Relevant bibliographies by topics / Surface wave analysi

Academic literature on the topic 'Surface wave analysi'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Surface wave analysi"

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Li, Zhisong, Kirti Ghia, Ye Li, Zhun Fan, and Lian Shen. "Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes investigation of free surface wave impact on tidal turbine wake." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 477, no. 2246 (February 2021): 20200703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0703.

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Tidal current is a promising renewable energy source. Previous studies have investigated the influence of surface waves on tidal turbines in many aspects. However, the turbine wake development in a surface wave environment, which is crucial for power extraction in a turbine array, remains elusive. In this study, we focus on the wake evolution behind a single turbine and its interaction with surface waves. A numerical solver is developed to study the effects of surface waves on an industrial-size turbine. A case without surface wave and two cases with waves and different rotor depths are investigated. We obtain three-dimensional flow field descriptions near the free surface, around the rotor, and in the near- and far-wake. In a comparative analysis, the time-averaged and instantaneous flow fields are examined for various flow characteristics, including momentum restoration, power output, free surface elevation and vorticity dynamics. A model reduction technique is employed to identify the coherent flow structures and investigate the spatial and temporal characteristics of the wave–wake interactions. The results indicate the effect of surface waves in augmenting wake restoration and reveal the interactions between the surface waves and the wake structure, through a series of dynamic processes and the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability.
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Farhan, Muhammad, and Gunawan Handayani. "Shear Wave Velocity Analysis of 2-D Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) to investigate subsurface Fault of Alternative Bridge Construction in Kelok Sago Jambi." Jurnal Matematika dan Sains 25, no. 1 (September 2020): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jms.2020.25.1.4.

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Every geotechnical measurement requires geophysical methods to classify soil types under the ground. S-wave velocity (Vs), P-wave velocity (Vp), and density (ρ), are the most important parameters in the classification of soils. There are various methods to determine Vs, one of them is P-S logging method. However, this method is less suitable to be applied in urban areas due to the difficulties of data acquisition and high expense in operational costs. In 1999, a seismic method uses surface waves to de-termine Vs profile with a higher signal to noise ratio which was known by the name of Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW). A surface wave, especially Rayleigh wave, creeps slowly on the surface with a larger amplitude than a body wave. The wavelengths of the surface wave will disperse in the layers system i.e. the phase velocity of the surface waves is now func-tion of frequency. MASW 2-D method is used in this paper to determine subsoil properties and to identify the fault under the bridge abutments plan (abutment 1 and abutment 2) in Kelok Sago Jambi.
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Stern, F., J. E. Choi, and W. S. Hwang. "Effects of Waves on the Wake of a Surface-Piercing Flat Plate: Experiment and Theory." Journal of Ship Research 37, no. 02 (June 1, 1993): 102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.1993.37.2.102.

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Results are presented from a towing-tank experiment conducted in order to document the effects of waves on the wake of a surface-piercing body. A unique, simple model geometry is utilized which makes it possible to isolate and identify the most important features of the wave-induced effects. Measurements were made for three wave-steepness conditions: zero, medium, and large. The effects of the waves for the latter two conditions are shown to be significant. In particular, the variations of the external-flow pressure gradients cause acceleration and deceleration phases of the streamwise velocity component and alternating direction of the crossflow, which results in large oscillations of the displacement thickness and wake centerplane velocities as compared to the zero-steepness condition. Remarkably, the wake displays a greater response, that is, a bias with regard to favorable as compared to adverse pressure gradients. The measurements are compared and close agreement is demonstrated with results from Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes calculations. Additional calculations are presented, including laminar-flow results, which aid in explicating the characteristics of the near and intermediate wake, the periodic nature of the far wake, and wave-induced separation. Previously, experimental and computational results were presented for the boundary-layer region.
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YANG, DI, and LIAN SHEN. "Direct-simulation-based study of turbulent flow over various waving boundaries." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 650 (March 24, 2010): 131–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009993557.

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We use direct numerical simulation of stress-driven turbulent Couette flows over waving surfaces to study turbulence in the vicinity of water waves. Mechanistic study is performed through systematic investigation of different wavy surface conditions including plane progressive Airy and Stokes waves with and without wind-induced surface drift, as well as stationary wavy walls and vertically waving walls for comparison. Two different wave steepness values ak = 0.1 and 0.25 are considered, where a is the wave amplitude and k is the wavenumber. For effects of wave age, defined as the ratio between the wave phase speed c and the turbulence friction velocity u*, we consider three values, namely c/u* = 2, 14 and 25, corresponding to slow, intermediate and fast waves, respectively. Detailed analysis of turbulence structure and statistics shows their dependence on the above-mentioned parameters. Our result agrees with previous measurement and simulation results and reveals many new features unreported in the literature. Over progressive waves, although no apparent flow separation is found in mean flow, considerable intermittent separations in instantaneous flow are detected in slow waves with large steepness. The near-surface coherent vortical structures are examined. We propose two conceptual vortex structure models: quasi-streamwise and reversed horseshoe vortices for slow waves and bent quasi-streamwise vortices for intermediate and fast waves. Detailed examination of Reynolds stress with quadrant analysis, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and TKE budget with a focus on production shows large variation with wave phase; analysis shows that the variation is highly dependent on wave age and wave nonlinearity. Comparison between Airy waves and Stokes waves indicates that although the nonlinearity of surface water waves is a high-order effect compared with the wave age and wave steepness, it still makes an appreciable difference to the turbulence structure. The effect of wave nonlinearity on surface pressure distribution causes substantial difference in the wave growth rate. Wind-induced surface drift can cause a phase shift in the downstream direction and a reduction in turbulence intensity; this effect is appreciable for slow waves but negligible for intermediate and fast waves. In addition to providing detailed information on the turbulence field in the vicinity of wave surfaces, the results obtained in this study suggest the importance of including wave dynamics in the study of wind–wave interaction.
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Park, Choon B., Richard D. Miller, and Jianghai Xia. "Multichannel analysis of surface waves." GEOPHYSICS 64, no. 3 (May 1999): 800–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444590.

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The frequency‐dependent properties of Rayleigh‐type surface waves can be utilized for imaging and characterizing the shallow subsurface. Most surface‐wave analysis relies on the accurate calculation of phase velocities for the horizontally traveling fundamental‐mode Rayleigh wave acquired by stepping out a pair of receivers at intervals based on calculated ground roll wavelengths. Interference by coherent source‐generated noise inhibits the reliability of shear‐wave velocities determined through inversion of the whole wave field. Among these nonplanar, nonfundamental‐mode Rayleigh waves (noise) are body waves, scattered and nonsource‐generated surface waves, and higher‐mode surface waves. The degree to which each of these types of noise contaminates the dispersion curve and, ultimately, the inverted shear‐wave velocity profile is dependent on frequency as well as distance from the source. Multichannel recording permits effective identification and isolation of noise according to distinctive trace‐to‐trace coherency in arrival time and amplitude. An added advantage is the speed and redundancy of the measurement process. Decomposition of a multichannel record into a time variable‐frequency format, similar to an uncorrelated Vibroseis record, permits analysis and display of each frequency component in a unique and continuous format. Coherent noise contamination can then be examined and its effects appraised in both frequency and offset space. Separation of frequency components permits real‐time maximization of the S/N ratio during acquisition and subsequent processing steps. Linear separation of each ground roll frequency component allows calculation of phase velocities by simply measuring the linear slope of each frequency component. Breaks in coherent surface‐wave arrivals, observable on the decomposed record, can be compensated for during acquisition and processing. Multichannel recording permits single‐measurement surveying of a broad depth range, high levels of redundancy with a single field configuration, and the ability to adjust the offset, effectively reducing random or nonlinear noise introduced during recording. A multichannel shot gather decomposed into a swept‐frequency record allows the fast generation of an accurate dispersion curve. The accuracy of dispersion curves determined using this method is proven through field comparisons of the inverted shear‐wave velocity ([Formula: see text]) profile with a downhole [Formula: see text] profile.
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Zilman, Gregory, and Touvia Miloh. "Kelvin and V-like Ship Wakes Affected by Surfactants." Journal of Ship Research 45, no. 02 (June 1, 2001): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsr.2001.45.2.150.

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Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ship wake images in light wind and calm sea conditions frequently appear in the form of a bright V with a half-angle of 2 to 3 deg. Sophisticated and conflicting explanations of this phenomenon, based on the Bragg scattering mechanism, have been proposed. There is a belief that the narrow V-wake is not a part of the Kelvin wake. An alternative approach, which is not generally accepted, suggests that short divergent Kelvin waves may contribute to the V-wake imaging although these waves are mixed with unsteady surface waves generated by the ship-induced turbulence. Ship-generated divergent waves contaminated by surfactants and their radar backscattering cross section are studied. The hull of the ship is represented by a single layer of hydrodynamic singularities. The Green function of a point source moving below a free surface covered by surfactants is derived. A closed-form asymptotic solution for the far ship wave wake is obtained. It is used to calculate analytically the corresponding radar backscattering cross section. The radiative, viscous, and surfactant-induced decay of the V-wake brightness along the V-arms is discussed. The theoretical results are compared against available experimental data.
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Hou, Yidong, Biyang Wen, Caijun Wang, and Yonghuai Yang. "Time-Varying Ocean-Like Surface Scattering at Grazing Incidence: Numerical Analysis of Doppler Spectrum at HF/VHF/UHF Bands." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (July 15, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5363264.

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This paper numerically analyzes the characteristics of the Doppler spectrum at HF/VHF/UHF bands from 1D time-varying ocean-like surfaces at grazing incidence in vertical polarization mode. The rough surface is transformed into a local perturbation plane which has its roughness flattened at the edges. The scattering waves include coherent reflected wave and incoherent scattering waves. The surface currents exciting the incoherent scattering waves are regarded as the unknowns which can be solved from the improved surface integral equation using the method of moments (MoM). The incident plane wave allows the incident angle to reach up to 90° (grazing incidence). Then the backscattering wave in the far field can be calculated, and the Doppler spectrum is obtained by coherent Monte-Carlo simulation. Firstly, the validity of the method is verified by comparing with the mature small perturbation method at the HF band. Then the incident wave frequency is asymptotically increased from HF to UHF, and the application range of the SPM is quantitatively evaluated in the Doppler spectrum domain. Finally, the paper focuses on analyzing the characteristics of Doppler spectrum in different bands and different sea states and comparing the influence of nonlinear ocean waves on the Doppler spectrum at different frequencies.
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Takekawa, Junichi, Hitoshi Mikada, and Tada-nori Goto. "An accuracy analysis of a Hamiltonian particle method with the staggered particles for seismic-wave modeling including surface topography." GEOPHYSICS 79, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): T189—T197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2014-0012.1.

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A Hamiltonian particle method (HPM), which is one of the mesh-free methods, can simulate seismic wavefields for models including surface topography in a simple manner. Numerical error caused by a curved free surface or by particles not aligned with the surface is not obvious in HPM. In general, the accommodation of irregular free surfaces requires more grids or particles in a minimum wavelength for achieving sufficient accuracy in the simulation. We tested the accuracy of HPM with staggered particles for simulating seismic-wave propagation including the surface topography, and we established the relationship between desired accuracy and spatial resolution. We conducted numerical simulations for models with a planar free surface aligned with the regular particle alignment and a dipping free surface. Our accuracy tests revealed that the numerical error strongly depends on the dipping angle of the slope. We concluded that about 25 particles in a minimum wavelength are required to calculate Rayleigh waves propagating along the irregular topography with good accuracy. Finally, we simulated Rayleigh wave propagation along irregular topography using a layered model with a hill. HPM can reproduce not only surface-wave propagation but also the reflected and refracted waves. Our numerical results were in good agreement with those from a finite-element method. Our investigations indicated that HPM could be a solution to simulate Rayleigh waves in the presence of complex surface topography.
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Nian, Ting Kai, Bo Liu, and Ping Yin. "Seafloor Slope Stability under Adverse Conditions Using Energy Approach." Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (September 2013): 1445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.1445.

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The effects of ocean waves on the stability of seafloor slopes are of great importance in marine environment. The stability of a seafloor slope considering wave-induced pressure is analyzed using the kinematic approach of limit analysis combined with a strength reduction technique. A seafloor slope without waves is considered first. Furthermore, waved-induced pressure is considered to act on the surface of slope as an external load to analyze the effects on the stability of slope by waves. The results show that the adverse effect of waves on slope stability increases with an increase of the wave height as well as a decrease of the water depth.
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Tavakoli, Sasan, Poorya Shaghaghi, Simone Mancini, Fabio De Luca, and Abbas Dashtimanesh. "Wake waves of a planing boat: An experimental model." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 3 (March 2022): 037104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0084074.

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The wake waves generated by the steady movement of a planing hull are analyzed by means of towing tank tests. Two sets of waves, including divergent and transverse waves, are identified and then analyzed. The wave period of the divergent waves is seen to decrease by the increase in speed of the vessel. These waves are seen to damp temporally. The mechanisms that lead to damping of the divergent wave were found to depend on the wave orbital Reynolds number in semi-planing regime, though that of in-planing regime is a function of the Reynolds number of the boat. The wake angle is seen to decrease with the increase in Froude number, the rate of which becomes relatively large in-planing regime. Transverse waves are captured through measurements, and it is shown that while their period is longer than those of the divergent waves, they are not noticeably damped. Throughout the spectral analysis, it is demonstrated that divergent waves reach a higher level of nonlinearity by the increase in Froude number and, hence, the wave energy is distributed over a boarder range of frequency. The height of the transverse wave is observed to become lower by the increase in speed, but as the towing speed increases, the probability density function curves of surface elevation deviate more and more from the Gaussian distribution.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surface wave analysi"

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Lopez, Guiomar. "Evaluation, analysis, and application of HF radar wave and current measurements." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/9291.

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This study investigates the accuracy of the wave products retrieved by a 12-MHz high-frequency (HF) phased-array radar, and establishes their potential to characterise wave-current interactions. The two stations composing the system were deployed in 2011 to overlook the Wave Hub, a test site for marine renewable energy devices located on the south-western coast of the United Kingdom. The system was conceived and configured to reduce the inaccuracies introduced by short time averaging and minimal overlap between stations, both associated with the most traditional HF radar deployments, whose primary activity is current measurement. Wave spectra were retrieved by two independent inversion algorithms, which were evaluated both independently and relative to each other. This process helped determining the errors associated to the algorithm used, and differentiated them from those inherent to the radar technology itself. The first method investigated was a semi-empirical algorithm distributed with Wellen Radars (WERA), which was calibrated using in situ measurements collected within the radar footprint. Evaluated through comparison against measurements acquired by three in situ devices, the results revealed estimates of significant wave height with biases below 9 cm, Pearson correlations higher than 0.9, and RMS errors that range from 29 to 44 cm. The relative error of wave energy period comparisons was within 10% for periods between 8 and 13 s, while both under- and overestimations were observed above and below that range, respectively. The validation demonstrated that when locally calibrated, the algorithm performs better than in its original form in all metrics considered. Observed discrepancies were mainly attributable to single-site estimations, antenna sidelobes, and the effect of the second-harmonic peaks of the Doppler spectrum. As opposed to the semi-empirical inversion, the second method evaluated in this work provides estimates of the full directional spectrum. Compared against the in situ measurements, the radar spectra were more spread over frequencies and directions, and had a lower energy content at the peak of the spectrum. In terms of parameter estimation, this was generally translated in a slight underestimation of wave periods, but accurate estimates of significant wave heights. Pearson correlations between these parameters and the in situ measurements for the bulk of the spectrum were higher than 0.9, and both types of measurements resulted in similar standard deviations. The inversion algorithm showed a high skill estimating mean wave directions, which revealed linear correlations higher than 0.8, when compared to the in situ devices. Overall, the inversion algorithm has shown to be capable of providing accurate estimates of directional spectra and the parameters derived from them, and at present the main drawback of the method is the data return, which due to the high data quality requirements of the algorithm, did not exceed 55% over the 8-month period studied here. In the second part of this work, the validated measurements were examined to determine their ability to reproduce the effects of wave-current interactions. The fine structure of the surface current was first evaluated, and revealed a circulation dominated by tides. The residual flow was seen to respond to the wind, as well as to the stratification present in the area during the spring and summer months. These data were then used to assess their contribution to wave refraction over the radar domain. The results show modulations in the wave phase parameters, which resulted from both the temporal and spatial derivatives of the surface current velocities. The evaluation of HF radar wave measurements provided in this work has shown that, properly configured, this technology can produce accurate estimates of several statistical descriptors of the wave field. Together with the highly accurate surface currents also measured by this device, the spatial wave data obtained has proved to have great potential for studying wave-current interactions; a skill that can be of support to coastal wave modelling.
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Zomorodian, Seyed Mohammad Ali. "Shear wave velocity of soils by the spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) method." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10395.

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Spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) method is an in-situ seismic method used for determining the thickness and elastic properties of soil and pavement. The SASW method is fast and economical to perform since no boreholes are required. The method is suitable for sites where the use of large equipment is difficult or where sublayer conditions make it difficult to perform other seismic tests. The SASW method is also ideal for preliminary field investigations to be conducted prior to more detailed site investigation, and for quality control and monitoring of ground improvement. The purpose of this research was to improve the SASW method by incorporating multi-mode propagation in the backcalculation procedure. In order to facilitate the investigation carried out in this study, two computer programs were developed to simulate SASW tests (and also Steady-State surface wave tests) and to calculate theoretical dispersion curves. The program for calculating theoretical dispersion curves was based on the root-searching procedure used in existing backcalculation methods. The computer programs developed in this study were used in a case study to demonstrate difficulties encountered by existing methods in dealing with multi-mode situations. It was shown that: (i) wavelength filtering criteria used by existing methods yield inconsistent (i.e. erroneous) dispersion curves when more than one propagation mode participate in the wave field, and (ii) backcalculation procedures based on root-searching cannot identify predominant propagation modes and hence fail to yield accurate results in the case of multi-mode propagation. Two developments were made in the present study to overcome the above difficulties. First, a new wavelength filtering criterion was adopted. In this criterion, the dispersion data point for a particular frequency is rejected (i.e. filtered out) if the values of phase velocity obtained from two different receiver-to-receiver spacings are not in close agreement. In this manner, inconsistencies that might result in the dispersion due to multi-mode propagation are avoided. Second, a new procedure to calculate the theoretical dispersion curve was developed. This procedure is based on the maximum vertical flexibility coefficient (at each frequency) of the theoretical layered model. Unlike root-searching methods, the maximum vertical flexibility coefficient method easily identifies predominant propagation modes. A computer program was developed in this study for backcalculation of SASW data based on the flexibility coefficient method. Least-squares optimization using the down-hill simplex method was also implemented in this program to automate the backcalculation process. The accuracy of the above proposed procedures was demonstrated using SASW field tests. The shear wave velocity profiles obtained using the procedures developed in this study are in good agreement with those obtained from other in-situ seismic tests. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Liu, Siyu. "Shear Wave Velocity Analysis by Surface Wave Methods in the Boston Area:." Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107367.

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Thesis advisor: John E. Ebel
Thesis advisor: Alan L. Kafka
As the best seismic indicator of shear modulus, shear-wave velocity is an important property in engineering problems in near-surface site characterization. Several surface-wave methods have been developed to obtain the subsurface shear-wave velocity structure. This thesis compared three surface-wave methods, Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) (Nazarian et al., 1983), Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) (Park et al., 1999), and Refraction Microtremor (ReMi) (Louie, 2001), to determine which method gives the best estimation of the 1-D shear-wave velocity profile of near-surface soils. We collected seismic data at three sites in the greater Boston area where there are direct measurements of shear-wave velocities for comparison. The three methods were compared in terms of accuracy and precision. Overall, the MASW and the ReMi methods have comparable quality of accuracy, whereas the SASW method is the least accurate method with the highest percentage differences with direct measurements. The MASW method is the most precise method among the three methods with the smallest standard deviations. In general, the MASW method is concluded to be the best surface-wave method in determining the shear-wave velocities of the subsurface structure in the greater Boston area
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Yoon, Sungsoo. "Array-Based Measurements of Surface Wave Dispersion and Attenuation Using Frequency-Wavenumber Analysis." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7246.

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Surface wave methods have been used to determine dynamic properties of near-surface soils in geotechnical engineering for the past 50 years. Although the capabilities of engineering surface wave methods have improved in recent years due to several advances, several issues including (1) near-field effects, (2) combined active and passive measurements, and (3) accurate measurements of surface wave attenuation still require study to further improve the capabilities of modern surface wave methods. Near-field effects have been studied for traditional surface wave methods with two receivers and several filtering criteria to mitigate the effects have been recommended. However, these filtering criteria are not applicable to surface wave methods with multiple receivers. Moreover, the criteria are not quantitatively based and do not account for different types of soil profiles, which strongly influence near-field effects. A new study of near-field effects on surface wave methods with multiple receivers was conducted with numerical and experimental methods. Two normalized parameters were developed to capture near-field effects. Quantitatively based near-field effect criteria for an ideal homogeneous half-space and three typical soil profiles are presented. Combining active and passive surface wave measurements allows developing a shear wave velocity profile to greater depth without sacrificing the near-surface resolution offered by active measurements. Generally, active and passive measurements overlap in the frequency range from approximately 4 to 10 Hz, and there are often systematic differences between the two measurements. The systematic errors in active and passive surface wave methods were explored to explain and resolve the differences, allowing for a more accurate composite dispersion curve. The accuracy of measured surface wave attenuation is improved by properly accounting for (1) geometric spreading, (2) near-field effects, and (3) ambient noise. In this study, a traditional estimation method and a frequency-wavenumber method utilizing sub-arrays were investigated using displacement data from numerical simulations, focusing on near-field and ambient noise effects. Detailed procedures for the frequency-wavenumber estimation method are developed based on a study of the primary factors affecting attenuation estimates. The two methods are also evaluated using experimental displacement data obtained from surface wave field measurements with three different arrays.
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Fan, Yichao. "The analysis of surface defects using the ultrasonic Rayleigh surface wave." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495017.

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Surface defects, such as rolling contact fatigue (RCF) cracking, can be a difficult class of surface defects for existing on-line non-destructive testing techniques to detect and size accurately at high speed. Gauge corner cracking on the running surface of the railway track is a type of RCF defect. There are economic and safety benefits to have an accurate, fast and reliable NDT technique to detect such defects. The EMAT pitch-catch ultrasonic testing technique, using the Rayleigh surface wave developed at the laser ultrasound group, has been shown to be able to detect and size surface defects. The pitch-catch geometry also allows this technique to be used at high speed, for on-line NDT applications.
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McAllister, Mark Laing. "Analysis of laboratory and field measurements of directionally spread nonlinear ocean waves." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28762.

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Surface gravity waves exist in the oceans as multi-directional nonlinear phenomena. Understanding how these two properties interact is intrinsically important in itself. Furthermore, an understanding of this relationship may be used to gain insight into other oceanic phenomena. This thesis first describes an experimental investigation into the relationship between directionality and non-linearity (Part I). This relationship was then used as a tool to estimate the directional spreading of field data (Part II). Experiments have been conducted in which directionally spread focused wave groups were created in a wave tank. The relationship between the degree of directional spreading and the second-order bound harmonics of the wave groups was examined, in particular the formation of a `set-up'. These measurements were then compared to predictions from second-order theories, finding good agreement. The two-dimensional structure of the bound waves was explored giving new insight into the underlying physics. Experiments were then carried out for directionally spread crossing wave groups. It is believed that the crossing of two sufficiently separated wave groups may be the cause of an anomalous set-up in the second-order bound waves observed for some extreme and potentially freak waves. This set-up is reproduced experimentally. Again, the results of these test agreed very well when compared to second-order theory. The insight gained from the foregoing experiments was then utilised in the analysis of field data. A method, which requires only a single measurement to estimate the observed degree of directional spreading, was applied to a large dataset of field measurements from the North Alwyn platform in the North Sea. This method was then compared to conventional approaches, which require multiple concurrent measurements. The method that requires only a single measurement was shown to be effective, and presents a promising approach to gaining additional insight about the directional spreading of point observations.
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Wijekoon, Wijekoon Mudiyanselage Kapila Piyasena. "Waveguide Surface Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Spectroscopy and optical second harmonic generation spectroscopy of molecules adsorbed on metal oxide surfaces." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184444.

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This dissertation reports the application of nonlinear optical effects for the investigation of vibrational and electronic spectroscopy of molecules adsorbed on thin film metal oxide surfaces and metal oxide surfaces. The main emphasis of the experiments cited here is to introduce the recently developed multi-photon technique, Waveguide Surface Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Spectroscopy (WSCARS), to the scientific community. Planar optical waveguides have been utilized to generate large optical field enhancements on metal oxide surfaces. Guided waves have been employed to obtain the surface coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectra of pyridine, phenol, benzene, methanol, CD₃OD, 2,4-pentadione, oxygen, ammonia and ND₃ adsorbed onto a ZnO (0001) surface. Vibrational spectra of transient species (O₂⁻) adsorbed on ZnO (0001) surface are also presented. Furthermore, the WSCARS has been used to monitor catalytic hydrogenation of ethylene adsorbed on ZnO (0001) surface. The WSCARS technique is compared with the other vibrational surface probes. Future directions and limitations of the technique are also discussed. Electronic spectra of surface bound species have been examined by resonantly enhanced surface second harmonic generation (SSHG). SHG spectra of trans-cinnamic acid adsorbed on optically cleaned fused silica have been obtained at room temperature and at 4 K. Surface second harmonic generation has been applied to study the adsorption of water and acetone onto thermally grown silicon dioxide/silicon surface. SSHG has been successfully applied to monitor photo-oxidation and photo-reduction of a rutile (110) surface. Experiments are described, data are presented, and surface-adsorbate binding modes are discussed.
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Lowery, Kristen Mary. "Dynamic Analysis of an Inflatable Dam Subjected to a Flood." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35802.

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A dynamic simulation of the response of an inflatable dam subjected to a flood was carried out to determine the survivability envelope of the dam where it can operate without rupture, or overflow. A fully nonlinear free-surface flow was applied in two dimensions using a mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation.

An ABAQUS finite element model was used to determine the dynamic structural response of the dam. The problem was solved in the time domain which allows the prediction of a number of transient phenomena such as the generation of upstream advancing waves, and dynamic structural collapse. Stresses in the dam material were monitored to determine when rupture occurs. An iterative study was performed to find the service envelope of the dam in terms of the internal pressure and the flood Froude number for two flood depths. It was found that the driving parameter governing failure of the dam was the internal pressure. If this pressure is too low, the dam overflows; if this pressure is too high, the dam ruptures. The fully nonlinear free-surface flow over a semi-circular bottom obstruction was studied numerically in two dimensions using a similar solution formulation as that used in the previous study. A parametric study was performed for a range of values of the depth-based Froude number up to 2.5 and non-dimensional obstacle heights up to 0.9. When wave breaking does not occur, three distinct flow regimes were identified: subcritical, transcritical and supercritical. When breaking occurs it may be of any type: spilling, plunging or surging. In addition, for values of the Froude number close to 1, the upstream solitary waves break. A systematic study was undertaken, to define the boundaries of each type of breaking and non-breaking pattern, and to determine the drag and lift coefficients, free surface profile characteristics and transient behavior.
Master of Science

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Cameron, Thomas P. (Thomas Philip) Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Electrical. "Circuit factor compensation for saw filters using modal analysis." Ottawa, 1988.

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Williams, Duncan Paul. "Scattering by wave-bearing surfaces under fluid loading." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1999. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14370/.

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Wave-bearing surfaces and compressible fluids are often adjacent, the subsequent interactions are of substantial interest in structural acoustics, acoustic microscopy, seismology and many other fields. Here we take a broad view and discuss a variety of problems, both time harmonic and transient, which are amenable to exact solution. These in turn highlight physical effects and can additionally form the basis of asymptotic solutions. In structural acoustics the interaction of plate waves with defects is Cl major source of underwater noise. A model problem of two semi-infinite elastic plates (made of different material) joined in a variety of ways is considered for obliquely incident flexural plate waves. Asymptotic results for 'light' and 'heavy' fluid loading are extracted. In addition reciprocity and power flow relations, besides being of independent interest, provide a useful check on the results. There are many closely related problems involving a fluid loaded elastic solid. The situation here is somewhat similar, but often more complicated, due to the number of waves that an elastic solid supports, mode conversion at interfaces, and interfacial waves. We first address the scattering effects of low frequency waves by very small interfacial defects, that is, small relative to a typical wavelength. In this limit, and in related water wave or acoustic work, matched asymptotic expansions are used. An important aspect, that has not been noticed before, is the natural separation that occurs in the inner problem into fluid and solid pieces. A matching argument may now be used to give a useful physical interpretation of these defects and far field directivity patterns show the distinctive beaming that occurs along the Rayleigh angles in the light fluid loading limit. In many areas of interest embedded defects are imaged by pulses and we therefore require a transient analysis. In this case our problem involves a combination of compressional and shear source loadings beneath a fluid-solid interface. The exact solution is found and a full asymptotic analysis of this solution is performed with an emphasis upon wavefront expansions and leaky waves, and in particular, for 'light' and 'moderate' fluid loading. In some situations, when the sources are near the interface, a pseudo-compressional wavefront is generated and the limit as the loading approaches the interface is investigated. These non-geometric wave arrivals may be important in seismology and elastic wave studies related to the non-destructive evaluation of structures. This study is generalised to investigate the dynamic stress loading of subsurface cracks in either homogeneous or non-homogeneous media. An iterative method of solution based on physical considerations is developed and quantities of interest such as the scattered displacement fields and the stress intensity factors are determined. The problems considered here are ideally suited to analysis by transform methods and the Wiener-Hopf and Cagniard-de Hoop techniques.
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Books on the topic "Surface wave analysi"

1

DeMinco, N. Automated performance analysis model for ground-wave communication systems. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, 1987.

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Brasek, Thomas Peyton. Effect of surface coating on one-dimensional system subjected to unit step pressure wave. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1994.

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Dal Moro, Giancarlo. Efficient Joint Analysis of Surface Waves and Introduction to Vibration Analysis: Beyond the Clichés. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46303-8.

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Surface-wave analysis and its application to determining crustal and mantle structure beneath regional arrays. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2015.

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Boswell, Frank W. Advances in the Crystallographic and Microstructural Analysis of Charge Density Wave Modulated Crystals. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999.

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Nazarian, Soheil. In situ determination of elastic moduli of pavement systems by spectral-analysis-of-surface-waves method: Practical aspects. Austin: The Center, 1985.

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F, Groeneweg John, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Unsteady blade-surface pressures on a large-scale advanced propeller: Prediction and data. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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Frank, Kauffman J., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Focal region fields of distorted reflectors: Final report. Raleigh, N.C: Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 1988.

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Kong, Jin Au. Remote sensing of earth terrain. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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Kong, Jin Au. Remote sensing of Earth terrain: Semi-annual report covering the period March 1, 1985-August 31, 1985. Cambridge, Mass: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Research Laboratory of Electronics, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Surface wave analysi"

1

Sasaki, Shinya. "Surface Acoustic Wave." In Compendium of Surface and Interface Analysis, 657–60. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6156-1_106.

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Edelman, Inna. "Bulk and Surface Waves in Porous Media: Asymptotic Analysis." In Mathematical and Numerical Aspects of Wave Propagation WAVES 2003, 163–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55856-6_26.

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Saito, Akira. "X-Ray Standing Wave Method." In Compendium of Surface and Interface Analysis, 849–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6156-1_134.

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McWilliams, James C. "Scaling Analysis." In Quasi-linear Theory for Surface Wave-Current Interactions, 17–20. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2876-5_4.

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Zegenhagen, Jörg. "Surface Structure Analysis with X-Ray Standing Waves." In Surface Science Techniques, 249–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34243-1_9.

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Latfullin, D. F., I. V. Mursenkova, I. A. Znamenskaya, T. V. Bazhenova, and A. E. Lutsky. "Shock waves dynamics investigations for surface discharge energy analysis." In Shock Waves, 1491–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85181-3_113.

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Dal Moro, Giancarlo. "Surface-Wave Analysis Beyond the Dispersion Curves: FVS." In Efficient Joint Analysis of Surface Waves and Introduction to Vibration Analysis: Beyond the Clichés, 55–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46303-8_2.

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Lai, R. J., R. J. Bachman, A. L. Silver, and S. L. Bales. "Measurement and Analysis of Surface Waves in A Strong Current." In The Ocean Surface, 161–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7717-5_21.

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Garrett, Steven L. "Reflection, Transmission, and Refraction." In Understanding Acoustics, 513–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44787-8_11.

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Abstract The behavior of one-dimensional waves propagating through media that are not homogeneous will be the focus of this chapter. We start with an examination of the behavior of planewaves impinging on a planar interface between two fluid media with different properties and then extend that analysis to multiple interfaces and to waves that impinge on such an interface from an angle that is not perpendicular to that surface. The extent of those boundaries separating regions with different acoustical properties will be much larger than the wavelength of the sound. Many cases to be examined here will assume that the extent of the boundary is infinite and the wave incident on such an interface will be both reflected back into the medium from which it originated and be transmitted into the second medium on the other side of the interface. This exploration concludes with consideration of wave propagation through a medium whose properties change slowly and continuously through space resulting in curved ray paths. If the variation of sound speed is linear with height or depth, then the ray paths are arcs of circles. Complicated sound speed profiles will be approximated by piecewise-linear segments that have constant sound speed gradients.
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Braathen, A., J. Cook, A. C. Damhaug, M. T. Rahman, and O. Sævareid. "Parallelisation of the SWAN surface wave analysis code." In High-Performance Computing and Networking, 36–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-61142-8_527.

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Conference papers on the topic "Surface wave analysi"

1

Popov, Anton I. "Wave wall type solution for liquid surface waves." In NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS ICNAAM 2012: International Conference of Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics. AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4756238.

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Fourati, Najla, Jean-Marie Fougnion, Lionel Rousseau, Patrick Lepeut, Olivier Franc¸ais, Patrick Boutin, Christophe Vedrine, Jean-Jacques Bonnet, Bruno Mercier, and Christine Pernelle. "Surface Acoustic Love Waves Sensor for Chemical and Electrochemical Detection." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95461.

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The present work is an experimental study of shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) miniaturized sensors which offer a high potential for electrochemical applications in liquid environments and in real-time. Our devices consist of a 42° rotYX lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) substrate coated with an SU8 photoresist polymer in order to produce acoustic waveguides supporting a Love–wave. The sensors architecture and fabrication techniques are presented. Standard techniques employing continuous wave system and pulse mode measurements have shown the propagation of both surface skimming bulk waves (SSBW) and leaky SH-SAW (LSAW) on 42°rot YXLiTaO3. A numerical calculation using a simple balanced summation waves model is presented. Taking into account waves reflections and our measured velocity values, the simulation is in accordance with measurement. A copper’s electrodeposition experiment was performed to estimate the sensitivity of SAW devices. The measured sensitivity of 0.38 cm2.g−1 is discussed in the framework of previously published works concerning Love wave devices.
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Li, Guifang, and S. R. Seshadri. "Finite beam analysis of nonlinear surface wave excitation." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.thhh3.

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Nonlinear surface and guided waves are potential candidates for information carriers in integrated all-optic signal processors. The instability of these waves determines whether they are available for application. The understanding of the mechanisms of distributive excitation of these waves is a prerequisite for using them. For nonlinear waves which degenerate into linear waves in the limit of small amplitudes, instability is deducible using Whitham's method, if the explicit power-dependent dispersion relation can be established. We present a perturbation method which is capable of analyzing the instability even if the powerdependent dispersion relation cannot be found or the waves have no linear analogy. We applied this method to the nonlinear surface wave supported by an interface between a nonlinear metal and vacuum, where power-dependent dispersion relation cannot be found, and subsequently developed a formalism governing the distributive grating and prism excitations of this wave. The self-modulation of this wave is found to be comparable with that of waves supported by Kerr type media.
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Di Bartolomeo, Mariano, Francesco Massi, Anissa Meziane, Laurent Baillet, and Antonio Culla. "Dynamics of Rupture at Frictional Rough Interfaces During Sliding Initiation." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-25247.

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The aim of this work is to present the results from a non linear finite element analysis in large transformations of the contact interface between two deformable bodies when sliding initiates and the roughness is introduced at the contact surfaces. The two-dimensional in-plane dynamic model consists of two different isotropic elastic media separated by an interface governed by Coulomb friction law, and subject to remotely applied normal and shear tractions (pre-stress phase). Once the ratio between the local values of tangential and normal stresses reaches the limit value, the sliding initiates and local ruptures are activated (nucleation phase). The propagation of the ruptures over the interface and the wave propagation inside the solids are analyzed. The interactions between the waves propagating into the two solids (P waves, shear waves, surface waves) give raise to different types of ruptures. They can be classified depending on their velocity front (sub-Rayleigh, sub-shear, super-shear) or on their interface states (pulse-like, crack-like). A sinusoidal roughness is introduced at the contact surfaces and the analysis is performed for different values of the roughness parameters. Depending on the relative dimension between the roughness wavelength and the width of the wave fronts, two different behaviour can be observed: i) a coupling between the wave propagating into the two bodies; ii) a decoupling of the wave propagation inside the two materials, characterized by an independent wave propagation. First the wave propagation is analyzed when a single rupture is originated in pre-sliding conditions; successively, the wave generation during sliding initiation is addressed.
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Carneal, Jason B., and Paisan Atsavapranee. "Global Laser Rangefinder Profilometry: Initial Test and Uncertainty Analysis." In ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98094.

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Global Laser Rangefinder Profilometry (GLRP) is a novel optical technique for instantaneous measurement of complex three-dimensional surfaces. A functional GLRP system has been constructed in the Maneuvering and Seakeeping Basin (MASK) at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division (NSWCCD). The system is capable of measuring surface height displacements over 800 measurement points at 30 Hz. The MASK GLRP system was used to measure the surface profiles of large waves produced by wave-makers in the MASK and bow waves generated by a surface ship remote-controlled model (RCM). Several large wave measurements were performed at various wave heights and compared to sonic probe measurements. The large wave measurements were found to be consistent with sonic probe measurements to within 5%. The results from the large wave measurements and RCM model bow wave measurements are presented and discussed. Data was collected in calm water to quantify sources of error, including optical jitter. The random error of the GLRP system is estimated at approximately 1.6 mm. The purpose of this work was to test the ability of the GLRP system for use in tests commonly performed at NSWCCD.
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Gramstad, Odin, Elzbieta Bitner-Gregersen, Øyvind Breivik, Anne Karin Magnusson, Magnar Reistad, and Ole Johan Aarnes. "Analysis of Rogue Waves in North-Sea In-Situ Surface Wave Data." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77858.

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The statistical properties of individual wave heights and wave crests from time series of recorded surface elevation are analyzed with a particular focus on the occurrence of extreme and rogue waves in the datasets. The datasets include surface elevation measurements from three different sensors: a wave buoy, a wave laser and a Saab wave radar — all situated at the Ekofisk field in the North-Sea and providing sea surface elevation measurements at 2Hz temporal resolution. The resulting statistical properties of wave heights and wave crests are compared with common reference statistical distributions such as Rayleigh, Tayfun (1980) and Forristall (1978, 2000) distributions for wave heights and crest heights. In particular, the occurrence of rogue waves (H > 2.2Hs or C > 1.25Hs) in the datasets is investigated. Possible relations between the occurrence of rogue waves and spectral characteristics of the corresponding sea states are briefly discussed.
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Liu, Yuming, Hongmei Yan, and Tin-Woo Yung. "Nonlinear Resonant Response of Deep Draft Platforms in Surface Waves." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20823.

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To minimize body motions, floating marine structures are often designed with natural frequencies far away from the spectrum of ocean waves. Such design considerations led to a class of deep draft caisson vessels (DDCV or spars). Even so, large resonant responses may still be generated by excitation from nonlinear interactions of waves with body motions. Past experiments indicated that a DDCV experiences large-amplitude heave and pitch resonant motions when the incident wave frequency is much larger than the heave and pitch natural frequencies. Such resonant motions are not predicted by classical theories without considering nonlinear effects. This nonlinear mechanism has received little attention because of the complex nonlinear wave-body dynamics involved. In this work, we investigate nonlinear wave-wave and wave-body interaction effects on dynamic instability of such marine structures. We first perform a linear stability analysis of the wave-frequency body motion. From the analysis, we find that at certain incident wave frequencies the body motion is unstable with natural heave and pitch motions growing exponentially with time by taking energy from the incident wave through nonlinear wave-body interactions. The condition for the occurrence of instability and the key characteristic features of unstable natural heave and pitch motions, predicted by the analysis, agree well with the experimental measurement and our full-nonlinear numerical simulations. As time-domain fully nonlinear numerical simulations are computationally expensive, we further develop an approximate time-domain analytic model, by including the second-order body nonlinearity only, for predicting the onset of instability and ultimate response of DDCVs in both regular and irregular waves. We use this model to systematically investigate the dependence of unstable motions on frequency detuning, damping, body geometry, and wave parameters.
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Martinez-Pagan, P., M. Navarro, J. Pérez-Cuevas, A. García-Jerez, F. J. Alcalá, S. Sandoval-Castaño, and F. Segura-Quiles. "Shear Wave Velocity Structure for Seismic Microzonation of Lorca town (SE Spain) from MASW Analysis." In Near Surface Geoscience 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131351.

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Dharmalingam, Sugumar, Yanru Shi, Zhenxian Yu, Lingxue Kong, and Feng Hua She. "Computational Investigation of a Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow in a Microchannel Using Surface Micro Waves." In ASME 4th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2006-96068.

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One of the methods of transporting fluid in microchannels without employing high voltage or syringe pump is the surface micro waves. The micro surface waves are able to move the fluids in the channels in the direction of wave propagation. In this study, computational investigations are made to analyse the behaviour of a Non-Newtonian fluid flow under the surface micro wave in a square microchannel. The analysis is restricted to 5 wave lengths due to the constraints in the computation for longer wave lengths. The results show that surface waves are able to make the fluid flow in the direction of the wave propagation. By altering the wave parameters, the mass flow rate of the fluid can be increased or reduced in real time. However, there are several observations that need to be taken into consideration in using the surface waves as mean for fluid flow in microchannels (not clear here). Pressure and velocity difference across the cross section of the microchannels might cause flow instabilities which might affect the intended use of the system.
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Dal Moro, G. "Joint Analysis of Lunar Surface Waves - The Apollo 16 Dataset." In Near Surface Geoscience 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131375.

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Reports on the topic "Surface wave analysi"

1

Zappa, Christopher J., Michael L. Banner, and Russel P. Morison. Ocean Surface Wave Optical Roughness - Analysis of Innovative Measurements. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada573139.

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Banner, Michael L., and Russel P. Morison. Ocean Surface Wave Optical Roughness: Analysis of Innovative Measurements. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada590736.

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Zappa, Christopher J. Ocean Surface Wave Optical Roughness - Analysis of Innovative Measurements. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada598163.

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Banner, Michael L., and Russel P. Morison. Ocean Surface Wave Optical Roughness - Analysis of Innovative Measurements. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada598263.

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Banner, Michael L., and Russel P. Morison. Ocean Surface Wave Optical Roughness - Analysis of Innovative Measurements. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada557138.

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Zappa, Christopher J. Ocean Surface Wave Optical Roughness - Analysis of Innovative Measurements. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada557181.

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Weemees, I., and D. Woeller. Spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW) technique for hazard studies. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/291758.

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Phillips, C., and S. Sol. Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) technique for hazard studies. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/291759.

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Lefebvre, G., and M. Karray. Modal analysis of surface waves (MMASW) technique for hazard studies. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/291760.

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Plant, William J. Analysis and Modeling of Radar Surface Signatures of Non-Linear Internal Waves. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada526748.

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