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Dyers, Bianca. "Does the involvement of third parties in surrogacy agreements raise the risk of exploitation of prospective surrogates and prospective parent(s)?" University of Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7578.
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Magister Legum - LLMSurrogacy on many occasions is referred to a million-dollar industry. Just like many countries, South Africa has prohibited commercial surrogacy, thus South Africa only permits altruistic surrogacy. The prohibition has consequences for third parties such as surrogacy agencies and surrogacy facilitators, as their right to occupation freedom which is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, is limited. No right is absolute, any right can be limited if it can be proved that it is in the best interest of the public. The prohibition on commercial surrogacy is argued to be in the best interest of the public as it can lead to the exploitation of women and the commodification of children.
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Luiza, Aphakidze Garshag. "Surrogatmödraskap- den okända vägen : En kvalitativ studie om professionellas syn på surrogatmödraskap i Georgien." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ, Avd. för beteendevetenskap och socialt arbete, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-31693.
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My aim with this research has been to see how surrogate mothers' situation in Georgia looks like, and how different aspects affect the understanding of the process itself and create different prerequisites for surrogate mothers. I interviewed staffs who meet surrogate mothers in their work. I conducted five interviews. The theories I have chosen to use in the study is Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Goffman's labeling theory. I concluded that surrogacy is a controversial subject that is interesting to analyze, based on these theories. After I had interviewed people, it turned out that there are some hierarchical differences between surrogate mothers and biological mothers. The study shows those surrogate mothers' motives and perception is different in society, leading to stigma and categorized ring of the phenomenon. In the future it will be interesting to formulate, visualize, debate and discuss how surrogacy affects society and the professionals' assessments of the phenomenon. I hope that the study raises future interest in others and brings new perspectives which professionals can benefit from.Mitt mål med denna uppsats har varit att se hur surrogatmödrars situation i Georgien ser ut, och hur olika aspekter påverkar förståelsen för själva processen och skapar olika förutsättningar för surrogatamödrar. Jag gjorde detta genom att intervjua personal som träffar surrogatamödrar i sin verksamhet. Jag genomförde fem intervjuer. De teorier jag valt att använda i studien är Maslows behovstrappa och Goffmans stämplingsteori. Jag kom fram till att surrogatmödraskap är ett omdiskuterat ämne som är intressant att analysera utifrån dessa teorier. Efter att jag intervjuat personerna visade det sig att det förekommer en del hierarkiska skillnader mellan surrogatmödrar och biologiska mammor. Studien visar att surrogatmödrarnas motiv och uppfattning ser olika ut i samhället, vilket leder till stigmatisering och kategorisering av själva fenomenet. I framtiden kommer det bli intressant att formulera, synliggöra, problematisera och diskutera hur surrogatmödraskap påverkar samhället och professionellas bedömningar på fenomenet. Jag hoppas att studien väcker framtida intresse för andra och bidrar med nya perspektiv som professionella kan ha nytta av.
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Weaver, Kimberly C. "Mothering and Surrogacy in Twentieth-Century American Literature: Promise or Betrayal." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/english_diss/77.
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Twentieth-century American literature is filled with new images of motherhood. Long gone is the idealism of motherhood that flourished during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in life and in writing. Long gone are the mother help books and guides on training mothers. The twentieth-century fiction writer ushers in new examples of motherhood described in novels that critique the bad mother and turn a critical eye towards the role of women and motherhood. This study examines the trauma surrounding twentieth-century motherhood and surrogacy; in particular, how abandonment, rape, incest, and negation often results in surrogacy; and how selected authors create characters who as mothers fail to protect their children, particularly their daughters. This study explores whether the failure is a result of social-economic or physiological circumstances that make mothering and motherlove impossible or a rejection of the ideal mother seldom realized by contemporary women, or whether the novelists have rewritten the notion of the mother’s help books by their fragmented representations of motherhood. Has motherhood become a rejection of self-potential?
The study will critique mother-daughter relationships in four late twentieth-century American novels in their complex presentations of motherhood and surrogacy: Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye (1970), Kaye Gibbons’s Ellen Foster (1990), Dorothy Allison’s Bastard Out of Carolina (1992) and Sapphire’s Push (1997). Appropriated terminology from other disciplines illustrates the prevalence of surrogacy and protection in the subject novels. The use of surrogate will refer to those who come forward to provide the role of mothering and protection.
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Lewis, Samantha Vanessa. "The constitutional and contractual implications of the application of chapter 19 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_4530_1319010066.
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In this research, I carefully and coherently examine Chapter 19 of the Children's Act 38 of 2005 as the first legislation to afford surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition in South Africa. I argue that the application of Chapter 19 imposes a number of unwarranted limitations on several of the constitutional rights of the parties to a surrogacy agreement. In addition, I propose that Chapter 19 is not in accordance with the principal of the best interests of the child. I examine the history of surrogate motherhood in South Africa and establish that, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, no legislation expressly afforded surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition. Hence, prior to the enactment of Chapter 19, parties who entered surrogacy agreements could, first, not rely on the agreement to enforce contractual obligations, and secondly, the legal positions of the parties to the agreement were uncertain. Thirdly, a child born of a surrogacy agreement was seen as the child of the surrogate mother and not of the commissioning parents.
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Jörgensen, Linn, and Sara Flytström. "Surrogatmodern - utnyttjad eller autonom? : En kvalitativ idéanalys om den svenska debattens syn på surrogatarrangemang." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-45106.
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This essay is comparing the different perspectives of the debate on surrogacy in two Swedish Newspapers. The purpose of this study is to contribute with knowledge about the different perspectives of the debate about surrogacy in relation to women's autonomy. The theory is defined by decisional autonomy and practical autonomy, which is written by Jonathan Pugh. Through an idea analysis, the material of the essay is analyzed through an analysis tool created with Pugh’s theory. The delimitation of material is selected from articles from Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet between 2010 and 2020. The result shows that 12 of the arguments in the articles are based on the decisional autonomy perspective, where six of them are based on both decisional and practical autonomy in their arguments. Practical autonomy is the main argument in four of them. The conclusion is that the side of the debate that is against surrogacy argues that the woman does not have enough autonomy to decide to be a surrogacy mother, without pressure or manipulation. The other side of the debate, that is for the altruistic model argues that she has enough autonomy to make her own decision. Another conclusion in this essay is that most of the arguments, even regarding practical autonomy, are based on decisional autonomy, since practical autonomy is mostly a tool for protecting women or helping them to implement their wishes. That's why decisional autonomy is most frequently used in the debate of surrogacy.
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Smith, Clara A. "The black surrogate mother." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2011. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/298.
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This study examines the literary depiction of the black surrogate mother as she is created according to the author’s race, gender, background, experience, biases and goals. Even though she is one of the most successful and popular characters of fiction, she is also controversial. Her reputation is iconic as well as dichotomous. For example, she is credited for the exemplary upbringing of her white charges, while simultaneously blamed for neglecting her own children. Particularly, this paper looks at three black surrogate mothers who conform to the prototypical, often stereotypical, image of the black surrogate mother: Mammy, Aunt Mammy Jane, and Dilsey. The critique substantiates that Mitchell and Faulkner, respectively, were invested in depicting Mammy and Dilsey as representatives of the real black surrogate mothers of their lives. Although, the character of Mammy Jane mirrors Mammy and Dilsey in her commitment and devotion to her white family, Chesnutt employs her as a cautionary warning to the blacks who refuse to accept change and progress after Emancipation. The other three black surrogate mothers, Sofia, Berenice, and Ondine, are antithetical to the stereotypical black surrogate mother. Sofia, an accidental maid, is representative of Walker’s intense efforts to deconstruct the image of the black surrogate mother that plagued her throughout her lifetime. Unlike most white authors, McCullers crafts Berenice as independent, strong, and autonomous, not just as a black surrogate mother of a white child. Morrison provides Ondine with a husband and daughter to be concerned with so that she cannot be cast as the stereotypically loving, nurturing black mother of white children. The conclusion of this study validates that the literary black surrogate mother is most often a creation based upon her author’s specific and personal biases and goals. In conjunction with the above assertion, the critique also contends that the real life black domestic has been and will continue to be significantly influenced by her fictional representative.
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Cravens, Brittany. "Surrogacy Law?: The Unparalleled Social Utility of Surrogacy and The Need for Federal Legislation." Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors1338487474.
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Swartzel, Gray. "mother / me." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2018. http://repository.cmu.edu/theses/137.
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mother / me is a visual exploration and analysis of the biological and constructed maternal realms of artist Gray Swartzel’s life. Orienting and navigating childhood influences, Swartzel explains his desire to use Craigslist to seek out surrogates, or mother figures. Interrogating his queer body within the psychological space between himself and his biological and surrogate mothers, he challenges and interrogates conceptions of the nuclear family, critiquing heteronormative assumptions of family. Swartzel tasks himself as an agent to inspect family as a social construct within a larger Lacanian orientation, while seeking out the objet petit a, or cause of desire in such relationships. He details the influences of early twentieth century glamour photography and maternal theory and outlines how they manifest in performances of the self. mother / me is an experiment to investigate the queer relationship between camp and the twenty-first century dandy through the collaboration of a mother and a child to construct visual images.
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Filander, Tanian. "The enforceability of international surrogacy in South Africa : how would a South African court proceed in determining an international surrogacy case?" University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5503.
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Magister Legum - LLMIn this research, I sought to investigate the extent to which South Africa recognises international surrogacy agreements. I examined Chapter 19 of the Children's Act as the first legislation to afford surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition in South Africa. Section 292(1)(b)-(e) of the Children's Act sets out the requirements for the validity of a surrogate agreement. The validity of the agreement is governed by South African law if it was concluded in South Africa, and at least one of the commissioning parents and the surrogate mother and her husband or partner must be domiciled in South Africa at the time of entering into the agreement. I explored South African legislation that may be applicable to the children born of commissioning parents (whether the commissioning parents are South Africans or foreign nationals) who entered into international surrogacy agreements. I concluded that the main issue that relates to international surrogacy are the implications that rise from registering a surrogate born child’s birth in South Africa and in other countries. I further concluded that the current position of South African law will result in a surrogate born child being left stateless and parentless. I considered the criminal aspect of international surrogacy agreements as a consequence of a null and void international surrogacy agreement. Furthermore, I referred to the legal difficulties of international surrogacy and potential rights infringed on or denied to the child born of an international surrogacy by examining international case law. I concluded that South African courts do not have precedents, guidelines or legislation governing international surrogacy agreements and thus it is important to examine international case law. I further concluded that, it is important for South African authorities and courts to consider the possibility of international surrogacy occurring in South Africa. I hope that the South African courts take a child-centered approach, building on the views established in the international case law, and that courts do not adopt a strict interpretation of our current laws. Lastly, I suggested recommendations for the appropriate manner in which to legislate international surrogacy agreements in South Africa. I submitted that judicial and administrative authorities could inspect the international surrogacy agreement and ensure that the terms do not harm the child and that the child is recognised as the legal child of the commissioning parents. The courts should first look at the suitability of the commissioning parents and finally consider the best interest of the child as being of paramount importance, before ordering the international surrogacy agreement null and void. I further suggested that a statutory regulation that contemplates international surrogacy should be formulated, as a source of reference, which will assist a court when faced with determining the issue of the parentage of a surrogate born child, and consequently, his or her nationality. I concluded that the South African Parliament should either re-draft or provide clearer guidelines regarding surrogacy and the possibility of international surrogacy agreements.
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Casey, Polly. "Family functioning in surrogacy families : perspectives from mothers, fathers, and 7-year old children." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608072.
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Brough, Clayre D. "Medieval children and surrogate mothers : a study of maternal sensibility." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65430.
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Aurelio, Shauna Lively. "Surrogate mothers use of online messaging a study of social support /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3425.
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Thesis (Ed. D.)--West Virginia University, 2004.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 166 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 102-116).
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Huie, Kathryn M. "Three Daughters in Search of Mothers: Exploring Surrogate Motherhood in Nineteenth-Century British Literature." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/english_theses/118.
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Surrogate motherhood abounds in nineteenth-century fiction. Governesses, nurses, aunts, and close family friends often form strong attachments with young girls, guiding them through life and their comings-of-age. Many surrogate mothers train their “daughters” according to the rules of societal expectations that mothers and daughters have cordial, respectful relationships, where the mother is unselfish, loving, and sympathetic toward her respectful, obedient, honest daughter. Many other nineteenth-century novels, however, depict surrogate mothers who are cruel, selfish, and unloving toward their “daughters.” While the role of the surrogate mother exists in various forms, it is regardless a strong presence in nineteenth-century fiction that leads daughters to choose to become surrogate mothers themselves.
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Els, Ronel. "Statutere regulering van surrogaatmoederskap : 'n kritiese ontleding van relevante oorwegings." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51921.
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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of regulating surrogacy in the light of the existing legal position and the relevant moral aspects. It is now medically possible for one woman to bear a child, which is not genetically related to her, on behalf of another person. Currently the law makes no specific provision for the regulation of surrogate motherhood. The key problem in this regard is that the existing law is applicable to surrogate motherhood, inter alia because surrogacy is brought about by artificial insemination and because the intended parents can only acquire parental authority by way of adoption. The final recommendation is a Surrogacy Act for South Africa. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is an analysis of the relevant moral and social aspects relating to surrogacy in order to justify the above-mentioned act morally. Commercial surrogacy, the genetic tie between parent and child, the differences between surrogacy and adoption, the question as to who is a parent and surrogacy for convenience are analysed. Despite all the arguments that can be made in favour of or against these moral issues in a vacuum, these arguments will be irrelevant in cases where the child is already born. In such a case the only relevant concern will be what is in the child's best interest. In the second part of the thesis the existing legal position is analysed. This includes an examination of the applicable legislation, the impact of the Constitution, the South African Law Commission's proposed bill on surrogate motherhood and the customary law. Although the relevant legislation does not specifically provide for surrogacy, it remains applicable. This is extremely problematic for the parties involved. The Bill of Rights is applicable to all law and binds the Legislature. Therefore the main principles of the Constitution will have to be embodied in the proposed regulatory Act. Although the Law Commission's proposed bill is a well formulated document, one shortcoming that has been identified is that it is not constitutionally justifiable. The customary law has several practices which are analogous to surrogacy. The right to culture, which is entrenched in the Constitution, has the effect that these practices cannot be outlawed. However, should it not be consistent with the Constitution, it can be held to be invalid. The conclusion which is reached is that surrogacy can be morally and constitutionally justifiable if it is regulated properly. It is therefore proposed that an Act be formulated to regulate these relevant issues. Such a proposed Act is included in part three of the thesis.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die moontlikheid om surrogaatmoederskap te reguleer as gevolg van die feit dat dit nou vir 'n vrou moontlik is om 'n kind, wat nie geneties aan haar verwant is nie, vir 'n ander te baar. Die reg maak nie spesifiek vir die regulering van surrogaatmoederskap voorsiening nie. Die kernprobleem in hierdie verband is dat die bestaande reg wel van toepassing daarop is, vanweë onder andere die feit dat surrogaatmoederskap teweeggebring word deur middel van kunsmatige bevrugting. Wetgewing wat kunsmatige bevrugting reguleer is gevolglik van toepassing, hoewel dit nie geskryf was met die oog op surrogaatmoederskap in die besonder nie. Die doel van die studie is gevolglik om te ondersoek hoe surrogaatmoederskap gereguleer kan word gegewe die bestaande regsposisie en relevante morele oorwegings. Die tesis kan in drie afdelings verdeel word. Die eerste bestaan uit 'n analise van die morele aspekte wat by surrogaatmoederskap ter sprake is. Dit is nodig om hierdie aangeleenthede te analiseer ten einde 'n voorgestelde wet moreel regverdigbaar te maak. Kommersiële surrogaatmoederskap, die genetiese band tussen ouer en kind, die verskille tussen surrogasie en aanneming, die vraag na die identiteit van die ouer en surrogaatmoederskap vir gerief word geanaliseer. Ten spyte van al die morele argumente wat gemaak kan word voordat 'n kind gebore is, is hierdie argumente van weinig belang waar die kind reeds gebore is. In so 'n geval is dit slegs die beste belang van die kind wat oorweeg moet word. Die bestaande regsposisie word in die tweede deel van die tesis ontleed. Dit sluit 'n ontleding van die relevante wetgewing, die oorweging van die impak van die Grondwet, 'n analise van die Suid-Afrikaanse Regskommissie se Voorgestelde Wetsontwerp op Surrogaatmoederskap en 'n evaluering van die inheemse reg in. Die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak word is dat die bestaande wetgewing nie uitdruklik vir surrogaatmoederskap voorsiening maak nie, maar wel daarop van toepassing kan wees. Dit veroorsaak verskeie probleme vir die betrokke partye. Die Grondwet het 'n drastiese impak op die regulering van surrogaatmoederskap en sal in ag geneem moet word indien 'n surrogaatmoederskapswet voorgestel word. Die Regskommissie se voorgestelde wetsontwerp is 'n goed geformuleerde dokument, maar moet aangepas word ten einde grondwetlik regverdigbaar te wees. Daar is verskeie gebruike in die inheemse reg wat analoog aan surrogaatmoederskap is. Die reg op kultuur, wat grondwetlik verskans is, het tot gevolg dat partye, op wie die inheemse reg van toepassing is, die reg het om hierdie gebruike na te volg. Indien die praktyke egter strydig met die Grondwet is, kan dit ongeldig verklaar word. Derdens word 'n wet voorgestelom surrogaatmoederskap te reguleer. Die gevolgtrekking waartoe gekom word, is dat surrogaatmoederskap moreel en grondwetlik regverdigbaar kan wees indien dit behoorlik gereguleer word.
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Kuya, Yuichi. "Aerodynamics and multi-fidelity surrogate modelling of an inverted wing with vortex generators in ground effect." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/73331/.
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A study of an inverted single-element wing with vortex denerators in ground effect is presented. Counter-rotating and co-rotating rectangular-vane type vortex generators with different device heights are studied on the suction surface of the wing. The primary application of this study is a front wing of race cars. This study comprises three main elements: 1) experimental study, 2) computational study and 3) multi-fidelity surrogate modelling. An experimental testing is performed in a wind tunnel equipped with a moving belt rig, studying time-averaged and unsteady aerodynamic characteristics. The experimental work performed shows that a use of vortex generators, notably of the counter-rotating sub-boundary layer vortex generator type, can be effective at controlling flow separation, with a resultant improvement in downforce within relatively low drag penalty. The results also reveal fundamental vortex characteristics for flow separation control. A computational study is performed by three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes steady simulations with the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. The computations are validated against the experimental results so as to provide confidence, with the validation exhibiting close agreement with the experimental results. The computational results complement the experimental results by highlighting the flow physics of how vortex generators can help control flow separation on an inverted wing in ground effect and how critical vortex generator type and size are for its effectiveness. An application of a force-based vortex generator source term model is also examined. A multi-fidelity surrogate modelling approach working with co-kriging regression and statistical techniques is presented, unsing the experimental and computational data sets. This approach exhibits an efficient improvement of surrogate models, compared to conventional surrogate models. Surrogate models of sectional downforce of an inverted wing with counter-rotating sub-boundary layer vortex generators in ground effect are constructed as a response of the ride height and incidence.
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Guillat-Demonchy, Danièle. "De la filiation face aux nouvelles techniques de procréation au regard de la Convention Internationale des droits de l'enfant." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020004/document.
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Cette thèse de caractère pluridisciplinaire traite des progrès de la biologie de la reproduction dans le domaine de l’infertilité face à la Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant (CIDE) des Nation-unies. La première partie montre que, en France, il y a conciliation entre l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant et l’assistance médicale à la procréation, encadrée par le triptyque des lois de bioéthique de 1994. La deuxième partie traite des dérives de ces techniques pratiquées à des fins sociétales et non médicales. Des parents intentionnels désireux d’un « enfant à tout prix », puisque la loi n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de même sexe n’a pas « ouvert » le droit à l’accès de ces techniques de reproduction assistée, se rendent au cours d’un « tourisme procréatif » dans un pays où la maternité de substitution ou gestation pour autrui (GPA) est licite et ont un enfant grâce à une mère de substitution, qui assure la gestation de l’embryon, puis du foetus via une fécondation in vitro. Mais lors du retour en France de l’enfant, eu égard aux articles 16-7 et 16-9 du code civil, se pose le problème de la filiation de l’enfant sans compter sur les risques de la maternité de substitution, d’où l’incompatibilité des techniques de reproduction assistée à des fins sociétales avec la Convention internationale des droits de l’enfant, l’adage latin "mater semper certa est" étant la garantie de l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfantThis thesis has a plurisdisciplinary approach and deals with the improvements of biology of reproduction in the field of infertility regarding the International Convention on the Rights of the Child of the United Nations (ICRCUN). The first part shows, that in France, there is conciliation between the best interests of the child and the medical assistance to procreation, legalised by the triptych of the bioethics law of 1994. The second part deals with the drifts of those practices used for societal ends and not medical. Intended parents willing to have “a child at all costs”, as the law n° 2013-404 of May 17, 2013 allowing the marriage to couples of the same sex has not “allowed” the right to have access to thoses technics of assisted reproduction, do “procreative tourism” and go to a country in which the surrogate maternity or gestational surrogacy (GS) is legal and have a child thanks to surrogate mother who ensures the gestation of the embryo, and the foetus through an in vitro fertilization (IVF). However, back to France, according to articles 16-7 and 16-9 of the Civil Code, the issue of the filiation of the child arises, without counting on the risks of the surrogate maternity, hence the incompatibility of the methods of assisted reproduction to societal purposes with the International on Rights of the child, the Latin proverb "mater semper certa est" being the guarantee of the best interest of the child
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Dempsey, Deborah, and DDempsey@groupwise swin edu au. "Beyond Choice : Family and Kinship in the Australian lesbian and gay �baby boom�." La Trobe University. School of Public Health (Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society), 2006. http://www.lib.latrobe.edu.au./thesis/public/adt-LTU20080530.164203.
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Planned parenthood within the lesbian and gay communities attracts considerable attention internationally among researchers, the media, and law and policy-makers. This Australian study situates the phenomenon�also known as the �gayby boom��within the contemporary Australian socio-legal setting and the more international historical and political contexts of Gay and Women�s Liberation. It investigates how beliefs about nature, kinship, the sexed and reproductive body and political ideologies of family intersect in lesbians and gay men�s decision-making and stories of living their lives as parents. Two fields of intellectual enquiry are generative: the interest in families of choice and family practices within sociology and the post-modern anthropological critique of Western kinship in the era of assisted reproduction.
This is a qualitative study informed by a critical humanist approach. It is based on in-depth and key informant interviews conducted with 20 lesbians and 15 gay men (parents, �donor/dads� and prospective parents) as well as 7 people engaged in legal, health or therapeutic support to prospective and current parents. Also incorporated into the analysis are a range of other primary sources, including a substantial media debate, submissions to an assisted reproduction law reform process and primary documents supplied by participants such as parenting agreements and letters.
The study argues for the need to look beyond unitary concepts such as families of choice when theorising lesbian and gay parenthood. It is important to consider the historical, political and biographical conditions that make some notions of relatedness and decisions about having children seem more feasible, and indeed, natural than others. It explores how various notions of biological relatedness remain important in the formation of parent/child relationships, and the extent to which lesbians and gay men rely on strategic appeals to choice and biology in enacting families. Continuing constraints on who is eligible for clinically assisted reproductive technology in Australia lead to imaginative and harmonious, yet also fraught reproductive relationships.
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Fronemann, Esther. "Der Beginn der Erbfähigkeit in Fällen extrakorporaler Befruchtung : eine Untersuchung zu 1923 II BGB /." Hamburg : Kovač, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/37908578X.pdf.
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Gaudin, Sabrina. "Attachement chez l'agneau : approche comportementale, physiologique et neurobiologique." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR4040/document.
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Chez les mammifères, l'attachement pour la mère, est caractérisé par un effet sécurisant de la présence de cette figure qui permet au jeune d'explorer son environnement. Plusieurs études ont suggéré qu’un attachement pouvait se développer pour des substituts maternels tels qu’un congénère ou un objet. Cette thèse sur l'agneau montre, au travers de l'évaluation des caractéristiques de l'attachement, l'absence d'un tel lien en absence de figure maternelle pour un congénère de même âge ou un objet. L'altération de l'attachement chez ces individus est associée à une modification de l'axe corticotrope (HPA) et du système ocytocinergique : les agneaux élevés en absence de figure maternelle montrent un stress accru à 24 heures de vie, traduit au niveau central par une réduction du nombre de neurones contenant de la corticolibérine et une augmentation de ceux contenant l'ocytocine à 21 jours. Cette étude suggère un rôle apaisant de la figure maternelle pouvant faciliter la mise en place de l'attachement et influençant le développement de l'axe HPA. Ce travail suggère par ailleurs l'implication de l'ocytocine dans l'adaptation du jeune à un contexte social stressantIn mammals, attachment to the mother is characterized by a secure effect of the presence of such figure which allows the young to explore its environment. Several studies have suggested that attachment bond could develop for mother surrogates such as peers or objects. This thesis shows through the evaluation of attachment key features in lambs, the absence of attachment in motherless lambs for a same-aged peer or an object. The alteration of attachment in these individuals is associated with a modification of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis and the oxytocinergic system: peer- and object-reared lambs show physiological sign of stress 24h after birth, reflected at the central level by a decrease of the number of neurons containing corticoliberin and increase of those containing oxytocin at 21 days of age. This study suggests a soothing effect of the mother figure that could facilitate the establishment of attachment and influence the development of the HPA axis. This work also suggests the involvement of oxytocin in the young to cope with stressful early social context
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Viana, Kelly Ribeiro de Freitas. "Quem sai aos seus não degenera? a (des)ordem da gestação de substituição." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/171023.
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Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com base nos Estudos Culturais, em sua vertente pós-estruturalista. O objetivo foi analisar publicações de jornais, livros, sites e revistas que veicularam reportagens sobre Gestação de Substituição, para conhecer os discursos que circularam na mídia sobre a temática. Gestação de Substituição está dentre as técnicas que compõem o conjunto da reprodução assistida que combina a fertilização in vitro com a implantação do embrião (com o material genético de outrem) no útero da mãe substituta. Para tanto, foram analisadas reportagens cujo tema central eram histórias de sujeitos que participaram do processo de Gestação de Substituição. A análise desse corpus foi fundamentada nas ferramentas propostas por Michel Foucault, especialmente de discurso, enunciado e arquivo. Assumindo a mídia como artefato cultural que nos subjetiva e instiga determinados modos de vida, pretendi realizar uma das possíveis leituras dessas reportagens. Da análise emergiram três marcadores: nos Contos de fadas: uma estratégia discursiva midiática, observei que as histórias são contadas respeitando determinados enredos das tradicionais histórias infantis, posicionando os sujeitos participantes da Gestação de Substituição como heróis. Em Mães substitutas: sujeitos forjados pelos discursos midiático, biomédico e moral, as análises apontaram que os pais biológicos admiram tais mulheres por gestar o filho de outrem. No marcador, A família feliz: uma instituição social reorganizada discursivamente, destacou que as mães biológicas podem vivenciar a gestação, uma gravidez possível e o amor materno. Portanto, minha proposta foi (re)pensar e fazer outras e novas perguntas sobre o tema e suscitar reflexões que possam contribuir para a assistência em saúde dos sujeitos envolvidos no processo de Gestação de Substituição. E, neste sentido, procurar fornecer subsídios para que a Enfermagem (re)pense suas práticas para atender as demandas dessas novas famílias.This is a qualitative research based on Cultural Studies, in its poststructuralist dimension. The objective was to analyze publications of newspapers, books, websites and magazines that have provided reports on Surrogacy to know the speeches that have circulated in the media about the theme. Surrogacy is among the techniques that make up assisted reproduction that combines in vitro fertilization with the implantation of the embryo (with the genetic material of another) in the uterus of the surrogate mother. For that we have analyzed reports whose central theme were stories of subjects who participated in the process of Surrogacy. The analysis of this corpus was based on the tools proposed by Michel Foucault, especially discourse, statement and archive. Assuming the media as a cultural artifact that subjective and instigates certain ways of life, I intended to carry out one of the possible readings of these reports. From the analysis emerged three markers: In Fairy Tales: a media discursive strategy I observed that the stories are told respecting certain scenarios of the traditional children's stories, positioning the subjects participating in the Surrogacy as heroes. In Surrogate mothers: subjects forged by the media, biomedic and moral discourses, the analyses pointed out those biological parents admire such women for gestating the child of another. In the bookmark, The Happy Family: a social institution discursively reorganized, emphasized that biological mothers can experience gestation, a possible pregnancy and maternal love. Therefore, my proposal was to (re)think and make other and new questions on this topic and to raise reflections that could contribute to the health care of the subjects involved in the Surrogacy process. And, in this sense, seek to provide subsidies for Nursing to (re)think their practices to meet the demands of these new families.
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Gugliotti, Kristine Barci. "Reprodução artificial: limites necessários." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-08122014-094802/.
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É indiscutível os inúmeros benefícios decorrentes do avanço da ciência, principalmente no campo da reprodução artificial, entretanto cada vez mais se mostra necessário impor limites, tanto na área médica quanto na jurídica, devendo-se regulamentar, legal e especificamente a matéria, com o fim de se coibir abusos e proteger direitos. Ademais, o avanço rápido da ciência tem preocupado sobremaneira a sociedade relativamente às conseqüências decorrentes do uso indevido por parte de pesquisadores, médicos e clínicas reprodutivas, das inovações e possibilidades nesta área. Nada justifica que a busca científica desenfreada, por exemplo, de seres humanos geneticamente melhorados, ultrapasse limites éticos, morais e sociais, discriminando-se àqueles que não se enquadram nos padrões sociais previamente estereotipados. Na presente pesquisa, a responsabilidade civil e penal é tratada como forma inibidora de tais atos, mas não se mostra como única solução possível. Sendo assim, questões como o direito dos embriões, o direito a vida, a dignidade humana, a sucessão hereditária, a filiação, entre outros, são objeto primordial da presente obra, de forma que lhe sejam assegurados ampla tutela jurídica nesse sentido. Também questões relativas à gestação de substituição e a autorização daqueles que pretendem implantar um embrião, sejam pais genéticos ou não, na utilização das técnicas de reprodução artificial, aqui se encontram abordadas. Busca-se também proteger o direito de igualdade entre filhos, proibindo-se consequentemente a discriminação entre eles em razão de sua origem. São também esclarecidas as técnicas de reprodução artificial, bem como as teorias relativas ao início da vida para caracterizar-se a personalidade jurídica. Por fim, há ainda, nesta obra, preocupação em esclarecer conceitos, diferenciando-se terminologias e estabelecendo-se definições necessárias tanto na área jurídica quanto médica.It is undiscuss the numerous benefits resulting from Science advance, especially concerning artificial reproduction, however it is necessary put on limits in medical and legal concernes, having to regulatory, legal rules in order to cohabit abuses and protect rights. Moreover, fast science advance has been worring the society about consequences becomes from the improper use from reserarchers, medical and reproductive clinics concerning innovations and possibilities in this area. Nothing can justifies the fast serch, for example, for humans genetically improveds, it exceeds ethical, moral and social limits, broking down who is not in conform to social standar previously sterotyped. In this research, the civil and penal liability is treated as inhibitory form of such acts, but not appears as the only possible solution. In order, issues concerning embryos rights, such as life rights, human dignity, hereditary succession, among others, are primary subject of this book, performing ensured broad legal protection accordingly. Also issues related to surrogate mother and the authorization of those intending to deploy an embryo, be or not the genetic fathers, in the use of artificial reproduction technical, here related in this work. Also seeks proteting to the rights of equality between sons, in order to forbid discrimination among them because of their origins. The work also clarified the techniques of artificial reproductions, as well as theories concerning the beginning of life to be characterized legal personality. Finally, in this current work, there is worry to clarify the concepts, differing terminologies and definitions needed both in legal and medical fields.
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Zanzi, Ferrando Diana. "Surrogatmodern och den mänskliga värdigheten : En diskursanalys av den statliga utredningen om surrogatmoderskap, ur ett kritiskt postkolonialt feministiskt perspektiv." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-390148.
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Uppsatsen undersöker hur ”SOU 2016:11 Olika vägar till föräldraskap” formulerar problemet med surrogatmoderskap, vilka subjektspositioner som kan urskiljas i utredningen och analyserar den ut ett kritiskt postkolonialt feministiskt perspektiv. Utredningen utgår ifrån mänsklig värdighet, autonomi och barnets bästa vilket uppsatsen belyser får konsekvenser för hur problemet med surrogatarrangemang porträtteras olika beroende på om surrogatmodern och barnet är från det globala syd eller det globala nord. Utgångspunkterna är centrala när surrogatmodern och barnet från det globala nord lyfts men får inte samma roll gällande surrogatmodern och det barn hon föder. Vidare undersöks hur subjektspositioner formuleras utifrån emotionell/icke-emotionell, sårbar/icke-sårbar, skyddsvärd/icke-skyddsvärd och blottlägger hur den svenska surrogatmodern och det inrikesfödda barnet konstrueras som emotionella, sårbara och skyddsvärda vilket skiljer sig från hur den utländska surrogatmodern och det utrikesfödda barnet konstrueras. Dessa omges att tystnad vilket får konsekvenser för hur de porträtteras och för vilka åtgärder som föreslås. Uppsatsen bidrar till en utveckling av tidigare forskning med ett tillägg av nyckelordet skyddsvärd för att undersöka konstrueringen av surrogatmödrar. Uppsatsen visar att begreppet är relevant genom att materialet visat på delvis konstuering av emotionell och sårbar men inte skyddsvärd och att detta påverkat resultat och åtgärder. Vidare stärker uppsatsen tidigare forskning som menar att utgångspunkten mänsklig värdighet verkar för en avhumanisering av surrogatmödrar från det globala syd samt att synen på biologi varierar beroende på var ett barn föds. Uppsatsen bygger vidare på tidigare forskning som menar att uttryckt rationalitet och brist på emotion resulterar i en avhumanisering, genom att blottlägga hur det kan räcka med att subjektspositionerna möts av tysthet för att uppnå samma resultat. Detta arbete belyser hur olika subjektspositioner framställs olika i den statliga utredningen och hur koloniala idéer hänger kvar och påverkar underlag till svensk lagstiftning, samt blottlägger vilka konkreta konsekvenser detta kan få för lagförslag och för surrogatmödrar i det globala syd samt de barn de föder.
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Cailleau, Françoise. "D'une matrice à l'autre: dialogique de la filiation et de la parentalité dans la gestation pour autrui." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209817.
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La présente recherche porte sur les processus de filiation et de parentalité chez les couples demandeurs d'une aide médicale à la procréation nécessitant le recours à une mère porteuse.Pour aborder la spécificité et la complexité de ces situations, nous avons élaboré un modèle théorique paradigmatique qui propose un rapport dialogique entre les concepts de filiation et de parentalité. Cette modélisation se présente sous forme matricielle. Elle permet de connecter des savoirs issus de diverses disciplines et ouvre sur la possibilité de repenser nos schémas conceptuels de la filiation et la parentalité à l'ère des modifications des conditions de la reproduction, de la gestation et de la naissance.Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Jun, Jungwook. "Potential Crash Measures Based on GPS-Observed Driving Behavior Activity Metrics." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19832.
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Identifying and understanding the relationships between observed driving behavior over long-term periods and corresponding crash involvement rates is paramount to enhancing safety improvement programs and providing useful insights for transportation safety engineers, policy markers, insurance industries, and the public. Unlike previous data collection methods, recent advancement in mobile computing and accuracy of global positioning systems (GPS) allow researchers to monitor driving activities of large fleets of vehicles, for long-time study periods, at great detail.
This study investigates the driving patterns of drivers who have and who have not experienced crashes during a 14-month study period using the longitudinally collected GPS data during a six-month Commute Atlanta study. This investigation allows an empirical investigation to assess whether drivers with recent crash experiences exhibit different driving or activity patterns (travel mileage, travel duration, speed, acceleration, speed stability duration, frequency of unfamiliar roadway activities, frequency of turn movement activities, and previous crash location exposures). This study also discusses various techniques of implementing GPS data streams in safety analyses. Finally, this study provides useful guidance for researchers who plan to evaluate the relationships between driver driving behavior and crash risk with large sample data and proposes driving behavior activity exposure metrics of individual drivers for possible safety surrogate measures as well as for driver re-training and education programs.
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McMillen, Brooke. "Embryo Adoption: Implications of Personhood, Marriage, and Parenthood." Thesis, Connect to resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/1613.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Indiana University, 2008.Department of Philosophy, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). Advisor(s): Peggy Zeglin Brand, Jason T. Eberl, Michael B. Burke. Includes vitae. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-84).
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Térel, Julie. "Les figures de la maternité." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0352/document.
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Les évolutions sociétales - émancipation de la femme, maîtrise de la fécondité, acceptation del’homosexualité, multiplication des formes de conjugalité, nouveaux modèles familiaux, médicalisation de laprocréation - ont bouleversé le rapport entre maternité de fait et maternité juridique.La femme qui revendique le statut de mère n’est plus nécessairement celle qui a porté et mis au mondel’enfant. Les techniques d’assistance médicale à la procréation ont ouvert le champ des possibles enpermettant à la femme de réaliser son désir d’enfant, indépendamment des contraintes temporelles oubiologiques. Pourtant, la mère gestationnelle apparaît, aujourd’hui encore, comme la figure certaine de lamaternité. Elle a vu ses droits accrus par un mouvement d’harmonisation du droit de la filiation, jusqu’àdevenir l’égale de l’homme. Elle a cessé d’être identifiée par son statut conjugal, et est désormais définie parréférence au fait biologique maternel de l’accouchement. L’enfantement marque alors la singularité de lamaternité en tant que figure de rattachement, car elle est le seul vecteur d’identification spatio-temporelle del’enfant. Un ordre public fort en la matière est donc de rigueur : l’accouchement, qui détermine l’état civil del’enfant, ne devrait pas pouvoir être dissimulé. En revanche, la fonction maternelle de parenté devraitdavantage être soumise à la volonté de la femme qui se revendique mère. La mère gestationnelle, qui devraittoujours pouvoir établir un lien de filiation, devrait également pouvoir refuser l’établissement d’un tel lien,au profit d’une autre figure maternelle plus incertaine car reposant sur la volonté d’être mère, volontééventuellement corroborée par un lien génétique. Autrement dit, la filiation maternelle de l’enfant devraitpouvoir être transférée afin d’être en concordance avec la réalité sociologique.La multiplication des figures de la maternité conduit ainsi à une rénovation de la conception traditionnelle dela maternité, par un rééquilibrage du rôle joué par les éléments objectifs et subjectifsA number of developments in society - the emancipation of women, birth control, the acceptanceof homosexuality, the diversification of couple arrangements, new family models, the increasingly medicalapproach to procreation - have shaken up the link between motherhood in fact and motherhood in law.The woman claiming the title of mother is no longer necessarily the one who bore the child and brought itinto the world. Assisted reproductive technology has opened up possibilities by allowing women who want achild to have one, regardless of restrictions related to time or biology. However, the “gestation mother”remains to this day the definite mother figure. Her rights have increased through the harmonisation of thelaws of filiation, eventually making her the man’s equal. She is no longer identified by her marital status andis now defined in relation to the biological process of giving birth. Giving birth hence highlights thespecificity of motherhood as an attachment figure, being the only means of identification in space and timefor the child. A strong public policy is therefore required in this area: giving birth should not be concealable,since it determines the child’s status in law. On the other hand, the maternal parenting role should dependmore on the will of the woman who claims the title of mother. The gestation mother, who should always beable to ascertain the filiation, should also be able to refuse such filiation, in favour of another mother figurenot as firmly ascertained, since her status is dependent on the will to be the mother, a will possiblycorroborated by filiation. The child’s maternal filiation should be transferrable in order to reflect the socialreality.The multiplication of mother figures has thus led to an overhaul of the traditional conception of motherhood,by rebalancing the role played by objective and subjective elements
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Maré, Louis. "The feasibility of compensated surrogacy in South Africa: a comparative legal study." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22244.
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The following is a study and comparison of the various types of surrogacy currently
being implemented locally and internationally and the laws surrounding it. I discuss the
current South African legal framework on surrogacy and summarise the relevant
legislative provisions whilst also further discussing the provisions prohibiting commercial
surrogacy and the reasons behind them. Thereafter an investigation follows into other
counties in respect of their individual laws regulating surrogacy and more specifically,
commercial surrogacy. I discuss how these countries attempted to regulate commercial
surrogacy and which regulations were a success and which weren‘t. The various
international laws and regulations surrounding surrogacy as well as commercial
surrogacy is then compared and discussed in a South African context. A discussion on
the intertwined constitutional rights of the surrogate mother, commissioning parents and
child follows and in conclusion I offer some recommendations on how to go about
legalising commercial surrogacy safely and successfully implementing it free from
exploitation.Private Law
LL.M. (Specialisation in Private Law)
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Chang, Wei-Min, and 張維民. "The Research of the Autonomy of Gestational Mother`s Body in the Draft of Surrogacy Act." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49289401718535017301.
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碩士國立成功大學
法律學研究所
95
Along with a conclusion for surrogate motherhood in the consensus conference of surrogate motherhood, National Health Administration has funded researchers to drawing up a legal act called Surrogacy Act. The main point of this dissertation is to analyze the articles of this draft, whether the self-automny-right of surrogate motherhood is accomplished.
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Fisher, Ann Muriel. "A Narrative inquiry: how surrogate mothers make meaning of the gestational surrogacy experience." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3820.
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Research about gestational surrogacy is limited from the surrogate’s perspective, yet third party reproduction is on the rise worldwide, and specifically in Canada. The experiences, relationships, and meanings of Canadian surrogate mothers are the focus of this research. Eight women’s narratives are studied to better understand the process of their gestational surrogacy experience. The purpose of this study was to learn more about surrogacy by paying attention to how surrogate mothers story/narrate their experiences. The good surrogate discourse, which influences meaning making, was uncovered when analyzing how surrogate mothers narrate their experience within gestational surrogacy positions, roles, and procedures. Further analysis focused on discourses of motherhood, gender, biomedical practice, fertility, ethics, and legislation which actively shape the stories that can be told, and limit the identities that are available. Similarly, these discourses influence relationships as surrogates monitor their need for connection with the surrogate child. Professionals in the field of child and youth care (CYC) including family practitioners, counsellors, and anyone working with children, youth, and families need to be mindful of their practice if third party reproduction is an issue as counselling support for grief and loss may be necessary.Graduate
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Ribeiro, Filipe André Agrela. "Historicidade e actualidade da gestação de substituição no Ordenamento Jurídico Português." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/85925.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito: Especialidade em Ciências Juridico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoResumo O presente estudo destina-se a averiguar e abordar as questões inerentes à controversa técnica de Procriação Medicamente Assistida, também designada por gestação de substituição.Na decorrência do mesmo, iremos elencar as suas origens, os casos em que na mesma tiveram proveniência, explanar a doutrina, bem como fazer uma ressalva ao passado legal desta prática, tanto em Portugal como no resto do mundo.Seguidamente iremos analisar e problematizar o tipo de contratação legal à data, no nosso ordenamento jurídico, tendo em conta os vários dilemas, de índole ético-jurídica que a questão em estudo envolve.Das perturbações emergentes, tentaremos sugerir possíveis soluções, assim como defender a posição por nós ostentada, tendo em conta, inclusive, a recente declaração de inconstitucionalidade de certas normas, respeitantes à lei da Procriação Medicamente Assistida e à gestação de substituição por parte do Tribunal Constitucional.
Abstract The primary objective of this study is to investigate and explore the inherent questions in regards to the controversies around assisted fertility techniques, in specific surrogacy.In the process, we will illustrate its origins, case studies of its existence, explain the doctrine and recite past legal practices, both in Portugal and around the world.Furthermore, we will analyse and problematise the type of legal contracts to the present time in our legal system, taking into account the various dilemmas involving ethic morality and judicial review. With the emerging issues, we will attempt to find possible solutions to reinforce the consensual view, taking into account the recent failed rulings in regards to the law of medically assisted fertility.
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Hlaváčová, Markéta. "Surogační mateřství." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-364962.
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The aim of this thesis is analysis of attitudes, opinions and present legislation regarding a surrogate motherhood. The thesis should be recommendation of optimal legal adaptation of surrogacy in Czech Republic. The thesis looks into chosen issue through methods of comparison with foreign legislation and reminder of professional and non- professional views on the issue. The reasons for surrogacy legislation in Czech Republic are particularly the best interest of child, protection of surrogate mother's rights and rights of potential parents and many more. The surrogacy legislation would mean amendments of many legal regulations, which are propounded by the thesis. Keywords Surrogate motherhood, surrogacy, surrogacy legislation, determination and negation of maternity, biological mother, social mother, genetic mother, legal mother, the best interest of child, adoption, right to family and family life Name of the thesis Surrogate motherhood
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Duarte, Ana Rute Ferreira. "Procriação Medicamente Assistida e Gestação de Substituição: Em especial, os desafios trazidos pelas alterações à Lei n.º 32/2006, de 26 de Julho." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/90258.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Jurídico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoEsta dissertação centra-se na análise da evolução da Procriação Medicamente Assistida no ordenamento jurídico português; nomeadamente quais são as várias técnicas que admitimos e quem (e em que condições) lhes pode aceder no nosso país; fornece-se também uma contextualização histórica/cronológica, relativa à progressiva adaptação da sociedade portuguesa no que concerne às várias questões que a Procriação Medicamente Assistida coloca – para dar um dos maiores exemplos, a mudança de paradigma a que se assistiu quanto ao alargamento do âmbito dos beneficiários da Procriação Medicamente Assistida a casais de mulheres e a mulheres solteiras.Também atentamos às matérias de direito da filiação e critérios jurídicos da parentalidade, visto que a procriação medicamente assistida heteróloga veio trazer grandes transformações e desvios ao tradicional estabelecimento da filiação, nomeadamente através da Lei n.º 17/2016, de 20 de Junho, e da Lei n.º 25/2016, de 22 de Agosto. Observamos aqui uma progressiva substituição de uma verdade biológica por uma verdade sócio-afectiva quanto ao estabelecimento da filiação de crianças cujo nascimento resultou da aplicação de técnicas de procriação medicamente assistida ou de gestação de substituição.Vemos ainda como é que a gestação de substituição passou de configurar uma prática lesiva dos bons costumes, dando origem a um negócio nulo e nalguns casos criminalizado na redacção original da Lei n.º 32/2006, de 26 de Julho, para se tornar legal (mediante apertados requisitos) com a redacção dada pela Lei n.º 25/2016, de 22 de Agosto - sendo que alguns aspectos do seu regime vieram logo a seguir ser declarados inconstitucionais através do Acórdão do Tribunal Constitucional n.º 225/2018, de 24 de Abril, desta forma mantendo a gestação de substituição legal - mas na prática inacessível - até a aprovação de uma nova lei que possa acautelar minimamente todos os interesses (dos pais beneficiários, da gestante de substituição e da criança). Finalmente, fazem-se algumas reflexões precisamente nesse sentido: o de procurar e encontrar soluções viáveis para não deixar cair um instituto que o Tribunal Constitucional confirmou que pode vir a ser muito benéfico para a sociedade portuguesa, apesar de sofrer de algumas desconformidades com a nossa lei fundamental.
This dissertation focuses on the analysis of the evolution of Medically Assisted Procreation in the Portuguese legal system; namely what are the various techniques we admit and who (and under what conditions) can access them in our country; it is also provided a historical / chronological context, concerning the progressive adaptation of Portuguese society regarding the various issues that Medically Assisted Procreation poses - to give one of the greatest examples, the paradigm shift seen in the widening scope of the beneficiaries of Medically Assisted Procreation to women's couples and single women.We also look at legal matters of parentage and legal criteria of parenthood, since heterologous assisted medically assisted procreation has brought about major transformations and deviations from the traditional establishment of membership, namely through Law no. 17/2016 of June 20, and of Law no. 25/2016 of 22 August. We observe here a progressive replacement of a biological truth by a socio-affective truth regarding the establishment of the affiliation of children whose birth resulted from the application of medically assisted procreation or substitution gestation techniques.We also see how the gestation of substitution has gone from setting up a harmful practice of good manners, giving rise to a null business and in some cases criminalized in the original wording of Law no. 32/2006, of July 26, to become legal (with tight requirements) with the wording given by Law no. 25/2016 of 22 August - some aspects of its regime were soon to be declared unconstitutional through the Judgment of the Constitutional Court no. 225/2018, of April 24th, thus keeping the gestation of legal substitution - but in practice inaccessible - until the approval of a new law that can minimize all interests (of the beneficiary parents, the pregnant woman and the child).Finally, there are some reflections precisely in this sense, the search for and find viable solutions not to drop an institute that the Constitutional Court confirmed that can be very beneficial for the Portuguese society, despite suffering from some nonconformities with our fundamental law.
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Pheme, Jerminah Maragane. "Perceptions of childless women on surrogacy as an assisted reproductive technique at Capricorn District, Lepelle Nkumpi Municipality." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2337.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M. A.(Social Work)) --University of Limpopo, 2018Involuntary childlessness and infertility affects women from various cultural and religious backgrounds. Childless women suffer from social and psychological ailments because of their circumstances. Previous research reveals that women who suffer from infertility and childlessness experience social exclusion and ridicule from their women folk who have children. In South Africa reproduction is a human right and everyone is allowed to make decisions on whether or not they should have children. Surrogacy as an assisted reproductive technique is allowed and governed through the Children’s Act 38 of 2005. However, the knowledge of childless women on surrogacy, their belief system and willingness to take up surrogacy as a way to have children is unknown to the researcher. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions of childless women on surrogacy as an assisted reproductive technique. The study was exploratory and qualitative in nature. The participants were identified through purposive and snowball sampling. Data was collected until saturation point and seven participants were interviewed. Unstructured, face to face interviews were conducted. An audio recorder was utilised during the interviews. Thematic analysis was employed in data analysis and trustworthiness was used to establish the credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability of the study. Most women in this study mentioned that they had heard and were aware of surrogacy but they were not well-informed about the relevant legislation. Women in this study were willing to take up surrogacy as an option to have their own children.
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Lee, Shu-ling, and 李淑玲. "The ethical analysis of surrogate mother : a study on enforceability of surrogate contract." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/e78f67.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
哲學研究所碩士在職專班
94
The root of the controversy of surrogate motherhood comes from the shivering of the traditional motherhood into three separate process: conceiving, gestating and raising the child. However, surrogacy is no easy matter for the infertile couple and the surrogate mother. Surrogacy is usually the last hope of the infertile couple to have their own child. This dissertation argues that surrogacy has no infringement on human dignity. With due respect to surrogate mother’s autonomy, her priority to keep custody of her child, due protection of the legal status of the child born, and ensuring the right of the infertile couple, I believe that a morally acceptable surrogacy arrangement is enforceable. Respect of the autonomy of the surrogate mother is tantamount to the success of surrogacy. The surrogate mother must be given sufficient time to deliberate about carrying a child for the infertile couple. It is proscribed by the principle of informed consent and in this respect, the agency of surrogacy plays a very important part. This dissertation advocates that the infertile couple should pay for the service of surrogacy and the expense must include reward beside necessary medical fees, in order to recognize the painstaking labor of surrogate mother and define her right and obligation clearly. By means of the “Surrogacy Arrangement” and the agency for surrogacy in proper coordination between surrogate mother and infertile couple, the surrogate contract could be an arrangement of least risk and least harm to all party. The failure rate of surrogacy is about 1% in United Kingdom and United States, what we should strive for is to reduce the failure rate, but not to deny the successful rate of 99%. Although natural reproduction still has risk of difficulty in delivery, in giving birth to deformed babies, we do not forbid natural reproduction, but make more effort to reduce the harm resulted. After an in-depth analysis of surrogacy, I suggest that the service of surrogacy should provide and built upon bioethical consideration of surrogacy. I give a draft of a surrogacy contract. I hope this essay will provide a satisfactory and enforceable method and policy for surrogacy.
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Liu, Chien-Yeh, and 劉建業. "The Study of The Legalization of Surrogate Mother." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/19473751787244545610.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國文化大學
法律學系碩士在職專班
102
Abstract Developments in medicine have often led to the treatability of incurable symptoms and moderation of the hardships in many diseases bringing about innumerable happy memories. Thus, in the case of infertility as well, technical advances in artificial procreation have brought to its many recipients unbounded hope and vision. As the saying goes, there are three acts in violation of filial piety of which breaking the family line has most significance. Although having off-spring connotes fulfillment in traditional thought and culture, however, when considering developments in medical technology that at times are far ahead of the prevailing legal system giving rise in times of technological advance to many complicated social conflicts and problems, the prevailing legal system need undergo review and adaptation in order to resolve those threats brought on by such advanced technology. This is precisely the current relevant issue with which we must cope. The system of surrogate birth mothers has been practiced for years overseas, but has here been only a subject in the national dialogue without becoming legislation. Since the issue in today's society has been intensely debated and has congealed into a dilemma of considerably more difficulty, thus the relevant government departments (comprising both the executive and legislative branches) should actively consider how to promote an amicable and effective environment for communication to thereby obtain the consensus at all levels of society with hoped for rapid implementation of subsequent legislation. This document intends via an analytical survey of foreign legal precedence, analytical research of relevant prior court adjudications and debate of the national domestic current laws and regulations to provide a set of feasible methods which the people and relevant government departments can adopt for review. Key Words：Surrogate Mother, Human Assisted Reproduction, Intrauterine insemination
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Lumbasyo, Robai Ayieta. "Towards a Kenyan legal and ethical framework on surrogacy." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/18501.
Full textAbstract:
A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the
Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of
Science in Medicine Bioethics and Health Law, May 2015, JohannesburgSurrogacy motherhood, an arrangement involving one woman gestating a baby to be raised by another, is still a relatively ‘new’ technology in Kenya seeing as the first surrogate birth in Kenya happened in August 2007. Being a new technology therefore, the practice is still stifled in uncertainty thereby raising a complex web of legal and ethical issues. The fact that there is no legal and ethical framework to regulate surrogacy arrangements in Kenya, exposes the practice to corruption and other exploitative activities. Lapses and lacuna in the legal framework makes it hard to standardize the practice of surrogacy in Kenya, leaving the consumers of the service (technology) at the mercy of personal interpretation of the service providers. It is therefore essential that a legal and ethical framework is formulated to not only curb the rising incidences of exploitation but to also safeguard the interests of all parties involved. It is under this background that I intend to normatively assess the current practices of surrogacy in Kenya and make recommendations based on best practices internationally to guide the development of a legal and ethical framework on surrogacy in Kenya.
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Yang, Chia-Jun, and 陽佳君. "The status of the children given birth by the surrogate mother." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76841529766063852686.
Full text
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Lin, Hui-ting, and 林慧婷. "Cross-cultural Implications of Surrogate Mother Soap Operas: A Narrative Criticism." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83391533139464764075.
Full textAbstract:
碩士南華大學
傳播學系碩士班
99
The researcher of this study has discovered that various surrogate mother soap operas from different countries have different interpretation of surrogate mother’s image. With differences between national customs and cultures in different countries, people from European and North American countries have different interpretation of surrogate mother with people from Asian countries, thus the created image of surrogate mother in the surrogate mother soap operas are also different. After understanding the differences between the created image of surrogate mother from different countries and cultures’ soap operas, the researcher of this paper attempts to analyze the cross-cultural implications of three surrogate mother soap operas by rhetoric’s narrative criticism and cross-cultural viewpoint. Through the method of narrative criticism and cross-cultural viewpoint, this study attempts to analyze how the created image of surrogate mother is from the Taiwanese soap opera “Rock baby”, Korean soap opera “Love you 10 million times” and American soap opera “Friends”. What are the same or difference of the created image of surrogate mother from these three TV soap operas? And what are the cross-cultural implications of the created image of surrogate mother from these three surrogate mother soap operas? The researcher of this study discovers that storyline’s narrative elements such as roles, scenes and themes are the main constitution elements of a story; after reviewing the storyline and through the description of the role, we can see that the represented image and personality characteristics of the main role “surrogate mother” in the story, which is also the focus of this research paper. Moreover, through the story’s narrative elements such as roles, scenes and themes, we can discover author’s presented life and value of the surrogate mother. In summary, the create image of surrogate mother from these three TV soap operas are as taking pleasure in helping people, help fulfilling others’ dreams and ashamed to see others, respectively. From the research results, we also discover that most of the TV soap operas from the conservative Asian culture create the image of surrogate mother as having other people’s baby for money; in contrast, the European and North American soap operas usually create the image of surrogate mother as voluntarily helping infertility couple, instead of doing it for money. This also verifies that different cultural contexts may have different image interpretations of a common subject.
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CHANG, SHIH-HUANG, and 張詩凰. "An Ethical Reflection of Surrogate Mother from Right and Caring Perspectives." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42053395276216514027.
Full textAbstract:
碩士華梵大學
哲學系碩士班
104
To give birth is the basis and instinct of human reproduction. With the advance in technology, infertile couples are now able to have children through in-vitro fertilization and surrogate motherhood. This trend that evokes basic human instinct has caused ripples throughout society, with continuing discussions regarding this issue across different countries. Although Taiwan has reached the consensus of “conditional lift of the ban” through public conference, several issues on related laws and regulations are yet to be determined and resolved. This study is centered on the moral conflicts caused by surrogate mothers. Views on the female role, child rights, religion, medical care, law, society and psychology will be analyzed from both conservative and liberal positions. Further investigation of the decisions that follow the lift of surrogate motherhood regulations will also be conducted, including paid and unpaid altruism, adoption contract and surrogacy contract, and the narrowing and expansion of reproduction conditions. Conflicts that arise throughout these discussions will be reconciled through the holistic viewpoint of rights and care. It seems that surrogacy laws are incapable of reaching unanimity on the absolute correct moral, truth or justice. Amidst the mobility of constant tug between rights and democracy, it would be helpful if a mutually caring relationship is constructed with empathy, dialogue, and the acceptance of one another’s opinions when conflicts arise between society and the rights of related parties of surrogacy motherhood, or when there is a deadlock created by risks of declared rights supplanting morality. When this is achieved, “care” will no longer merely be the emotional basis for moral practice, but the ideal human condition that is sought after by all. “Sex” is a relatively obscure topic while “infertility” is another complex issue. The fact that infertile couples occupy a smaller portion and voice in society makes it more important for society to express goodwill. This study aims to open dialogue with all concerned parties of surrogacy and aid in clarifying emotions and opinions. In addition, this study also hopes to raise the society’s attention on surrogacy motherhood and contemplate the issue with a respect towards difference, protect the rights of concerned parties, and finally construct a society that attends both viewpoints of rights and the emotional aspects of caring.
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Huang, Liang-Jung, and 黄亮融. "Reinscribing Motherhood: the Mother-Surrogate-Daughter Relationship in Edith Wharton’s Later Works." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69719971864520294956.
Full textAbstract:
碩士臺灣大學
外國語文學研究所
98
Abstract This thesis examines the influence of Wharton’s mother and surrogate mother figures, especially in her ghost stories and late works. Wharton’s works in the 1920s, especially those written after 1925, reflect this tendency of a deepening understanding of women’s difficulties in motherhood. As Wharton writes the mother-daughter relationship, she negotiates with the maternal forces in her life and career as female writer, positive and negative alike. The daughter-surrogate mother structure embedded in the ghost stories enables the writer to explore the support of a female cooperation within haunting domestic space. In the non-gothic fictions, Wharton’s interest in the issue of motherhood has its affinity with her conflict with and memory of her mother. Through the exploration of the theme of motherhood in her writing, Wharton reconciles with the influence of her mother and achieves a deeper, more sympathetic understanding of women as mothers.
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Cabral, Maria Inês Ventura. "Reproductive desire in women with infertility uterine factor - what solutions?" Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/89814.
Full textAbstract:
Trabalho Final do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina apresentado à Faculdade de MedicinaObjetivo: Rever e analisar a literatura científica sobre gestação de substituição e transplantação deútero.Métodos: Uma pesquisa na PubMedâ foi feita de acordo com os seguintes critérios: artigos publicados em inglês nos últimos dez anos. Após analisar 98 resumos, 27 artigos foram selecionados. Resultados: O factor absoluto de infertilidade uterina é causado mais frequentemente pelo síndrome de Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser, caracterizado pela ausência congénita dos dois terços superiores da vagina e do útero. As neoplasias em mulheres em idade fértil são também uma causa frequente, quando tratamentos com preservação da fertilidade não são uma possibilidade. Dador cadáver ou dador vivo constituem dois tipos possíveis de dador em transplante de útero, ambos com diferentes vantagens e limitações. Após transplantação de órgão, a imunossupressão de manutenção faz parte do pós-operatório de um doente, para evitar rejeição do enxerto. Discussão: Uma sugestão de um algoritmo decisional é feita com o objetivo de ajudar a tomada decisão em casais com factor absoluto de infertilidade uterina com o desejo de ter filhos. São discutidos os vários problemas levantados pelas opções de gestação de substituição, transplantação de útero e adoção. Conclusão: A disponibilidade da gestação de substituição e do transplante de útero criou novas opções para doentes com factor absoluto de infertilidade uterina. É essencial discutir estas alternativas nestes doentes, para além da adoção e de não ter filhos.
Objective: Review and analyze the state of the art regarding gestational surrogacy and uterinetransplantation.Methods: A search was made in PubMedâ, with the following inclusion criteria: articles published in English over the last 10 years. After analysing 98 abstracts, 27 articles were selected. Results: AUFI can be caused by several medical issues, such as Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome, which is the congenital absence of uterus and upper two thirds of the vagina, being the most common cause of AUFI, and by oncological disorders in fertile aged women when fertility sparing options are not a possibility. Living or deceased donors can both be used in UTx, each having advantages and limitations. After organ transplantation, permanent immunosuppression becomes part of the postoperative and maintenance care of a patient, to avoid graft rejection. Discussion: A suggestion of a decisional algorithm is made aiming to help the decisional pathway of couples who suffer from AUFI and wish to have children, and have to choose between adoption, GS or UTx. Step by step, we discuss the several issues involved with these options. Conclusion: The availability of gestational surrogacy and uterine transplant has raised new options for patients with AUFI. It is now imperative to discuss these alternatives in these patients, besides adoption or childlessness.
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Pretorius, Diederika 1951. "Surrogate motherhood: legal issues." Thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22948.
Full textAbstract:
Surrogate motherhood is one of the most controversial issues
of our time. The increase in infertility and the shortage of
babies available for adoption, have provided an incentive
for research in assisted reproductive techniques. Rapid
advances in this field have caught the legal system
unprepared in many ways.
The object of this thesis is to investigate the legal
aspects of surrogate motherhood. A background is provided
by an in depth examination and analysis of the practice of
surrogacy in foreign jurisdictions. For this purpose a
selection of interdisciplinary, medical and juridical
reports, court decisions and legislation is analysed.
The surrogacy agreement is affected by principles of both
public and private law. As the agreement is based on
consensus between the parties, Roman Law principles of the
law of obligations, provided a valuable point of departure
in establishing a theoretical basis for the classification
of surrogacy agreements. Having determined the nature of the
agreement, the content is analysed with due regard to
statutory and other relevant considerations, such as the
boni mores, and submissions made regarding the
enforceability and legality of such agreements.
A surrogate mother agreement model is proposed and analysed
in the light of existing South African law. The various ways
in which surrogacy contracts may be breached are examined
and recommendations put forward regarding possible delictual
or contractual remedies.
The legal relationship between the surrogate child and its
gestational (birth) mother and her husband on the one hand
and the intended parents on the other is investigated.
The role of the courts in custody issues - related to
surrogacy - is examined and recommendations put forward as
to how they may be included in the process by determining
the best interest of the surrogate child prior to artificial
insemination.
The civil and criminal liability of medical practitioners
involved in assisted reproductive technology and
specifically surrogacy are expounded. Key issues in the
practice of surrogate motherhood are interpreted in the
light of existing statutory and common law principles.
Recommendations are put forward on these issues and a bill
proposed for the regulation of surrogate motherhood in South
Africa.Private Law
LLD
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Shih–Ting, Lin, and 林詩庭. "The analysis of sociology of law of the child of legitimate birth ─ based on the legislating in surrogate mother law." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62743391523343154082.
Full textAbstract:
碩士玄奘大學
法律學系碩士班
95
The main central point where this text probes into is surrogate mother, and it is very wide to act for the aspect that the surrogate mother involved, so must be with the discussion of the different aspects. Can know surrogate mother's intension thoroughly so only, leave and understand and analyse that acts as surrogate mother's meaning in the society, and how go to face and deal with the legal system aspect. Offer a proper introduction on existing wedding natural disposition systems of children at first, because the way to surrogate mother is to take the place of pregnant people in order to produce the pregnant course with the third person, so it certainly will stipulate with traditional legal system that produces the conflict, so could analyse the follow–up question after there should be certain understanding in existing ruling by law. Is it direct against artificial reproduction development history, meaning, type attitude of technology offer introduction to come and then, can is it analyse why artificial reproduction technology will bring to law of the child of legitimate birth and strike quite to go thoroughly after not understanding, especially surrogate mother's technology. Certainly there is this technology, it not will certainly need it to the society, so act for the attitude of surrogate mother's production background, meaning, type in the society and social demand and offer the suitable introduction. Will is it can find to come on the way, surrogate mother is what the current society must go to face, and a escape that hide will only bring more questions. Then right away begin to analyse that it is on legal system aspect, social ethics aspect, and religious ethics aspect, medical ethics aspect to act as surrogate mother and control the particularity on the aspect. And mix with the foreign legislative example and understand it in depth. And our country is about the asserting of the relations of mother and son at present, It is mother that the lying–in woman is permanent; Asserting, adopt the wedding to grow and infer of father and son. Conflict with surrogate mother herein, so quite recommend and make a self–criticism to mother and son, father and son, proposing other judgement standards, in order to accord with originally infertility married couple sought the original purpose to surrogate mother's technology. And on can agree on parent–offspring's relation, and carry out possibility to offer the introduction on the agreement aspecting, and then direct against some special problems of taking the place of the pregnant agreement and describe and make a self–criticism. surrogate mother it can be said to have two sides not fine or not bad, but rights and interests of people can because their the harmful to deny promptly. So if acknowledge that it is far greater than the harm to act for its benefit brought of the surrogate mother's system, and this is what the people expect, needn't go to deny it. So except this text makes a self–criticism than externally on the pluses and minuses, and analysis for it has come to acceptance degree to people. And quite analyse to the current bill finally, offer certain expectation.
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Chang, Hsiang-ling, and 張湘淩. "A Study in Taichung City of Senior High School Students’ Bioethical Attitude toward the Issues of Abortion and Surrogate Mother." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62445170442045604578.
Full textAbstract:
碩士南華大學
生死學研究所
91
The purpose of this study intends to understand the attitude of senior high school students toward abortion as well as surrogate mother in the bioethical attitude. It also investigates the difference in each variable of backgrounds toward abortion as well as surrogate mother in bioethics. The study applies the approach of questionnaire, using “questionnaire ” for senior high school students' attitude toward bioethics written and revised by myself. The main group of objects of this study consists of eighteen senior high schools, private and public, in Taichung city. Under the method of classified random sampling, I picked one thousand students as the study samples. The retrieving rate is 100 percent. The material is analyzed through statistical approaches such as T test, one way ANOVA, and Scheffe’ posterior comparison. The conclusion of this study can be concluded as follows: First of all, the main resources of information for the abortion of senior high school students in Taichung city are: presented in order, TV, teachers, books and magazines. Whereas for substitute mother are TV, books and magazines, and teachers. Secondly, the consultants for senior high school students to talk about abortion or surrogate mother are classmates or friends, and the parents, and then the teachers in order. The perspective of senior high school students toward abortion or surrogate mother is mainly influenced by their own conscience. Thirdly, students of senior high school tend to disapprove the attitude toward the issue of abortion about bioethics. The most unflavored conditions to abortion are: the sex of babies is not expected, being pregnant for more than four months. Nevertheless, the most acceptable conditions to abortion are: pregnant for being raped or incest, the babies being lopsided, and life threat from being pregnant to the mother’s health. If the female subjects become pregnant during the process of schooling, there are fifty-nine percent of students who choose abortion. Thirty-three percent of the male subjects, on the contrary would hope his girl friends to practice abortion during schooling. The major consultants of discussing abortion are classmates or friends, according to the friends who have practiced abortion. Next, the attitude toward abortion in bioethics variables are on the report of different kinds of schools, believes in religion, sexual experience, the occupation of the father, the educational background of parents, the conditions of getting along with parents, the main resources of abortive information. Students keep a neutral attitude toward the issue of surrogate mother in bioethics. The most tolerable reason as a surrogate mother is “being without womb inherently or after operation." The least tolerable reason as a surrogate mother is “being with a normal womb but unwilling to become pregnant.” There are fifty-six male subjects disagree with “practicing surrogate mother in order to make money because of the financial difficulties of their own sisters”. Also, there are seventy-two percent of female subjects disagree with “practicing surrogate mother in order to money for the personal financial difficulties." Finally, over half of the subjects agree that the consigning parents shouldn’t know the surrogate mother. In addition, there are sixty-seven percent for the idea that the mother of the consigning parents should be the legal mother of the baby. However, there are eighteen percent for the surrogate mother. In conclusion, the attitude toward the issue of surrogate mother in bioethics variables are according to the conditions of sex, schools, and the background of parents’ education.
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Chen, Wen-zen, and 陳文正. "How Does the Surrogate Mother Mechanism Apply under R.O.C. Laws-- Comments on the Department of Health Draft of “Artificial Reproduction Act” Included." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09817632763684137734.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
法律學系
97
The traditional way to decide the parenthood under the Civil Code changed drastically due to the development of the artificial reproduction technology. The donation of sperms or ova is relatively less controversial because the baby comes at least from its biological mother. Given that the term “legitimate child” is defined as a child who is conceived under a marriage, and the term “lineal relatives by blood of a person” is defined as the persons from whom that person in issue is descended and the persons who are descended from that person in issue, if the pregnancy is conducted by another woman, even if the sperms and the ova come from the mandating couple, deciding the biological mother of the baby is still problematic. The “Artificial Reproduction Act” drafted by the Department of Health on March 26, 2003 (the “Draft”) included the regulations regarding the surrogate mother mechanism for the first time. At end, the surrogate mother mechanism was distinguished from the artificial reproduction by means of the donation of sperm or ova, and the Artificial Reproduction Act containing only the latter was enacted. However, no matter the final decision of the Legislative Yuan is to enact the regulations regarding the surrogate mother mechanism as drafted or to make material revisions on them, it will impact the current regulations to certain extent. In addition to the introduction of the modern artificial reproduction technologies, the current legislation development of the artificial reproduction laws in various countries, the legislative principals and trends, the legitimacy of artificial reproduced children in R.O.C. as well as in other countries, the legal relationships regarding various types of artificial reproductions, this thesis lists the pros and cons regarding the legalization of the surrogate mother mechanism in R.O.C. Then this thesis reviews the Draft and offers the suggestions. After that, this thesis introduces the nature, the characters, and the legal relationships among relevant parties of the surrogate mother contract, and how such contract is regulated under U.S. state laws. At last, based on the regulations regarding the surrogate mother mechanism in the Draft, this thesis discusses the applicability of the surrogate mother mechanism under current laws, i.e., how the scholars in our country explain the parenthood under the surrogate mother contracts, how the regulations shall be drafted to prevent the possible difficulties in applying the surrogate mother mechanism, and how the relevant issues shall be dealt with in a surrogate mother contract, etc
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Strand, Sarah Catherine. "Impact of early rearing environment on the behavior and physiology of juvenile and adolescent mother-peer, surrogate-peer, and peer-only reared rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)." 2006. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3242310.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this research was to determine whether access to mother-peer (MP) reared rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) affected the behavior and physiology of juvenile and adolescent surrogate-peer (SP) and peer-only reared (PR) monkeys. Monkeys were housed in a mixed-rearing group (MP, SP, and PR together) or two same-rearing groups (one MP group and one SP and PR group). The studies of this dissertation used behavior and physiology to test three prediction models: SP and PR monkeys would be more similar to MP monkeys in the mixed-rearing group compared to the same-rearing group (acculturation model), more different (dissimilation model), or there would be no effect of MP monkeys in the mixed-rearing group (stability model). In experiment one, basic behavioral responses of 14-month old nursery reared monkeys were consistent with the stability model; however, SP monkeys showed a greater magnitude of difference in initiated social behavior than PR monkeys. In experiment two, SP monkeys preferred both SP and MP partners almost equally for all behaviors in the mixed-rearing group (acculturation model), whereas PR monkeys showed little fluctuation in partner preferences, preferring primarily other PR monkeys as partners (stability model). Also, there were more aggressive responses to aggressive interactions in SP monkeys in the mixed-rearing group (dissimilation model), whereas PR monkeys were similar to MP monkeys (stability model). In experiment three, plasma cortisol (CORT) of 14- and 26-month old SP monkeys and of 37- and 49-month old SP monkeys was similar to MP monkeys of the same ages. However, CORT of PR monkeys became more similar to MP monkeys over time in the mixed-rearing group. Variation in CORT among differently reared monkeys was also reduced over time. Mixed-rearing housing resulted in behavioral acculturation of SP monkeys and the physiological acculturation of PR monkeys; however, it is possible that SP monkeys showed physiological acculturation prior to our blood sampling and PR monkeys showed behavioral acculturation after our behavioral sampling. Thus, future studies evaluating monkeys in same- and mixed-rearing groups are necessary in order to examine this timing effect of behavioral and physiological acculturation.
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Masaříková, Andrea. "Náhradní mateřství." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-312928.
Full textAbstract:
Surrogate maternity ABSTRACT This graduation theses deals with surrogacy, which is really an actual and discussed issue at the present time. The thesis is divided into three main chapters, the first one is devoted to assisted reproduction, the second one belongs to surrogacy, the third chapter deals with determining parentage of artificial insemination. The first part considering assisted reproduction contains a short analysis of this issue from the medical and juridical point of view and also shows an overview of interfility causes and their therapies. The second chapter shows legal regulations of surrogacy abroad that could be seen as an inspiration for both, the current and future legislation of the Czech Republic. This chapter also pays attention to particular law institutes that temporarily adjust this subject-matter, especially the contracts between surrogate mother and requesting couple, adoptions by surrogate mother and is briefly focused on criminal legislation. A view at the change of legislation in connection with acceptance of new civil code is part of this chapter as well. The third and the last chapter is devoted to determination of parenthood. As regards the paternity, there are three basic hypothesis accepted, that are however modificated by the legislation of asisted reproduction in some...
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ATTL, Karel. "Aktuální otázky rodiny z právního hlediska." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-118391.
Full text
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Slunéčková, Zuzana. "Aspekty života homoparentálních rodin v České republice z pohledu rovného zacházení." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372870.
Full textAbstract:
My thesis should provide a comprehensive sum up of the life of homoparental families in the Czech Republic. I would like to closely see and monitor functioning of those LGBTI families and to research obstacles that these families must overcome to fully function in the society. In terms of equal and discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity I will examine in more details the processes, tools and institutions that provide the same conditions to all families without exception. I am primarily interested in barriers to the full functioning of these families, their access to assisted reproduction, surrogacy for gay families, and the legalization of non-biologic parent relationships to a child in a common household, their rights and duties. From a public policy point of view, I will find out whether these processes are in the accordance to equal and not discrimination treatment for all. By legalization of the partnership between homosexuals in the Czech Republic it has caused the logical development of this status and issues connecting to this law. Today, is often discussed the nature of this relationship and the possibility of its "transformation" into a full family structure ended up by marriage. This development raises a number of theoretical and practical issues. In my work,...