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Journal articles on the topic 'Surgical site infection'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 March 2023

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1

Karthikeyan, S., Priya ., Vimal Raj, Sivaprasanna ., and Akash . "Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Surgical Site Infection." New Indian Journal of Surgery 8, no. 1 (2017): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/nijs.0976.4747.8117.2.

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2

Seidelman, Jessica L., Christopher R. Mantyh, and Deverick J. Anderson. "Surgical Site Infection Prevention." JAMA 329, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.24075.

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ImportanceApproximately 0.5% to 3% of patients undergoing surgery will experience infection at or adjacent to the surgical incision site. Compared with patients undergoing surgery who do not have a surgical site infection, those with a surgical site infection are hospitalized approximately 7 to 11 days longer.ObservationsMost surgical site infections can be prevented if appropriate strategies are implemented. These infections are typically caused when bacteria from the patient’s endogenous flora are inoculated into the surgical site at the time of surgery. Development of an infection depends on various factors such as the health of the patient’s immune system, presence of foreign material, degree of bacterial wound contamination, and use of antibiotic prophylaxis. Although numerous strategies are recommended by international organizations to decrease surgical site infection, only 6 general strategies are supported by randomized trials. Interventions that are associated with lower rates of infection include avoiding razors for hair removal (4.4% with razors vs 2.5% with clippers); decolonization with intranasal antistaphylococcal agents and antistaphylococcal skin antiseptics for high-risk procedures (0.8% with decolonization vs 2% without); use of chlorhexidine gluconate and alcohol-based skin preparation (4.0% with chlorhexidine gluconate plus alcohol vs 6.5% with povidone iodine plus alcohol); maintaining normothermia with active warming such as warmed intravenous fluids, skin warming, and warm forced air to keep the body temperature warmer than 36 °C (4.7% with active warming vs 13% without); perioperative glycemic control (9.4% with glucose &lt;150 mg/dL vs 16% with glucose &gt;150 mg/dL); and use of negative pressure wound therapy (9.7% with vs 15% without). Guidelines recommend appropriate dosing, timing, and choice of preoperative parenteral antimicrobial prophylaxis.Conclusions and RelevanceSurgical site infections affect approximately 0.5% to 3% of patients undergoing surgery and are associated with longer hospital stays than patients with no surgical site infections. Avoiding razors for hair removal, maintaining normothermia, use of chlorhexidine gluconate plus alcohol–based skin preparation agents, decolonization with intranasal antistaphylococcal agents and antistaphylococcal skin antiseptics for high-risk procedures, controlling for perioperative glucose concentrations, and using negative pressure wound therapy can reduce the rate of surgical site infections.

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3

Dryden, Lisa. "Surgical site infection." Nursing Standard 27, no. 13 (November 28, 2012): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.27.13.59.s56.

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Dryden, Lisa. "Surgical site infection." Nursing Standard 27, no. 13 (November 28, 2012): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns2012.11.27.13.59.c9456.

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5

Choi, Hee Jung. "Surgical Site Infection." Hanyang Medical Reviews 31, no. 3 (2011): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.7599/hmr.2011.31.3.159.

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6

Nauman, Syed Muhammad, Yousaf Haroon, Asrar Ahmad, and Irum Saleem. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 01 (January 10, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4133.

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7

Faraz, Ahmad, Abdul Hameed, Fazal Bari, Irum Sabir Ali, Hamzullah Khan, Fazl-e. Rahim, Amjad Naeem, Mumtaz Khan, and Abid Hussain. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 03 (March 10, 2015): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.03.1355.

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Ceftriaxone is used in wide range of day to day microbial infections in clinicalpractice3. Despite the incumbent drug regulating authority in Pakistan, there is scanty literaturecomparing the anti-microbial efficacy of different available brands of ceftriaxone. Objectives:To know the in-vitro activity of various brands of ceftriaxone against bacteria most commonlyisolated from surgical site infection (SSI). A comparison of five days cost of these brands willalso be done. Design: Experimental study. Period: Feb 2013 to Aug 2013 Setting: Surgical“C” unit Lady Reading Hospital (LRH) in collaboration with departments of pharmacologyKhyber Girls Medical College (KGMC) and microbiology department of Lady Reading HospitalPeshawar. Material & Methods: Isolates of five bacteria i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Proteusmirabilis, Escherischia coli, enterobacter Spp, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, found sensitive toceftriaxone were grown on 50 slops each and the zone of inhibition was checked for each ofthe ten brands of ceftriaxone. Results: The zones of inhibitions of different brands of ceftriaxoneagainst the above mentioned bacteria were not significantly different. The cost of therapy wassignificantly different for ten brands. Conclusions: Various brands of ceftriaxone of variablecost had no influence on their activity against bacteria involved in SSI.

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8

Bashir, Jamshed, Rafique Ahmed Sahito, Mushtaque Ahmed Abbasi, and Asma Jabeen. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION." Professional Medical Journal 22, no. 02 (February 10, 2015): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2015.22.02.1367.

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Wound infection can be defined as invasion of organisms through tissuesfollowing a breakdown of local and systemic host defenses. The basic principles of wound careand antisepsis introduced during the past century improved surgery dramatically. Objective:Evaluation of causative organisms which evolved in the surgical site infection (elective abdominalsurgery) at surgical unit of Liaquat university hospital Jamshoro. Subjects & Methods: Thisprospective observational study was contains 103 patients undergoing elective, abdominalsurgery were included in this study. Surgical wound categories i.e. clean, clean contaminated,were included. Prophylactic antibiotics were given in all cases. Primary closure of wounds wasemployed in all cases. Follow up period was 30 days postoperatively. All cases were evaluatedfor postoperative fever, redness and swelling of wound margins, collection and discharge of pus.Cultures were taken from all the cases with any of the above findings. Results: The mean ageof the patient was 37 years with male to female ratio of 1:5:1. The overall rate of wound infectionwas 13.04%. Most frequently involved pathogen was E.col 33.33% followed by Staph Aureus20%, Klebsiella 20%, proteus 13.33%, Pseudomonas 6.66% and no organism was isolated in6.66% cases. Most effective antibiotics were cephalosporins, quinolones and aminoglycosides’whereas septran, erythromycin and tetracycline’s were ineffective. Conclusions: Surgicalwound infections are quite common. Time of postoperative hospital stay was twice longer ininfected case. Male sex, old age, anemia, longer duration of operation and wound class weresignificant risk factors. Most common organims are found in this study E-Coli, Kllebcella andStaph Aureus, these are mostly sensitive to cephalosporins, quinolones and aminoglycosides.

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9

Alam, Syed Iftikhar, Muhammad Yunas Khan, Ayaz Gul, and Qutbi Alam Jan. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION;." Professional Medical Journal 21, no. 02 (December 7, 2018): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2014.21.02.2066.

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Objective: To assess the post operative wound complication after opencholecystectomy for uncomplicated Cholelithiasis. Design: Cross sectional descriptive. Setting:Surgical unit of Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar Pakistan. Patients: 223 patients underwentelective open cholecystectomy January 2011 to July 2012. Results: 90% patients had normalhealing (grade 0 or I) ,7.5% had minor complications (grade II or III), 2.5% patients had majorcomplication (grade IV or V) recorded during hospital stay. On follow-up in out-patientdepartment 81%patients found to have normal healing (grade 0 or I), 15% patients had minorcomplications (grade II or III) and 4% patients had major complications (grade IV or V). There wasan increase noted in wound grades during follow up for surgical site infections as compared totheir record during hospital stay. Conclusions: Southampton wound scoring system is a usefultool for detection of surgical site infection and standardization. Auditing of surgical site infectionby Southampton wound scoring will help the patient, surgical team and sterilization protocol tobe improved.

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10

Hussain, Syed Muhammad Asar, Saadat Ali Janjua, Amna Fareed, Asrar Ahmad, and Irum Saleem. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 12 (November 29, 2017): 1770–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.12.607.

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Objectives: To compare the frequency of surgical site infection after primaryand delayed primary wound closure in dirty abdominal wounds. Study Design: Randomizedcontrolled trial. Duration and Setting: This study was carried out over a period of six monthsfrom 07-02-2014 to 06-08-2014 in the department of surgery combined military hospital Quetta.Methodology: A total of 190 patients were included in this study. wound was observed fordevelopment of surgical site infection post operatively within seven days by the assignedinvestigator who was unaware of the wound study design. surgical site infection was assessedusing Southampton wound grading. Results: Mean age of the patients was 30.89±10.38 and32.74±9.52 in group A and B, respectively. in group-A, 73 patients (76.8%) and in group-B 66patients (69.5%) were male while 22 patients (23.2%) of group-A and 29 patients (30.5%) ingroup-B were female.in group-A surgical site infection was observed in 29 patients (30.5%)and in group-B 12 patients (12.6%) were having surgical site infection. statistically significantdifference was found between two groups (p=0.003). Conclusion: The frequency of surgicalsite infection was significantly lower after delayed primary closure of dirty wounds as comparedto primary closure.

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11

Nauman, Syed Muhammad, Yousaf Haroon, Asrar Ahmad, and Irum Saleem. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 01 (January 10, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.01.527.

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Objectives: To compare antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing frequency ofpostoperative surgical site wound infection rate in low risk laparoscopic cholecystectomywith controls. Study design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Setting: Department of Surgery,Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. Duration of study: This study was conducted from11-07-2015 to 10-01-2016. Subjects and methods: A total of 650 patients (325 in each group)were included in the study. Patients in group-A received antibiotic prophylaxis whereas patientsin group-B did not receive any antibiotic prophylaxis. Results: Mean age of the patients was44.91±13.37 and 42.28±13.76 years in group-A and B, respectively. In group-A there were152 patients (46.7%) and in group-B 148 patients (45.5%) were males. In group-A 173 patients(53.3%) and in group-B 177 patients (54.5%) were females. In group-A, superficial site infectionwas seen in 4 patients (1.2%) and in group-B superficial site infection was observed in 13patients (4.0%). The difference between two groups was statistically significant (p=0.027).Mean duration of symptoms was 5.75±0.50 and 5.77±0.92 days in group-A and B, respectively.Stratification with regard to age, gender and duration of symptoms was carried out. Conclusion:In conclusion, we recommend the use of pre-operative prophylactic antibiotics for patientswho are undergoing elective low-risk laparoscopic cholecystectomy inorder to prevent postoperativeinfectious complications.

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12

Tariq, Anum, Huma Ali, Farya Zafar, Kamran Hameed, Ali Akbar Sial, Saima Salim, Neelam Mallick, Hina Hasnain, Rasheeda Fatima, and Ghazala Raza Naqvi. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 07 (July 3, 2017): 1054–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.07.1028.

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Among the Health care associated infection (HCAI) Surgical Site Infection(SSI) is one of the most common complications occur after surgery and increases mortalityand morbidity rate. The objective of this study is to identify the common causative organisminvolved in postoperative wound infections along with their sensitivity and resistivity patterns.Study Design: Prospective cross sectional study. Setting: Tertiary Health Care setup inKarachi, Pakistan. Period: Six month from April 2016 till September 2016. Method: A total of100 patients are included in this study that underwent various surgical procedure. Result: Inthis study E. coli isolated from 32% of cases followed next in frequency by S.aureus in 16%,Coagulase negative Staphylococci in 14 %.the other less common pathogen involved Klebsiella,P. aeuroginosa, Enterococcus & Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Streptococcus group D. AmikacinIimipenem and Meropenem is found to be of more Sensitive against E. Coli while Ampicillin andco trimaxazole showed higher resistivity against E. coli or other various organism. Teicoplannand vancomycin and linzolid have shown absolute sensitivity to various pathogens. Penicillinis found to be highly resistant against Coagulase negative Staphylococci. Conclusion: E.coli is the most common pathogens involved in Post-surgical Infection Amikacin, imipenem,Meropenem, Teicoplann, vancomycin. linzolid is found to be more Sensitive against variousorganism isolated in our study. Acinetobacter are highly resistant to various drugs while P.aeuroginosa have also shown optimal sensitivity pattern against various groups of antibiotics.Present study signifies the adaptation of antibiotic combination in rational way for prophylacticuse and the exploitation of a synchronized system of surgical wound management and cure.

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13

Keeney, James A. "Surgical Site Infection." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 98, no. 18 (September 2016): e78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.16.00663.

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14

Barzoloski-OʼConnor, Barbara. "Surgical site infection." OR Nurse 5, no. 1 (January 2011): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.orn.0000390913.50495.04.

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15

Bagnall, Nigel Mark, Stella Vig, and Prateesh Trivedi. "Surgical-site infection." Surgery (Oxford) 27, no. 10 (October 2009): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2009.08.007.

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16

Jaggi, Namita, Deepak Govil, G. K. Mani, T. S. Jain, Raman Sardana, and Leena Mendiratta. "Surgical Site Infection." Journal of Patient Safety & Infection Control 1, no. 1 (January 2013): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-207x(13)11004-0.

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17

Odom-Forren, Jan. "Surgical-site infection." Nursing Management 36, Supplement (November 2005): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006247-200511001-00004.

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18

Reilly, J., and C. Kilpatrick. "Surgical site infection." British Journal of Infection Control 5, no. 6 (December 2004): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14690446040050060401.

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19

Rhoads, Kim F. "Surgical Site Infection." JAMA Surgery 148, no. 9 (September 1, 2013): 859. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2013.2932.

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20

Leaper, D. J. "Surgical-site infection." British Journal of Surgery 97, no. 11 (September 28, 2010): 1601–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.7275.

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21

Kim, Lawrence T. "Surgical Site InfectionSurgical Site Infection." JAMA 305, no. 14 (April 13, 2011): 1478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.447.

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22

Surahio, Abdul Rashid, Altaf Ahmed Talpur, Abdul Salam `Memon, Afzal Junejo, and Abdul Aziz Laghari. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS;." Professional Medical Journal 24, no. 01 (January 18, 2017): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2017.24.01.409.

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Background: Wound infection has been a major problem in the surgical fieldsince long time. Significant improvements in sterilization, preoperative preparation of patient forsurgery, surgical techniques & prophylactic usage of preoperative antibiotics have not been ableto eradicate wound infections. Development of wound infection increases the hospital stay, costof treatment & increase morbidity & mortality associated with surgery. Objectives: To assesstype of organism responsible for postoperative wound infection & its drug sensitivity patterns atPublic & private sector hospitals of Hyderabad. Study Design: Prospective, descriptive study.Setting: Public & Private Sector Hospitals of Hyderabad, Pakistan. Period: June 2013 to May2014. Materials & Method: All patients of either sex above the age of 13 years who underwentsurgery & developed wound infection were included in the study. Samples to assess culture &sensitivity pattern of organism were taken from infected wounds. Subject’s data was collectedon preformed proforma for age, sex, diagnosis, co morbid illness, type of surgery, presence orabsence of wound infection, grade of infection, and culture & sensitivity pattern of organismisolated. Results: During this 1 year period total of 424 patients of different pathologies relatedto General surgery were finally included in analysis. Mean age was 27.35 years with 61.08%were male and 38.91% female. Inguinoscrotal operations were the commonest proceduresperformed in 113(26.65%) patients followed by Appendicectomy in 102(24.06%) patients.Surgical site infection was noticed in 54(12.74%) patients with 47(13.27%) had this of grade II& above. It includes 23(22.55%) patients of Appendicectomy followed by 09(33.33%) patientsof Laparotomy. 47(13.27%) samples were sent for Culture & sensitivity with 41(11.58%) ofthem showed positive yield. E. coli noticed as commonest organism isolated in 26(63.41%)patients followed by Staphylococcus Aureus in 08(19.51%). Most sensitive antibiotics againstnoted were Meropenem & Pipracillin with Tazobactum which showed sensitivity to E.coli in25(96.15%) patients & 24(92.31%) patients respectively while their sensitivity against S.Aureus was 07(87.5%) & 06(75%) patients respectively. Vancomycin was found sensitiveagainst Staphylococcus Aureus in 07(87.5%) patients. Sensitivity of Ampicillin to most ofthese organisms was found significantly low. Conclusion: Wound infection is responsible forsignificant morbidity in developing world with the frequency of 15.53% in this study. It puts upsignificant economic burden on the hospitals.

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23

Winter, George. "Electrosurgery and surgical site infection." Journal of Prescribing Practice 4, no. 9 (September 2, 2022): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jprp.2022.4.9.384.

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Although preventable, surgical site infections have not seen a significant decrease in recent years. George Winter discusses why this could be and the role electrosurgery could play in decreasing the rate of infection

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24

Riojas, Patricia S. E. "Surgical site infection: risk factors." International Surgery Journal 9, no. 8 (July 26, 2022): 1510. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20221913.

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Surgical site infections are some of the most common and costly health care-associated infections. We searched PubMed for articles that talk about surgical site infection, to analyze the information contained in them and synthesize it in the present text. It is estimated that surgical site infections are developed 2 to 5% of patients undergoing surgical procedures per year. They are directly associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality, in fact, they are the leading cause of death in the immediate postoperative period. It is observed in the literature that only 4 measures are recommended by all agencies and institutions: proper hair removal, antibiotic prophylaxis, preparation of the surgical field with alcohol-based product, being recommended in the Most of them are alcoholic chlorhexidine and normothermia. In addition to the measures recommended by international mechanisms, it is essential to control risk factors as much as possible to minimize the possibility of surgical site infection, as well as to follow asepsis and antisepsis measures, as well as proper management. of the surgical wound.

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25

Roy, Marie-Claude, and Trish M. Perl. "Basics of Surgical-Site Infection Surveillance." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 18, no. 09 (September 1997): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/647694.

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AbstractSurgical-site infections, the third most common class of nosocomial infections, cause substantial morbidity and mortality and increase hospital costs. Surveillance programs can lead to reductions in surgical-site infection rates of 35% to 50%. Herein, we will discuss the practical aspects of implementing a hospital-based surveillance program for surgical-site infections. We will review surveillance methods, patient populations that should be screened, and interventions that could reduce infection rates.

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26

Soper, David E. "Preventing Surgical Site Infection." Obstetrics & Gynecology 133, no. 4 (April 2019): 624–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000003194.

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27

Hawn, Mary T., Catherine C. Vick, Joshua Richman, William Holman, Rhiannon J. Deierhoi, Laura A. Graham, William G. Henderson, and Kamal M. F. Itani. "Surgical Site Infection Prevention." Annals of Surgery 254, no. 3 (September 2011): 494–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sla.0b013e31822c6929.

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Bonai, P. H. M., G. C. M. Berber, and D. Faria Junior. "Surgical Site Infection: Review." Scientific Electronic Archives 9, no. 3 (July 15, 2016): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/932016282.

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Berlinrut, Ilan, Nitasha Bhatia, Jonathan M. Josse, David de Vinck, and Sanjeev Kaul. "Untreatable Surgical Site Infection." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open 2, no. 6 (June 2014): e166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000000114.

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30

Smyth, E. T. M., and A. M. Emmerson. "Surgical site infection surveillance." Journal of Hospital Infection 45, no. 3 (July 2000): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/jhin.2000.0736.

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31

Wick, Elizabeth C., Caitlin Hicks, and Charles L. Bosk. "Surgical Site Infection Monitoring." JAMA Surgery 148, no. 12 (December 1, 2013): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2013.3020.

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32

Kumar, Dr Karan. "Surgical Site Infection in Clean, Clean-Contaminated and Contaminated Cases." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 04, no. 12 (December 28, 2016): 14981–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i12.111.

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33

Kaoutzanis, Christodoulos, Nishant Ganesh Kumar, Julian Winocour, Keith Hood, and K. Kye Higdon. "Surgical Site Infections in Aesthetic Surgery." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 39, no. 10 (April 3, 2019): 1118–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjz089.

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AbstractSurgical site infections represent one of the most common postoperative complications in patients undergoing aesthetic surgery. As with other postoperative complications, the incidence of these infections may be influenced by many factors and varies depending on the specific operation performed. Understanding the risk factors for infection development is critical because careful patient selection and appropriate perioperative counseling will set the right expectations and can ultimately improve patient outcomes and satisfaction. Various perioperative prevention measures may also be employed to minimize the incidence of these infections. Once the infection occurs, prompt diagnosis will allow management of the infection and any associated complications in a timely manner to ensure patient safety, optimize the postoperative course, and avoid long-term sequelae.

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34

., Romaniyanto, R. B. Gunawan, E. M. Rosa, and F. Arofiati. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION IN ORTHOPEDIC SURGICAL WOUND." Journal of Bio Innovation 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 1271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46344/jbino.2020.v09i06.14.

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., Romaniyanto, R. B. Gunawan, E. M. Rosa, and F. Arofiati. "SURGICAL SITE INFECTION IN ORTHOPEDIC SURGICAL WOUND." Journal of Bio Innovation 9, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 1271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46344/jbino.2020.v09i06.14.

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36

Zukowska, Agnieszka, and Maciej Zukowski. "Surgical Site Infection in Cardiac Surgery." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 23 (November 26, 2022): 6991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11236991.

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Surgical site infections (SSIs) are one of the most significant complications in surgical patients and are strongly associated with poorer prognosis. Due to their aggressive character, cardiac surgical procedures carry a particular high risk of postoperative infection, with infection incidence rates ranging from a reported 3.5% and 26.8% in cardiac surgery patients. Given the specific nature of cardiac surgical procedures, sternal wound and graft harvesting site infections are the most common SSIs. Undoubtedly, DSWIs, including mediastinitis, in cardiac surgery patients remain a significant clinical problem as they are associated with increased hospital stay, substantial medical costs and high mortality, ranging from 3% to 20%. In SSI prevention, it is important to implement procedures reducing preoperative risk factors, such as: obesity, hypoalbuminemia, abnormal glucose levels, smoking and S. aureus carriage. For decolonisation of S. aureus carriers prior to cardiac surgery, it is recommended to administer nasal mupirocin, together with baths using chlorhexidine-based agents. Perioperative management also involves antibiotic prophylaxis, surgical site preparation, topical antibiotic administration and the maintenance of normal glucose levels. SSI treatment involves surgical intervention, NPWT application and antibiotic therapy

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37

ABOU-HATAB, MOSTAFA, and MAMDOUH EL-BAHNASAWY. "INFECTION CONTROL TO AVOID SURGICAL SITE INFECTION." Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 43, no. 2 (August 1, 2013): 351–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jesp.2013.94813.

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38

Abou-Hatab, Mostafa H., and Mamdouh M. El-Bahnasawy. "Infection Control to Avoid Surgical Site Infection." Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 43, no. 2 (August 2013): 351–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0006392.

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39

Corcoran, Tomás B., Paul S. Myles, Andrew B. Forbes, Allen C. Cheng, Leon A. Bach, Edmond O’Loughlin, Kate Leslie, et al. "Dexamethasone and Surgical-Site Infection." New England Journal of Medicine 384, no. 18 (May 6, 2021): 1731–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2028982.

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40

Cosma, Livia, Corina Gică, A. M. Panaitescu, Radu Botezatu, Anca Ciobanu, Gheorghe Peltecu, and Nicolae Gică. "Surgical site infection in gynecology." Ginecologia.ro 4, no. 30 (2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26416/gine.30.4.2020.3944.

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Harrington, Pauline. "Prevention of surgical site infection." Nursing Standard 28, no. 48 (July 30, 2014): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.28.48.50.e8958.

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Ponce, Brent, Benjamin Todd Raines, Rhiannon D. Reed, Catherine Vick, Joshua Richman, and Mary Hawn. "Surgical Site Infection After Arthroplasty." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 96, no. 12 (June 2014): 970–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.m.00663.

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Haque, Md Anwarul, Mst Mousumi Marjiara Begum, Md Abu Sayem, and Hasibul Hasan. "Management of Surgical Site Infection." EAS Journal of Medicine and Surgery 3, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/easjms.2021.v03i04.002.

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Izmaylov, A. G., S. V. Dobrokvashin, D. E. Volkov, L. E. Nikitina, D. I. Tereshenkov, and A. A. Kodochigov. "Prophylaxis of surgical site infection." Kazan medical journal 101, no. 6 (December 14, 2020): 852–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2020-852.

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The article provides a literature review of the methods for the prevention of local infectious complications preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative. The analysis of the literature is devoted to the methods of prevention of postoperative purulent inflammatory wound complications. The review of scientific medical literature is based on the analysis of this problem. The article presents risk factors that contribute to the development of postoperative wound complications. Classification of surgical wounds was adopted to determine the risk of developing a surgical site infection (SSI), which distinguishes 4 classes: clean, conditionally clean, contaminated and dirty. The presented classification is based on the postoperative assessment of the wound bacterial contamination rate. The ClavienDindo classification of postoperative complications is the most relevant. This classification presents the tactics of the surgeon, depending on the class. The results of various studies indicate that antibiotic prophylaxis in the preoperative period reduces the development of local complications. The description of prevention methods focuses on intraoperative methods (devices for bringing together the edges of the wound, devices for treating wounds, surgical needles, suture material) and various types of antiseptics, which can reduce tissue damage during surgical interventions, reduce microbial contamination and the number of wound postoperative complications. Intraoperative instrumental methods allow less pronounced trauma to the wound during its processing and suturing. The postoperative method for diagnosing wound complications is an ultrasound method, which determines various formations in a postoperative wound.

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Lim, Tae Jin. "Surgical Site Infection and Surveillance." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 50, no. 10 (2007): 908. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2007.50.10.908.

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T. Masallat, Doaa, Mohamed I. Eid, Dalia Shaheen, and Ahmed F. State. "Cesarean Surgical Site Bacterial Infection." Egyptian Journal of Medical Microbiology EJMM29, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51429/ejmm29407.

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Background: The high incidence rate of surgical site infections (SSIs) highlights the need for prioritizing patient demographics, procedures, and surgical factors to be controlled by programs to reduce the infection rate. Objectives: This study detects the prevalence, causative organisms, and explores the relation between the air contamination in the operative theater and the SSI. Methodology: Cross sectional one-year study from January 2019. One hundred and seventy-two women were involved underwent CD. Intraoperative air sampling was performed during 83 surgery and bacterial air contamination were identified. Follow up for the patients 30 days after surgery was done to detect hospital acquired and community acquired SSI. Two samples were taken from the patient wound with SSI. Microbiological identification and antibiotics susceptibility testing for the isolates were done. The clonal relationships between the same species of isolates from air and wound were studied by evaluating the genomic DNA with PFGE analysis. Results: 14.5 % was the total SSI rate; 6.4%, developed hospital acquired SSI and 8.1% developed community acquired SSI. Most SSI cases yielded growth of Staphylococcus spp. (39, 3%) followed by Pseudomonas spp. (32.1%) and finally Escherichia coli (28.6%). Six wound isolates belonged to two air isolates pulsotype and the rest of isolates showed unsimilar pulsotype of interest. Conclusions: air contamination one of the causes of SSI and measures are recommended to reduce its incidence, including the implementation of infection prevention practices and the administration of antibiotic prophylaxis with strict surgical techniques. Most common cause of community acquired SSI was bad hygiene.

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&NA;. "A Surgical Site Infection Cluster." Survey of Anesthesiology 54, no. 6 (December 2010): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sa.0b013e3181facc16.

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&NA;. "Oxygen and Surgical Site Infection." Survey of Anesthesiology 55, no. 1 (February 2011): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/sa.0b013e3182072bd2.

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Itani, Kamal M. F., E. Patchen Dellinger, John Mazuski, Joseph Solomkin, George Allen, Joan C. Blanchard, Rachel Kelz, and Sandra I. Berríos-Torres. "Surgical Site Infection Research Opportunities." Surgical Infections 18, no. 4 (May 2017): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/sur.2017.060.

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Qadan, Motaz, Christopher Battista, Sarah A. Gardner, Gary Anderson, Ozan Akca, and Hiram C. Polk. "Oxygen and Surgical Site Infection." Anesthesiology 113, no. 2 (August 1, 2010): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181e19d1d.

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Background Recent clinical trials investigating the role of hyperoxia in decreasing surgical site infection have reported conflicting results. Immunologic mechanisms through which supplemental oxygen could act have not been elucidated fully. The authors sought to investigate the effects of hyperoxia on previously tested and prognostically significant innate immune parameters to uncover the potential effects of hyperoxia at the cellular level. Methods After formal approval and informed consent, venous blood samples were collected from young healthy volunteers. Corresponding samples were incubated at 21 or 80% O2 following a 1 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide challenge and analyzed to determine human leukocyte antigen-DR surface receptor expression, cytokine release, phagocytic capacity, and formation of reactive oxygen species. Data are presented as mean +/- SD. Results After the 2 h of incubation at 21% O2 (room air) and in 80% O2 chambers, the change in human leukocyte antigen-DR mean channel fluorescence in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes was 2,177 +/- 383 and 2,179 +/- 338 (P = 0.96), respectively. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations were significantly lower for samples incubated at 80% O2 when compared with 21% O2 (P < 0.05). The phagocytic capacity of the innate immune system was not significantly enhanced by supplemental oxygen. However, the formation of reactive oxygen species increased by 87% (P < 0.05). Conclusion Hyperoxia exerts significant effects on multiple cellular and immunologic parameters, providing a potential mechanism for benefits from the use of supplemental oxygen. However, the ability to translate positive basic scientific findings to the operating suite or bedside require the existence of similar innate immune processes in vivo and the efficient transfer of oxygen to the sites where it may be used.

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