Relevant bibliographies by topics / Surrogate

Academic literature on the topic 'Surrogate'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Surrogate"

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Nixon, Joseph, and Olinda Timms. "Il dibattito legale ed etico sul divieto di commercio della maternità surrogata in India / The legal and moral debate leading to the ban of commercial surrogacy in India." Medicina e Morale 66, no. 4 (October 11, 2017): 513–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.2017.504.

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Le tecniche di riproduzione assistita (ART) offrono la possibilità di una maternità surrogata alle coppie sterili o senza figli. Alla fine degli anni ‘80, specialisti qualificati in India hanno approfittato della disponibilità di madri surrogate e dell’assenza di regole per creare un mercato di maternità surrogata per i clienti sia indiani sia esteri. Il Ministero della Salute è intervenuto con le linee guida solo dopo forti proteste di gruppi di donne e cittadini, facendo seguito alle storie su ostelli surrogati, bambini abbandonati e sfruttamento. Nel frattempo, le cliniche dell’infertilità si sono moltiplicate, offrendo gameti di donatori, fecondazione in vitro e maternità surrogata ad un costo molto inferiore rispetto ai paesi occidentali. Dai primi anni del 2000, l’India è divenuta la destinazione più popolare per la pratica della maternità surrogata. In risposta alle proteste e consapevole del divieto di accordi di maternità surrogata negli altri paesi, il Governo indiano ha emanato le linee guida ART che erano via via restrittive; ma tali disposizioni non sono state in grado di arginare il business ormai florido. Infine, nel 2016, il governo ha proposto un disegno di legge per porre fine alla maternità surrogata commerciale. Il regolamento Bill 2016 considera esclusivamente gli accordi di maternità surrogata, non considerando tutti gli altri aspetti della riproduzione assistita e delle cliniche coinvolte. La legislazione è stata rivolta principalmente alle questioni sociali e agli elementi di sfruttamento della maternità surrogata commerciale, più che al processo tecnico. Se approvata, tale legge vieterà efficacemente maternità surrogata commerciale in India. ---------- Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) offer the possibility of unrelated surrogacy arrangements to infertile couples and childless human relationships. In the late 80s, qualified specialists in India took advantage of the availability of willing surrogates and the absence of regulations, to create a market in commercial surrogacy for clients from within the country and abroad. The Ministry of Health stepped in with guidelines only after strong protests from women’s groups and citizens, following media stories of surrogate hostels, abandoned children and exploitation. Meanwhile, ‘infertility’ clinics mushroomed, offering donor gametes, in-vitro fertilization and surrogacy services at a fraction of the cost in western countries. By early 2000s, India had emerged as the most popular destination for commercial surrogacy arrangements. In response to protests from doctors, citizens and human rights groups, and mindful of the ban on commercial surrogacy arrangements in most developed countries, the Government issued ART guidelines that were progressively restrictive; but these did not have the teeth to rein in the lucrative business that commercial surrogacy had transformed into. Finally, in 2016, the Government proposed a Bill that would bring an end to commercial surrogacy. The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill 2016 addressed surrogacy arrangements exclusively, taking it out of proposed ART Bill that was aimed at comprehensively regulating all other aspects of assisted reproduction and the clinics involved. The legislation was directed mainly at the social issues and exploitative elements specific to commercial surrogacy arrangements, rather than the technical process. If passed, the Surrogacy Bill will effectively ban commercial surrogacy in India.
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Gupta, Anu, and Sheela Prasad. "‘Outsourced pregnancy’: Surrogate narratives from Hyderabad." Contributions to Indian Sociology 53, no. 2 (May 23, 2019): 299–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0069966719836883.

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Surrogacy has always been contested and much debated in India since its legalisation in 2002, and the recent Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016, has led to a renewed engagement with it. The advent of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) provided an opportunity for the medical establishment, market and infertile couples to come together in a mutually beneficial arrangement, which is made possible by a surrogate. ART, while medicalising the reproductive capacity of women, also calls for a redefining of the concepts of ‘motherhood’, family and reproductive choice. This article primarily documents the experiences of surrogates through their narratives about the continuous struggle with themselves, their families and the medical establishment. In this matrix of unequal power relations that surrogacy epitomises, the surrogate has a precarious voice. The article argues that while surrogacy extracts a physiological and emotional price that the surrogates pay, it is empowering in a limited way. It offers women economic opportunities of a scale otherwise denied to them, enabling them to fight a life of poverty.
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C, Suganya, and Vijayakumar M. "Surrogacy: A Bio-economical Exploitation of Proletariats in Amulya Malladi’s A House for Happy Mothers." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 8 (October 7, 2022): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n8p127.

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Infertility remains a threat to global health issues thus the remedy is global with the medical advancements in technology that enable infertile couples to have babies through surrogacy. Surrogacy is a legal practice of hiring a woman’s womb for bearing a child to infertile parents where the intended parents claim full parental rights and the surrogate mothers get the monetary compensation in commercial gestational surrogacy. Surrogates are proletariats from third-world countries struggling to meet day-to-day ends, whilst intended parents are from first-world countries. The existence of poverty and poor economy avail abundant surrogates in third world countries like India attracts infertile couples to flock to these countries thus surrogacy clinics and agents practice exploitative surrogacy (baby) business. This article unveils the exploitation of poor surrogate women and their bodies, with reference to Amulya Malladi’s A House for Happy Mothers (2016). Further, this study attempts to evaluate surrogacy with the theoretical framework of Marxist Theory of Alienation or Estrangement which condemns the poor surrogates as reproductive machines (lobourers) and commercial surrogacy as commodification of wombs.
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Borah, Meghna, Arup Kumar Hazarika, and Unmilan Kalita. "Right to be a Surrogate: Biological, Constitutional and Economic Perspectives." Space and Culture, India 8, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v8i1.699.

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For the survival of all forms of life, procreation is essential. However, natural procreation is not always scientifically possible. As such, the practice of surrogacy and the use of Assisted Reproductive Techniques have become more widely recognised and accepted in societies all over the world. However, various complex and controversial issues are bounded in such practices. The Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019 introduced by Government of India makes an attempt to eradicate some of those issues associated with surrogacy. Nevertheless, the legislation seems to be in derogation to the Constitution of India and universal human rights. This study is designed to substantiate in detail the right to be a surrogate in light of the constitutional mandate along with an evaluation of the eligibility criteria to be a surrogate and its consequences with regard to the existing legal framework. Besides, the economic perspective of exploitation of surrogates via banning of commercial surrogacy has been briefly discussed. The discussion under this study is expected to put forward an essential perspective to the right to be a surrogate in relation to a woman’s right to life and personal liberty. Further, prohibiting commercial surrogacy may push practicing surrogates towards other economically unrewarding, poorly regulated and potentially hazardous forms of employment or even make them subject to human trafficking. Therefore, recognition of the right to be a surrogate vis-à-vis the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019, would help in avoiding blatant miscarriage of universal justice while upholding the supremacy of the Constitution of India.
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Huber, Sarah, Sharvari Karandikar, and Lindsay Gezinski. "Exploring Indian Surrogates’ Perceptions of the Ban on International Surrogacy." Affilia 33, no. 1 (October 3, 2017): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886109917729667.

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This study examined surrogate women’s perceptions on the Indian ban on international surrogacy. In-depth interviews were conducted with 25 surrogate women at a fertility clinic in Gujarat, India. Three themes emerged: (1) perceptions of the ban; (2) impact of the ban on surrogates, international couples, and fertility clinics; and (3) long-term economic results of surrogacy. Women stated that international surrogacy should not be banned, because it provides substantial economic benefits. They also noted that the ban affects childless couples and clinics by cutting off a source of income. This research provides recommendations for social work action.
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Madden, Laurence V., and Pierce A. Paul. "Is Disease Intensity a Good Surrogate for Yield Loss or Toxin Contamination? A Case Study with Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat." Phytopathology® 110, no. 10 (October 2020): 1632–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-11-19-0427-r.

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Sometimes plant pathologists assess disease intensity when they are primarily interested in other response variables, such as yield loss or toxin concentration in harvested products. In these situations, disease intensity potentially could be considered a surrogate of yield or toxin. A surrogate is a variable which can be used instead of the variable of interest in the evaluation of experimental treatments or in making predictions. Surrogates can be measured earlier, more conveniently, or more cheaply than the variable of primary interest, but the reliability or validity of the surrogate must be shown. We demonstrate ways of quantifying two facets of surrogacy by using a protocol originally developed by Buyse and colleagues for medical research. Coefficient-of-determination type statistics can be used to conveniently assess the strength of surrogacy on a unitless scale. As a case study, we evaluated whether field severity of Fusarium head blight (i.e., FHB index) can be used as a surrogate for yield loss and deoxynivalenol (DON) toxin concentration in harvested wheat grain. Bivariate mixed models and corresponding approximations were fitted to data from 82 uniform fungicide trials conducted from 2008 to 2013. Individual-level surrogacy—for predicting the variable of interest (yield or DON) from the surrogate (index) in plots with the same treatment—was very low. Trial-level surrogacy—for predicting the effect of treatment (e.g., mean difference) for the variable of interest based on the effect of the treatment on the surrogate (index)—was moderate for yield, and only low for DON. Challenges in using disease severity as a surrogate for yield and toxin are discussed.
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KNEEBONE, Ezra, Kiri BEILBY, and Karin HAMMARBERG. "Surrogates’ and Intended Parents’ Experiences of Surrogacy: A Systematic Review." Fertility & Reproduction 04, no. 03n04 (September 2022): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661318222741029.

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Background: Surrogacy arrangements can be conducted domestically, where the surrogate and intended parents live in the same country, or internationally, where the intended parents engage a surrogate in a foreign destination. Understanding the experiences of people participating in surrogacy arrangements can inform policy to protect the best interests of all parties. Aim: To review the evidence relating to surrogates’ and intended parents’ experiences of surrogacy arrangements. Method: Studies of surrogates’ and intended parents’ experiences of a surrogacy arrangement, published since 2005 in English language peer reviewed journals were identified by searching Embase, Medline, PsycInfo and Scopus. Data relating to each participant group were synthesised separately using thematic analysis. Methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the QualSyst scoring system. Results: 67 articles were included in the synthesis. The mean QualSyst score was 0.78/1. Four themes relating to surrogates’ (exercising agency, making sense of their maternal identity, forming a relationship with the intended parents’, and accessing information and support) and intended parents’ experiences (navigating the law, rationalising the financial transaction, forming a relationship with the surrogate, and accessing information and support) were identified. Intended parents faced legal barriers when seeking domestic arrangements and difficulties when obtaining legal parenthood and citizenship for their child after an international arrangement. Having a close relationship between participants contributed to a positive experience for both parties. Conversely, a distant relationship, whether emotionally or geographically, negatively impacted participants’ experiences. Conclusion: Legal barriers in the home country lead some to seek international surrogacy which limits opportunities for intended parents and surrogates to form a close relationship and poses legal challenges when they return home. Removing the legal barriers to domestic surrogacy would allow more arrangements to be conducted where participants have a better prospect of forming close relationships and can avoid the challenges inherent in international arrangements.
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Mohnke, Margaux, Ursula Christmann, Yannick Roos, and Chris Thomale. "Do metaphors make opinions?" Metaphor and the Social World 12, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 92–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.20028.moh.

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Abstract Introduction: A frame makes specific information about a topic more salient. Metaphors can be used as frames to influence people’s opinions on controversial political topics as well as on health-related topics. This study aims to determine the influence of metaphorical frames on the opinion towards surrogacy and examines whether specific aspects of surrogacy are more prone to the influence than others. Method: 236 participants were assigned to one of three groups with different metaphorical frames for surrogacy and thereafter completed the Attitude Towards Surrogacy Questionnaire. To investigate if participants’ opinions on surrogacy were influenced by the frame used for surrogacy, three ANOVAS were conducted. Result: The main effect of the ANOVAS revealed that opinion towards payment of the surrogate mothers, but not the attitude towards surrogacy in general, was influenced by the metaphorical frame used for surrogacy. Discussion: The results support the idea that a metaphorical frame can evoke reactance regarding the payment of surrogate mothers. Participants might resist the frame of the metaphorical term for surrogacy as an unemotional business act, by favouring less monetary compensation of the surrogate mother, when the metaphorical frame implies that surrogates only help intended parents for the monetary compensation.
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VanderWeele, Tyler J. "Surrogate Measures and Consistent Surrogates." Biometrics 69, no. 3 (September 2013): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/biom.12071.

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Ciani, Oriana, Sarah Davis, Paul Tappenden, Ruth Garside, Ken Stein, Anna Cantrell, Everardo D. Saad, Marc Buyse, and Rod S. Taylor. "VALIDATION OF SURROGATE ENDPOINTS IN ADVANCED SOLID TUMORS: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF STATISTICAL METHODS, RESULTS, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY MAKERS." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 30, no. 3 (July 2014): 312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462314000300.

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Objectives: Licensing of, and coverage decisions on, new therapies should rely on evidence from patient-relevant endpoints such as overall survival (OS). Nevertheless, evidence from surrogate endpoints may also be useful, as it may not only expedite the regulatory approval of new therapies but also inform coverage decisions. It is, therefore, essential that candidate surrogate endpoints be properly validated. However, there is no consensus on statistical methods for such validation and on how the evidence thus derived should be applied by policy makers.Methods: We review current statistical approaches to surrogate-endpoint validation based on meta-analysis in various advanced-tumor settings. We assessed the suitability of two surrogates (progression-free survival [PFS] and time-to-progression [TTP]) using three current validation frameworks: Elston and Taylor's framework, the German Institute of Quality and Efficiency in Health Care's (IQWiG) framework and the Biomarker-Surrogacy Evaluation Schema (BSES3).Results: A wide variety of statistical methods have been used to assess surrogacy. The strength of the association between the two surrogates and OS was generally low. The level of evidence (observation-level versus treatment-level) available varied considerably by cancer type, by evaluation tools and was not always consistent even within one specific cancer type.Conclusions: Not in all solid tumors the treatment-level association between PFS or TTP and OS has been investigated. According to IQWiG's framework, only PFS achieved acceptable evidence of surrogacy in metastatic colorectal and ovarian cancer treated with cytotoxic agents. Our study emphasizes the challenges of surrogate-endpoint validation and the importance of building consensus on the development of evaluation frameworks.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surrogate"

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Everett, Pauline. "A relational defence of surrogate motherhood." Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4464/.

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This thesis explores surrogate motherhood using Christian ethics within a relational framework. A surrogate mother is a woman who has a child for a commissioning couple who are usually infertile. Chapter one explores how surrogacy is presented in three secular and three Church reports by focusing upon the surrogate, the commissioning couple and the child. The key theological and ethical objections to surrogacy are briefly explored: that it undermines motherhood, involves baby selling, coercion, exploitation and commodification. Chapter two analyses motherhood according to three secular feminists and three theologians. The secular feminists are criticised for not recognising the complexity of motherhood. By contrast, motherhood in Christianity is presented as multidimensional. Chapter three analyses whether paid surrogacy commodifies, exploits and coerces the participants. Theologically the chapter explores human beings as created in the image of God and as having dignity, which can mean that payment does not always have to lead to commodification, exploitation or coercion. Chapter four explores whether paid surrogacy involves baby selling. Theologically the chapter explores the concepts of the self and other in Augustine and Aquinas. It also explores agape in Anders Nygren and Gene Outka, arguing that self-interest and altruism can co-exist with care for the self and the other in a relational framework without detriment. Comparisons are made with blood donation to suggest that paid and unpaid surrogacy can operate together without paid surrogacy being regarded as baby selling or the purchase of parenthood. Finally, chapter five outlines three models towards surrogacy: a contract model, an adoption model and my relational approach, influenced by Louis Janssens’ personalism. My relationalism aims for a more sophisticated ontology of the relationship between the self and the other and calls for various solutions in a surrogacy custody dispute.
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G'Fellers, Jeanne. "Surrogate." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://www.amzn.com/1944591338/.

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Worker. Trade Agent. Serf. Etain Ixtii detests the labels others give her, but there are some things she must accept. She was genetically designed to do specific tasks. Her breeding instincts interrupt her life every forty-five days. But workers like Etain are taught not to question so when she returns from training questioning her home world Gno's profit-based caste system, she risks her life. She doesn't want to be an agent and doesn't want to cross through the wormhole to never return. Why does she have to go? Can't someone else? Usurer Serria, the owner of Etain's birth and training debt, quickly tires of her problem worker and launches Etain through a collapsing wormhole so she can collect the insurance payout. Very bad business indeed, but Etain manages to survive the attempt, arriving on the other side plagued by debilitating headaches and hounded by a dangerous insectoid enemy that no one, including Physician Leigheas Sternbow, the Takla royal physician, and Mercine Feney, the Empire's powerful female leader, can make disappear.
https://dc.etsu.edu/alumni_books/1028/thumbnail.jpg
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Leek, Jeffrey Tullis. "Surrogate variable analysis /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9586.

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Dyers, Bianca. "Does the involvement of third parties in surrogacy agreements raise the risk of exploitation of prospective surrogates and prospective parent(s)?" University of Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7578.

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Magister Legum - LLM
Surrogacy on many occasions is referred to a million-dollar industry. Just like many countries, South Africa has prohibited commercial surrogacy, thus South Africa only permits altruistic surrogacy. The prohibition has consequences for third parties such as surrogacy agencies and surrogacy facilitators, as their right to occupation freedom which is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, is limited. No right is absolute, any right can be limited if it can be proved that it is in the best interest of the public. The prohibition on commercial surrogacy is argued to be in the best interest of the public as it can lead to the exploitation of women and the commodification of children.
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Loshchilov, Ilya. "Surrogate-Assisted Evolutionary Algorithms." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00823882.

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Les Algorithmes Évolutionnaires (AEs) ont été très étudiés en raison de leur capacité à résoudre des problèmes d'optimisation complexes en utilisant des opérateurs de variation adaptés à des problèmes spécifiques. Une recherche dirigée par une population de solutions offre une bonne robustesse par rapport à un bruit modéré et la multi-modalité de la fonction optimisée, contrairement à d'autres méthodes d'optimisation classiques telles que les méthodes de quasi-Newton. La principale limitation de AEs, le grand nombre d'évaluations de la fonction objectif, pénalise toutefois l'usage des AEs pour l'optimisation de fonctions chères en temps calcul. La présente thèse se concentre sur un algorithme évolutionnaire, Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES), connu comme un algorithme puissant pour l'optimisation continue boîte noire. Nous présentons l'état de l'art des algorithmes, dérivés de CMA-ES, pour résoudre les problèmes d'optimisation mono- et multi-objectifs dans le scénario boîte noire. Une première contribution, visant l'optimisation de fonctions coûteuses, concerne l'approximation scalaire de la fonction objectif. Le meta-modèle appris respecte l'ordre des solutions (induit par la valeur de la fonction objectif pour ces solutions) ; il est ainsi invariant par transformation monotone de la fonction objectif. L'algorithme ainsi défini, saACM-ES, intègre étroitement l'optimisation réalisée par CMA-ES et l'apprentissage statistique de meta-modèles adaptatifs ; en particulier les meta-modèles reposent sur la matrice de covariance adaptée par CMA-ES. saACM-ES préserve ainsi les deux propriété clé d'invariance de CMA-ES~: invariance i) par rapport aux transformations monotones de la fonction objectif; et ii) par rapport aux transformations orthogonales de l'espace de recherche. L'approche est étendue au cadre de l'optimisation multi-objectifs, en proposant deux types de meta-modèles (scalaires). La première repose sur la caractérisation du front de Pareto courant (utilisant une variante mixte de One Class Support Vector Machone (SVM) pour les points dominés et de Regression SVM pour les points non-dominés). La seconde repose sur l'apprentissage d'ordre des solutions (rang de Pareto) des solutions. Ces deux approches sont intégrées à CMA-ES pour l'optimisation multi-objectif (MO-CMA-ES) et nous discutons quelques aspects de l'exploitation de meta-modèles dans le contexte de l'optimisation multi-objectif. Une seconde contribution concerne la conception d'algorithmes nouveaux pour l'optimi\-sation mono-objectif, multi-objectifs et multi-modale, développés pour comprendre, explorer et élargir les frontières du domaine des algorithmes évolutionnaires et CMA-ES en particulier. Spécifiquement, l'adaptation du système de coordonnées proposée par CMA-ES est couplée à une méthode adaptative de descente coordonnée par coordonnée. Une stratégie adaptative de redémarrage de CMA-ES est proposée pour l'optimisation multi-modale. Enfin, des stratégies de sélection adaptées aux cas de l'optimisation multi-objectifs et remédiant aux difficultés rencontrées par MO-CMA-ES sont proposées.
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Smith, Clara A. "The black surrogate mother." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2011. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/298.

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This study examines the literary depiction of the black surrogate mother as she is created according to the author’s race, gender, background, experience, biases and goals. Even though she is one of the most successful and popular characters of fiction, she is also controversial. Her reputation is iconic as well as dichotomous. For example, she is credited for the exemplary upbringing of her white charges, while simultaneously blamed for neglecting her own children. Particularly, this paper looks at three black surrogate mothers who conform to the prototypical, often stereotypical, image of the black surrogate mother: Mammy, Aunt Mammy Jane, and Dilsey. The critique substantiates that Mitchell and Faulkner, respectively, were invested in depicting Mammy and Dilsey as representatives of the real black surrogate mothers of their lives. Although, the character of Mammy Jane mirrors Mammy and Dilsey in her commitment and devotion to her white family, Chesnutt employs her as a cautionary warning to the blacks who refuse to accept change and progress after Emancipation. The other three black surrogate mothers, Sofia, Berenice, and Ondine, are antithetical to the stereotypical black surrogate mother. Sofia, an accidental maid, is representative of Walker’s intense efforts to deconstruct the image of the black surrogate mother that plagued her throughout her lifetime. Unlike most white authors, McCullers crafts Berenice as independent, strong, and autonomous, not just as a black surrogate mother of a white child. Morrison provides Ondine with a husband and daughter to be concerned with so that she cannot be cast as the stereotypically loving, nurturing black mother of white children. The conclusion of this study validates that the literary black surrogate mother is most often a creation based upon her author’s specific and personal biases and goals. In conjunction with the above assertion, the critique also contends that the real life black domestic has been and will continue to be significantly influenced by her fictional representative.
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Feng, Chunyao Seaman John Weldon. "Bayesian evaluation of surrogate endpoints." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/4187.

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Lewis, Nigel da Costa. "Surrogate markers in clinical trials." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620204.

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Jaiem, Karim. "High Speed Surrogate Vehicle Development." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-69078.

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In order to keep down the costs in the automotive industry, it is decided to simulate dangerous scenarios that could occur in traffic, either virtually or by means of custom-made vehicles. This report addresses the development of a new type of surrogate vehicle called High Speed Surrogate Vehicle. This project has been carried out to prevent today's issues with surrogate vehicles and to enable an increase in testing efficiency, without increasing the risk of damaging test vehicles and injuries on personnel in an eventual collision.The report presents the surrogate vehicles area of use and its technical components. Reflection measurements have been made to compare radar characteristic between a real car and surrogate target and construction work has been carried out to manufacture fasteners for attaching the new High Speed Surrogate Vehicle. In the last phase of this degree project, final performance tests and collision tests were performed to verify its drive-and collision ability against test cars.
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Azzi, Soumaya. "Surrogate modeling of stochastic simulators." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAT009.

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Cette thèse propose des outils statistiques pour étudier l’impact qu’a la morphologie d’une ville sur l’exposition des populations induite par un champ électromagnétique provenant d’une station de base. Pour cela l’exposition a été évaluée numériquement en propageant (via des techniques de lancer de rayons) les champs émis dans une antenne dans des villes aléatoires. Ces villes aléatoires ont les mêmes caractéristiques macroscopiques (e.g. hauteur moyenne des immeubles, largeur moyenne des rues et anisotropie) mais sont distinctes les unes des autres. Pour les mêmes caractéristiques de nombreuses villes aléatoires ont été générées et l’exposition induite a été calculée pour chacune. Par conséquent, chaque combinaison de variables correspond à plusieurs valeurs d’exposition. L’exposition est décrite par une distribution statistique non nécessairement gaussienne. Ce comportement stochastique est présent en plusieurs problèmes industriels et souvent les nombreuses simulations menées ont un cout de calcul important. Les travaux de cette thèse étudient la modélisation de substitution des fonctions aléatoires. Le simulateur stochastique est considéré comme un processus stochastique. On propose une approche non paramétrique basée sur la décomposition de Karhunen-Loève du processus stochastique. La fonction de substitution a l’avantage d’être très peu coûteuse à exécuter et à fournir des prédictions précises.En effet, l’objectif de la thèse consiste à évaluer la sensibilité de l’exposition aux caractéristiques morphologiques d’une ville. On propose une approche d’analyse de sensibilité tenant compte de l’aspect stochastique du modèle. L’entropie différentielle du processus stochastique est évaluée et la sensibilité est estimée en calculant les indices de Sobol de l’entropie. La variance de l’entropie est exprimée en fonction de la variabilité de chacune des variables d’entrée
This thesis is a contribution to the surrogate modeling and the sensitivity analysis on stochastic simulators. Stochastic simulators are a particular type of computational models, they inherently contain some sources of randomness and are generally computationally prohibitive. To overcome this limitation, this manuscript proposes a method to build a surrogate model for stochastic simulators based on Karhunen-Loève expansion. This thesis also aims to perform sensitivity analysis on such computational models. This analysis consists on quantifying the influence of the input variables onto the output of the model. In this thesis, the stochastic simulator is represented by a stochastic process, and the sensitivity analysis is then performed on the differential entropy of this process.The proposed methods are applied to a stochastic simulator assessing the population’s exposure to radio frequency waves in a city. Randomness is an intrinsic characteristic of the stochastic city generator. Meaning that, for a set of city parameters (e.g. street width, building height and anisotropy) does not define a unique city. The context of the electromagnetic dosimetry case study is presented, and a surrogate model is built. The sensitivity analysis is then performed using the proposed method
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Books on the topic "Surrogate"

1

Field, Martha A. Surrogate motherhood. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1990.

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1912-, Smith Marion. Surrogate Dad. New York: Silhouette Books, 1994.

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Bunting, Eve. Surrogate sister. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1985.

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Field, Martha A. Surrogate motherhood. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1988.

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Neiderman, Andrew. Surrogate child. London: Legend, 1989.

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Landau, Elaine. Surrogate mothers. New York: F. Watts, 1988.

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Bennett, Dana R. Surrogate parenting. Carson City, Nev. (Legislative Building, Carson City 89710): Research Division, Legislative Counsel Bureau, 1988.

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Surrogate juries. Philadelphia, Pa: American Law Institute-American Bar Association Committee on Continuing Professional Education, 1990.

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Mackel, Kathryn. The surrogate. Nashville, Tenn: WestBow, 2004.

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The surrogate. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Surrogate"

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Morgan, Michael M., MacDonald J. Christie, Luis De Lecea, Jason C. G. Halford, Josee E. Leysen, Warren H. Meck, Catalin V. Buhusi, et al. "Surrogate." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 1296. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_4581.

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Nahler, Gerhard. "surrogate." In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 179. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_1369.

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Klitzman, Robert L. "Choosing Wombs." In Designing Babies, edited by Robert L. Klitzman, 140–45. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190054472.003.0009.

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Many would-be parents face quandaries about whether to pay a woman to carry their fetus in her womb as a gestational surrogate—so-called renting wombs—and, if so, what woman. Many prospective mothers cannot carry a fetus themselves due to medical reasons. Single and gay men who want a biological child have no choice but to use a surrogate. Celebrity actresses such as Sarah Jessica Parker have also hired a surrogate to avoid undergoing pregnancy themselves. The market for such surrogates grows enormously, but debates rage about it due to fears of exploiting women as surrogates. US states range considerably in whether they permit, prohibit, or limit surrogacy and in how they enforce whatever laws they have. Like all pregnant women, surrogates face potential short- and long-term risks. Many parents seek gestational surrogates abroad to save money but may face medical and legal risks regarding the pregnancy and bringing the children into the United States.
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Deomampo, Daisy. "Medicalized Birth and the Construction of Risk." In Transnational Reproduction. NYU Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479804214.003.0007.

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Extending the discussion of physician racism in chapter 5, chapter 6 explores the ways in which doctors provide medical technologies and treatments to surrogate mothers, arguing that doctors racialize women who become surrogate mothers in ways that construct the surrogate mother and her pregnancy as always and already high-risk. This chapter contends that this construction contributes to the justification of excessive medicalization in surrogate pregnancies. The chapter shows how doctors rely on practices of social control and excessive medicalization to control women’s pregnancies, which culminate in soaring rates of cesarean sections among surrogate mothers. This chapter illuminates how gestational surrogacy and cesarean delivery are inextricably intertwined; these interrelated processes stem from practices that racialize this group of women as inherently risky. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the ways in which surrogates understand and negotiate these practices of medicalization and social control, focusing on their views and experiences of cesarean section.
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Hieda, M. "The Surrogacy Trail." In Current Issues and Emerging Trends in Medical Tourism, 139–52. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8574-1.ch010.

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Surrogacy is the carrying of a child for its intended parents by another person where they cannot do this themselves. There are two main types; gestational surrogacy and traditional surrogacy. The first relies on the transfer of an embryo created by in-vitro fertilization (IVF); the resulting child is not genetically related to the surrogate mother. In the traditional form, the surrogate mother is impregnated naturally or artificially, and the child is genetically related to the surrogate. In either case the intended parent(s) may seek such arrangements when pregnancy may be difficult, or because they are male. If the surrogate mother is paid (other than out-of-pocket expenses), the arrangement is commercial surrogacy; otherwise it is ‘altruistic' surrogacy. Legal situations and costs vary, and if possible at all, usually requires specific arrangements between countries. Problems, such those in the recent Australia-Thailand (Gammy) case, can arise even with agreements.
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"Surrogate." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 2207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_301940.

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"Surrogate." In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1938. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_101749.

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"Surrogate." In Encyclopedia of Immunotoxicology, 858. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54596-2_201408.

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Drouin, Jeffrey. "Surrogate." In Digital Keywords, 278–86. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvct0023.29.

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Feudtner, Chris, Theodore E. Schall, and Douglas L. Hill. "Surrogate’s Personal Sense of Duty as a Crucial Element in Medical Decision Making." In The Ethics of Shared Decision Making, 7–26. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197598573.003.0002.

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Surrogates who must make medical decisions for other people—most often, loved ones—face difficult challenges not acknowledged in current models of medical decision making. Furthermore, medical decisions are typically not a single event, but an ongoing event that evolves over time. This chapter presents a broader conceptualization of medical decision making, highlighting that (1) surrogate decision makers often face multiple problems, not a single clear problem; (2) the path to the decision maker’s desired goal is often unclear and often constrained by past decisions; (3) the social relationships between the surrogate and the patient (parent, adult child, spouse) influence the decision making as surrogates try to fulfill their role as a good parent, good son/daughter, or good spouse; and (4) surrogate decision makers often judge themselves negatively in ways that influence their decisions and the outcome. Clinicians who recognize these complex influences on surrogate decision making may be better able to support surrogates through this difficult process.
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Conference papers on the topic "Surrogate"

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Slavinskaya, Nadezhda A., Anton Zizin, and Manfred Aigner. "On Surrogate Fuel Formulation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-60012.

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Calculations of evaporation characteristics (distillation curve, two-phase diagram, critical points) of surrogates are described in detail. The efficiency of some surrogate blends, represented in literature, in reflecting the evaporation characteristics was analysed. Based on the analysis, the chemical capabilities of surrogate models are not linked to their abilities to reflect the phase equilibrium properties of real fuel. It is shown, that blending of pure hydrocarbons must begin with the phase equilibrium and distillation curve calculations. A surrogate mixture was selected which closely matches the boiling-point curve and two phase diagram for Jet-A.
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Viana, Felipe A. C., and Raphael T. Haftka. "Using Multiple Surrogates for Minimization of the RMS Error in Meta-Modeling." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49240.

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Surrogate models are commonly used to replace expensive simulations of engineering problems. Frequently, a single surrogate is chosen based on past experience. Previous work has shown that fitting multiple surrogates and picking one based on cross-validation errors (PRESS in particular) is a good strategy, and that cross validation errors may also be used to create a weighted surrogate. In this paper, we discuss whether to use the best PRESS solution or a weighted surrogate when a single surrogate is needed. We propose the minimization of the integrated square error as a way to compute the weights of the weighted average surrogate. We find that it pays to generate a large set of different surrogates and then use PRESS as a criterion for selection. We find that the cross validation error vectors provide an excellent estimate of the RMS errors when the number of data points is high. Hence the use of cross validation errors for choosing a surrogate and for calculating the weights of weighted surrogates becomes more attractive in high dimensions. However, it appears that the potential gains from using weighted surrogates diminish substantially in high dimensions.
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Qian, Jiachang, Enen Yu, Jinlan Zhang, Dawei Zhan, and Yuansheng Cheng. "Optimization of the Vibration Response of a Longitudinal-Transverse Stiffened Conical Shell Based on an Ensemble of Surrogates." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77334.

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The acceleration responses at certain points of the longitudinal-transverse stiffened conical shells in special frequency region are major matters of concern. Because the finite element models of the longitudinal-transverse stiffened conical shells have to be employed to calculate the vibration response of the structure at all frequencies under consideration, it requires a large amount of computational cost when the optimization is conducted. In order to optimize the vibration response of the longitudinal-transverse stiffened conical shell, the surrogate modeling method is used in this study to approximate the frequency-acceleration response function which makes the vibration response optimization affordable. Since different surrogate models often perform differently in different regions of the design space, an ensemble of surrogate models is utilized to maximize the overall accuracy over the whole design space. The ensemble of surrogates is a weighted combination of Kriging model, radial basis function (RBF) and support vector regression (SVR). The weights of the ensemble of surrogates vary in different regions and are determined by the estimated errors of the surrogate models at the study point. The smaller the estimated error is, the higher the weight is. Then the prediction of ensemble of surrogates is compared to the individual surrogate’s, and the results show that the accuracies of the ensemble of surrogates in peak regions are significant higher than its components. Based on the ensemble of surrogates, a vibration optimization of a longitudinal-transverse stiffened conical shell is conducted using genetic algorithm (GA). The design variables of the optimization are the thickness of the longitudinal-transverse stiffened conical shell and the height of stiffened structure. The objective is to minimize the highest acceleration of the shell and the calculations of the peak accelerations are approximated by the built ensemble of the surrogates. The constraints include the weight of the stiffened conical shell and structure size combination. The optimization results show that the proposed approach is efficient in optimization of the vibration response of longitudinal-transverse stiffened conical shells.
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Freire Neto, José Ilmar Cruz, and André Britto. "Surrogate Methods Applied to Hyperparameter Optimization Problem." In Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/eniac.2022.227594.

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Hyperparameters affects the performance of machine learning models. Hyperparameter optimization is an area that aims to find the best of them, but it deals with a considerable number of machine learning training, which can be slow. Thus, surrogates can be used to soften this slow process. This paper evaluates the performance of two surrogate methods, M1 and MARSAOP, applied to hyperparameter optimization. The surrogates are confronted with six hyperparameter optimization algorithms from the literature for classification and regression problems. Results indicate that the surrogate methods are faster than the traditional algorithms.
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Lawrence, Deborah, Michael E. Atwood, and Shelly Dews. "Surrogate users." In the SIGCHI conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/191666.191800.

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Veeramachaneni, Sriharsha, and Ravi Kumar Kondadadi. "Surrogate learning." In the NAACL HLT 2009 Workshop. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/1621829.1621831.

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Lievesley, Matthew A., and Joyce S. R. Yee. "Surrogate users." In CHI '07 extended abstracts. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1240866.1240901.

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Lawrence, Deborah, Michael E. Atwood, and Shelly Dews. "Surrogate users." In Conference companion. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/259963.260416.

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Nam, Su Hyun. "Surrogate being." In SA '20: SIGGRAPH Asia 2020. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3414686.3427148.

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Nair, Saurabh, Dhruven Shah, and Chinmay Gadgil. "Surrogate-robot." In 2014 International Conference on Advances in Electronics, Computers and Communications (ICAECC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icaecc.2014.7002397.

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Reports on the topic "Surrogate"

1

Day, Allan E. Implications of Surrogate Warfare. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada400938.

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Glen, Andrew, and Heather Pennington. Surrogate Suspension-Resuspension Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1678828.

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Stockdale, J. A. D., W. D. Bostick, D. P. Hoffmann, and H. T. Lee. Surrogate formulations for thermal treatment of low-level mixed waste. Part 1: Radiological surrogates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10150109.

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Couture, A., E. Hartouni, P. Rambo, and W. Younes. Surrogate Reactions L2 Milestone Review. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1400092.

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Ramsey, Scott D., and Mikhail J. Shashkov. Surrogate Guderley Test Problem Definition. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1045963.

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Thompson, Brian L. Surrogate Armies: Redefining the Ground Force. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada401122.

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Smith, Kelly H. Surrogate Warfare for the 21st Century. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada451060.

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Kalinina, Elena, Douglas Ammerman, Carissa Grey, Gregg Flores, Lucas Lujan, Sylvia Saltzstein, and Danielle Michel. Surrogate Assembly 30 cm Drop Test. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1670256.

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Del Cul, G. D. Fuel Fabrication for Surrogate Sphere-Pac Rodlet. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885986.

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Anast, Kurt Roy. Nitrate Salt Surrogate Blending Scoping Test Plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1226137.

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