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Journal articles on the topic 'Surface Water'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 June 2024

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1

Fraley, Jill. "Water, Water, Everywhere: Surface Water Liability." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 5.1 (2015): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.5.1.water.

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By 2030 the U.S. will lose around $520 billion annually from its gross domestic product due to flooding. New risks resulting from climate change arise not only from swelling rivers and lakes, but also from stormwater runoff. According to the World Bank, coastal cities risk flooding more from their poor management of surface water than they do from rising sea levels. Surface water liability governs when a landowner is responsible for diverting the flow of water to a neighboring parcel of land. Steep increases in urban flooding will make surface water an enormous source of litigation in the coming decades. But surface water jurisprudence is ill equipped for this influx. The law of surface waters remains cumbersome, antiquated, and confusing. Furthermore, the doctrine itself has exacerbated the problem by privileging land development over maintaining natural landscapes, thereby eliminating what would have been carbon sequestration devices, as well as natural buffers against storm surges, sea level rise, and flooding. This Article critiques surface water liability rules through original research into the agricultural science that supported these legal doctrines. By establishing how the current legal doctrines emerged from science now known to be highly flawed, this Article demonstrates the need to break with past doctrines and engage in a genuine rethinking of how to manage surface water liability in the twentyfirst century. Finally, this Article proposes a new liability rule that would manage landowner expectations while avoiding the pro-development bias currently entrenched in the jurisprudence.

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2

Voitko, I. I., V. A. Denisovich, T. V. Kibalnik, O. A. Sopruk, and R. V. Bondar. "Oxidized coal as a sorbent for softening water." Surface 13(28) (December 30, 2021): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2021.13.188.

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Sorption tests carried out oxidized nitric acid active carbon in H+- and Na+- form in relation to cations Mg2+ and Ca2+ and mixture thereof. Values obtained statistical volumetric capacity samples and mass loss them during processing nitric acid, that is oxidation state. Discovered correlation between these data and relevant sorption volume samples. Demonstrated a possible water softening oxidized coal subject to specific solution acidity.

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3

Turov, V. V., P. P. Gorbyk, T. V. Krupska, S. P. Turanska, V. F. Chekhun, and N. Yu Luk'yanova. "Composite systems for medical purposes, created on the basis of hydrophobic silica." Surface 13(28) (December 30, 2021): 246–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2021.13.246.

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Composite systems with certain cytotoxic (AM1/lectin) and adsorption (AM1/gelatin) activity have been developed on the basis of methyl silica and protein molecules – lectin and gelatin. For both types of composites, mechanisms of water binding to the surface and methods of transferring of hydrophobic materials into the aquatic environment have been investigated. The state of interfacial water in air, organic and acid media was studied. It has been found that the presence of a hydrophobic component in composites stabilizes of surface water in a weakly associated state, when a significant part of water molecules does not form hydrogen bonds. Liquid hydrophobic medium enhances this effect, and the strong acid (trifluoroacetic), added to it, promotes the transition of water to a strongly associated state. It has been shown that the redistribution of water in the interparticle intervals of AM1 with protein molecules immobilized on their surface changes under the influence of mechanical loads. Mechanoactivated samples are characterized by the possibility of water penetration into the spaces between the primary particles of methyl silica. It has been shown that immobilization of lectin on the surface of AM1 is accompanied by an increase in the interfacial energy gS from 4.1 to 5.2 J/g. This is due to an increase in the concentration of strongly bound water. If we analyze the changes in the distributions of radii R of the clusters of adsorbed water, we can state that in the water adsorbed by native lectin molecules, there are two main maxima at R = 1 and 3 nm. In the immobilized state, the maximum at R = 1 nm is present in both types of water (of different order), but the second maximum is observed only for more ordered associates.

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4

Krupskaya, T. V., Ja Skubiszewska-Zieba, B. Charmas, M. D. Tsapko, and V. V. Turov. "Water clustering in a dehydrated zooglie tibetan milk mushroom." Surface 11(26) (December 30, 2019): 542–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2019.11.542.

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5

Turov, V. V., V. M. Gun’ko, T. V. Krupskaya, I. S. Protsak, L. S. Andriyko, A. I. Marinin, A. P. Golovan, N. V. Yelagina, and N. T. Kartel. "Interphase interactions of hydrophobic powders based on methilsilica in the water environment." Surface 12(27) (December 30, 2020): 53–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2020.12.053.

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Using modern physicochemical research methods and quantum chemical modeling, the surface structure, morphological and adsorption characteristics, phase transitions in heterogeneous systems based on methylsilica and its mixtures with hydrophilic silica were studied. It is established that at certain concentrations of interfacial water, hydrophobic silica or their composites with hydrophilic silica form thermodynamically unstable systems in which energy dissipation can be carried out under the influence of external factors: increasing water concentration, mechanical loads and adsorption of air by hydrophobic component. When comparing the binding energies of water in wet powders of wettind-drying samples A-300 and AM-1, which had close values of bulk density (1 g/cm3) and humidity (1 g/g), close to 8 J/g. However, the hydration process of hydrophobic silica is accompanied by a decrease in entropy and the transition of the adsorbent-water system to a thermodynamically nonequilibrium state, which is easily fixed on the dependences of interfacial energy (S) on the amount of water in the system (h). It turned out that for pure AM-1 the interfacial energy of water increases in proportion to its amount in the interparticle gaps only in the case when h < 1 g/g. With more water, the binding energy decreases abruptly, indicating the transition of the system to a more stable state, which is characterized by the consolidation of clusters of adsorbed water and even the formation of a bulk phase of water. Probably there is a partial "collapse" of the interparticle gaps of hydrophobic particles AM-1 and the release of thermodynamically excess water. For mixtures of hydrophobic and hydrophilic silica, the maximum binding of water is shifted towards greater hydration. At AM1/A-300 = 1/1 the maximum is observed at h = 3g/g, and in the case of AM1/A-300 = 1/2 it is not reached even at h = 4 g/g. The study of the rheological properties of composite systems has shown that under the action of mechanical loads, the viscosity of systems decreases by almost an order of magnitude. However, after withstanding the load and then reducing the load to zero, the viscosity of the system increases again and becomes significantly higher than at the beginning of the study. That is, the obtained materials have high thixotropic properties. Thus, a wet powder that has all the characteristics of a solid after a slight mechanical impact is easily converted into a concentrated suspension with obvious signs of liquid.

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6

Turov, V. V., L. V. Zrol, and T. V. Krupska. "Determination of the influence of the hydrophobic component on water hold in the composite system created on the base of methylsilica and microcrystalline cellulose." SURFACE 14(29) (December 30, 2022): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2022.14.101.

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Heterogeneous composite systems created on the basis of nanosized methylsilica AM1-200 and microcrystalline cellulose were investigated using the method of low-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. Thermodynamic parameters of bound water in hydrated microcrystalline cellulose (MSC) powders and AM1/MSC composites at different ratios of hydrophobic and hydrophilic components were measured. It was established that the hydrophobic component is able to stabilize the aqueous system in the MSS/AM1 composite powders even when the amount of water is twice the amount of the solid phase. From the distributions of the radii of adsorbed water clusters, it follows that in highly hydrated composites, a significant part of the water is in the form of nanodroplets with a radius of several tens of nm

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7

Turov, V. V., V. M. Gun'ko, and T. V. Krupska. "Methane adsorption onto silicas with various degree of hydrophobicity." Surface 13(28) (December 30, 2021): 94–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2021.13.094.

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The methane adsorption onto a hydrated surface of hydrophobic silica AM1 alone and impregnated by arginine, and silica gel Si-100 has been studied using low-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. It has been shown that the methane adsorption onto the AM1 surface depends on the degree of hydration and pretreatment type. The maximum adsorption (up to 80 mg/g) is observed for a sample hydrated after complete drying. It has been established that the adsorption is determined by a number of clusters of bound water of small radii. Based on a shape of the temperature dependence of the adsorption, it has been assumed that not only physical adsorption occurs, but also the quasi-solid methane hydrates are formed. It has been established that the amount of methane adsorbed onto a surface of a composite system AM1/arginine under isobaric conditions increases by tens of times (from 0.5 to 80 mg/g) in the presence of pre-adsorbed water pre-adsorbed at the surface. Probable mechanisms of the methane adsorption are physical adsorption on a surface, condensation in narrow voids between silica nanoparticles and nano-scaled (1-10 nm) water clusters, and the formation of solid (clathrate) methane hydrates. Water, adsorbed at a surface in a wide range of hydration, forms various clusters. This water is mainly strongly associated and characterized by chemical shifts in the range dH = 4-6 ppm. The hydrate structures with methane/water are quite stable and can exist even in the chloroform medium. However, in this case, a part of water transforms into a weakly associated state and it is observed at dH = 1.5-2 ppm.

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8

Krupska, T. V., V. M. Gun'ko, I. S. Protsak, I. I. Gerashchenko, A. P. Golovan, N. Yu Klymenko, V. V. Turov, and M. T. Kartel. "Properties of composite systems based on polymethylsiloxane and silica in the water environment." Surface 12(27) (December 30, 2020): 100–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2020.12.100.

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The formation of a composite system based on equal amounts of hydrophobic, porous polymethylsiloxane and hydrophilic nanosilicon A-300 was studied. It is shown that during the formation of a composite system the specific surface of the material is significantly reduced, which is due to the close contact between hydrophobic and hydrophilic particles. When water is added to the composite system, in the process of homogenization under conditions of dosed mechanical loading, the effect of nanocoagulation is manifested – the formation of nanosized particles of hydrated silica inside the polymethylsiloxane matrix, recorded on TEM microphotographs. When measuring the value of the interfacial energy of PMS and PMS/A-300 composite by low-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy, it was found that the effect of nanocoagulation is manifested in a decrease (compared to the original PMS) energy of water interaction with the surface of the composite obtained under small mechanical conditions. its growth when using high mechanical loads. In the process, the binding of water in heterogeneous systems containing PMS, pyrogenic nanosilica (A-300), water and surfactants – decamethoxine (DMT) was studied. Composite systems were created using metered mechanical loads. It is shown that when filling the interparticle gaps of PMS by the method of hydrosealing, the interphase energy of water in the interparticle gaps of hydrophobic PMS with the same hydration is twice the interfacial energy of water in hydrophilic silica A-300. This is due to the smaller linear dimensions of the interparticle gaps in PMS compared to A-300. In the composite system, A-300/PMS/DMT/H2O there are non-additive growth of binding energy of water, which is probably due to the formation, under the influence of mechanical stress in the presence of water, microheterogeneous areas consisting mainly of hydrophobic and hydrophilic components (microcoagulation). Thus, with the help of mechanical loads, you can control the adsorption properties of composite systems and create new materials with unique adsorption properties.

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9

Krupska, T. V., V. V. Turov, M. D. Tsapko, J. Skubyshevskaya-Ziemba, and B. Charmas. "Properties of composite systems based on suspensions of lactobacillus and silica." SURFACE 14(29) (December 30, 2022): 176–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2022.14.176.

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Low-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy and DSC methods were used to study the hydration process of Lactobacillus, the influence of a weakly polar organic environment on it, and the encapsulation of cells with silica and the possibility of penetration of such an active substance as trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA) into them. It is shown that the spectral parameters of water in concentrated cell suspensions of Lactobacillus significantly depend on the concentration of the suspensions, which is probably related to the possibility of forming a stable cell gel, which can be encapsulated by silica particles both in the air environment and in the environment without its destruction chloroform with the addition of trifluoroacetic acid. There are two maxima corresponding to R = 2 and 20-100 nm on the distribution curves of the radii of clusters of unfreezing water. The contribution to the distribution of the second maximum increases with increasing water concentration. On the DSC-thermograms of lactobacilli, the value of the thermal effect related to the amount of bound water is much smaller than the thermal effect of ice melting, which is due to the presence of a significant amount of non-freezing water.

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10

Synytsia, A. O., O. E. Sych, V. S. Zenkov, O. I. Khomenko, V. G. Kolesnichenko, T. E. Babutina, and I. G. Kondratenko. "Investigation of water vapor adsorption kinetics on hydroxyapatite/magnetite/chitosan biocomposites." Surface 15(30) (December 30, 2023): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2023.15.097.

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The work is devoted to the investigation of the morphology and adsorption properties of powder composites based on biogenic hydroxyapatite modified by magnetite (1, 5, 25, 50 wt. %) of various types (synthesis methods) and chitosan. The morphology of the powders evaluated using SEM micrographs and AMIS software is characterized by a uniform distribution of particles size and shape. It was established that the use of magnetite synthesized by chemical precipitation in the amount of 1-5% allows to obtain composite materials with a particle size in a narrower size range. Analysis of the kinetics of adsorption-desorption processes showed that the adsorption of water vapor is directly related to the ratio of hydroxyapatite and magnetite, increasing with increasing magnetite content. In addition, it is shown that the adsorption process for composites modified by magnetite obtained by the chemical precipitation method proceeds uniformly, while for composites containing magnetite obtained by the thermal decomposition method, three consecutive stages of the adsorption process are characteristic: rapid linear increase in mass, gradual inhibition of the adsorption process and stabilization of the mass of the material. The evaluation of the increase in mass also indicates a connection with the ratio of hydroxyapatite and magnetite, increasing with increasing magnetite content, which confirms the presence of physicochemical processes of interaction of gas molecules with the active centers of the molecules of the studied materials. DTGA also shows that the type of magnetite in an amount of more than 25% significantly affects the mass loss of composites during heat treatment up to 1000 °C, which is related to the initial characteristics of the magnetite used. The presented results in combination with previously obtained physicomechanical and biochemical properties testify to the prospects of biogenic hydroxyapatite/magnetite/chitosan composite materials for medicine.

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11

Cun, C., J. M. Ollivier, J. Danjou, C. Brisset, and L. Chartier. "Pollution des eaux de surface par les carbamates." European journal of water quality 35, no. 1 (2004): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/water/20043501075.

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12

Kumar, Santan, Prabhash Kumar, and Surabhi Ranjan. "Ground and Surface Water Polluted in Manpur Block." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-2 (February 28, 2018): 673–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd9488.

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13

Krupskaya, T. V., S. V. Pakrishen, O. V. Sierov, O. T. Volik, and V. V. Turov. "State of the water in brain tissue and its impact on silica encapsulation." Surface 11(26) (December 30, 2019): 531–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2019.11.531.

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14

Ushakova, L. M., E. M. Demianenko, M. I. Terets, V. V. Lobanov, and M. T. Kartel. "Interaction of N-acetylneuraminic acid with surface silicon in aqueous solution with carbohydrates." Surface 12(27) (December 30, 2020): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2020.12.036.

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The aim of the work is to study interaction of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) with the surface of ultrafine silica (UFS) with the participation of glucose and sucrose in aqueous solution at the supramolecular level by density functional theory method (exchange-correlation functional B3LYP, basis set of 6-31G (d, p). The adsorption of N-acetylneuraminic acid, as well as individual carbohydrates (glucose and sucrose) on the hydrated surface of UFS in aqueous solution, was considered as a process of replacement of water molecules on the surface of silica by adsorbate molecules. This work considers two schemes of carbohydrate molecule influence on adsorption of N-acetylneuraminic acid. According to the first scheme the interaction of the NANA molecule occurs with the silica-monosaccharide complex, according to the second scheme, the silica cluster interacts with the NANA-monosaccharide complex, where silica binds to the complex through the carbohydrate molecule. The analysis of the calculated geometric and energy characteristics show that adsorption on the surface of silica, with hydration taken into account, is thermodynamically probable for the sucrose. The glucose molecule has a positive value (+9.8 and +2.7 kJ / mol) is an unfavorable process in terms of thermodynamics regardless of the hydrating water cluster size. The N-acetylneuraminic acid molecule has a value of -1.3 kJ / mol for the reaction with five water molecules and +0.9 kJ / mol with eight water molecules. It was found that the presence of sucrose on the silica surface in the aqueous solution weakens the hydration energy (i.e. it is easier to replace the cluster of water with the N-acetylneuraminic acid molecule from the surface of the modified adsorbent), which in turn promotes NANA adsorption on the silica surface. Therefore, scheme 1 is thermodynamically more likely than scheme 2. This indicates that there is a mutual influence of substances in a mixture of NANA with carbohydrates on the interaction with silica in comparison with the interaction of substances with silica alone.

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15

Sanders, Stephanie E., Heather Vanselous, and Poul B. Petersen. "Water at surfaces with tunable surface chemistries." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 30, no. 11 (February 21, 2018): 113001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/aaacb5.

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16

Pailler, Jean-Yannick, Cédric Guignard, François Barnich, Jean-François Iffly, Laurent Pfister, Lucien Hoffmann, and Andréas Krein. "Étude de xénobiotiques dans les eaux de surface au luxembourg." European journal of water quality 39, no. 2 (2008): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/water/2008001.

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17

Babre, Alise, Andis Kalvāns, Aija Dēliņa, Konrāds Popovs, and Jānis Bikše. "Investigation of surface water – groundwater interactions in the Salaca headwaters using water stable isotopes." Folia Geographica 15 (2016): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/fg.15.1.

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18

Jeschke, Stefan, Tomáš Skřivan, Matthias Müller-Fischer, Nuttapong Chentanez, Miles Macklin, and Chris Wojtan. "Water surface wavelets." ACM Transactions on Graphics 37, no. 4 (August 10, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3197517.3201336.

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19

Seip, Hans M. "Surface water acidification." Nature 322, no. 6075 (July 1986): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/322118a0.

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20

CAMPBELL, D. R. "SURFACE WATER RIGHTS*." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 3, no. 2 (November 13, 2008): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1955.tb01282.x.

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21

Kavvas, M. L. "Modeling surface water." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 70, no. 38 (1989): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/89eo00287.

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22

Bair, E. Scott. "Surface water hydrology." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, no. 10 (May 1993): 2407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90580-p.

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23

Trachevskiy, V., P. Vakuliuk, M. T. Kartel, and W. Bo. "Surface polymerization of monomers on the polyethylene terephthalate membrane in low temperature plasma for water treatment." Surface 9(24) (December 30, 2017): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2017.09.111.

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24

Kumar, B. Naveen, B. Praveen Kumar, J. Chandra Shekhar, J. Renuka, K. Reddy Thilak, U. Nanda Kumar, D. A. Yaswanth Kumar, T. Sai Kumar, and Mr S. Rajiv Gandhi. "Design & Fabrication of Portable Surface Water Cleaning Machine." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 5, no. 4 (April 28, 2024): 8685–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.0424.1102.

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25

Tamtam, Fatima, Barbara Lebot, Joëlle Eurin, Fabien Mercier, Annie Desportes, and Marc Chevreuil. "Contamination des eaux de surface en milieu rural par des résidus d'antibiotiques." European journal of water quality 40, no. 2 (2009): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/water/2009012.

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26

Law, Kiat Li, and Hong-Yu Chu. "Bowling water drops on water surface." Physics of Fluids 31, no. 6 (June 2019): 067101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5096235.

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27

Gillet, H., M. Clément, A. M. Choisy, and R. Seux. "Evaluation du niveau de contamination des eaux de surface par les produits phytosanitaires." Journal européen d’hydrologie 26, no. 1 (1995): 57–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/water/19952601057.

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28

Borysenko, M. V., L. I. Borysenko, V. P. Klius, S. V. Klius, and V. I. Shynkarenko. "Pyrolysis regeneration of activated carbon used for glycerin purification." SURFACE 14(29) (December 30, 2022): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2022.14.095.

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In this work, we investigated granular activated carbons Norit 1240 (AC) – initial and spent (SAC) with adsorbed impurities after purification of technical glycerin and subsequent washing with water. The aim of the work was to establish the optimal conditions for the thermal regeneration of AC at the pyrolysis unit and to quantify the adsorbed impurities in the SAC using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). For all AC samples, the specific surface area (S), adsorption activity on iodine and mass fraction of moisture were measured. It was established by the TGA method that water is released in the temperature range of 20 – 180 °C, and glycerin – 180 – 400 °C. Spent AC contains up to 31.3 wt. % H2O and up to 37.3 wt. % C3H5(OH)3. The pyrolysis reactor was used for the regeneration of SAC samples. It was shown that after the reactivation of SACs, their specific surface area is restored to 45-94% of the initial one. There is a weak correlation between S and iodine number, R=0.64. Adsorption activity for iodine and S increase in the same row ACspent > ACregenerated > ACinitial. As a result of regeneration, activated carbons suitable for reuse were obtained.

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29

Brovchenko, Ivan, and Alla Oleinikova. "Water in Nanopores: III. Surface Phase Transitions of Water on Hydrophilic Surfaces†." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 111, no. 43 (November 2007): 15716–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp073751x.

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30

Hou, Jiapeng, Deepak H. Veeregowda, Joop de Vries, Henny C. Van der Mei, and Henk J. Busscher. "Structured free-water clusters near lubricating surfaces are essential in water-based lubrication." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 13, no. 123 (October 2016): 20160554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2016.0554.

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Water-based lubrication provides cheap and environmentally friendly lubrication and, although hydrophilic surfaces are preferred in water-based lubrication, often lubricating surfaces do not retain water molecules during shear. We show here that hydrophilic (42° water contact angle) quartz surfaces facilitate water-based lubrication to the same extent as more hydrophobic Si crystal surfaces (61°), while lubrication by hydrophilic Ge crystal surfaces (44°) is best. Thus surface hydrophilicity is not sufficient for water-based lubrication. Surface-thermodynamic analyses demonstrated that all surfaces, regardless of their water-based lubrication, were predominantly electron donating, implying water binding with their hydrogen groups. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that Ge crystal surfaces providing optimal lubrication consisted of a mixture of –O and =O functionalities, while Si crystal and quartz surfaces solely possessed –O functionalities. Comparison of infrared absorption bands of the crystals in water indicated fewer bound-water layers on hydrophilic Ge than on hydrophobic Si crystal surfaces, while absorption bands for free water on the Ge crystal surface indicated a much more pronounced presence of structured, free-water clusters near the Ge crystal than near Si crystal surfaces. Accordingly, we conclude that the presence of structured, free-water clusters is essential for water-based lubrication. The prevalence of structured water clusters can be regulated by adjusting the ratio between surface electron-donating and electron-accepting groups and between –O and =O functionalities.

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31

Chatterjee, Deb Shankar, V. Saritha V.Saritha, and NV Srikanth Vuppala. "Modeling and Optimization of Natural Coagulant for Surface Water Treatment." International Journal of Scientific Research 3, no. 5 (June 1, 2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/may2014/201.

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32

Cho, Kyu-Jin. "Surface tension dominated jumping on water of a robotic insect." Proceedings of the Bioengineering Conference Annual Meeting of BED/JSME 2016.28 (2016): C3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmebio.2016.28.c3.

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33

Cheng, Zhihao, Qiufa Luo, Jing Lu, and Zige Tian. "Understanding the Mechanisms of SiC–Water Reaction during Nanoscale Scratching without Chemical Reagents." Micromachines 13, no. 6 (June 11, 2022): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13060930.

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Microcracks inevitably appear on the SiC wafer surface during conventional thinning. It is generally believed that the damage-free surfaces obtained during chemical reactions are an effective means of inhibiting and eliminating microcracks. In our previous study, we found that SiC reacted with water (SiC–water reaction) to obtain a smooth surface. In this study, we analyzed the interfacial interaction mechanisms between a 4H-SiC wafer surface (0001-) and diamond indenter during nanoscale scratching using distilled water and without using an acid–base etching solution. To this end, experiments and ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics simulations were performed. The results showed that amorphous SiO2 was generated on the SiC surface under the repeated mechanical action of the diamond abrasive indenter during the nanoscale scratching process. The SiC–water reaction was mainly dependent on the load and contact state when the removal size of SiC was controlled at the nanoscale and the removal mode was controlled at the plastic stage, which was not significantly affected by temperature and speed. Therefore, the reaction between water and SiC on the wafer surface could be controlled by effectively regulating the load, speed, and contact area. Microcracks can be avoided, and damage-free thinning of SiC wafers can be achieved by controlling the SiC–water reaction on the SiC wafer surface.

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34

Menzel, D. "SURFACE SCIENCE: Water on a Metal Surface." Science 295, no. 5552 (January 4, 2002): 58–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1067922.

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35

Krupskaya, T. V., N. V. Yelahina, N. V. Borisenko, V. V. Turov, P. Jovaisas, and R. Bieliauskiene. "The state of water adsorbed by the surface of amber particles and its composite system with nanosilic, according to NMR spectroscopy." Surface 9(24) (December 30, 2017): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2017.09.256.

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36

Adsule, A. A., and Dr G. S. Kulkarni. "Comparative Analysis of Ground Water and Surface Water of Kolhapur based on various Physico-Chemical Parameters." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-4 (June 30, 2018): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd12899.

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37

Dumbrovský, M., V. Sobotková, B. Šarapatka, R. Váchalová, R. Pavelková Chmelová, and J. Váchal. "Long-term improvement in surface water quality after land consolidation in a drinking water reservoir catchment." Soil and Water Research 10, No. 1 (June 2, 2016): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/108/2013-swr.

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38

Schrader, Alex M., Jacob I. Monroe, Ryan Sheil, Howard A. Dobbs, Timothy J. Keller, Yuanxin Li, Sheetal Jain, M. Scott Shell, Jacob N. Israelachvili, and Songi Han. "Surface chemical heterogeneity modulates silica surface hydration." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 12 (March 5, 2018): 2890–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1722263115.

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An in-depth knowledge of the interaction of water with amorphous silica is critical to fundamental studies of interfacial hydration water, as well as to industrial processes such as catalysis, nanofabrication, and chromatography. Silica has a tunable surface comprising hydrophilic silanol groups and moderately hydrophobic siloxane groups that can be interchanged through thermal and chemical treatments. Despite extensive studies of silica surfaces, the influence of surface hydrophilicity and chemical topology on the molecular properties of interfacial water is not well understood. In this work, we controllably altered the surface silanol density, and measured surface water diffusivity using Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP) and complementary silica–silica interaction forces across water using a surface forces apparatus (SFA). The results show that increased silanol density generally leads to slower water diffusivity and stronger silica–silica repulsion at short aqueous separations (less than ∼4 nm). Both techniques show sharp changes in hydration properties at intermediate silanol densities (2.0–2.9 nm−2). Molecular dynamics simulations of model silica–water interfaces corroborate the increase in water diffusivity with silanol density, and furthermore show that even on a smooth and crystalline surface at a fixed silanol density, adjusting the spatial distribution of silanols results in a range of surface water diffusivities spanning ∼10%. We speculate that a critical silanol cluster size or connectivity parameter could explain the sharp transition in our results, and can modulate wettability, colloidal interactions, and surface reactions, and thus is a phenomenon worth further investigation on silica and chemically heterogeneous surfaces.

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39

Sedláčková, P., M. Čeřovský, I. Horsáková, and M. Voldřich. "Cell surface characteristic of Asaia bogorensis – spoilage microorganism of bottled water." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 29, No. 4 (August 10, 2011): 457–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/96/2011-cjfs.

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The ability of bacteria to attach to a surface and develop a biofilm has been of considerable interest for many groups in the food industry. Biofilms may serve as a chronic source of microbial contamination and the research into biofilms and cells interactions might help to improve general understanding of the biofilm resistance mechanisms. Multitude of factors, including surface conditioning, surface charge and roughness and hydrophobicity, are thought to be involved in the initial attachment. Hydrophobic interactions have been widely suggested as responsible for much of the adherence of cells to surfaces. Cell-surface hydrophobicity is an important factor in the adherence and subsequent proliferation of microorganisms on solid surfaces and at interfaces. In the present study, we have estimated the cell-surface characteristics of Asaia bogorensis – isolated contamination of flavoured bottled water and compared its ability to colonise surfaces which are typical in the beverage production – stainless steel, glass and plastic materials.

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Heviánková, Silvie, Marian Marschalko, Jitka Chromíková, Miroslav Kyncl, and Michal Korabík. "Artificial Ground Water Recharge with Surface Water." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 44 (October 2016): 022036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/44/2/022036.

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41

Johnson, Roger. "Earth's Surface Water Percentage?" Teaching Statistics 19, no. 3 (September 1997): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9639.1997.tb00336.x.

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42

Buch, Victoria, Anne Milet, Robert Vácha, Pavel Jungwirth, and J. Paul Devlin. "Water surface is acidic." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 18 (April 23, 2007): 7342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611285104.

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Water autoionization reaction 2H2O → H3O− + OH− is a textbook process of basic importance, resulting in pH = 7 for pure water. However, pH of pure water surface is shown to be significantly lower, the reduction being caused by proton stabilization at the surface. The evidence presented here includes ab initio and classical molecular dynamics simulations of water slabs with solvated H3O+ and OH− ions, density functional studies of (H2O)48H+ clusters, and spectroscopic isotopic-exchange data for D2O substitutional impurities at the surface and in the interior of ice nanocrystals. Because H3O+ does, but OH− does not, display preference for surface sites, the H2O surface is predicted to be acidic with pH < 4.8. For similar reasons, the strength of some weak acids, such as carbonic acid, is expected to increase at the surface. Enhanced surface acidity can have a significant impact on aqueous surface chemistry, e.g., in the atmosphere.

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43

Szuromi, Phil. "Imaging reactive surface water." Science 367, no. 6476 (January 23, 2020): 401.12–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.367.6476.401-l.

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44

Pacelli, Lauren C. "Water Polo's Benefits Surface." Physician and Sportsmedicine 19, no. 4 (April 1991): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1991.11702197.

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WILSON, ELIZABETH. "MOON’S SURFACE HOLDS WATER." Chemical & Engineering News 87, no. 39 (September 28, 2009): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v087n039.p009.

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46

Chen, Carl W., and Luis E. Gomez. "Surface water chemistry. Comments." Environmental Science & Technology 23, no. 7 (July 1989): 752–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00065a002.

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Barceló, Damià. "Monitoring surface water pollutants." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 387, no. 4 (January 10, 2007): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-1034-9.

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Makal, Umit, and Kenneth J. Wynne. "Water Induced Hydrophobic Surface." Langmuir 21, no. 9 (April 2005): 3742–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la050357m.

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Harleman, Donald R. F. "Urban surface water management." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 4, no. 3 (September 1990): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-3449(90)90007-q.

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Gallaher, M. M., J. L. Herndon, L. J. Nims, C. R. Sterling, D. J. Grabowski, and H. F. Hull. "Cryptosporidiosis and surface water." American Journal of Public Health 79, no. 1 (January 1989): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.79.1.39.

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