Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Surgery – quality control'

Internationally as well as in Sweden, efforts for improvement in gynaecological surgery in recent decades have mainly focused on three new treatment concepts: (1) Use of minimally invasive procedures: since there is an interdependency between the extent of surgical trauma and the risk for adverse outcome, increased use of supposedly atraumatic endoscopic procedures has revolutionized several aspects of surgical care (2) A multimodal approach to eliminate harmful procedures in the peri-operative process based on evidence-based principles (3) Introduction of implants to support damaged tissue with synthetic mesh in incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse patients. Research question 1: Is introduction of a minimally invasive operation enough per se or is the measured improvement mediated by elimination of harmful procedures in the perioperative process? Findings: Our study (Paper I) indicates that by applying a multimodal intervention programme for the pre- and postoperative care of patients undergoing supravaginal hysterectomy, the surgical procedure per se is of less importance than generally considered. Patient-related parameters such as length of postoperative hospital stay, number of days at home with need of painkillers, number of days before return to normal activities, and patient satisfaction did not differ between patients undergoing the laparoscopic procedure and patients undergoing abdominal supravaginal hysterectomy. When evaluating a new and presumably improved operative procedure against an established standard procedure, it is mandatory and of fundamental importance that the two methods are aligned in terms of perioperative care provided. Research question 2: Under which circumstances can it be assumed that a new surgical procedure showing promising efficacy in one setting can be reproduced with similar results in a different clinical setting (Paper I)? Findings: The operating surgeons concluded that, in their hands and under local conditions, laparoscopic technique for supravaginal hysterectomy was not superior to traditional open hysterectomy and stopped using laparoscopic technique. It seems necessary, prior to routine use, to monitor, using scientific tools, whether the advantages described in the literature are achievable under local conditions. Research question 3: Do expected advantages of implants outweigh the unwanted effects and complications caused by implants in operations for recurrent cystocele (Paper II)? Findings: Mesh has better durability but more (minor) complications. It is not possible to determine whether mesh is "generally better" than native tissue operation. Some may focus on the improved durability, others on the increased risks. The surgeon must make a risk assessment for each individual case. The patient must be sufficiently informed to understand the risks and make a personal, informed decision whether she wants an augmentation by implant. Essential for this process is a clear, comprehensible picture of both desired and unwanted effects of the planned surgery. In this context, studies like ours might be of use.

Hyperglycemia in adult cardiac surgery may result in post-operative sternal wound infections, pneumonia, renal failure, increased length of stay, and cost. The Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) (2006) requires blood glucose control in cardiac surgery at 6:00 am on post-operative day one (POD1) and post-operative day two (POD2) to be 200mg/dL or less. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) guidelines use a Maltodextrin 12.5% carbohydrate beverage six hours and two hours pre-operative of general surgery to improve post-operative outcomes, cost, and length of stay. One study replicated ERAS guidelines in adult coronary artery bypass grafting surgery patients finding patients had decreased length of stay and improved glycemic control six hours postoperatively. The purpose of this quality improvement project is to outline a proactive approach to the modifiable risk factor of pre-operative fasting. This quality improvement project describes a pre-operative fasting carbohydrate protocol for non-emergent, adults, scheduled for cardiac surgery at 10:00am or later, with a hemoglobin A1C of 8.4% or less, and a body mass index of 35 or less. The protocol is named the Hungry Sweet Heart Protocol and an implementation plan is described for a community hospital located in Tucson, AZ. Updating practices of strict NPO status prior to cardiac surgery is a proactive measure to improve glycemic control and adherence to SCIP guidelines post-operatively. Interdisciplinary teams, including DNPs, are perfectly suited to guide this implementation.

Hong Kong's aging population has, increased demand for vascular services. Currently, vascular surgery is subsumed under general surgery. The workload on both general surgery and vascular surgery is demanding and hence, not conductive to the development of vascular surgery. The volume of surgery, particularly emergency surgery provided by the Hospital Authority units varies significantly. The collaboration and differentiation of labor at present is not well defined in many centers. This may lead to unnecessary competition and duplication of resources in the long run. This project examined if there is room for improvement in the present situation and provides evidence for relevant service reconfiguration and discusses how Hong Kong can learn from some overseas examples to enhance quality of services delivered to patients.
published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.
In this paper, we proposed a method that allows us to formulate and evaluate process mining indicators through questions related to the process traceability, and to bring about a clear understanding of the process variables through data visualization techniques. This proposal identifies bottlenecks and violations of policies that arise due to the difficulty of carrying out measurements and analysis for the improvement of process quality assurance and process transformation. The proposal validation was carried out in a health clinic in Lima (Peru) with data obtained from an information system that supports the surgery block process. Finally, the results contribute to the optimization of decision-making by the medical staff involved in the surgery block process.
Revisión por pares

Health care providers in the United States, United Kingdom and Australia debate the need for expanding the role of podiatrists' to include the surgical care of foot problems. Paradoxically, during a twelve month period from July 1995 to June 1996, Fellows of the Australian College of Podiatric Surgeons (FACPS) performed over 1,500 individual surgical operations on approximately 785 Australians. Few prospective investigations of podiatric surgeon outcomes have been conducted, none of which have taken place in Australia. More particularly, no studies have used valid psychometric instruments to measure the effects of care provided on patients' "health related quality of life". The research contained in this thesis deals with the conceptualisation, development and validation of a new health status instrument: the Foot Health Status Questionnaire. This instrument has been developed with the specific intent of investigating the impact of FACPS on patients' health related quality of life. One hundred and forty-two subjects treated by eleven Fellows for orthopaedic, neurological or integumentary systems diseases of the foot were recruited into a six month long quasi-experimental repeated measures (time series) study. The study identified that the vast majority of subjects (more than 92%) who underwent foot surgery experienced significant improvements' in a range of health related quality of life dimensions and indicated that they would undergo their procedure again. In particular, a MANCOVA analysis demonstrated that subjects' reported reduced levels of foot pain, increased levels of physical function, improved general foot health perception and footwear related quality of life, up to six months after their respective operations. Adverse effects of surgery identified in this study include a significant short-term functional disability for subjects' undergoing orthopaedic correction of foot problems and, in the immediate post operative phase, a significant reduction in social function for all three groups of subjects'. Generic measures of General Health and Vitality, as captured by the Short Form 36 health status instrument, were unaffected by Fellows treatment. This study did not identify any significant short to medium term morbid outcomes. Assessment of patients' satisfaction with surgery one, three and six months postoperatively reflected a general under-reporting of the beneficial effects of foot surgery. These findings support the premise that; specific health related quality of life measures provide significant explanatory power about the outcomes of care compared with the more traditional approach of evaluating patient satisfaction with surgery. In summary, it has been recommended that podiatrists, like other health care professionals, use recognised methods to determine whether their care meets professional standards and to generate evidence to prove that it does. This research contributes to meeting this important public health need.

Dissertation (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Counseling Education-Counselor Education & Supervision, 2007.
"August, 2007." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 04/29/2008) Advisor, Linda M. Perosa; Committee members, Sandra L. Perosa, Cynthia A. Reynolds, Fred H. Ziegler, Suzanne C. MacDonald; Department Chair, Sajit Zachariah; Interim Dean of the College, Cynthia F. Capers; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Objective: To study the quality of life, jaw function and aesthetics in patients, at least 10 years after they have completed orthognathic treatment, in comparison with a control group. Material and Methods: The sample was retrieved from a previous study by Abrahamsson et al. The treatment group consisted of 94 consecutive patients (59 women and 35 men) with dentofacial deformities who were referred to Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden for orthognathic surgery. The average age of the treatment group was 22.4 ±7.6 years. The control group consisted of 53 individuals (30 women and 23 men, with mean age 23.4 ± 7.3) and was recruited from the Department of Oral Diagnostics in Dentistry University in Malmö and at the Public Dental Service in Oxie. A questionnaire including Oral health impact profile (OHIP-14), Jaw functional limitation scale (JFLS-8) and Orofacial aesthetic scale (OAS-8) supplemented with two questions directed to the treatment group was sent out to both the treatment and the control group. Result: The response rate was 57% (n=54) in the treatment group and 53% (n=28) in the control group. According to the result from OHIP-14 the quality of life was better in the treatment group in comparison with the control group. However, jaw function and orofacial aesthetics were comparable between the groups according to the results from JFLS-8 and OAS-8. The majority of the patients in this study were very satisfied with the result of orthognathic surgery at 10 years follow-up.Conclusion: Orthognathic treatment has been shown to be a successful treatment not only in term of jaw function and aesthetic but also in enhanced quality of life.

Quality oriented management systems and methods have become the dominant business and governance paradigm. From this perspective, satisfying customers’ expectations by supplying reliable, good quality products and services is the key factor for an organization and even government. During recent decades, Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods have been developed as the technical core of quality management and continuous improvement philosophy and now are being applied widely to improve the quality of products and services in industrial and business sectors. Recently SQC tools, in particular quality control charts, have been used in healthcare surveillance. In some cases, these tools have been modified and developed to better suit the health sector characteristics and needs. It seems that some of the work in the healthcare area has evolved independently of the development of industrial statistical process control methods. Therefore analysing and comparing paradigms and the characteristics of quality control charts and techniques across the different sectors presents some opportunities for transferring knowledge and future development in each sectors. Meanwhile considering capabilities of Bayesian approach particularly Bayesian hierarchical models and computational techniques in which all uncertainty are expressed as a structure of probability, facilitates decision making and cost-effectiveness analyses. Therefore, this research investigates the use of quality improvement cycle in a health vii setting using clinical data from a hospital. The need of clinical data for monitoring purposes is investigated in two aspects. A framework and appropriate tools from the industrial context are proposed and applied to evaluate and improve data quality in available datasets and data flow; then a data capturing algorithm using Bayesian decision making methods is developed to determine economical sample size for statistical analyses within the quality improvement cycle. Following ensuring clinical data quality, some characteristics of control charts in the health context including the necessity of monitoring attribute data and correlated quality characteristics are considered. To this end, multivariate control charts from an industrial context are adapted to monitor radiation delivered to patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiogram and various risk-adjusted control charts are constructed and investigated in monitoring binary outcomes of clinical interventions as well as postintervention survival time. Meanwhile, adoption of a Bayesian approach is proposed as a new framework in estimation of change point following control chart’s signal. This estimate aims to facilitate root causes efforts in quality improvement cycle since it cuts the search for the potential causes of detected changes to a tighter time-frame prior to the signal. This approach enables us to obtain highly informative estimates for change point parameters since probability distribution based results are obtained. Using Bayesian hierarchical models and Markov chain Monte Carlo computational methods, Bayesian estimators of the time and the magnitude of various change scenarios including step change, linear trend and multiple change in a Poisson process are developed and investigated. The benefits of change point investigation is revisited and promoted in monitoring hospital outcomes where the developed Bayesian estimator reports the true time of the shifts, compared to priori known causes, detected by control charts in monitoring rate of excess usage of blood products and major adverse events during and after cardiac surgery in a local hospital. The development of the Bayesian change point estimators are then followed in a healthcare surveillances for processes in which pre-intervention characteristics of patients are viii affecting the outcomes. In this setting, at first, the Bayesian estimator is extended to capture the patient mix, covariates, through risk models underlying risk-adjusted control charts. Variations of the estimator are developed to estimate the true time of step changes and linear trends in odds ratio of intensive care unit outcomes in a local hospital. Secondly, the Bayesian estimator is extended to identify the time of a shift in mean survival time after a clinical intervention which is being monitored by riskadjusted survival time control charts. In this context, the survival time after a clinical intervention is also affected by patient mix and the survival function is constructed using survival prediction model. The simulation study undertaken in each research component and obtained results highly recommend the developed Bayesian estimators as a strong alternative in change point estimation within quality improvement cycle in healthcare surveillances as well as industrial and business contexts. The superiority of the proposed Bayesian framework and estimators are enhanced when probability quantification, flexibility and generalizability of the developed model are also considered. The empirical results and simulations indicate that the Bayesian estimators are a strong alternative in change point estimation within quality improvement cycle in healthcare surveillances. The superiority of the proposed Bayesian framework and estimators are enhanced when probability quantification, flexibility and generalizability of the developed model are also considered. The advantages of the Bayesian approach seen in general context of quality control may also be extended in the industrial and business domains where quality monitoring was initially developed.

Neste trabalho, as doses absorvidas produzidas em água pelo feixe de radiação de um Acelerador Linear Clínico - CLINAC 600C TM (Varian), com feixes de fótons de 6MV, foram avaliadas teórica e experimentalmente em configurações de campos quadrados, em seguida, em configurações de campos estreitos e circulares, obtidos com um colimador micro multi-lâminas - mMLC m3TM (BrainLab). A avaliação teórica foi feita por meio de cálculos com o Método de Monte Carlo. As curvas de porcentagem de dose profunda PDP e respectivas razões tecido máximo TMRs derivadas, do CLINAC 600C, medidas experimentalmente, foram validadas por meio de comparações com valores de referência, bem como com medidas usando diferentes detectores. Os resultados indicam diferenças menores que 5% pontualmente e em média menores que 1,5% para cada campo avaliado, quando comparados aos valores do comissionamento anterior (realizado no ano de 1999) e aos valores da literatura. Na comparação das medidas feitas com câmara de ionização e com diodo, a média das diferenças pontuais das curvas de PDP foi de -0,6% e as diferenças entre os perfis laterais de dose ficaram dentro de 1%, na região plana. O diodo fornece medidas de perfil com melhor resolução espacial. Os fatores relativos de dose dos campos abertos, atualizados, concordam com os valores de referência anteriores dentro de 1,03% de discrepância. As curvas de distribuição de dose absorvida em água, atualizadas, são, agora, consideradas de referência e permitem caracterizar o feixe desse CLINAC para o cálculo de dose em pacientes. Os espectros de fótons resultantes das simulações por Monte Carlo com os códigos PENELOPE e MCNP concordam em aproximadamente 80% dos pontos amostrados, sendo que as energias médias de (1,6 ± 0,3)MeV, com o MCNP, e de (1,72 ± 0,08)MeV, com o PENELOPE, são coincidentes. O modelo de fonte simples do CLINAC 600C, criado com o código PENELOPE, permite calcular as distribuições de dose em água, de campos abertos, com discrepâncias da ordem de ±1,0% na dose e de ±0,1 cm na posição, se comparados a medidas experimentais. Esses valores de discrepância atingem os critérios propostos inicialmente para validar o modelo de simulação e garantir sua aplicabilidade nas avaliações dosimétricas da Radioterapia desse CLINAC. A descrição geométrica do mMLC m3 para fins de simulação pelo Método de Monte Carlo, utilizando o código PENELOPE, foi considerada satisfatória ao permitir avaliar a transmissão desse colimador dentro de uma incerteza de ±0,2% e calcular uma subdosagem média de (11,4±2,0)%, devida ao efeito lingüeta-vão, que coincide com o valor determinado experimentalmente de (12,5±2,7)%, específicos para esse projeto de colimador. Os programas de simulação por Monte Carlo, que fazem o uso de um modelo de fonte simples do CLINAC 600C, combinado com o modelo completo do mMLC m3, permitiram calcular PDPs em água, de campos conformados, dentro do intervalo de ±1% de discrepância, enquanto que os fatores relativos de dose de campos conformados pelo mMLC puderam ser calculados com incertezas que variam de 1 a 3% concordando com os valores experimentais. Esses campos avaliados representam campos próximos àqueles usados nos tratamentos. Os resultados do trabalho garantem um conhecimento dosimétrico maior do colimador micro multi-lâminas m3, utilizado nas técnicas de radioterapia e radiocirurgia estereotáxica tridimensionais, e fornece uma ferramenta útil na avaliação das doses produzidas em configurações de campos complexas.
In this work, absorbed dose to water produced by the radiation beam of a clinical linear accelerator - CLINAC 600C TM (Varian), with a photon beam of 6 MV, were evaluated both theoretically and experimentally. This determination includes square and circular field configurations, the last one obtained with a micro multileaf collimator - mMLC m3TM (BrainLab). Theoretical evaluation was performed throughout Monte Carlo method. Experimental measurements of Percentage Depht Dose - PDD and derived Tissue Maximum Ratio - TMR curves from CLINAC 600C were validated by comparison with reference values as well as with measurements using different detectors. The results indicate local differences smaller than 5% and average differences smaller than 1,5% for each evaluated field, if they are compared to the previous commissioning values (made in 1999) and to the values of literature. Comparisons of ionization chamber and diode result in an average local difference of -0,6% for PDD measurements, and within 1% for lateral dose profiles, at depth, in the flat region. Diode provides measurements with better spatial resolution. Current output factors of open fields agree with reference values within 1,03% of discrepancy level. Current absorbed dose distributions in water are, now, considered reference values and allow characterization of this CLINAC for patient dose calculation. The photon spectra resulting from simulations with PENELOPE and MCNP codes agree approximately in 80% of the sampled points, in what average energies of (1,6 ± 0,3)MeV, with MCNP, and of (1,72 ± 0,08)MeV, with PENELOPE, are coincident. The created simple source model of the CLINAC 600C, using the PENELOPE code, allows one to calculate dose distributions in water, for open fields, with discrepancies of the order of ±1,0% in dose and of ±0,1cm in position, if they are compared to experimental measurements. These values met the initial proposed criteria to validate the simulation model and guarantee its applicability in dosimetric evaluations of radiotherapy with this CLINAC. The geometrical description of the mMLC m3 for Monte Carlo purposes, using the PENELOPE code, was considered satisfactory, providing the characterization of relevant physical parameters such as the transmission of the mMLC, within an estimated uncertainty of ±0,2%, and the average underdose of (11,4±2,0)%, due the tongue and groove effect, which is coincident with the experimental value of (12,5±2,7)%, for this particular collimator design. The Monte Carlo simulation codes which combine a single source model of the CLINAC 600C with the full m3 model, allows to calculate dose distributions in water for conformal beams within the discrepancy level of ±1%. However, output factors of conformal beams with the mMLC can be calculated with uncertainties varying from 1 to 3%, when they are compared to experimental results. These evaluated fields represent, and come close to treatment fields. The results of this work guarantee a better dosimetric knowledge of the micro multileaf collimator m3, which is used in three-dimensional stereotactic radiotherapy and radiosurgery techniques. This provides a useful tool in the evaluation of the mMLC as well as the absorbed doses produced in complex field configurations.

Orientadores: Luis Otávio Zanatta Sarian, Aarão Mendes Pinto Neto
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Introdução: As condições econômicas e sociais encontradas na maior parte da África sub-Saariana são refletidas na qualidade da assistência à saúde. A melhora das condições de assistência ambulatorial e médico-hospitalar, neste contexto, envolve a capacitação do capital humano, isto é, treinamento e formação de profissionais, e alocação de recursos para insumos e infraestrutura. Dadas às limitações econômicas e técnicas do continente, essas ações costumam ser viabilizadas por ações cooperativas entre governos e instituições locais e estrangeiras. No Hospital Central de Maputo (HCM), em cooperação com o Ministério da Saúde de Moçambique (MSM), a Unicamp desenvolveu um projeto de pesquisa visando à identificação de necessidades de infraestrutura hospitalar e capacitação profissional com vistas a melhorar as taxas de infecção hospitalar e a qualidade à assistência em geral. Objetivo: 1) avaliar as ações executadas desde 2008 pelo MSM, junto com outros organismos multinacionais, na Enfermaria de Cirurgia (EC) do HCM, com vistas à humanização e correção de deficiências primárias de infraestrutura e capacitação profissional; e 2) avaliar fatores relacionados às taxas de infecção hospitalar em pacientes internados na EC e elaborar um plano de controle de infecção hospitalar aplicável e exequível segundo as condições locais. Métodos: Na primeira parte do estudo (referente ao objetivo 1), relatamos o processo de melhorias implementadas na EC a partir da aplicação de um Instrumento de Avaliação de Desempenho (IAD), desenvolvido em colaboração com o MSM, cujas funções eram determinar as necessidades de recursos humanos, organização em serviço, segurança do paciente e satisfação da equipe profissional. O IAD também determinava 83 metas, relacionadas aqueles aspectos mencionados. Este instrumento foi inicialmente utilizado em 2009, e a partir dos resultados obtidos foram delineadas e implantadas intervenções voltadas à correção das limitações do serviço. A partir de então, o IAD permaneceu em uso contínuo pelos profissionais da EC e os resultados obtidos subsequentemente são relatados e comentados nesta tese. A segunda parte do estudo (referente ao objetivo 2) trata das duas primeiras de três fases de um estudo de intervenção, desenhado para 1) determinar a taxa de infecção hospitalar (IH) e suas características na Enfermaria de Cirurgia; 2) propor um plano de controle de IH (PCIH) baseado nos achados de 1). A fase 3, que visa a implantação do PCIH e a avaliação de seus resultados, será realizada posteriormente. Resultados: Em janeiro de 2009, na primeira aplicação do IAD, 49% das metas preconizadas já eram atingidas pela EC; após ações baseadas nos resultados da primeira aplicação do IAD, em junho e setembro de 2009, 88% e 90% das metas haviam sido atingidas, respectivamente. Foram detectadas melhoras substanciais nas práticas de enfermagem, níveis de satisfação de pacientes e estudantes, higienização do ambiente hospitalar e organização do serviço. Em 2011, teve início a segunda parte do estudo, referente à infecção hospitalar na EC. A taxa de IH foi estabelecida em 16.6% e esteve associada ao maior tempo de internação dos pacientes e à menor utilização de artigos hospitalares críticos (agulhas, sondas, bisturis, entre outros). Foi desenvolvido um plano de controle de infecção hospitalar que aborda a melhoria do treinamento de profissionais médicos e não médicos para os fatores associados à IH. Conclusões: A intervenção baseada na elaboração e aplicação o IAD permitiu a melhoria de indicadores de qualidade e satisfação em uma Enfermaria de Cirurgia de um hospital moçambicano, e a taxa de infecção na Enfermaria de Cirurgia do HCM pode ser reduzida com intervenções voltadas a redução do tempo de hospitalização e maior investimento em artigos hospitalares críticos
Abstract: Introduction: The economic and social conditions found in most of sub- Saharan Africa are reflected in the quality of health care. The improvement of the conditions of outpatient care and healthcare in this context involves the training of human capital, ie, education and training of professionals, and resource allocation to inputs and infrastructure. Given the economic and technical limitations of the continent, these actions are often made possible by cooperative actions between governments, local and foreign intuitions. In Maputo Central Hospital (HCM), in cooperation with the Ministry of Health of Mozambique (MSM), Unicamp developed a research project aimed at identifying basic needs of hospital infrastructure and professional training in order to decrease hospital infection rates and quality of care in general. Objective: 1) to evaluate actions taken since 2008 by the MSM, along with other international organizations in surgery ward (EC) HCM, to improve humanization and correction of deficiencies related to infrastructure and job training, and 2) to evaluate essential aspects related to hospital infection rates in patients hospitalized at EC and develop a plan for hospital infection control applicable and enforceable according to local conditions. Methods: In the first part of the study (for the purpose of 1), we report the improvement process implemented in EC from the application of a Performance Assessment (PA), developed in collaboration with the MSM, whose duties were to determine the needs of human resources, service organization, patient safety and satisfaction of professional staff. The PA also determined 83 goals, related to those aspects. This instrument was first used in 2009, and from the results obtained was outlined and implemented interventions that aimed at correcting the limitations of the service. Since then, the PA remained in continuous use by professional EC and results are reported and discussed in this thesis. The second part of the study (related to objective 2) addresses the first two of three phases of an intervention study designed to 1) investigate the rate of nosocomial infection (NI) and their characteristics in MS, 2) propose a control plan IH (HICP) based on the findings of 1) Phase 3, which aims to set the HICP and the evaluation of its results, will be held later. Results: In January 2009, the first application of the IAD, 49% of the recommended goals were already stricken ECII; following actions based on the results of the first application of the IAD in June and September 2009, 88% and 90% of the targets had been reached, respectively. We detected substantial improvements in nursing practice, levels of satisfaction of patients and students, hygienic cleaning and service organization. In 2011 began the second part of the study, referring to nosocomial infection in EC. The rate of NI was established in 16.6% and was associated with longer hospital patients staying and less use of hospital critical items (needles, probes, scalpels, etc.). A plan was developed for hospital infection control that addresses the improvement of the training of medical professionals and decrease of nonmedical factors associated with IH. Conclusions: The intervention based on development and implementation PA allowed the improvement of quality indicators and satisfaction in a general ward of a hospital Mozambique, and the rate of infection in the General Infirmary HCM, can be reduced with interventions aimed at reducing the time hospitalization and greater investment in hospital critical articles
Doutorado
Oncologia Ginecológica e Mamária
Doutora em Ciências da Saúde

A l'hôpital, le bloc opératoire représente un environnement à risque pour le patient. La réalisation d'une chirurgie thyroïdienne demeure une tâche complexe dont le résultat dépend de la combinaison d'une multitude de facteurs qui demeurent mal connus. L'application des méthodes de contrôle qualité développées dans l'industrie peut être utile à leur découverte. Pendant quatre années, nous avons suivi la performance collective et individuelle d'une équipe chirurgicale à l'aide de cartes de contrôle. Des cartes de Shewhart et des cartes CUSUM ont été conçues pour analyser les variations des complications de la thyroïdectomie au cours du temps. Leur mise en place s'est accompagnée d'une réduction immédiate des hypocalcémies postopératoires, puis d'une stabilisation progressive des paralysies récurrentielles. La suractivité chirurgicale a été identifiée comme cause à l'origine d'une dégradation momentanée de la performance de l'équipe. Cette expérience de terrain a montré l'applicabilité des cartes de contrôle à la chirurgie thyroïdienne ainsi que leur intérêt pour aider les chirurgiens à interpréter la variabilité de leurs résultats et à maitriser les facteurs y concourant. Cependant, seules des actions concrètes destinées à améliorer la qualité de la prise en charge peuvent réduire la survenue de complications opératoires. Leur conception implique de mieux comprendre les facteurs influençant la performance du chirurgien et le travail en équipe au bloc opératoire pour garantir la sécurité du patient.

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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

L'évolution des techniques chirurgicales, par l'utilisation de robots, permet des interventions mini-invasives avec une très grande précision et ouvre des perspectives d'interventions chirurgicales à distance, comme l'a démontré la célèbre expérimentation « Opération Lindbergh » en 2001. La contrepartie de cette évolution réside dans des volumes de données considérables qui nécessitent des ressources importantes pour leur transmission. La compression avec pertes de ces données devient donc inévitable. Celle-ci constitue un défi majeur dans le contexte médical, celui de l'impact des pertes sur la qualité des données et leur exploitation. Mes travaux de thèse concernent l'étude de techniques permettant l'évaluation de la qualité des vidéos dans un contexte de robotique chirurgicale. Deux approches méthodologiques sont possibles : l'une à caractère subjectif et l'autre à caractère objectif. Nous montrons qu'il existe un seuil de tolérance à la compression avec pertes de type MPEG2 et H.264 pour les vidéos chirurgicales. Les résultats obtenus suite aux essais subjectifs de la qualité ont permis également de mettre en exergue une corrélation entre les mesures subjectives effectuées et une mesure objective utilisant l'information structurelle de l'image. Ceci permet de prédire la qualité telle qu'elle est perçue par les observateurs humains. Enfin, la détermination d'un seuil de tolérance à la compression avec pertes a permis la mise en place d'une plateforme de transmission en temps réel sur un réseau IP de vidéos chirurgicales compressées avec le standard H.264 entre le CHU de Nancy et l'école de chirurgie
The digital revolution in medical environment speeds up development of remote Robotic-Assisted Surgery and consequently the transmission of medical numerical data such as pictures or videos becomes possible. However, medical video transmission requires significant bandwidth and high compression ratios, only accessible with lossy compression. Therefore research effort has been focussed on video compression algorithms such as MPEG2 and H.264. In this work, we are interested in the question of compression thresholds and associated bitrates are coherent with the acceptance level of the quality in the field of medical video. To evaluate compressed medical video quality, we performed a subjective assessment test with a panel of human observers using a DSCQS (Double-Stimuli Continuous Quality Scale) protocol derived from the ITU-R BT-500-11 recommendations. Promising results estimate that 3 Mbits/s could be sufficient (compression ratio aroundthreshold compression level around 90:1 compared to the original 270 Mbits/s) as far as perceived quality is concerned. Otherwise, determining a tolerance to lossy compression has allowed implementation of a platform for real-time transmission over an IP network for surgical videos compressed with the H.264 standard from the University Hospital of Nancy and the school of surgery

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Introdução. A qualidade dos serviços prestados em anestesiologia, que usualmente são medidos por índices de morbidade e mortalidade, passaram a levar em consideração a satisfação dos pacientes nas diversas etapas do atendimento. Como satisfação é o resultado dos cuidados prestados segundo a perspectiva do cliente, cabe ao anestesiologista ser capaz de construir relacionamentos com os pacientes, fornecendo informações compreensíveis, envolvendo-os nas decisões sobre sua anestesia, esclarecer suas dúvidas e ouvir suas queixas. Assim, esta medida proporciona uma base para que se possa melhorar os cuidados na anestesiologia. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o atendimento perianestésico em uma Unidade de Cirurgia Ambulatorial, com base nas medidas de satisfação dos pacientes. Método. Utilizou-se o “Heidelberg Peri-anaesthetic Questionnaire”, para avaliar as medidas de satisfação nas diversas etapas do atendimento perianestésico em pacientes que foram submetidos à cirurgia em regime ambulatorial. Respostas para cada questão foram ranqueadas como “1”, “2”, “3” e “4”, correspondendo a “totalmente insatisfeito”, “insatisfeito”, “satisfeito” e “totalmente satisfeito”. Questões com escore de insatisfação abaixo da média geral menos um desvio padrão (DP) e questões com um alto DP interno foram selecionadas para análise de correlação. Foi feita uma análise de regressão logística multivariada correlacionando o grau de insatisfação nas questões com os dados de caracterização dos pacientes (idade, gênero, escolaridade, estado físico ASA), da anestesia (tipo, tempo e experiência prévia) e da especialidade cirúrgica. Resultados. Foram avaliados 1.211 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 18-65 anos. Questões relacionadas à insatisfação envolveram medo da anestesia e da cirurgia, sensação de frio, necessidade urgente de urinar e dor na região operada, assim como a preocupação e a brevidade da equipe em aliviar a dor do paciente. Ser jovem, do sexo feminino, com escolaridade de nível superior e anestesia geral foram variáveis relacionadas com maior nível de insatisfação. Cirurgias ginecológicas e urológicas, um longo tempo cirúrgico e experiência prévia de anestesia também estiveram relacionados com insatisfação. Discussão. A utilização do “Heidelberg Peri-anaesthetic Questionnaire”, demonstrou ser ferramenta útil na identificação dos pontos de insatisfação dos pacientes. Utilizou-se critério de aplicação do questionário diferente do utilizado no modelo original, que foi por meio de entrevista, obtendo com isso uma maior adesão à pesquisa. Essa ferramenta permitiu a identificação do perfil dos grupos de pacientes insatisfeitos dentro das diversas etapas do atendimento que envolvem a equipe de anestesia. Esses resultados tornam possível o estabelecimento de prioridades nos diferentes pontos de atenção, com o objetivo de buscar uma maior satisfação dos pacientes com os cuidados anestésicos.
Introduction. Quality in anesthesiology is usually measured by morbidity and mortality. Nonetheless, it has been assessed by the patients’ satisfaction at various stages of anesthetic care. As satisfaction is the result of care from the client's perspective, the anesthesiologist must be able to build relationships with patients, provide understandable information, involve them in decisions about their anesthesia, answer their questions and listen to their complaints. This measurement therefore provides a basis to improve care in anesthesiology. This study aimed to evaluate peri-anesthetic care in an ambulatory surgery center based on patient’s satisfaction measures. Methods. We used the “Heidelberg Peri-anesthetic Questionnaire” to evaluate satisfaction at various stages of peri-anesthetic care in patients undergoing ambulatory surgery. Responses to each question were ranked as “1, “2”, “3” or “4”, corresponding to totally unsatisfied, unsatisfied, satisfied and totally satisfied. Questions with score below pool average minus one standard deviation (SD) and those with a high internal SD were selected for correlation analysis (dissatisfaction). The correlation analysis using multivariate logistic regression considered the degree of dissatisfaction with patients’ characteristics (age, gender, education degree and ASA physical status), anesthesia (type, time and prior experience) and surgical specialty. Results. We evaluated 1,211 patients from both sexes, aged 18 to 65 years. Questions evaluated as dissatisfaction involved fear of anesthesia and surgery, feeling cold, the urgent need to urinate and pain at the surgical site, as well as the level of concern and response speed of the team in relieving the patients’ pain. Younger age, women, college education and general anesthesia were variables related to a greater level of dissatisfaction. Urological and gynecological surgeries, longer surgical duration and previous experience of anesthesia were also related to dissatisfaction. Discussion. The "Heidelberg Peri-anesthetic Questionnaire" proved to be a useful tool in identifying the reasons for patient’s dissatisfaction. The questionnaire application criterion we used was based on interviews, which differed from the one used in the original model, leading to a greater adhesion of patients to this research. This tool allowed the identification of dissatisfied patient groups at the various stages of anesthetic care. These results enable the establishment of priorities at the different points of attention, with the ultimate aim of improving patients’ satisfaction regarding anesthesia care.

Orientador: Norma Sueli Pinheiro Módolo
Resumo: Introdução. A qualidade dos serviços prestados em anestesiologia, que usualmente são medidos por índices de morbidade e mortalidade, passaram a levar em consideração a satisfação dos pacientes nas diversas etapas do atendimento. Como satisfação é o resultado dos cuidados prestados segundo a perspectiva do cliente, cabe ao anestesiologista ser capaz de construir relacionamentos com os pacientes, fornecendo informações compreensíveis, envolvendo-os nas decisões sobre sua anestesia, esclarecer suas dúvidas e ouvir suas queixas. Assim, esta medida proporciona uma base para que se possa melhorar os cuidados na anestesiologia. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o atendimento perianestésico em uma Unidade de Cirurgia Ambulatorial, com base nas medidas de satisfação dos pacientes. Método. Utilizou-se o “Heidelberg Peri-anaesthetic Questionnaire”, para avaliar as medidas de satisfação nas diversas etapas do atendimento perianestésico em pacientes que foram submetidos à cirurgia em regime ambulatorial. Respostas para cada questão foram ranqueadas como “1”, “2”, “3” e “4”, correspondendo a “totalmente insatisfeito”, “insatisfeito”, “satisfeito” e “totalmente satisfeito”. Questões com escore de insatisfação abaixo da média geral menos um desvio padrão (DP) e questões com um alto DP interno foram selecionadas para análise de correlação. Foi feita uma análise de regressão logística multivariada correlacionando o grau de insatisfação nas questões com os dados de caracterização dos pacien... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor

L'évolution des techniques chirurgicales, par l'utilisation de robots, permet des interventions mini-invasives avec une très grande précision et ouvre des perspectives d'interventions chirurgicales à distance, comme l'a démontré la célèbre expérimentation « Opération Lindbergh » en 2001. La contrepartie de cette évolution réside dans des volumes de données considérables qui nécessitent des ressources importantes pour leur transmission. La compression avec pertes de ces données devient donc inévitable. Celle-ci constitue un défi majeur dans le contexte médical, celui de l'impact des pertes sur la qualité des données et leur exploitation. Mes travaux de thèse concernent l'étude de techniques permettant l'évaluation de la qualité des vidéos dans un contexte de robotique chirurgicale. Deux approches méthodologiques sont possibles : l'une à caractère subjectif et l'autre à caractère objectif. Nous montrons qu'il existe un seuil de tolérance à la compression avec pertes de type MPEG2 et H.264 pour les vidéos chirurgicales. Les résultats obtenus suite aux essais subjectifs de la qualité ont permis également de mettre en exergue une corrélation entre les mesures subjectives effectuées et une mesure objective utilisant l'information structurelle de l'image. Ceci permet de prédire la qualité telle qu'elle est perçue par les observateurs humains. Enfin, la détermination d'un seuil de tolérance à la compression avec pertes a permis la mise en place d'une plateforme de transmission en temps réel sur un réseau IP de vidéos chirurgicales compressées avec le standard H.264 entre le CHU de Nancy et l'école de chirurgie
The digital revolution in medical environment speeds up development of remote Robotic-Assisted Surgery and consequently the transmission of medical numerical data such as pictures or videos becomes possible. However, medical video transmission requires significant bandwidth and high compression ratios, only accessible with lossy compression. Therefore research effort has been focussed on video compression algorithms such as MPEG2 and H.264. In this work, we are interested in the question of compression thresholds and associated bitrates are coherent with the acceptance level of the quality in the field of medical video. To evaluate compressed medical video quality, we performed a subjective assessment test with a panel of human observers using a DSCQS (Double-Stimuli Continuous Quality Scale) protocol derived from the ITU-R BT-500-11 recommendations. Promising results estimate that 3 Mbits/s could be sufficient (compression ratio aroundthreshold compression level around 90:1 compared to the original 270 Mbits/s) as far as perceived quality is concerned. Otherwise, determining a tolerance to lossy compression has allowed implementation of a platform for real-time transmission over an IP network for surgical videos compressed with the H.264 standard from the University Hospital of Nancy and the school of surgery

L’objectif de notre travail était, d’une part, de déterminer l’impact du délai de transmission des informations en téléchirurgie robotique, et d’autre part, de valider le rôle du simulateur robotique dans la formation en chirurgie robotique. Deux études ont été réalisées pour la partie concernant le délai. Il a été prouvé que la performance chirurgicale se détériore exponentiellement lorsque le délai augmente. Il est préférable d’envisager un geste de téléchirurgie associé à un délai inférieur à 200 ms, et des délais plus de 800 ms ne sont pas adaptés à la téléchirurgie. D’autre part, les chirurgiens ont démontré la capacité de s’adapter au délai par l’entraînement. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons développé un curriculum sur un simulateur robotique pour une procédure chirurgicale robotique d’urologie. Une autre étude a été réalisée pour déterminer la validité d’un nouveau simulateur robotique (le XTT) comme un outil d’évaluation des techniques d’assistance en chirurgie robotique
The objectives of our work were, on the one hand, to determine the impact of data-transmission latency in robotic telesurgey, and on the other hand, to validate the role of robotic simulator in robotic surgery training. Two studies were realized in the part concerning latency. It was proved that surgical performance deteriorates exponentially as latency increases. It is preferable to perform telesurgey with a delay less than 200 ms. The delay higher than 800 ms is not suitable for telesurgery. On the other hand, surgeons had demonstrated the capacity to adapt to delay through training. In the second part, we developed a curriculum on a robotic simulator for a urologic surgical procedure. Another study was realized to determine the validity of a new robotic simulator (the XTT) as an evaluation tool of robotic surgical assistance skills

"October 2004"
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 313-337)
x, 337 leaves : ill. (col.), maps (col.) ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Public Health, 2004

De déterminer si une stratégie de contrôle du rythme améliore la qualité de vie et / ou la capacité fonctionnelle par rapport à une stratégie de contrôle de la fréquence cardiaque chez les patients atteints de fibrillation auriculaire et d'insuffisance cardiaque congestive. Méthode: Pour évaluer la qualité de vie, le questionnaire SF-36 a été administré à l'inclusion et à 4 mois chez 749 patients de l’étude AF-CHF. Les paramètres de capacité fonctionnelle évalués ont été la classe fonctionnelle NYHA (1376 patients) et la distance de marche de six minutes (1099 patients). Résultats: Le type du traitement assigné n'a pas eu un impact significatif sur la qualité de vie ou la capacité fonctionnelle. Conclusion: La qualité de vie et la capacité fonctionnelle sont similaires chez les patients randomisés au contrôle du rythme par rapport au contrôle de la fréquence. Les hommes non-obèses avec moins de comorbidités semblent plus susceptibles de s'améliorer.
To determine if a rhythm control strategy improves quality of life and/or functional capacity compared to a rate control strategy in patients with atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure. Methods: To assess QoL, the Medical Outcomes Short Form-36 (SF-36) was administered to 749 patients included in the AF-CHF study at baseline and at 4 months. Functional capacity was assessed by NYHA class determined at baseline, 3 weeks, 4 months, and at 4-month intervals thereafter in 1376 patients and by 6 minutes walk test conducted at baseline, 3 weeks, 4 months, 1 year, and annually thereafter in 1099 patients. Results: The type of the assigned treatment had no significant impact on quality of life scores nor on functional capacity. Conclusion: Quality of life and functional capacity improved to a similar extent in patients randomised to rhythm versus rate-control strategies. Non-obese male patients with less comorbidities seem more likely to improve.