly, use of the Nonindigenous Aquatic Species (NAS) database is growing as well (e.g., Evangelista et al. 2017). The consistent protocols employed by these programs prove valuable for developing better tools, but the data they afford are generally limited for some tools because the sampling intensity is too low.
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Ross, Kelly. "Inconspicuous and Conspicuous Detection in Ball and Poe." In Slavery, Surveillance, and Genre in Antebellum United States Literature, 49–75. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192856272.003.0003.
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Abstract Poe’s detective fiction has typically been viewed through the Eurocentric lens of turn-of-the-twentieth-century genre conventions. This chapter argues that we should instead place these works within the history of US policing and surveillance, which developed to control African Americans. The chapter demonstrates how surveillance migrates from slave narratives to the emerging genre of detective fiction. Poe experiments with two different modes of detection: “conspicuous” and “inconspicuous.” Conspicuous detection deflects attention from systemic crimes by atomizing detection to focus on an individual mastermind’s nonreciprocal surveillance of an individual criminal. Inconspicuous detection, by contrast, rejects the panoptical model of surveillance and reveals the efficacy of covert, cooperative sousveillance to address systemic injustices such as slavery and colonialism. Ultimately, Poe’s engagement with the contest between surveillance and sousveillance led him to create the exemplary conspicuous detective: C. Auguste Dupin, a fantasy of nonreciprocal surveillance.
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Ross, Kelly. "Introduction." In Slavery, Surveillance, and Genre in Antebellum United States Literature, 1–18. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192856272.003.0001.
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Abstract The introduction argues that to understand the history of surveillance in the United States it is essential to study literature that positions policing and detection within the slave system. Taking up recent theories of genre that focus on identifying constellations of literary characteristics and examining the functions they fulfill for different historical periods, this book analyzes a multi-genre literature of antebellum surveillance. The narrative genres the book investigates share a thematic concern with the surveillance of racialized bodies and formal experimentation with “modes of detection” (ways of telling a story in which certain information is either rendered visible or kept hidden). The introduction also traces the history of racialized surveillance and sousveillance in the antebellum United States, charting the techniques and technologies employed by state-sanctioned agents such as slave patrollers or slave catchers, as well as non-state-sanctioned, often subversive, sousveillance practiced by enslaved men and women.
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De Cock, Kevin M. "CDC in the Modern AIDS Era." In Dispatches from the AIDS Pandemic, 266—C20N32. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197626528.003.0020.
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Abstract This chapter describes CDC’s evolving response to HIV/AIDS in the United States in the modern era. Early AIDS investigations required a specific case definition and a national surveillance system. The AIDS case definition was expanded multiple times as understanding of the spectrum of HIV disease and affected populations improved. A controversial aspect of a 1993 revision was inclusion of a CD4 cell count threshold (<200 cells/cu mm), which greatly increased the number of people considered to have AIDS. Introduction of antiretroviral therapy in the mid-1990s interrupted HIV’s previously predictable natural history, obscuring interpretation of trends and disease estimates. In 1999, CDC recommended name-based HIV reporting, after much controversy on which identifier to use to ensure confidentiality. In 2019, a national plan for ending the US epidemic was announced, emphasizing early HIV diagnosis and treatment, access to PrEP, detection of clusters based on phylogenetic analyses, and focus on most heavily affected populations and locations.
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Fairchild, Amy L. "Chapter 5. The Democratization of Privacy: Public-Health Surveillance and Changing Conceptions of Privacy in Twentieth-Century America." In History and Health Policy in the United States, 111–29. Rutgers University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36019/9780813539874-008.
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Crane, Ken R. "“Where Are the Americans?”." In Iraqi Refugees in the United States, 86–107. NYU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479873944.003.0006.
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The War on Terror’s aggressive surveillance of Arabs and Muslims as national security threats accelerated their becoming a racialized Other. The history of race-making in America has followed a pattern of groups differentiating themselves from lower-status nonwhites in order to gain membership as white. Iraqis who came to the Inland Empire’s majority-Latinx neighborhoods found themselves in an America they had not anticipated, prompting some to ask, “Where are the Americans?” While the Latinx-Iraqi interactions evoked frustration, confusion, and ambivalence toward an unexpected cultural reality, Iraqis were ultimately able to bridge differences and recognize many similarities with their Latinx neighbors, such as family values and hospitality. The youths frequently quoted the Arabic proverb “not all your fingers alike,” meaning that it is better to be accepting—after all, not all people are the same, everyone is different, just like the fingers on your hand.
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Meo, Sarah, and Louise Isobel Shelley. "Preventing and Detecting Human Trafficking in the Hotel Sector." In Paths to the Prevention and Detection of Human Trafficking, 203–22. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-3926-5.ch010.
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In the United States, as elsewhere in the world, hotels and motels are frequently used by human traffickers to exploit their victims. Analysis of 47 civil cases filed in federal courts since 2015 by human trafficking victims against hotels and hotel chains reveals that much abuse of victims is facilitated or tolerated by hotel employees. Despite recent corporate efforts to establish policies to counter human trafficking, these cases reveal that the training and procedures established by leading corporations in the hospitality sector are inadequate to address the problem as hotels remain the key locus of prosecuted cases of sex trafficking in the United States. The chapter provides a series of policies that hotel entities can adopt to combat sex trafficking more effectively on their properties, including expanding whistleblower protections, collaborating with local law enforcement, improving human trafficking awareness training, and providing better monitoring of surveillance cameras and hotel Wi-Fi networks.
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Jeudy, Myrlene, Monique Swain, and Mark Pearlman. "Effect of Screening Mammography on Breast Cancer Detection and Mortality." In 50 Studies Every Obstetrician-Gynecologist Should Know, 164–69. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190947088.003.0030.
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This widely discussed study by Bleyer and Welch published in The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) “The Effects of Three Decades of Screening Mammography on Breast Cancer Incidence” concluded that screening mammography leads to a substantial overdiagnosis of early breast cancer (estimated 69% increase) while only having a small effect on late-stage breast cancer (estimated 8% decrease). In a population-based observational study, the authors utilized trend data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database to examine trends on the incidence and stage of early- versus late-stage breast cancer at the time of diagnosis. They compared 2 time frames: prior to widespread mammography screening (1976–1978) and after mammography screening was introduced in the United States (2006––2008). This article reviews this NEJM article and describes several methodological assumptions by the authors that have been soundly criticized and the associated limitations. As a result of these limitations, there was an exaggeration of the overdiagnosis of early-stage disease with mammography and, more importantly, a substantial underestimate of the impact of mammography on decreasing late-stage breast cancer.
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Dettlaff, Alan J., and Victoria Copeland. "The oppressive history of ‘child welfare’ systems and the need for abolition." In Social Work's Histories of Complicity and Resistance, 54–72. Policy Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447364276.003.0004.
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The history of the ‘child welfare’ system in the United States, as is true of the history of most government systems following abolition of human chattel slavery, is a history that has centred on maintaining and preserving the system of White supremacy upon which the United States was founded. Since its earliest origins, the ‘child welfare’ system has been designed to maintain the superiority of White Americans while maintaining the oppression of Black Americans, first through intentional exclusion of Black families when services focused largely on poverty relief, and later through intentional over-involvement when those services shifted to surveillance and punishment due to poverty. While the practice of forcibly separating Black children from their parents as an act of racial oppression originated with human chattel slavery, today the ‘child welfare’ system, which we more accurately refer to as the family policing system, maintains this oppression through the forced removal of Black children from their families at a rate nearly double that of White children. This act of racial oppression perpetuates harmful outcomes among Black Americans in the form of poverty, homeless, joblessness and others, which each serve as drivers for their continued involvement in and oppression by this system.
Conference papers on the topic "Surveillance detection – United States – History"
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Riquetti, Patrick V., Jayne I. Fletcher, and Colin D. Minty. "Aerial Surveillance for Gas and Liquid Hydrocarbon Pipelines Using a Flame Ionization Detector (FID)." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1873.
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A novel application for the detection of airborne hydrocarbons has been successfully developed by means of a highly sensitive, fast responding Flame Ionization Detector (FID.) The traditional way to monitor pipeline leaks has been by ground crews using specific sensors or by airborne crews highly trained to observe anomalies associated with leaks during periodic surveys of the pipeline right-of-way. Our goal has been to detect leaks in a fast and cost effective way before the associated spill becomes a costly and hazardous problem. This paper describes a leak detection system combined with a global positioning system (GPS) and a computerized data output designed to pinpoint the presence of hydrocarbons in the air space of the pipeline’s right of way. Fixed wing aircraft as well as helicopters have been successfully used as airborne platforms. Natural gas, crude oil and finished products pipelines in Canada and the United States have been surveyed using this technology with excellent correlation between the aircraft detection and in situ ground detection. The information obtained is processed with a proprietary software and reduced to simple coordinates. Results are transferred to ground crews to effect the necessary repairs.
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Tsai, Hanchung, Yung Y. Liu, Mark Nutt, and James Shuler. "Advanced Surveillance Technologies for Used Fuel Long-Term Storage and Transportation." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59032.
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Utilities worldwide are using dry-cask storage systems to handle the ever-increasing number of discharged fuel assemblies from nuclear power plants. In the United States and possibly elsewhere, this trend will continue until an acceptable disposal path is established. The recent Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, specifically the events with the storage pools, may accelerate the drive to relocate more of the used fuel assemblies from pools into dry casks. Many of the newer cask systems incorporate dual-purpose (storage and transport) or multiple-purpose (storage, transport, and disposal) canister technologies. With the prospect looming for very long term storage — possibly over multiple decades — and deferred transport, condition- and performance-based aging management of cask structures and components is now a necessity that requires immediate attention. From the standpoint of consequences, one of the greatest concerns is the rupture of a substantial number of fuel rods that would affect fuel retrievability. Used fuel cladding may become susceptible to rupture due to radial-hydride-induced embrittlement caused by water-side corrosion during the reactor operation and subsequent drying/transfer process, through early stage of storage in a dry cask, especially for high burnup fuels. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an automated data capture and remote-sensing technology ideally suited for monitoring sensitive assets on a long-term, continuous basis. One such system, called ARG-US, has been developed by Argonne National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Packaging Certification Program for tracking and monitoring drums containing sensitive nuclear and radioactive materials. The ARG-US RFID system is versatile and can be readily adapted for dry-cask monitoring applications. The current built-in sensor suite consists of seal, temperature, humidity, shock, and radiation sensors. With the universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter interface in the tag, other sensors can be easily added as needed. The system can promptly generate alarms when any of the sensor thresholds are violated. For performance and compliance records, the ARGUS RFID tags incorporate nonvolatile memories for storing sensory data and history events. Over the very long term, to affirmatively monitor the condition of the cask interior (particularly the integrity of cover gas and fuel-rod cladding), development of enabling technologies for such monitoring would be required. These new technologies may include radiation-hardened sensors, in-canister energy harvesting, and wireless means of transmitting the sensor data out of the canister/cask.
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Sakai, Hajar. "Machine Learning Approaches for Stroke Classification." In 2023 IISE Annual Conference & Expo. Curran Associates, Inc., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21872/2023iise_1127.
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Stroke is known for being one of the severe silent diseases that cause sudden death. It may as well cause permanent disabilities and also shorten the patient's life expectancy. Its related number of occurrences keeps increasing in the United States which makes it a threatening medical emergency for which healthcare providers need a decision support tool. All these reasons aggregated are the motive behind this research. The prognosis of stroke disease can be improved promptly such that its early detection will increase the probability of getting cured easily or being identified at risk for urgent care. Therefore, an analytical approach is suggested for support. Multiple machine learning algorithms are applied and compared using a dataset recording 5110 patients, 5% of them with stroke history. They include Logistic Regression, two Tree-based Algorithms, Linear Discriminant Analysis, and Multilayer Perceptron. The dataset comprises variables describing the physiological features of a patient such as the Body Mass Index (BMI), and the average glucose level as well as information related to the patient’s clinical history. As a result, Random Forest outperforms the others in terms of both Accuracy (94%) and F1-score (92%). While Logistic Regression and Linear Discriminant Analysis equally show the best results in terms of AUC score (84%).
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Gernand, Jeremy M. "Particulate Matter: Fine and Ultrafine — How Emerging Data on Engineered Nanomaterials May Change How We Regulate Worker Exposures to Dust." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-53056.
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Currently in the United States, agencies responsible for regulations related to worker or public exposures to dust set rules based on a few general categories determined by gross particle size categories like PM10 (particles < 10 μm) and PM2.5 (particles < 2.5 μm) and the total mass of certain specific compounds (e.g., 3.5 mg/m3 of carbon black). Environmental health researchers however, have begun to focus on a new category of ultrafine particles (PM0.1; particles < 100 nm) as being more indicative of actual health risks in people. The emerging field of nanotoxicology meanwhile is providing new insights into how and why certain particles cause damage in the lungs by investigating the effects of exposure in animals to very well characterized engineered nanomaterials. Based on this recent research the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has issued new recommended exposure limits (RELs) for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles that are 2–3 orders of magnitude more stringent than RELs for larger particles of the same or similar substance. It remains unclear at present how stringent future regulations may be for engineered and inadvertently created nanoparticles or ultrafine dusts. Nor is it clear whether verification methods to demonstrate compliance with these rules could or should be devised to differentiate between engineered and inadvertently created nanoparticles. This study presents a review of the history of dust regulation in the United States, how emerging data on the health risks of ultrafine particles and engineered nanoparticles is changing our understanding of the risks of inhaled dust, and how future rulemaking in regards to these and similar particulate materials may unfold. This review shows the extent to which rules on dust have become more stringent over time specifically in the case of diesel emissions and silica exposure, and indicates that new rules on worker exposure to ultrafine dusts or engineered nanomaterials may be expected in the United States within 5–10 years based on past experience on the time delay in connecting research on new hazards to regulatory intervention. Current research suggests there will be several challenges to compliance with these rules depending on the structure of the final rule and the development of detection technologies. Although the research on ultrafine dust control technologies appears to indicate that once rulemaking begins there may be no serious feasibility limits to controlling these exposures. Based on ongoing exposure studies, those industries likely to be most affected by a new rule on ultrafine dusts not specific to engineered nanomaterials will include transportation, mining, paper and wood products, construction, and manufacturing.
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Sanders, J., J. Pomerville, and Paul D. Moskowitz. "Arctic Military Environmental Cooperation Project 1.5-1 Radiation Control at Facilities: Application of the PICASSO System." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4999.
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The Arctic Military Environmental Cooperation (AMEC) is a cooperative effort between military establishments of the Russian Federation, United States, and Norway to reduce potential environmental threats from military installations and activities in the Arctic region and enhancing the environmental security of all three countries. The goal of this project is to enhance the ability of the Russian Navy to effectively and safely perform radioecological monitoring of sites at facilities dismantling nuclear submarines and handling and disposition of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and the radioactive waste by-products. Radioecological monitoring is needed to protect workers at the sites engaged in work involving the dismantlement of nuclear submarines, the local public of the surrounding communities, and the environment. Radioecological monitoring is being accomplished by the installation of a centralized radiological surveillance system, the PICASSO Environmental Monitoring system developed by the Institute for Energy Technology, Halden, Norway. The Russian Institute for Nuclear Safety, Moscow, Russia, modified the system for use at Russian Federation Naval bases and developed a working model for its intended application. The working model includes Russian manufactured terrestrial and underwater gamma detectors, smart controllers, radiomodems for off-site transmission of data coupled with the PICASSO Environmental Monitoring system installed into local computers, work stations, and a centralized server to monitor the real-time activity of the particular site. The selected sites for installation of PICASSO are the Polyarninsky Shipyard No. 10 and the RTP Atomflot shipyards. The AMEC project teams visited Polyarninsky Shipyard No. 10 and the RTP Atomflot shipyards in June 2003 to monitor the progress of the installation of the detection and monitoring systems. The implementation of the PICASSO system will be integrated with other AMEC projects at both sites. Plans are being developed to implement the use of this system at most Russian Federation Naval sites handling SNF.
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Raharjo, D. "Detect Oil Spill in Offshore Facility using Convolutional Neural Network and Transfer Learning." In Indonesian Petroleum Association 44th Annual Convention and Exhibition. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa21-e-194.
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The oil spill has a detrimental effect on the environment due to its pollution and long-term damage to sea wildlife. As the facility ages, the pipeline leak may increase as integrity reduces due to corrosion or erosion and worsens by minimal maintenance activity. To detect the oil leak, some assessments in the United States statistically found that leak detection system (LDS) effectiveness is less than 20% based on Aloqaily and Arafat (2018). Probably, LDS might not always give a satisfactory result to detect leaks and oil spills and may need to rely on other manual surveillance. Nevertheless, due to limited personnel and the large area of interest, oil spill usually goes undetected until local people and fishermen report it. In an oil spill case, having an early notification is crucial to limiting the leakage and improving mitigation time. To put it in perspective, one of the largest oil spills is the Deepwater Horizon, with an estimation of oil discharged around 4.1 – 4.9 million bbls, and legal fees cost up to 61.6 billion dollars. Looking at this number, we can estimate how important it is to stop oil spills at the very initial of occurrence to minimize environmental damage. This paper aims to exhibit a new approach in oil spill detection using deep convolutional neural networks and transfer learning. We develop an “artificial eye” to automatically classify the surrounding image and identify external manifestations to detect oil spills. We offer a concept upon how we leverage artificial intelligence to automatically classify a stream of the picture, whether it is an oil spill or not. Furthermore, we introduce an IoT and drone technology concept to maximize it to survey the pipeline path regularly. The image captured by these devices is then fed through a deep learning classifier model that decides whether the leak is present or not. By utilizing this technology, we hope to create automatic early notification if leakage occurs so that the oil spill combat team can cure the problem as fast as possible before the leak expands further.
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Nanney, Steve. "Regulatory Next Steps in Addressing Pipeline Seam Weld Challenges." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33228.
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Since the beginning of pipeline transportation operations, pipe seam integrity and mitigation measures to prevent pipe seam leaks and failures have been a challenge for the industry and government regulators. The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration’s (PHMSA) Office of Pipeline Safety (OPS) has investigated leaks and failures, issued advisory bulletins, funded research projects, and developed regulations for integrity assurance of pipe seams during pipeline design, construction, and operations and maintenance (including integrity management). This report will discuss PHMSA’s pipe seam efforts to date, framing leak and failure history, past advisory bulletins, United States (U.S.) Legislative and Executive actions (statutory actions), recent U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) findings, accident investigation findings, and ongoing research for pipe long seam welds. PHMSA will review challenges and summarize past and possible future regulatory considerations based on the research findings to date and pipe seam incidents. In 2011 PHMSA initiated a long seam research project titled “Comprehensive Study to Understand Longitudinal ERW Seam Failures.” The program goals are to assist PHMSA in favorably closing U.S. NTSB Recommendations P-09-01 [1] and P-09-02 [1], which were issued after the Carmichael, Mississippi pipeline electric resistance welded (ERW) seam rupture, and recommended that PHMSA conduct a comprehensive study of ERW pipe properties and implement measures to assure that they do not fail in service. The research objectives for Phase 1 were to review current ERW seam integrity assessment methods (hydrostatic testing and in-line inspection using a crack-detection tool) to understand measures needed to consistently identify subcritical seam defects in order to act in time to prevent ERW seam ruptures. Phase 2 objectives are to develop hydrotest protocols, improve anomaly characterization criteria, develop seam defect growth models, and develop seam integrity management techniques. Phase 1 was completed in early January 2014, and Phase 2 is scheduled to be completed in late fall 2014. To date, this study has led to 17 technical reports. These reports are publically available on the following PHMSA website: http://primis.phmsa.dot.gov/matrix/PrjHome.rdm?prj=390.
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Hartwell, William T., and David S. Shafer. "The Community Environmental Monitoring Program: A Model for Stakeholder Involvement in Environmental Monitoring." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7180.
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Since 1981, the Community Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) has involved stakeholders directly in its daily operation and data collection, as well as in dissemination of information on radiological surveillance in communities surrounding the Nevada Test Site (NTS), the primary location where the United States (US) conducted nuclear testing until 1992. The CEMP is funded by the US Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration, and is administered by the Desert Research Institute (DRI) of the Nevada System of Higher Education. The CEMP provides training workshops for stakeholders involved in the program, and educational outreach to address public concerns about health risk and environmental impacts from past and ongoing NTS activities. The network includes 29 monitoring stations located across an approximately 160,000 km2 area of Nevada, Utah and California in the southwestern US. The principal radiological instruments are pressurized ion chambers for measuring gamma radiation, and particulate air samplers, primarily for alpha/beta detection. Stations also employ a full suite of meteorological instruments, allowing for improved interpretation of the effects of meteorological events on background radiation levels. Station sensors are wired to state-of-the-art dataloggers that are capable of several weeks of on-site data storage, and that work in tandem with a communications system that integrates DSL and wireless internet, land line and cellular phone, and satellite technologies for data transfer. Data are managed through a platform maintained by the Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC) that DRI operates for the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The WRCC platform allows for near real-time upload and display of current monitoring information in tabular and graphical formats on a public web site. Archival data for each station are also available on-line, providing the ability to perform trending analyses or calculate site-specific exposure rates. This configuration also allows for remote programming and troubleshooting of sensors. Involvement of stakeholders in the monitoring process provides a number of benefits, including increased public confidence in monitoring results, as well as decreasing costs by more than 50 percent from when the program was managed entirely by U.S. federal employees. Additionally, the CEMP provides an ideal platform for testing new environmental sensors.
Reports on the topic "Surveillance detection – United States – History"
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Chandrasekhar, C. P. The Long Search for Stability: Financial Cooperation to Address Global Risks in the East Asian Region. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp153.
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Forced by the 1997 Southeast Asian crisis to recognize the external vulnerabilities that openness to volatile capital flows result in and upset over the post-crisis policy responses imposed by the IMF, countries in the sub-region saw the need for a regional financial safety net that can pre-empt or mitigate future crises. At the outset, the aim of the initiative, then led by Japan, was to create a facility or design a mechanism that was independent of the United States and the IMF, since the former was less concerned with vulnerabilities in Asia than it was in Latin America and that the latter’s recommendations proved damaging for countries in the region. But US opposition and inherited geopolitical tensions in the region blocked Japan’s initial proposal to establish an Asian Monetary Fund, a kind of regional IMF. As an alternative, the ASEAN+3 grouping (ASEAN members plus China, Japan and South Korea) opted for more flexible arrangements, at the core of which was a network of multilateral and bilateral central bank swap agreements. While central bank swap agreements have played a role in crisis management, the effort to make them the central instruments of a cooperatively established regional safety net, the Chiang Mai Initiative, failed. During the crises of 2008 and 2020 countries covered by the Initiative chose not to rely on the facility, preferring to turn to multilateral institutions such as the ADB, World Bank and IMF or enter into bilateral agreements within and outside the region for assistance. The fundamental problem was that because of an effort to appease the US and the IMF and the use of the IMF as a foil against the dominance of a regional power like Japan, the regional arrangement was not a real alternative to traditional sources of balance of payments support. In particular, access to significant financial assistance under the arrangement required a country to be supported first by an IMF program and be subject to the IMF’s conditions and surveillance. The failure of the multilateral effort meant that a specifically Asian safety net independent of the US and the IMF had to be one constructed by a regional power involving support for a network of bilateral agreements. Japan was the first regional power to seek to build such a network through it post-1997 Miyazawa Initiative. But its own complex relationship with the US meant that its intervention could not be sustained, more so because of the crisis that engulfed Japan in 1990. But the prospect of regional independence in crisis resolution has revived with the rise of China as a regional and global power. This time both economics and China’s independence from the US seem to improve prospects of successful regional cooperation to address financial vulnerability. A history of tensions between China and its neighbours and the fear of Chinese dominance may yet lead to one more failure. But, as of now, the Belt and Road Initiative, China’s support for a large number of bilateral swap arrangements and its participation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership seem to suggest that Asian countries may finally come into their own.
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Plant Protection and Quarantine: Recognizing Program Successes in 2015. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7207239.aphis.
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In many ways, 2015 was extraordinary for plant health protection. We had more new pest detections and saw higher numbers of pest outbreaks than in previous years, including the first-ever detection of old world bollworm in the continental United States and a record-setting 12 fruit fly outbreaks. The year 2015 was also an impressive year for agricultural trade. The value of U.S. agricultural exports exceeded the value of imports again, making the last 7 years the strongest period for American agricultural exports in the history of our country.