Academic literature on the topic 'Surveillance and investigations'
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Journal articles on the topic "Surveillance and investigations"
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Brayne, Sarah. "The Criminal Law and Law Enforcement Implications of Big Data." Annual Review of Law and Social Science 14, no. 1 (October 13, 2018): 293–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101317-030839.
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Law enforcement agencies increasingly use big data analytics in their daily operations. This review outlines how police departments leverage big data and new surveillant technologies in patrol and investigations. It distinguishes between directed surveillance—which involves the surveillance of individuals and places under suspicion—and dragnet surveillance—which involves suspicionless, unparticularized data collection. Law enforcement's adoption of big data analytics far outpaces legal responses to the new surveillant landscape. Therefore, this review highlights open legal questions about data collection, suspicion requirements, and police discretion. It concludes by offering suggestions for future directions for researchers and practitioners.
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Cecil, Elizabeth, Samantha Wilkinson, Alex Bottle, Aneez Esmail, Charles Vincent, and Paul P. Aylin. "National hospital mortality surveillance system: a descriptive analysis." BMJ Quality & Safety 27, no. 12 (October 8, 2018): 974–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2018-008364.
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ObjectiveTo provide a description of the Imperial College Mortality Surveillance System and subsequent investigations by the Care Quality Commission (CQC) in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals receiving mortality alerts.BackgroundThe mortality surveillance system has generated monthly mortality alerts since 2007, on 122 individual diagnosis and surgical procedure groups, using routinely collected hospital administrative data for all English acute NHS hospital trusts. The CQC, the English national regulator, is notified of each alert. This study describes the findings of CQC investigations of alerting trusts.MethodsWe carried out (1) a descriptive analysis of alerts (2007–2016) and (2) an audit of CQC investigations in a subset of alerts (2011–2013).ResultsBetween April 2007 and October 2016, 860 alerts were generated and 76% (654 alerts) were sent to trusts. Alert volumes varied over time (range: 40–101). Septicaemia (except in labour) was the most commonly alerting group (11.5% alerts sent). We reviewed CQC communications in a subset of 204 alerts from 96 trusts. The CQC investigated 75% (154/204) of alerts. In 90% of these pursued alerts, trusts returned evidence of local case note reviews (140/154). These reviews found areas of care that could be improved in 69% (106/154) of alerts. In 25% (38/154) trusts considered that identified failings in care could have impacted on patient outcomes. The CQC investigations resulted in full trust action plans in 77% (118/154) of all pursued alerts.ConclusionThe mortality surveillance system has generated a large number of alerts since 2007. Quality of care problems were found in 69% of alerts with CQC investigations, and one in four trusts reported that failings in care may have an impact on patient outcomes. Identifying whether mortality alerts are the most efficient means to highlight areas of substandard care will require further investigation.
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O’Toole, Áine, Verity Hill, Ben Jackson, Rebecca Dewar, Nikita Sahadeo, Rachel Colquhoun, Stefan Rooke, et al. "Genomics-informed outbreak investigations of SARS-CoV-2 using civet." PLOS Global Public Health 2, no. 12 (December 9, 2022): e0000704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000704.
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The scale of data produced during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been unprecedented, with more than 13 million sequences shared publicly at the time of writing. This wealth of sequence data provides important context for interpreting local outbreaks. However, placing sequences of interest into national and international context is difficult given the size of the global dataset. Often outbreak investigations and genomic surveillance efforts require running similar analyses again and again on the latest dataset and producing reports. We developed civet (cluster investigation and virus epidemiology tool) to aid these routine analyses and facilitate virus outbreak investigation and surveillance. Civet can place sequences of interest in the local context of background diversity, resolving the query into different ’catchments’ and presenting the phylogenetic results alongside metadata in an interactive, distributable report. Civet can be used on a fine scale for clinical outbreak investigation, for local surveillance and cluster discovery, and to routinely summarise the virus diversity circulating on a national level. Civet reports have helped researchers and public health bodies feedback genomic information in the appropriate context within a timeframe that is useful for public health.
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Gates, Kelly. "Media Evidence and Forensic Journalism." Surveillance & Society 18, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v18i3.14090.
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This essay engages with the question of surveillance and evidence by considering the use of media forensics in journalistic storytelling. The use of video evidence and other data derived from surveillance systems to assemble investigative news results in a documentary form of what Thomas Levin (2002) calls surveillant narration—a tendency in cinema to treat surveillance thematically while at the same time incorporating it into the structure of the narration itself. If using surveillance as the structure of journalistic narration seems like a natural fit, it is for its aesthetic effect as much as its evidentiary value. Forensic journalism is emerging as one site where media forensics becomes formalized as a product of popular consumption and sense-making, taking its place alongside forensic-themed reality television and fictional crime dramas like CSI, as much as real forensic investigations and legal proceedings.
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Choi, Bernard C. K. "The Past, Present, and Future of Public Health Surveillance." Scientifica 2012 (2012): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.6064/2012/875253.
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This paper provides a review of the past, present, and future of public health surveillance—the ongoing systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health action. Public health surveillance dates back to the first recorded epidemic in 3180 B.C. in Egypt. Hippocrates (460 B.C.–370 B.C.) coined the terms endemic and epidemic, John Graunt (1620–1674) introduced systematic data analysis, Samuel Pepys (1633–1703) started epidemic field investigation, William Farr (1807–1883) founded the modern concept of surveillance, John Snow (1813–1858) linked data to intervention, and Alexander Langmuir (1910–1993) gave the first comprehensive definition of surveillance. Current theories, principles, and practice of public health surveillance are summarized. A number of surveillance dichotomies, such as epidemiologic surveillance versus public health surveillance, are described. Some future scenarios are presented, while current activities that can affect the future are summarized: exploring new frontiers; enhancing computer technology; improving epidemic investigations; improving data collection, analysis, dissemination, and use; building on lessons from the past; building capacity; enhancing global surveillance. It is concluded that learning from the past, reflecting on the present, and planning for the future can further enhance public health surveillance.
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Hedberg, C. "Listeria in Europe: The need for a European surveillance network is growing." Eurosurveillance 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2006): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.11.06.00628-en.
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Four years ago, Henriette de Valk and colleagues determined both the need for and feasibility of a European network on Listeria infections in humans. The network was envisioned as a way to strengthen surveillance in individual countries by harmonising microbiological methods and providing epidemiologic tools for investigations. The results of their survey were clear: respondents felt that such a network would aid in the detection and investigation of outbreaks, and that it could be based on existing national surveillance systems. There has been considerable institutional support for developing a European Listeria network, and in response to planning efforts, Listeria surveillance has improved in several countries. However, the network has yet to be realised.
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Yusman, La Ode, Taswin Taswin, and LM Khairul Razy. "ALUR PENYELIDIKAN SURVEILANS DAN DIAGNOSA DINI COVID-19 DI KOTA BAUBAU." Kampurui Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat (The Journal of Public Health) 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55340/kjkm.v4i1.625.
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Currently the data on the spread of Covid-19 continues to increase, the World Health Organization (WHO) has reported the number of Covid-19 cases reaching 20,126.45 cases with 737,285 deaths worldwide and there are several health workers who have been reported to have been infected. Indonesia has confirmed cases of Covid-19 on November 25, 2021. Cumulatively, 4,254,443 people have been confirmed positive for COVID-19. Baubau City reported the number of Covid-19 cases on March 23, 2021, which was 10,221 cases. This study aims to determine the Flow of Surveillance Investigations and Early Diagnosis of Covid-19 in Baubau City. The type of research used is quantitative with a descriptive observational research design. The population and sample in this study were surveillance officers, assistant surveillance officers working at the Puskesmas and surveillance officers at the Baubau City Health Office totaling 35 people. The analysis used is univariate analysis. The results of this study indicate that from 35 Puskesmas surveillance officers conducting epidemiological investigations in communities with symptoms, as many as 34 people (100%) and several Puskesmas surveillance officers conducting epidemiological investigations in communities without symptoms, as many as 26 people (76.5%). , Puskesmas surveillance officers who categorize based on people during epidemiological investigations are 32 people (94.1%), Puskesmas surveillance officers who carry out categorization based on places during epidemiological investigations are 26 (76.5%), how to know someone has been exposed to covid -19 health center surveillance officers by looking at the symptoms felt by the patient, by looking at the travel history of the patient from outside/in the area, by looking at the history of direct contact of the patient with someone, by looking at the results of the rapid examination and swab test of the patient, as many as 28 (82.4 %) and all surveillance officers did The treatment is in accordance with the patient's condition, namely 34 people (100%) both those who meet and do not fulfill the DO of patients under supervision in the community who travel (people under supervision) and (patients under supervision). Surveillance activities in terms of data collection at each Baubau City Health Center, namely the type of data collected in the form of data on morbidity, mortality and community demographic data and sources of Covid-19 data obtained are categorized by person, place and time. There are several surveillance officers who do not categorize by person and place only by time, and surveillance data is collected on people who have symptoms and do not have symptoms. It is hoped that surveillance officers at the Baubau City Health Office will maximize ongoing surveillance activities to reduce the incidence of COVID-19 disease in the community
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Jackson Young, Sarah. "Literacies for Surveillance: Social Network Sites and Background Investigations." Media and Communication 3, no. 2 (September 30, 2015): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/mac.v3i2.266.
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In September 2013, civilian contractor Aaron Alexis entered the Washington Navy Yard and murdered twelve people before being fatally shot by police. This incident, together with an incident three months earlier involving Edward Snowden, caused the U.S. government to critically examine their background investigation (BI) process; because both Snowden and Alexis had supposedly slipped through the cracks of their investigations, there must be some flaw in the BI procedure. The U.S. Committee on Oversight and Reform concluded that rules forbidding “background checkers from looking at the Internet or social media when performing checks” was one of the main factors contributing to defective BIs (Report, 2014). Since the report’s release, the Director of National Intelligence has been debating and trialing whether information from the Internet should be used to form a data double for BIs (Kopp, 2014; Rockwell, 2014). Using this conversation as a discussion catalyst, I argue that due to the nature of the data double, if the United States were to adopt the use of social networking sites (SNSs) for security clearance purposes, neglecting to take into account basic principles of SNSs into the process of BIs may lead to misinformation and unfavorable adjudication. Ultimately, being literate about the social practices involved in SNSs and surveillance would benefit not only investigators, but anyone, including academics, looking at individuals in online spaces.
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Young, Sarah. "Slipping through the cracks: Background investigations after Snowden." Surveillance & Society 15, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v15i1.5306.
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Although Edward Snowden set out to expose the extent of the United States (US) government’s surveillance practices so that the public would be aware of the magnitude of the country’s information gathering, Snowden’s actions have actually, at least in the case of background investigations, revealed an inability for the US government to gather all desired information for surveillance purposes. This lack of ability to gain access to information has several major consequences. First, it has created a call for more information to be gathered. It has also affected federal workers’ privacy and whistleblowing capabilities, encouraged a false trust in a fallible system, and has perpetuated the belief that the BI can actually capture the essence or “whole person” of an individual so much that it can tell the future. All of these elements are problematic and help show how surveillance proliferates in modern society.
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Almusayli, Asma, Tanveer Zia, and Emad-ul-Haq Qazi. "Drone Forensics: An Innovative Approach to the Forensic Investigation of Drone Accidents Based on Digital Twin Technology." Technologies 12, no. 1 (January 19, 2024): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies12010011.
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In recent years, drones have become increasingly popular tools in criminal investigations, either as means of committing crimes or as tools to assist in investigations due to their capability to gather evidence and conduct surveillance, which has been effective. However, the increasing use of drones has also brought about new difficulties in the field of digital forensic investigation. This paper aims to contribute to the growing body of research on digital forensic investigations of drone accidents by proposing an innovative approach based on the use of digital twin technology to investigate drone accidents. The simulation is implemented as part of the digital twin solution using Robot Operating System (ROS) and simulated environments such as Gazebo and Rviz, demonstrating the potential of this technology to improve investigation accuracy and efficiency. This research work can contribute to the development of new and innovative investigation techniques.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surveillance and investigations"
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Palma, Federica <1988>. "Genomic methods for enhanced surveillance and persistence investigations of foodborne pathogens." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8682/1/PhD_Thesis_Federica_Palma_2018.pdf.
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The globalized food supply chain became a vast and complex network leading to an increased risk of spread of known and emerging foodborne pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium variant 4,[5],12:i:-.
Based on a previous study of persistence of L. monocytogenes, 27 ST14 and 6 ST121 newly sequenced genomes collected over one year on the same rabbit meat processing plant were investigated in comparison to a selection of public genomes. cgMLST analysis of sequenced genomes showed higher discriminatory power in comparison to conventional typing methods. wgSNPs phylogeny inferred on 273 newly sequenced and publicly available ST121 and ST14 genomes confirmed that a persistent clone was circulating in the Italian rabbit-meat plant along with not persistent strains. Mass screening of a novel dataset of genes involved in physiological adaptation to food-processing environment showed a significant enrichment in ST121 genomes concerned genetic features related to sanitizing procedures adaptation, whereas genes related to biofilm forming enhanced ability and cadmium resistance was associated to ST14, as confirmed by phenotypic tests.
Genomic data of 148 Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:- (MVSTm) isolates circulating in human and swine in Italy have been investigated in comparison to publicly available S. Typhimurium/ MVSTm strains collected in Italy and worldwide. The innovative genome-wide approach applied in this study allowed to mine population structure of a large Salmonella serovars dataset (~4,000 genomes) including Italian MVST strains belonging to a large population of ~1,300 clonal S. Typhimurium/ MVSTm isolates (2.5% of allele differences) isolated from a wide-range of countries in last two decades. cgSNPs phylogeny revealed and Genome-Wide Association Study suggested that discrete geographical segregation has had a strong impact on the accessory gene content with particular significance for a large SopE-containing prophage associated to Italian population and constituting specific biomarkers relevant in course of large epidemics.
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Molia, Sophie. "Avian influenza and Newcastle disease in poultry in Mali : epidemiological investigations and modelling for improved surveillance and control." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701657.
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Noël, Harold. "Le rôle des formes infracliniques dans l’émergence des infections vectorielles ? L'apport des investigations de terrain." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS357.
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Le chikungunya, la dengue et la bilharziose urogénitale sont des maladies vectorielles émergentes qui ont récemment trouvé des conditions favorables à leur transmission en France métropolitaine.Santé publique France, l’Agence en charge de la surveillance de l’état de santé de la population française est en première ligne pour détecter et investiguer ces émergences afin d’orienter les mesures de leur prévention et de leur contrôle. Postulant que chaque épidémie constitue une situation d’« expérimentation naturelle », l’objectif de cette thèse était de montrer comment chaque investigation d’épidémie apporte l’opportunité d’acquérir des connaissances scientifiques sur la contribution des cas asymptomatiques à l’introduction, la dissémination et l’endémisation des maladies vectorielles de façon réactive.Notre méta-analyse d’études de séroprévalence per- et post-épidémiques suggère que, contrairement à nos attentes, la lignée de virus chikungunya qui a émergé en 2004 dans l’Océan Indien qui était associée moins d’infections asymptomatiques que les autres. Dans une étude de la séroprévalence de la dengue à Nîmes en 2015, nous avons montré que le potentiel de diffusion de la dengue en France restait actuellement limité. Les données du dépistage des personnes exposées au risque de bilharziose urogénitale en Corse montrant une fréquence élevée d'infections pré-symptomatiques, nous avons évoqué un risque d’endémisation de la maladie qui a justifié son inscription sur la liste des maladies à déclaration obligatoire.Ce travail de thèse démontre qu’une approche pragmatique basée sur une veille sanitaire sensible associée à des investigations épidémiologiques de terrain précoces peut contribuer à aussi bien à la lutte contre les émergences qu’à l’évolution des connaissancesConditions recently proved favourable to transmission of emerging vector-borne diseases, chikungunya, dengue and urogenital schistosomiasis in mainland France.Santé publique France, the Agency in charge of public health surveillance in France is at the forefront of detecting and investigating emerging infectious disease in order to guide prevention and control measures. Assuming that each outbreak constitutes a situation of "natural experimentation", the aim of this thesis was to show how outbreak investigations give the opportunity to acquire rapidly scientific knowledge on the contribution of asymptomatic cases to the introduction, dissemination and endemisation of vector-borne diseases.Through a meta-analysis of per and post-epidemic seroprevalence studies,we have shown that the chikungunya virus lineage that emerged in the Indian Ocean in 2004 is associated with a lower frequency of asymptomatic infections. In a dengue serosurvey in Nîmes in 2015, we showed that the diffusion potential of dengue in France is currently limited. Screening data of urogenital bilharziasis in persons exposed in Corsica showed a high frequency of pre-symptomatic infections suggestive of a risk of endemisation of the disease that justified its inclusion on the list of notifiable diseases.This thesis work shows that a pragmatic approach based on sensitive surveillance associated with early field outbreak investigations can significantly contribute to both emerging infections control and the advancement of knowledge
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Benschop, Jacqueline. "Epidemiological investigations of surveillance strategies of zoonotic Salmonella : a dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University." Massey University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1025.
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This thesis is concerned with the application of recently developed epidemiological and statistical tools to inform the optimisation of a national surveillance strategy of considerable importance to human health. The results of a series of epidemiological investigations of surveillance strategies for zoonotic Salmonella are presented. Salmonella are one of the most common and serious zoonotic foodborne pathogenic bacteria globally. These studies were motivated by the increasing focus on the cost-effectiveness of surveillance while maintaining consumer confidence in food supply. Although data from the Danish Salmonella surveillance and control programme has been used in these investigations, the techniques may be readily applied to other surveillance data of similar quality. The first study describes the spatial epidemiological features of Danish Salmonella surveillance and control programme data from 1995 to 2004, using a novel method of spatially adaptive smoothing. The conditional probability of a farm being a case was consistently high in the the south-west of Sonderjylland on the Jutland peninsula, identifying this area for further investigation and targeted surveillance. The identification of clustering of case farms led into the next study, which closely examines one year of data, 2003, for patterns of spatial dependency. K-function analyses provided evidence for aggregation of Salmonella case farms over that of all farms at distances of up to six kilometres. Visual semivariogram analyses of random farm-level effects from a Bayesian logistic regression model (adjusted for herd size) of Salmonella seropositivity, revealed spatial dependency between pairs of farms up to a distance of four kilometres apart. The strength of the spatial dependency was positively associated with slaughter pig farm density. We describe how this might inform the surveillance programme by potentially targeting herds within a four kilometre radius of those with high levels of Salmonella infection. In the third study, farm location details, routinely recorded surveillance information, and industry survey data from 1995 were combined to build a logistic seroprevalence model. This identified wet-feeding and specific pathogen free herd health status as protective factors for Salmonella seropositivity, while purchasing feed was a risk factor. Once adjusting for these covariates, we identified pockets of unexplained risk for Salmonella seropositivity and found spatial dependency at distances of up to six km (95% CI: 2–35 km) between farms. A generalised linear spatial model was fitted to the Jutland data allowing formal estimation of the range of spatial correlation and a measure of the uncertainty about it. There was a large within-farm component to the variance, suggesting that gathering more farm level information would be advantageous if this approach was to be used to target surveillance strategy. The fourth study again considers data from the whole study period, 1995 to 2004. A detailed temporal analysis of the data revealed there was no consistent seasonal pattern and correspondingly no benefit in targeting sampling to particular times of the year. Spatiotemporal analyses suggested a local epidemic of increased seroprevalence occured in west Jutland in late 2000. Lorelogram analyses showed a defined period of statistically significant temporal dependency, suggesting that there is little value in sampling more frequently than every 10 weeks on the average farm. The final study uses findings from the preceding chapters to develop a zero-inflated binomial model which predicts which farms are most at risk of Salmonella, and then preferentially samples these high-risk farms. This type of modelling allows assessment of similarities and differences between factors that affect herd infection status (introduction) and those that affect the seroprevalence in infected herds (persistence and spread). The model suggested that many of the herds where Salmonella was not detected were infected but at a low prevalence. Using cost and sensitivity, we compared the results with those under the standard sampling scheme based on herd size, and the recently introduced risk-based approach. Model based results were less sensitive, but showed significant cost savings. Further model refinements, sampling schemes, and the methods to evaluate their performance are important areas for future work, and should continue to occur in direct consultation with Danish authorities.
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Bédubourg, Gabriel. "Place des outils d'analyse des séries temporelles dans la surveillance épidémiologique pour la détection des épidémies et leur analyse : élaboration de nouveaux outils de détection et d'analyse étiologique des épidémies appliqués à la surveillance épidémiologique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0739.
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La surveillance épidémiologique est le recueil systématique et continu d’informations sur l’état de santé des populations, leur analyse, leur interprétation et leur diffusion à tous les décideurs ayant besoin d’être informés. Un de ses objectifs est la détection des événements inhabituels, i.e. des épidémies, nécessitant la mise en place rapide de contre-mesures. Les objectifs de ce travail de thèse sont : (i) d’évaluer les principales méthodes statistiques de détection publiées et communément employées dans différents systèmes de surveillance épidémiologique, (ii) de proposer une nouvelle approche reposant sur la combinaison optimale de méthodes de détection statistique des épidémies et (iii) de développer une nouvelle méthode statistique d’analyse étiologique d’une épidémie à partir des données de surveillance épidémiologique collectées en routine par le système.Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous évaluons les principales méthodes statistiques de la littérature, à partir d’un jeu publié de données simulées. Puis nous proposons une approche originale pour la détection des épidémies sur le principe de la combinaison de méthodes sélectionnées lors de l’étape précédente. Les performances de cette approche sont comparées aux précédentes selon la méthodologie utiliséeà la première étape. Enfin, nous proposons une méthode d’analyse étiologique d’une épidémie à partir des données de surveillance en employant des modèles statistiques adaptés aux séries chronologiquesPublic health surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of data for use in public health action to reduce morbidity and mortality of health-related events and to improve health. One of its objectives is the detection of unusualevents, i.e. outbreaks, requiring the rapid implementation of countermeasures.The objectives of this work are: (i) to evaluate the main published statistical methods for outbreak detection commonly implemented in different public health surveillance systems, (ii) to propose a new approach based on the optimal combination of statistical methods foroutbreak detection and benchmark it to other methods; and (iii) develop a new statistical method for the etiological analysis of an outbreak from public health surveillance data routinely collected by the system. To achieve these objectives, as a first step, we evaluate the main statistical methods, from a published set of simulated public health surveillance data. Statistical methods have been evaluated for an operational purpose: for all simulated time series, we used the tuning parameters recommended by their authors for each algorithm when available. We propose sensitivity and specificity metrics suitable for these tools. Then we propose an original approach for outbreak detection based on combination of methods selected in the previous step. The performance of this approach is compared to the previous ones according to the methodology implemented in the first step.Finally, we propose a method for the etiological analysis of an outbreak from surveillance data by using statistical models suitable for time series analysis
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Cheung, Ann F. "Investigating immune surveillance, tolerance, and therapy in cancer." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46809.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Biology, 2009.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references.
Maximizing the potential of cancer immunotherapy requires model systems that closely recapitulate human disease to study T cell responses to tumor antigens and to test immune therapeutic strategies. Current model systems largely relied on chemically-induced and spontaneous tumors in immunodeficient mice or on transplanted tumors. Such systems are limited because they fail to reproduce the complex interactions that exist among an emerging tumor, its microenvironment and the multiple elements of an intact immune system. We created a new system that is compatible with Cre-loxP-regulatable mouse cancer models in which the defined antigen SIY is specifically over-expressed in tumors, mimicking clinically-relevant tumor-associated antigens. To demonstrate the utility of this system, we characterized SIYreactive T cells in the context of lung adenocarcinoma, revealing multiple levels of antigenspecific T cell tolerance that serve to limit an effective anti-tumor response. Thymic deletion reduced the number of SIY-reactive T cells present in the animals. When potentially self-reactive T cells in the periphery were activated, they were efficiently eliminated. Inhibition of apoptosis resulted in more persistent self-reactive T cells, but these cells became anergic to antigen stimulation. Finally, in the presence of tumors over- expressing SIY, SIY-specific T cells required a higher level of costimulation to achieve functional activation.
(cont.) Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapy for cancer has demonstrated tremendous efficacy in clinical trials, particularly for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. There is great potential in broadening the application of ACT to treat other cancer types, but the threat of severe autoimmunity may limit its use. Studies in other model systems have demonstrated successful induction of anti-tumor immunity against self-antigens without detrimental autoimmunity. This is possibly due to the preferential recognition of tumor over normal somatic tissue by activated T cells. In our system, SIY provides a means to achieve this bias because of its over-expression in tumors. Thus, we applied adoptive T cell transfer therapy combined with lymphodepleting preconditioning to treat autochthonous lung tumors over-expressing SIY self-antigen. With this treatment, we overcame peripheral tolerance, successfully inducing large number of functional anti-tumor T cells. These T cells are able to influence lung tumors over-expressing self-antigen. Importantly, despite large numbers of potentially self-reactive T cells, we did not observed overt autoimmunity. Immune tolerance thwarts efforts to utilize immune therapy against cancer. We have discerned many mechanisms by which tolerance to cancer in potential achieved. Both Foxp3+ T regulatory cell and myeloid-derived suppressor cell populations are expanded in the presence of cancer in our mouse models.
(cont.) In addition, we identified LAG-3 as a potential factor that serves to limit anti-tumor T cell activity in the context of adoptive cell transfer therapy. Our new system represents a valuable tool in which to explore the mechanisms that contribute to T cell tolerance to cancer and to evaluate therapies aimed at overcoming this tolerance. In addition, our model provides a platform, on which more advanced mouse models of human cancer can be generated for cancer immunology.
by Ann F. Cheung.
Ph.D.
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Weyer, Camilla Theresa. "African horse sickness outbreak investigation and disease surveillance using molecular techniques." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60127.
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African horse sickness (AHS) is a life-threatening disease of equids caused by African horse
sickness virus (AHSV), a member of the genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae. The virus
is transmitted by midges (Culicoides spp.) and the disease is most prevalent during the time
of year, and in areas where vector Culicoides spp. are most abundant, namely in late
summer in the summer rainfall areas of endemic regions. The disease is of importance to
health and international trade in horses worldwide. Effective surveillance is critical in order to
establish transparent criteria for animal trade from a country or region where AHS occurs.The 2011 outbreak of African horse sickness in the African horse sickness controlled area in South Africa: An outbreak of AHS caused by AHSV type one (AHSV1) occurred in the surveillance zone of the AHS controlled area of the Western Cape during the summer of 2011. The epicentre of the outbreak was the town of Mamre in the magisterial district of Malmesbury, and the outbreak was confined to a defined containment zone within this area through movement control of all equids and a blanket vaccination campaign. A total of 73 confirmed cases of AHS were reported during this outbreak, which included four subclinical cases confirmed by virus isolation (VI). The estimated morbidity rate for the outbreak was 16% with an estimated mortality rate of 14% and a case fatality rate of 88% based on the figures above. Outbreak disease surveillance relied on agent identification using AHSV group specific reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (GS RT-qPCR) based assays, which was novel for an AHS outbreak in South Africa. The source of this outbreak was not confirmed at the time, but was believed to be associated with an illegal 2 movement of an infected animal into the Mamre area. A detailed description of the outbreak is given in Chapter 2, and the outbreak provided an opportunity to assess decision making in future AHS outbreaks in the AHS controlled area of South Africa and in countries where AHS is an exotic or emerging disease. This outbreak further highlighted deficiencies and complications of available AHSV diagnostic testing and surveillance methods, and the need for further refinement of these assays and strategies.
Development of three triplex real-time reverse transcription PCR assays for the qualitative molecular typing of the nine types of African horse sickness virus: The typing of the specific AHSV involved in the Mamre outbreak was initially done by partial, direct sequencing of the S10 gene (encoding the non-structural protein NS3) and the L2 gene (encoding the type-specific outer capsid protein VP2) which confirmed the virus to be AHSV1. This process is time consuming and it became evident that a faster alternative was needed. This led to the development of type specific RT-qPCR (TS RT-qPCR) assays to supplement the GS RT-qPCR assay that had already been developed, characterized and validated. Blood samples collected during routine diagnostic investigations from South African horses with clinical signs suggestive of AHS were subjected to analysis with the GS RT-qPCR assay and VI with subsequent serotyping by plaque inhibition (PI) assays using AHSV type-specific antisera. Blood samples that tested positive by AHSV GS RT-qPCR were then selected for analysis using AHSV TS RT-qPCR assays. The TS RT-qPCR assays were evaluated using both historic stocks of the South African reference strains of each of the 9 AHSV types, as well as recently derived stocks of these same viruses. Of the 503 horse blood samples tested, 156 were positive by both AHSV GS RT-qPCR and VI assays, whereas 135 samples that were VI negative were positive by AHSV GS RT-qPCR assay. The virus isolates made from the various blood samples included all 9 AHSV types, and there was 100% agreement between the results of conventional serotyping of individual virus isolates by PI assay and AHSV TS RT-qPCR typing results. Results of this study confirmed that the AHSV TS RT-qPCR assays for the identification of individual AHSV types are applicable and practicable and therefore are potentially highly useful and appropriate for virus typing in AHS outbreak situations in endemic or sporadic incursion areas, which can be crucial in determining appropriate and timely vaccination and control strategies.
Evaluation of the use of foals for active surveillance in an AHS containment zone during the season following an AHS outbreak: In order to further evaluate the AHS status of horses in the Mamre area after the outbreak of 2011, a targeted surveillance strategy was developed. Serial serum and whole blood samples were collected on a monthly basis from January to June, 2012 from foals (identified by microchip) that were born in the Mamre 3 district after the end of the outbreak. Sera were evaluated using traditional serological methods and the results were compared to the results obtained using the newly developed molecular assays for virus detection and identification. This study confirmed that AHSV was eradicated in the Mamre area after the outbreak and, therefore, that the control measures implemented in the area by the State Veterinary Authorities were effective.
Characterization of the dynamics of African horse sickness virus in horses by assessing the RNAaemia and serological responses following immunisation with a commercial polyvalent live attenuated vaccine: As was shown in the 2011 Mamre outbreak, detection of AHSV during outbreaks has become more rapid and efficient with the recent development of quantitative GS RT-qPCR assays to detect AHSV nucleic acid. Use of this assay together with the TS RT-qPCR assays described in Chapter 3, will not only expedite diagnosis of AHS but also facilitate further evaluation of the dynamics of AHSV infection in the equine host. A potential limitation to the application of these assays is that they detect viral nucleic acid originating from any AHSV live attenuated vaccine (AHSVLAV), which is the vaccine type routinely administered to horses in South Africa. A study was, therefore, designed to characterize the dynamics and duration of the RNAaemia as compared to the serological responses of horses following vaccination with a commercial AHSV-LAV, using GS and TS RT-qPCR assays and serum neutralisation tests. This study provided baseline data on the GS and TS nucleic acid dynamics in weanling foals vaccinated for the first time, yearlings vaccinated for a second time and adult mares following a booster to multiple previous vaccinations. These data are fundamental to interpreting results of AHSV GS RT-qPCR testing of vaccinated horses within an area where virological surveillance is being applied.
African horse sickness caused by genome reassortment and reversion to virulence of live, attenuated vaccine viruses, South Africa, 2004 - 2014: In 2014 a further outbreak of AHS caused by AHSV1 occurred in the Porterville area of the AHS protection zone (PZ), spreading into the Wellington area in the AHS surveillance zone (SZ). Further involvement of the Robertson area (AHS PZ) subsequently also occurred. The case fatality rate was much lower than that of the Mamre outbreak. The clinical signs in infected horses were also generally milder in the 2014 outbreak, as compared to the 2011 outbreak. Whole genome sequencing of samples from the Porterville outbreak confirmed that causative virus was a recombination (reassortant) of AHSV types 1 and 4, with genes derived from the relevant vaccine strains contained in OBP comb1 of the commercial polyvalent AHSV-LAV used in South Africa. This led to further analysis of 39 AHSV strains from field cases of AHS that originated from outbreaks within the controlled area, which confirmed reversion to virulence 4 of AHSV type 1 vaccine in two outbreaks (2004 and 2011) and multiple reassortment events in two outbreaks (2004 and 2014) with genes derived from all three AHSV vaccine strains (types 1, 3 and 4). This study provided a molecular and epidemiological comparison of the five unique AHSV type 1 outbreaks in the AHS controlled area. It was shown that all the outbreaks in the AHS controlled area attributed to AHSV type 1 since the inception of the area in 1997, have been due either to reversion to virulence of the AHSV type 1 vaccine strain, or recombination of AHSV type 1 vaccine strain with one or both of the other vaccine strains in OBP comb1 of the commercial AHSV-LAV.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
ERC
Racing South Africa (Pty) Ltd
Equine Health Fund
Mary Slack and Daughters Foundation
THRIP
National Research Foundation
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
PhD
Unrestricted
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Altmann, Mathias. "Détection, investigation et contrôle des maladies émergentes. Expériences en santé mondiale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022BORD0217.
Full textAbstract:
Contexte : l'émergence de maladies infectieuses est la conséquence de déséquilibres dynamiques, au sein d'écosystèmes complexes distribués à une échelle géographique donnée comprenant des humains, des animaux, des agents pathogènes et l’environnement. La mondialisation croissante des échanges implique une augmentation des flux internationaux de voyageurs et de marchandises qui peut favoriser la propagation des maladies infectieuses. Dorénavant, une crise sanitaire dans une région ou un pays peut avoir des répercussions très rapides sur la santé et l’économie dans de nombreuses parties du monde. Détecter les émergences, les comprendre par des investigations de terrain sont des étapes indispensables pour mieux contrôler les futures épidémies et pandémies. Expériences : au cours de mon parcours professionnel, mon travail personnel m’a permis d’aborder ces trois dimensions au travers de trois études qui ont donné lieu à publication dans des revues internationales à comité de lecture. Etude 1) Au cours d’une épidémie nationale d’Escherichia Coli O104 :H4 en 2011, j’ai exploré la rapidité du système de surveillance allemand en matière de détection, et recommandé une révision du système de surveillance en organisant la notification par les médecins et chefs de laboratoires dans une base de données centralisée et partagée avec différents droits d'accès par les services de santé aux niveau local, régional et national. Etude 2) Au décours de la pandémie grippale en 2009, j’ai investigué et comparé les caractéristiques des cas sévères pédiatriques en Allemagne durant deux saisons. La gravité inchangée de la grippe A(H1N1)pdm09 au cours de la première saison post pandémique (2010-11) et la proportion élevée et constante d'infections possiblement acquises à l'hôpital ont souligné le défi de prévenir les cas pédiatriques au-delà de la situation pandémique. Etude 3) Lors de l’épidémie du virus Ebola (MVE) en 2014, j’ai évalué les performances du contact tracing au Libéria en tant que mesure de contrôle spécifique. Malgré l'ampleur sans précédent du contact tracing pour la MVE au Libéria, sa capacité à détecter de nouveaux cas était limitée, en particulier dans les zones urbaines et pendant le pic épidémique. Discussion : la pandémie de Covid-19 a révélé des faiblesses des systèmes de surveillance dans presque tous les pays. Les leçons apprises au cours des épidémies et pandémies précédentes telles que celles auxquelles j’avais été exposé professionnellement et que je rapporte ici ont été insuffisamment prise en considération. En Afrique, les estimations de l’incidence et de la mortalité sont respectivement 100 fois et 15 fois plus élevées que les notifications. Parmi les explications à ces différences très importantes, on doit citer la faiblesse des systèmes de surveillance, du suivi des contacts, de l’utilisation des tests de dépistage et de diagnostic et le manque d’accès aux soins. L’amélioration des systèmes de surveillance des maladies émergentes nécessite : 1) d’accélérer la digitalisation et la mise en réseau des systèmes d’information sanitaire à tous les niveaux, des centres de santé et laboratoires périphériques jusqu’à l’échelon international ; 2) la captation, l’utilisation effective et la mise en relation d’autres sources de données (communautaires, enregistrements des décès, données animales et environnementales) et l’utilisation régulée d’internet et des réseaux sociaux ; 3) de renforcer les compétences et l’expertise des épidémiologistes de terrain et leur mise en réseau ; 4) d’investir dans la recherche au cours et entre les épidémies ; et 5) que les bailleurs de fonds et les gouvernements reconnaissent le caractère inévitable des prochaines épidémies de maladies infectieuses ou autres, aux conséquences graves, notre vulnérabilité à celles-ci et la nécessité d’investir en santé mondialeContext: the emergence of infectious diseases is the consequence of dynamic imbalances, within complex ecosystems distributed at a given geographical scale including humans, animals, pathogens and the environment. The increasing globalization of trade implies an increase in international flows of travelers and goods which can promote the spread of infectious diseases. From now on, a health crisis in one region or country can have very rapid repercussions on health and the economy in many parts of the world. Detecting emergences and understanding them through field investigations are essential steps to better control future epidemics and pandemics. Experience: during my professional career, my own work has allowed me to address these three dimensions through three studies that have resulted in publications in international peer-reviewed journals. Study 1) During a nationwide outbreak of Escherichia Coli O104:H4 in 2011, I explored the timeliness of the German surveillance system for detection, and recommended a review of the surveillance system by organizing reporting by doctors and heads of laboratories in a centralized and shared database with different access rights by health services at local, regional and national level. Study 2) Following the influenza pandemic in 2009, I investigated and compared the characteristics of severe pediatric cases in Germany during two epidemic seasons. The unchanged severity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during the first post-pandemic season (2010-11) and the consistently high proportion of possibly hospital-acquired infections highlighted the challenge of preventing pediatric cases beyond the pandemic situation. Study 3) During the Ebola virus (EVD) outbreak in 2014, I evaluated the performance of contact tracing in Liberia as a specific control measure. Despite the unprecedented scale of contact tracing for EVD in Liberia, its ability to detect new cases was limited, especially in urban areas and during the epidemic peak. Discussion: the Covid-19 pandemic has revealed weaknesses in surveillance systems in almost all countries. Lessons learned during previous epidemics and pandemics such as those to which I had been exposed professionally and which I report here have been insufficiently considered. In Africa, estimates of incidence and mortality are respectively 100 times and 15 times higher than official reports. Explanations for these very large differences include weak surveillance systems, insufficient use of contact tracing, screening and diagnostic tests, and lack of access to care. Improving surveillance systems for emerging diseases requires: 1) accelerating the digitization and networking of health information systems at all levels, from health centers and peripheral laboratories to the international level; 2) the capture, effective use and linking of other data sources (communitybased, death registries, animal and environmental data) and the regulated use of the internet and social networks; 3) to strengthen the skills and expertise of field epidemiologists and their networking; 4) to invest in research during and between epidemics; and 5) that donors and governments recognize the inevitability of future epidemics of infectious and other disease conditions with serious consequences, our vulnerability to them and the need to invest in global health
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Chivers, William. "Investigating the dynamics of surveillance and resistance in the information society." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/94957/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates the relationships between surveillance, acts of resistance to surveillance and their respective roles in the contemporary social order. The context for this investigation is the contemporary ‘information society’. This is characterised by globally networked information and communication technologies, and is represented most plainly by one medium in particular: the Internet. The Internet has historically been a contested domain; it represents, for some, the cornerstone of civil liberties yet at the same time it is highly regulated and susceptible to control. The significant social, cultural, economic and political impacts of the Internet include the proliferation of techniques of digital surveillance. However, while the Internet has facilitated the growth of these practices, it has also created new opportunities for resistance to surveillance. By attending to the social dynamics and mechanics of resistance, we can generate more nuanced and subtle understandings of the ways in which social control is being performed. A framework of nodal governance steers this research. Consequently, this study locates these dynamics within three specific sites: online civil society, the regulatory process and the media. These cases demonstrate how a range of social actors, across a variety of settings, are implicated in the dynamics of digital surveillance and resistance. An innovative, multi-strategy approach to the fieldwork, including computational social science methods, captures these emergent dynamics as they are played out. The analysis of the data is guided by a theoretical preoccupation with control that serves to illustrate its plural and fluid character. Central to this are social and technological networks as forms of organisation and communication that facilitate surveillance and resistance. The thesis concludes that contemporary social control is an inherently socio-technical process, shaped primarily by dynamics of digital surveillance and resistance.
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Tarrit, Katy. "An investigation into common challenges of 3D scene understanding in visual surveillance." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2017. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/24796/.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays, video surveillance systems are ubiquitous. Most installations simply consist of CCTV cameras connected to a central control room and rely on human operators to interpret what they see on the screen in order to, for example, detect a crime (either during or after an event). Some modern computer vision systems aim to automate the process, at least to some degree, and various algorithms have been somewhat successful in certain limited areas. However, such systems remain inefficient in general circumstances and present real challenges yet to be solved. These challenges include the ability to recognise and ultimately predict and prevent abnormal behaviour or even reliably recognise objects, for example in order to detect left luggage or suspicious objects. This thesis first aims to study the state-of-the-art and identify the major challenges and possible requirements of future automated and semi-automated CCTV technology in the field. This thesis presents the application of a suite of 2D and highly novel 3D methodologies that go some way to overcome current limitations. The methods presented here are based on the analysis of object features directly extracted from the geometry of the scene and start with a consideration of mainly existing techniques, such as the use of lines, vanishing points (VPs) and planes, applied to real scenes. Then, an investigation is presented into the use of richer 2.5D/3D surface normal data. In all cases the aim is to combine both 2D and 3D data to obtain a better understanding of the scene, aimed ultimately at capturing what is happening within the scene in order to be able to move towards automated scene analysis. Although this thesis focuses on the widespread application of video surveillance, an example case of the railway station environment is used to represent typical real-world challenges, where the principles can be readily extended elsewhere, such as to airports, motorways, the households, shopping malls etc. The context of this research work, together with an overall presentation of existing methods used in video surveillance and their challenges are described in chapter 1. Common computer vision techniques such as VP detection, camera calibration, 3D reconstruction, segmentation etc., can be applied in an effort to extract meaning to video surveillance applications. According to the literature, these methods have been well researched and their use will be assessed in the context of current surveillance requirements in chapter 2. While existing techniques can perform well in some contexts, such as an architectural environment composed of simple geometrical elements, their robustness and performance in feature extraction and object recognition tasks is not sufficient to solve the key challenges encountered in general video surveillance context. This is largely due to issues such as variable lighting, weather conditions, and shadows and in general complexity of the real-world environment. Chapter 3 presents the research and contribution on those topics – methods to extract optimal features for a specific CCTV application – as well as their strengths and weaknesses to highlight that the proposed algorithm obtains better results than most due to its specific design. The comparison of current surveillance systems and methods from the literature has shown that 2D data are however almost constantly used for many applications. Indeed, industrial systems as well as the research community have been improving intensively 2D feature extraction methods since image analysis and Scene understanding has been of interest. The constant progress on 2D feature extraction methods throughout the years makes it almost effortless nowadays due to a large variety of techniques. Moreover, even if 2D data do not allow solving all challenges in video surveillance or other applications, they are still used as starting stages towards scene understanding and image analysis. Chapter 4 will then explore 2D feature extraction via vanishing point detection and segmentation methods. A combination of most common techniques and a novel approach will be then proposed to extract vanishing points from video surveillance environments. Moreover, segmentation techniques will be explored in the aim to determine how they can be used to complement vanishing point detection and lead towards 3D data extraction and analysis. In spite of the contribution above, 2D data is insufficient for all but the simplest applications aimed at obtaining an understanding of a scene, where the aim is for a robust detection of, say, left luggage or abnormal behaviour; without significant a priori information about the scene geometry. Therefore, more information is required in order to be able to design a more automated and intelligent algorithm to obtain richer information from the scene geometry and so a better understanding of what is happening within. This can be overcome by the use of 3D data (in addition to 2D data) allowing opportunity for object “classification” and from this to infer a map of functionality, describing feasible and unfeasible object functionality in a given environment. Chapter 5 presents how 3D data can be beneficial for this task and the various solutions investigated to recover 3D data, as well as some preliminary work towards plane extraction. It is apparent that VPs and planes give useful information about a scene’s perspective and can assist in 3D data recovery within a scene. However, neither VPs nor plane detection techniques alone allow the recovery of more complex generic object shapes - for example composed of spheres, cylinders etc - and any simple model will suffer in the presence of non-Manhattan features, e.g. introduced by the presence of an escalator. For this reason, a novel photometric stereo-based surface normal retrieval methodology is introduced to capture the 3D geometry of the whole scene or part of it. Chapter 6 describes how photometric stereo allows recovery of 3D information in order to obtain a better understanding of a scene, as well as also partially overcoming some current surveillance challenges, such as difficulty in resolving fine detail, particularly at large standoff distances, and in isolating and recognising more complex objects in real scenes. Here items of interest may be obscured by complex environmental factors that are subject to rapid change, making, for example, the detection of suspicious objects and behaviour highly problematic. Here innovative use is made of an untapped latent capability offered within modern surveillance environments to introduce a form of environmental structuring to good advantage in order to achieve a richer form of data acquisition. This chapter also goes on to explore the novel application of photometric stereo in such diverse applications, how our algorithm can be incorporated into an existing surveillance system and considers a typical real commercial application. One of the most important aspects of this research work is its application. Indeed, while most of the research literature has been based on relatively simple structured environments, the approach here has been designed to be applied to real surveillance environments, such as railway stations, airports, waiting rooms, etc, and where surveillance cameras may be fixed or in the future form part of a mobile robotic free roaming surveillance device, that must continually reinterpret its changing environment. So, as mentioned previously, while the main focus has been to apply this algorithm to railway station environments, the work has been approached in a way that allows adaptation to many other applications, such as autonomous robotics, and in motorway, shopping centre, street and home environments. All of these applications require a better understanding of the scene for security or safety purposes. Finally, chapter 7 presents a global conclusion and what will be achieved in the future.
Books on the topic "Surveillance and investigations"
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Services, ACM IV Security, ed. Surveillance countermeasures: A serious guide to detecting, evading, and eluding threats to personal privacy. Boulder, Colo: Paladin Press, 1994.
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Bruce, Robertson J., and New Zealand Law Commission, eds. Electronic technology and police investigations: Some issues. Wellington, N.Z: Law Commission, 2002.
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Victoria. Office of Police Integrity. Information security and the Victoria Police State Surveillance Unit. [Melbourne, VIC]: Victorian Government Printer, 2010.
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Surveillance in America: Critical analysis of the FBI, 1920 to the present. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2012.
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Bučiūnas, Gediminas. Slaptas sekimas: Teisinis reglamentavimas ir praktiniai aspektai. Vilnius: Registrų centras, 2012.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. Continuing concerns over BioWatch and the surveillance of bioterrorism: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session, June 18, 2013. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. A review of federal bioterrorism preparedness programs: Building an early warning public health surveillance system : hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, first session, November 1, 2001. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2002.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations. Eyes in the sky: The domestic use of unmanned aerial systems : hearing before the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session, May 17, 2013. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013.
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S, Robson Douglas, ed. Techniques for wildlife investigations: Design and analysis of capture data. San Diego: Academic Press, 1992.
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Michaels, David, Kent Harper, Marco Mehlitz, and Jennifer Lynch. Surveillance. Los Angeles, CA: Magnolia Home Entertainment, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Surveillance and investigations"
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Boss, Derk J., and Alan W. Zajic. "Covert Surveillance Investigations." In Casino and Gaming Resort Investigations, 103–9. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315118734-19.
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Lakshmi, Napa, and Megha P. Arakeri. "Face Recognition in Surveillance Video for Criminal Investigations: A Review." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 351–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2372-0_31.
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Stypulkowska-Misiurewicz, Hanna, Katarzyna Pancer, Bożena Krogulska, and Renata Matuszewska. "Development of Surveillance of Legionella Infections in Poland by Serological Investigations." In Legionella, 338–41. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817985.ch68.
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Osterburg, James W., Richard H. Ward, and Larry S. Miller. "Surveillance." In Criminal Investigation, 229–54. 8 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019. | Revised edition of Criminal investigation, [2014]: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429259692-12.
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Hardy, John. "The Rise of the Modern Intelligence State." In Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications, 105–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90221-6_7.
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AbstractThe rise of the formal surveillance state in the early twenty-first century was precipitated by political impetus to empower security and intelligence organisations to perform a broad range of counterterrorism functions. Ethical debates about the implications of the security intelligence reach of modern states have focused on balancing individual rights, liberties, and privacy against the security of the state. Meanwhile, the surveillance state has rapidly evolved into an intelligence state, capable not only of pervasive data collection, but also of analytical modelling which expands existing boundaries of surveillance. Existing concerns about the ethical collection and use of surveillance data are compounded by three emergent capabilities of the modern intelligence state: persistent data surveillance, pattern-of-life analysis, and activity-based intelligence. These intelligence methods provide descriptive and/or predictive models of human behaviour that empower governments to generate intelligence about the actual and the potential subjects of counterterrorism investigations. The ethical implications of counterterrorism intelligence extend beyond the collection and use of data to the application of predictive modelling to dehumanised patterns of behaviour. This process has the potential to redefine the boundaries of the person, particularly by blurring the distinction between thoughts and actions which threaten the state.
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Godart, Bruno. "Wilson Bridge in Tours." In Case Studies on Failure Investigations in Structural and Geotechnical Engineering, 113–27. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/cs004.ch10.
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This chapter presents the forensic investigations conducted after the partial collapse of the Wilson Bridge on the Loire River in the city of Tours in France. It reviews several papers published in French after the collapse, intending to share the main lessons with the international community. The collapse of five piers and six arches among the fifteen arches of this old masonry bridge occurred in 1978 during a strong flood of the Loire River. The main causes concluded by the experts are a general scour emphasised by a significant lowering of the river bed due to material excavations, a local scour of the alluvions, and a washout of the sand between the wooden piles through the protective rockfill, which seems to have remained in place. These causes led to the destabilisation of the foundations of the piers. This event triggered the publication of the Technical Instruction for the Surveillance and Maintenance of Bridges (ITSEOA) in 1979 and the necessity to limit the extraction of materials in French rivers.
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Mitchison, N. A. "Immune Surveillance." In Investigation and Exploitation of Antibody Combining Sites, 335. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5006-4_40.
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Geradts, Zeno, and Jurrien Bijhold. "Forensic Video Investigation." In Multimedia Video-Based Surveillance Systems, 3–12. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4327-5_1.
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Píriz, Carlos. "Investigation, surveillance and control." In Interacting Francoism, 83–105. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003310518-7.
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Meyer, Stephanie D., Kirk E. Smith, and Craig Hedberg. "Surveillance for foodborne diseases: PART 2: Investigation of foodborne disease outbreaks." In Infectious Disease Surveillance, 120–28. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118543504.ch10.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Surveillance and investigations"
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Gilbert, Tricia, Glen Dyer, and James Budinger. "Future Communication Study Technology Investigations." In 2007 Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnsurv.2007.384146.
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Christien, Raphael, Karim Zeghal, and Eric Hoffman. "Predicting Conflict Free Trajectories Using Supervised Machine Learning, Initial Investigations." In 2020 Integrated Communications Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icns50378.2020.9222959.
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Scheidat, Tobias, Ronny Merkel, Andreas Gerlach, Volker Krummel, Michala Weisensee, Jana Zeihe, and Jana Dittmann. "On the application of semantic technologies to the domain of forensic investigations in financial crimes." In Counterterrorism, Crime Fighting, Forensics, and Surveillance, edited by Henri Bouma, Felicity Carlysle-Davies, Robert J. Stokes, and Yitzhak Yitzhaky. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2277695.
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Johny, Jincy, Shruti Karnik, and Radhakrishna Prabhu. "Investigations of hollow-core photonic crystal fibres (HC-PCF) for trace explosive vapour detection." In Counterterrorism, Crime Fighting, Forensics, and Surveillance Technologies IV, edited by Henri Bouma, Robert J. Stokes, Yitzhak Yitzhaky, and Radhakrishna Prabhu. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2574356.
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Hadi, F. "Significance Impact of State and Local Government Engagements in Overcoming Spill Cases due to Illegal Tapping." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-o-315.
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PT Chevron Pacific Indonesia (PT CPI) operates the Rokan block with 13,000 km pipeline length in Riau province. Oil theft attempts through illegal tapping is one of the challenges in operating Rokan block. PT CPI experienced 16 spill cases with a volume of 1,085.98 barrels in 2018-2019 as reported to The Government of Indonesia. The investigation using why tree method is conducted to identify the system level root causes described through tree branches. Five investigations in 2018-2019 reveal the repetitive root cause pattern. Significant root causes related to spill due to illegal tapping are key stakeholders’ engagement, surveillance resources, surveillance method and emergency response. Recommendations developed to these root causes create a comprehensive strategy to overcome spill due to illegal tapping. Comprehensive strategy by conducting continuous engagements to state government and local government, increasing personnel for surveillance resources, improving surveillance method and implementing thorough response has created significant impacts. Decreasing number of spill case in 2020 affects the revenue performance on financial aspect. Hiring local community for additional surveillance resources creates positive social impact for operation of PT CPI. Improved surveillance program shows sustained oil flow supporting the operation. Environmental impacts could be reduced by deploying response team immediately, recovering and cleaning the site according to regulation related to hazardous waste. Comprehensive strategy from PT CPI can be adopted by other Production Sharing Company (PSC) operators to maintain sustainability to deliver optimum production to meet the national target.
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Gleeson, Dermot, Barbara Hoeroldt, Ihteshamul Haq, Laura Harrison, Claire Salmon, Yasser El-Sherif, Ben Rea, and Amer Al-Joudah. "P74 Audit of investigations performed for cholangiocarcioma surveillance in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis." In Abstracts of the BSG Annual Meeting, 20–23 June 2022. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2022-bsg.131.
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D., Minola Davids, and Seldev Christopher C. "Surveillance Video Summarization based on Target Object Detection." In The International Conference on scientific innovations in Science, Technology, and Management. International Journal of Advanced Trends in Engineering and Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59544/jist4192/ngcesi23p94.
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The recent trend increases the use of surveillance cameras in many of the private and public premises, which causes the number of surveillance videos to grow exponentially. The information gained from these surveillance videos not only helps the owner of the property, but also helps in crime investigations for police and security officials. Though there are several applications of such videos, yet their storage, management and retrieval processes are still challenging. Hence, it is important to develop an efficient technique to describe a long video into a shorter video with semantic information by eliminating the redundant and unimportant frames. This technique makes the larger video to shrink in length for efficient storage and also helps the users to attain a complete knowledge of the video by only watching the shorter video, without spending more time in watching the original longer video. To achieve this objective, this paper proposes a video summarization technique for summarizing the surveillance videos by extracting the target object using YOLO then discarding the remaining frames and finally combining the extracted key frames into a single video. This method first detects the target object related in the original video frames and then eliminates the remaining frames that are irrelevant without prominent objects, resulting in video with only the key frames which are into the interest of the user, finally those frames are combined to form a summarized video.
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Kovacs, Mark A., Gordon L. Dryden, Richard H. Pohle, Kirstie Ayers, Richard A. Carreras, Linda L. Crawford, and Russell Taft. "HI-CLASS on AEOS: a large-aperture laser radar for space surveillance/situational awareness investigations." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Andrew R. Pirich, Paul L. Repak, Paul S. Idell, and Stanley R. Czyzak. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.455438.
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Demertzis, Stefanos, Sabina B. van Rooij, Michalis Lazaridis, Henri Bouma, Manuel Alvarez Fernandez, Johan-Martijn ten Hove, Rodrigo Sainz Mendez, and Petros Daras. "One-shot logo detection for large video datasets and live camera surveillance in criminal investigations." In Artificial Intelligence for Security and Defence Applications, edited by Henri Bouma, Robert J. Stokes, Yitzhak Yitzhaky, Radhakrishna Prabhu, and Judith Dijk. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2681903.
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Maadeed, Somaya, Noor Almaadeed, and Omar Elharrouss. "Face Recognition and Summarization for Surveillance Video Sequences." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0235.
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Face recognition and video summarization represent challenging tasks for several computer vision applications including video surveillance, criminal investigations, and sports applications. For long videos, it is difficult to search within a video for a specific action and/or person. Usually, human action recognition approaches presented in the literature deal with videos that contain only a single person, and they are able to recognize his action. This paper proposes an effective approach to multiple human action detection, recognition, and summarization. The multiple action detection extracts human bodies’ silhouette then generates a specific sequence for each one of them using motion detection and tracking method. Each of the extracted sequences is then divided into shots that represent homogeneous actions in the sequence using the similarity between each pair frames. Using the histogram of the oriented gradient (HOG) of the temporal difference map (TDMap) of the frames of each shot, we recognize the action by performing a comparison between the generated HOG and the existed HOGs in the training phase which represents all the HOGs of many actions using a set of videos for training.
Reports on the topic "Surveillance and investigations"
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Lehtimaki, Susanna, Aisling Reidy, Kassim Nishtar, Sara Darehschori, Andrew Painter, and Nina Schwalbe. Independent Review and Investigation Mechanisms to Prevent Future Pandemics: A Proposed Way Forward. United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/rr/2021/1.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has created enormous challenges for national economies, livelihoods, and public services, including health systems. In January 2021, the World Health Organization proposed an international treaty on pandemics to strengthen the political commitment towards global pandemic preparedness, control, and response. The plan is to present a draft treaty to the World Health Assembly in May 2021. To inform the design of a support system for this treaty, we explored existing mechanisms for periodic reviews conducted either by peers or an external group as well as mechanisms for in-country investigations, conducted with or without country consent. Based on our review, we summarized key design principles requisite for review and investigation mechanisms and explain how these could be applied to pandemics preparedness, control, and response in global health. While there is no single global mechanism that could serve as a model in its own right, there is potential to combine aspects of existing mechanisms. A Universal Periodic Review design based on the model of human rights treaties with independent experts as the authorized monitoring body, if made obligatory, could support compliance with a new pandemic treaty. In terms of on-site investigations, the model by the Committee on Prevention of Torture could lend itself to treaty monitoring and outbreak investigations on short notice or unannounced. These mechanisms need to be put in place in accordance with several core interlinked design principles: compliance; accountability; independence; transparency and data sharing; speed; emphasis on capabilities; and incentives. The World Health Organization can incentivize and complement these efforts. It has an essential role in providing countries with technical support and tools to strengthen emergency preparedness and response capacities, including technical support for creating surveillance structures, integrating non-traditional data sources, creating data governance and data sharing standards, and conducting regular monitoring and assessment of preparedness and response capacities.
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Lee, Jhong S., Leonard E. Miller, Robert H. French, and Young K. Kim. Ocean Surveillance Detection Studies. Part 1. Detection in Gaussian Mixture Noise. Part 2. An Investigation of Canonical Correlation as an Automatic Detection and Beamforming Technique. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada160931.
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Willis, C., F. Jorgensen, S. A. Cawthraw, H. Aird, S. Lai, M. Chattaway, I. Lock, E. Quill, and G. Raykova. A survey of Salmonella, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and antimicrobial resistance in frozen, part-cooked, breaded or battered poultry products on retail sale in the United Kingdom. Food Standards Agency, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xvu389.
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Frozen, breaded, ready-to-cook chicken products have been implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis. Some of these outbreaks can be large. For example, one outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis involved 193 people in nine countries between 2018 and 2020, of which 122 cases were in the UK. These ready-to-cook products have a browned, cooked external appearance, which may be perceived as ready-to-eat, leading to mishandling or undercooking by consumers. Continuing concerns about these products led FSA to initiate a short-term (four month), cross-sectional surveillance study undertaken in 2021 to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in frozen, breaded or battered chicken products on retail sale in the UK. This study sought to obtain data on AMR levels in Salmonella and E. coli in these products, in line with a number of other FSA instigated studies of the incidence and nature of AMR in the UK food chain, for example, the systematic review (2016). Between the beginning of April and the end of July 2021, 310 samples of frozen, breaded or battered chicken products containing either raw or partly cooked chicken, were collected using representative sampling of retailers in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland based on market share data. Samples included domestically produced and imported chicken products and were tested for E. coli (including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing, colistin-resistant and carbapenem-resistant E. coli) and Salmonella spp. One isolate of each bacterial type from each contaminated sample was randomly selected for additional AMR testing to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for a range of antimicrobials. More detailed analysis based on Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) data was used to further characterise Salmonella spp. isolates and allow the identification of potential links with human isolates. Salmonella spp. were detected in 5 (1.6%) of the 310 samples and identified as Salmonella Infantis (in three samples) and S. Java (in two samples). One of the S. Infantis isolates fell into the same genetic cluster as S. Infantis isolates from three recent human cases of infection; the second fell into another cluster containing two recent cases of infection. Countries of origin recorded on the packaging of the five Salmonella contaminated samples were Hungary (n=1), Ireland (n=2) and the UK (n=2). One S. Infantis isolate was multi-drug resistant (i.e. resistant to three different classes of antimicrobials), while the other Salmonella isolates were each resistant to at least one of the classes of antimicrobials tested. E. coli was detected in 113 samples (36.4%), with counts ranging from <3 to >1100 MPN (Most Probable Number)/g. Almost half of the E. coli isolates (44.5%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested. Multi-drug resistance was detected in 20.0% of E. coli isolates. E. coli isolates demonstrating the ESBL (but not AmpC) phenotype were detected in 15 of the 310 samples (4.8%) and the AmpC phenotype alone was detected in two of the 310 samples (0.6%) of chicken samples. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing showed that five of the 15 (33.3%) ESBL-producing E. coli carried blaCTX-M genes (CTX-M-1, CTX-M-55 or CTX-M-15), which confer resistance to third generation cephalosporin antimicrobials. One E. coli isolate demonstrated resistance to colistin and was found to possess the mcr-1 gene. The five Salmonella-positive samples recovered from this study, and 20 similar Salmonella-positive samples from a previous UKHSA (2020/2021) study (which had been stored frozen), were subjected to the cooking procedures described on the sample product packaging for fan assisted ovens. No Salmonella were detected in any of these 25 samples after cooking. The current survey provides evidence of the presence of Salmonella in frozen, breaded and battered chicken products in the UK food chain, although at a considerably lower incidence than reported in an earlier (2020/2021) study carried out by PHE/UKHSA as part of an outbreak investigation where Salmonella prevalence was found to be 8.8%. The current survey also provides data on the prevalence of specified AMR bacteria found in the tested chicken products on retail sale in the UK. It will contribute to monitoring trends in AMR prevalence over time within the UK, support comparisons with data from other countries, and provide a baseline against which to monitor the impact of future interventions. While AMR activity was observed in some of the E. coli and Salmonella spp. examined in this study, the risk of acquiring AMR bacteria from consumption of these processed chicken products is low if the products are cooked thoroughly and handled hygienically.