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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Surfactants; Surface active agents

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Academic literature on the topic 'Surfactants; Surface active agents'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Surfactants; Surface active agents"

1

Wagner, Martin, and H. Johannes Pöpel. "Surface active agents and their influence on oxygen transfer." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1996): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0438.

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Oxygen transfer rates of fine bubble aeration systems in uniform arrangement are reduced down to 40% to 70% in wastewater compared to clean water conditions. Surfactants in wastewater are the main reason for the inferior and therefore uneconomic performance. The influence of different types of surfactants (anionic and nonionic) and of their concentration on oxygen transfer is investigated at various properties of pure water (content of electrolytes, hardness) by means of extensive experiments. The main results of the investigations are:in dependence of the type of surfactant, its concentration and the types of water:– the aeration coefficient kLa decreases (down to 55%)– the specific interfacial area (a) increases (up to 350%)– the oxygen transfer coefficient (kL) decreases (down to 20%)nonionic surfactants reduce the oxygen transfer more strongly than anionic surfactantsat the same surface tension, but different types of surfactant α-values can vary over a range of 0.12. Therefore α-values can not be calculated from surface tension measurementsα-values of approximately 0.55 should be taken for designing fine bubble aeration systemsIn new guidelines for the measurement of oxygen transfer rates, addition of 5 gm−3 of an arbitrary surfactant into clean water to simulate wastewater conditions must be abandoned.

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Olkowska, Ewa, Marek Ruman, and Żaneta Polkowska. "Occurrence of Surface Active Agents in the Environment." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/769708.

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Due to the specific structure of surfactants molecules they are applied in different areas of human activity (industry, household). After using and discharging from wastewater treatment plants as effluent stream, surface active agents (SAAs) are emitted to various elements of the environment (atmosphere, waters, and solid phases), where they can undergo numerous physic-chemical processes (e.g., sorption, degradation) and freely migrate. Additionally, SAAs present in the environment can be accumulated in living organisms (bioaccumulation), what can have a negative effect on biotic elements of ecosystems (e.g., toxicity, disturbance of endocrine equilibrium). They also cause increaseing solubility of organic pollutants in aqueous phase, their migration, and accumulation in different environmental compartments. Moreover, surfactants found in aerosols can affect formation and development of clouds, which is associated with cooling effect in the atmosphere and climate changes. The environmental fate of SAAs is still unknown and recognition of this problem will contribute to protection of living organisms as well as preservation of quality and balance of various ecosystems. This work contains basic information about surfactants and overview of pollution of different ecosystems caused by them (their classification and properties, areas of use, their presence, and behavior in the environment).

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Anestopoulos, Ioannis, Despina-Evgenia Kiousi, Ariel Klavaris, Monica Maijo, Annabel Serpico, Alba Suarez, Guiomar Sanchez, et al. "Marine-Derived Surface Active Agents: Health-Promoting Properties and Blue Biotechnology-Based Applications." Biomolecules 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10060885.

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Surface active agents are characterized for their capacity to adsorb to fluid and solid-water interfaces. They can be classified as surfactants and emulsifiers based on their molecular weight (MW) and properties. Over the years, the chemical surfactant industry has been rapidly increasing to meet consumer demands. Consequently, such a boost has led to the search for more sustainable and biodegradable alternatives, as chemical surfactants are non-biodegradable, thus causing an adverse effect on the environment. To these ends, many microbial and/or marine-derived molecules have been shown to possess various biological properties that could allow manufacturers to make additional health-promoting claims for their products. Our aim, in this review article, is to provide up to date information of critical health-promoting properties of these molecules and their use in blue-based biotechnology (i.e., biotechnology using aquatic organisms) with a focus on food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical/biomedical applications.

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Abouzeid, Fatma M. "Study of Steel Electro-dissolution Behavior in Presence of Some Surfactants. Electrochemical Investigation and Surface Active Properties Determination." Revista de Chimie 72, no. 3 (July 29, 2021): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.21.3.8447.

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Steel electro-dissolution performance was investigated in orthophosphoric acid in the presence of N-oleyl 1.3 diaminopropane, Benzalkounuim chloride, Soduim lauryl sulphate and Di-Isononyl phthalate as a surfactant using potentiodynamic polarization measurements. The retardation performance of these surfactants was examined. The surfactant surface active parameters were estimated based on surface tension measurements. The parameters calculated comprise the critical micelle concentration (CMC), maximum surface excess (Гmax), minimum surface area (Amin) and effectiveness (πCMC). The micellization thermodynamic parameters (ΔGmic, ΔSmic) for the estimated surfactants were also computed. Results obtained from surface active properties are comparable with those gained from galvanostatic polarization measurements. Temperature influence on the steel dissolution performance was examined at 25 to 40oC range. Steel kinetic study in orthophosphoric acid- free solution and orthophosphoric acid containing surfactant was also examined. The dissolution kinetic and activated parameters were computed. Results based on microscopy measurement indicate that, addition of new four surfactants, resulting in the solution shows potential, a discrete progress in the metal texture was monitored. Improvement produced in electro-polishing bath by the investigated SAS that owing to the adsorption of such surface active agents on the anode surface.

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Cui, Wei Lin, Wu Ju Xu, and Ling Jian Song. "The Influence of Different Kinds of Surfactants on Rheology in Polymer/Surfactant Complex Flooding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 437 (October 2013): 1089–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.437.1089.

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Because of alkaline declining the sweep efficiency, causing scale formation problem in the reservoir and the well bottom and the tubular pipes, so polymer/surfactant compound flooding technology is the emphasis in the research of enhanced recovery. So the articles study the regulation of different kinds of surface active agents at different temperature by MARS Rheometer. The testing result showed that the variation of viscocity under the interaction between the surface active agent and association polymer according to “three stage” model .The linear viscoelastic region of stress decrease when different surface active agents are put into polymer liquor, and the higher frequency, the better elasticity of polymer liquor. The hydrophobic association between the surface active agents and polymer decrease with a higher temperature, but the ionic surfactant is aggravate. The systematic study of binary system rheology can contribute to correctly understand and apply binary system.

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Olkowska, Ewa, Marek Ruman, Magdalena Drąg-Śmigalska, and Żaneta Polkowska. "Selected anionic and cationic surface active agents: case study on the Kłodnica sediments." Limnological Review 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/limre-2017-0002.

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AbstractSurface active agents (surfactants) are a group of chemical compounds, which are used as ingredients of detergents, cleaning products, cosmetics and functional products. After use, wastes containing surfactants or their degradation products are discharged to wastewater treatment plants or directly into surface waters. Due to their specific properties of SAAs, compounds are able to migrate between different environmental compartments such as soil, sediment, water or even living organisms and accumulate there. Surfactants can have a harmful effect on living organisms. They can connect with bioactive molecules and modify their function. Additionally, they have the ability to migrate into cells and cause their damage or death. For these reasons investigation of individual surfactants should be conducted. The presented research has been undertaken to obtain information about SAA contamination of sediment from the River Kłodnica catchment caused by selected anionic (linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS C10-C13)) and cationic (alkylbenzyldimethylammonium (BDMA-C12-16), alkyl trimethyl ammonium (DTMA), hexadecyl piridinium chloride (HP) chlorides) surfactants. This river flows through an area of the Upper Silesia Industrial Region where various companies and other institutions (e.g. coal mining, power plants, metallurgy, hospitals) are located. To determine their concentration the following analytical tools have been applied: accelerated solvent extraction– solid phase extraction – high performance liquid chromatography – UV-Vis (anionic SAAs) and conductivity (cationic SAAs) detectors. In all sediments anionic SAAs have been detected. The concentrations of HTMA and BDMA-C16in tested samples were higher than other cationic analytes. Generally, levels of surfactants with longer alkyl chains were higher and this observation can confirm their higher susceptibility to sorption on solid surfaces.

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Kawasaki, Hideya. "Surfactant-free solution-based synthesis of metallic nanoparticles toward efficient use of the nanoparticles’ surfaces and their application in catalysis and chemo-/biosensing." Nanotechnology Reviews 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2012-0079.

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AbstractThe choice of stabilizer and the stabilizer-to-precursor ions molar ratio during metal nanoparticle synthesis are important for controlling the shape, size, and dispersion stability of the nanoparticles. However, the active sites on the nanoparticles surfaces may be blocked by the stabilizing agents used, resulting in a less-than-effective utilization of the surfaces. In this review, various surfactant-free solution-based methods of synthesizing metal nanoparticles are described, along with the applications of such nanoparticles in catalysis and sensing. “Surfactant-free” synthesis does not imply truly bare metal nanoparticles synthesis but implies one where the metal nanoparticles are prepared in the absence of additional stabilizing agents such as thiolate and phosphine compounds, surfactants, and polymers. These metal nanoparticles are stabilized by the solvents or the simple ions of the reducing agents or low-molecular-weight salts used. Surfactant-free synthesis of metal nanoparticles via photochemical-, ultrasonochemical-, and laser ablation-mediated synthesis methods is also described. Because of the effective utilization of their surfaces, metal nanoparticles prepared without surfactants, polymers, templates, or seeds are expected to exhibit high performance when used in catalysis (synthetic catalysis and electrocatalysis) and sensing (surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)), surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS)).

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Chatterjee, M., M. K. Naskar, B. Siladitya, and D. Ganguli. "Role of organic solvents and surface-active agents in the sol-emulsion-gel synthesis of spherical alumina powders." Journal of Materials Research 15, no. 1 (January 2000): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0029.

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Spherical alumina particles were prepared following the sol-emulsion-gel method by systematic variation of (i) the concentration of the surfactant Span 80 above or below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) in different organic solvents and (ii) hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) of different surfactants in cyclohexane. The experimentally determined CMC of Span 80 was found to increase with increasing dielectric constant of the organic solvent, influencing the sol droplet and alumina particle size. With an increase in the HLB value of the surfactants, the tendency of monodispersed sphere formation among the particles increased with a decrease in the size distribution and average particle size (d50).

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Kurrey, Ramsingh, Anushree Saha, and Manas Kanti Deb. "Distribution of Some Selected Surface Active Agents (SAAs) in the Aquatic and Global Environment with Their Toxic Impact: A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 33, no. 1 (July 4, 2020): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2020-33-1-6.

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Surface active agents (SAAs) are a class of compounds, which find various applications in different fields of human activities. Surfactants are generally amphiphilic molecules, which are strongly adsorbed at interfaces between the phases. Surfactants windily used as detergency, emulsion, stabilizing and dispersing agents have led to the discharge of highly contaminated wastewaters in aquatic environment. Once reached in the various compartments of the environment such as rivers, lakes, soils, and sediments, surfactants can undergo aerobic or anaerobic degradation. Concentrations of surfactants in wastewaters, river waters, and sewage waters can range milligrams in maximum cases, while it reaches several grams in sludge, soil and sediments in environments. The environmental facts of SAAs and concentration in surface waters, soils or sediments are reviewed in details. This review provides information on levels of surface-active agents in various environmental samples including soil, sediments, sewage wastewater, river wastewater and aerosols.

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Cichoń, Ewelina, Bartosz Mielan, Elżbieta Pamuła, Anna Ślósarczyk, and Aneta Zima. "Development of highly porous calcium phosphate bone cements applying nonionic surface active agents." RSC Advances 11, no. 39 (2021): 23908–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra04266a.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surfactants; Surface active agents"

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Stellner, Kevin Lance. "Precipitation of surfactants and surfactant mixtures in aqueous solutions /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1987.

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Mendoza, Alvaro. "The synthesis and characterization of novel surfactants." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1296090131&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Topp, Kathryn A. "Cationic oligomeric surfactants novel synthesis and characterization /." Connect to full text, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1728.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 2006.
Title from title screen (viewed 13 January 2009). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

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Wahlgren, Marie. "Adsorption of proteins and interactions with surfactants at the solid/liquid interface." [Lund : Dept. of Food Technology, Lund University], 1992. http://books.google.com/books?id=zfxqAAAAMAAJ.

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Wates, Julia M. "Solution behaviour of cationic surfactants relevant to industrial applications." Thesis, University of Salford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.258424.

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Ho, Hung Hei. "Adsorption of ionic surfactants on active carbon cloth /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CENG%202006%20HO.

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Kowal, Mark George. "Effect of surfactants on the likelihood and severity of vapor explosions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15810.

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Mobbs, Tamara Leah. "Effects of four soil surfactants on four soil-water properties in sand and silt loam." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/t_mobbs_050110.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in biological and agricultural engineering)--Washington State University, May 2010.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 23, 2010). "Department of Biological Systems Engineering." Includes bibliographical references (p. 16-22).

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Lapitsky, Yakov. "Interactions of oppositely charged surfactants and polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions and gels." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 6.51 Mb., 240 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3220721.

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Hollabaugh, Kate R. "Microstructure and rheology of mixed ionic surfactants." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 108 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1654493531&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (M.Ch.E.)--University of Delaware, 2008.
Principal faculty advisors: Norman J. Wagner, Dept. of Chemical Engineering; and Eric W. Kaler, College of Engineering. Includes bibliographical references.

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Books on the topic "Surfactants; Surface active agents"

1

Flick, Ernest W. Industrial surfactants. Park Ridge, N.J., U.S.A: Noyes Publications, 1988.

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Industrial surfactants. 2nd ed. Park Ridge, N.J., U.S.A: Noyes Publications, 1993.

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Porter, M. R. Handbook of surfactants. Glasgow: Blackie, 1991.

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Porter, M. R. Handbook of surfactants. London: Blackie, 1993.

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Handbook of surfactants. 2nd ed. London: Blackie, 1994.

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Polymeric surfactants. New York: M. Dekker, 1992.

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Wendt, Pierce L. Non-ionic surfactants. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Irene, Ash, ed. Handbook of industrial surfactants. 3rd ed. Endicott, NY: Synapse Information Resources, 2000.

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Analysis of surfactants. 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2001.

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Schmitt, Thomas M. Analysis of surfactants. New York: M. Dekker, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Surfactants; Surface active agents"

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Jacobasch, H. J. "Adsorption Behaviour Of Surface Active Agents And Electrokinetic Phenomena." In Surfactants in Solution, 381–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0839-3_29.

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Birdi, K. S., and E. H. Stenby. "Wetting of Solids by Surface Active Agents: Dispersion and the Polar Surface Tension Components." In Surfactants in Solution, 1105–12. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7981-6_45.

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Rodakiewicz-Nowak, Janina. "Surface Interactions Between Two Simultaneously Adsorbing Surfactants Mixtures of Anionic and Cationic Surface Active Agents." In Surfactants in Solution, 1067–79. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7981-6_42.

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Hegazy, M. A., and A. S. El-Tabei. "Fundamental and Application of Surface Active Agents in Petroleum Industry as Corrosion Inhibitors." In Surfactants in Upstream E&P, 383–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70026-3_14.

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Paulus, Wilfried. "Surface Active Agents." In Microbicides for the Protection of Materials, 375–400. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2118-7_18.

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Paulus, Wilfried. "Surface active agents." In Directory of Microbicides for the Protection of Materials, 707–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2818-0_41.

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Moroi, Yoshikiyo. "Surface-Active Agents." In Micelles, 7–24. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0700-4_2.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Surface-Active Agents." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 715. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_11429.

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Chaiko, D. J., and K. Osseo-Asare. "Monolayer Behavior Of Surface Active Metal Extractants." In Surfactants in Solution, 297–310. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0839-3_22.

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Albert, Adrien. "Surface chemistry.The modifiction of membranes by surface-active agents." In Selective Toxicity, 590–610. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4846-4_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "Surfactants; Surface active agents"

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Bothe, Dieter, and Andreas Alke. "Influence of Surfactants on the Dynamics of Fluid-Liquid Interfaces." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98141.

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In many two-phase fluid-liquid systems at least one phase contains surface active agents (surfactants for short) which are adsorbed preferentially at the interface Γ(t) due to minimization of free surface energy. Important examples are emulsification processes and bubbles rising in a bubble column through water containing a surfactant - unmeant as a contamination or by determined addition in order to increase the efficiency of the column. The adsorption of a surfactant at a fluid-liquid interface causes a decrease of the surface tension, depending on the area specific concentration cΓ of the adsorbed surfactant, i.e. σ=f(cΓ)(1) with a decreasing function f. The adsorbed surfactant is distributed on the interface due to convective and diffusive interfacial fluxes. The resulting spatial inhomogeneity leads to surface gradients of the surface tension, ∇Γσ(cΓ), which effect the hydrodynamics via the interfacial momentum jump condition [pI−S]nΓ=σκnΓ+∇Γσ(cΓ).(2) These additional so-called Marangoni stresses often result in a pronounced change of the dynamical behavior.

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Ma, Qisheng, Wenjie Xia, Yongchun Tang, Mohamed Haroun, Md Motiur Rahman, Muhammad Gibrata, Lamia Rouis, et al. "Novel Nano and Bio-Based Surfactant Formulation for Hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206288-ms.

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Abstract This investigation presents laboratory and field deployment results that demonstrate the potential candidacy utilizing Nano and bio-technologies to create superior chemicals for novel applications to increase oil recovery from both onshore and offshore reservoirs. Nano-technology is gaining momentum as a tool to improve performance in multiple industries, and has shown significant potential to enhance hydrocarbon production. The laboratory analysis and specifically designed coreflood results indicate there are beneficial interactions at liquid-nano solid interface that increase oil mobility. This will increase the surface activity of chemical surfactants and thereby make them the dominant agents to mobilize and recover oil from oil-bearing reservoirs. Advances in biotechnology offer another rich resource of knowledge for surface active materials that are renewable and more environmental-friendly. In addition, our studies also demonstrate that bio-surfactants are well-suited to provide superior performances in enhancing oil recovery. Nano-particles and biosurfactants may be included with synthetic surfactants to create novel and more efficient surface active agents for enhanced oil recovery. These formulations can promote better flow back of the injected stimulation fluids and additional mobilization to extract more oil from the matrix and micro-fractures. Laboratory experiments demonstrate that the specialized surfactant formulations created, interact with mixed or oil-wet low permeability formations to produce additional oil. Furthermore, this investigation also compares the total production on a candidate field with respect to typical water flood and the novel formulated surfactant approach. For each surfactant treatment, the overall designed injected fluid volume is 1500 m3 (~ 396,000 gallons) with 4 gpt (gallon per thousand unit) of surfactant concentration. Results indicate improved oil production with longer exposure time of the key surfactants within the reservoir. Enhanced surface wetting and super-low interfacial tension (IFT) at lower chemical concentrations are recognized to be the main mechanisms. The novel surfactant also shows stronger sustainability and endurance in keeping rock surface wettability over traditional surfactant system up to 5 times for an 8 PV wash. Furthermore, this can assist to identify and initiate the optimization of the identified mechanisms for potential applications within other compatible reservoirs. A number of successful field applications of EOR with special formulated nano and bio-based surfactant formulation are discussed in this paper. This unique study bridges the gap between the field realized results and lab optimization to enhance feasibility as a function of time and cost.

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Dapper, Maik, Hermann-Josef Wagner, and Marco K. Koch. "Assessment of Film Drop Release From Liquid Pools by an Empirical Correlation Approach." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48239.

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The present work deals with the topic of wet resuspension, particularly with regard to the basics of film drop release from bubbles and its impact on the aerosol source term as well as with the development of an empirical correlation approach adapted to the containment code system COCOSYS at low atmosphere motion. Film drops are discharged from the lamella of a bubble during the disruption process, while the bubble is resting at the fluid surface. Besides the description of the bubble disruption process, factors which have an influence on the mass and size distribution of the drops released from the bubble lamella are discussed. To analyse the distribution of the film drops of different bubble sizes, measured film drop distributions of several bubble diameters were collected from the literature. The analysis shows that with the presence of surfactants (surface-active agents) a log-normal count distribution can be used for the approximation of the drop distribution. By the evaporation of the liquid of the released film drops the solved and/or suspended materials remain as particles. In dependence of their size the drops or particles are airborne or fall back onto the liquid pool surface. The remaining airborne drops/particles are able to contribute in the late phase of a severe accident to the source term, if they are radioactive.

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Radulescu, Victorita. "Influence of Some Emulsifiers in Improving the Biofuel Characteristics." In ASME 2021 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2021-64223.

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Abstract Molecules’ characteristics of the active surface, such as low molecular weight fatty acids, asphaltene, and naphthenic acids determine the properties of emulsified fuels. They can interact with surfaces from other oils, water from liquid mixtures, solid surfaces from mechanical systems, or with pipes walls in case of long distances transport. For heavy oils which contain large amounts of asphaltene, these effects are very important. The characteristics of the emulsified fuels are determined mainly by the properties and nature of the emulsifier. In the present paper, some tests for heavy fuels emulsification with monoglycerides and cosurfactants are mentioned, due to their significant contributions in clean fuels combustion. This first proposed solution, presented in this paper is generally preferred, due to its small cost. The second tested solution consists in nonionic polymer obtained from the solid wastes of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) conversion and glycol. The main advantages of this raw material are the PET’s low cost and its large availability. The PET has high content of oxygen so the combustion of emulsified fuels with this type of surfactants assures low pollution emission. The preparation of the nonionic polymer associated with the glycerol recovery as additives for emulsified fuels is also mentioned. As the first stage, the PET transesterification with glycol at 200°C–210°C with ethylene glycol elimination was mentioned. For experiments, ten samples of emulsified fuels with different emulsifying agents were prepared, being tested their influence on fuel characteristics. Some physical properties of the emulsified fuel as the density at 20°C, viscosity at 90°C, flash point, and the freezing points were also determined. If the emulsifier proportion or the water quantity increase in the emulsified fuel the flash point increases also. Other experiments were realized referring to the freezing point and viscosity’s dependence with temperature. Finally, are presented some remarks concerning the proper report between emulsifier and final fuel properties.

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Gudiña, Eduardo, Ana Rodrigues, José António Couto Teixeira, and LIGIA RAQUEL RODRIGUES. "New microbial surface-active compounds: the ultimate alternative to chemical surfactants?" In Simpósio Nacional de Bioprocessos e Simpósio de Hidrólise Enzimática de Biomassa. Campinas - SP, Brazil: Galoá, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/sinaferm-2015-32344.

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Tucureanu, Vasilica, Marian Popescu, Cosmin Romanitan, Iuliana Mihalache, Bianca Tincu, Marioara Avram, and Alina Matei. "Interaction of oxide nanoparticles with surface-active agents." In Advanced Topics in Optoelectronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnologies IX, edited by Ionica Cristea, Marian Vladescu, and Razvan D. Tamas. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2323589.

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E. L., Terechova, Wang Guowen, Xu Xiaochen, and Yang Fenglin. "Conditions of surface-active agents in wastewaters from laundries of railway enterprises." In The International Conference on Remote Sensing,Environment and Transportation Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/rsete.2013.149.

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Kiselov, Georgij, Vladimir Jemeljanov, and Janis Ievinsh. "Assessment of Improving the Efficiency of Fire Extinguishing by Using Surface Active Agents." In Civil engineering '17 : 6th International Scientific Conference "Research for Environment and Civil Engineering Development 17”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/ce.2018.014.

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Kiselov, Georgij, Vladimir Jemeljanov, and Janis Ievinsh. "Assessment of Improving the Efficiency of Fire Extinguishing by Using Surface Active Agents." In Civil engineering '17 : 6th International Scientific Conference "Research for Environment and Civil Engineering Development 17”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/ce.2017.014.

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Shokir, E. M. El-M. "Applying Electrophoresis Technique to Study Adsorption of Surface Active Agents on Reservoir Rocks." In Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/85649-ms.

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