Academic literature on the topic 'Surface water quantification'
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Journal articles on the topic "Surface water quantification"
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Wunderlich, Anika, Carmen Torggler, Dennis Elsässer, Christian Lück, Reinhard Niessner, and Michael Seidel. "Rapid quantification method for Legionella pneumophila in surface water." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 408, no. 9 (February 12, 2016): 2203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9362-x.
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Patrick, Michael, Andrea Rösch, Birgit Beck, Tobias Doppler, and Heinz Singer. "Ultrasensitive Quantification of Pyrethroid and Organophosphate Insecticides in Surface Water." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 74, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2020.506.
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Berkowitz, Brian, and Erwin Zehe. "Surface water and groundwater: unifying conceptualization and quantification of the two “water worlds”." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 1831–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1831-2020.
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Abstract. While both surface water and groundwater hydrological systems exhibit structural, hydraulic, and chemical heterogeneity and signatures of self-organization, modelling approaches between these two “water world” communities generally remain separate and distinct. To begin to unify these water worlds, we recognize that preferential flows, in a general sense, are a manifestation of self-organization; they hinder perfect mixing within a system, due to a more “energy-efficient” and hence faster throughput of water and matter. We develop this general notion by detailing the role of preferential flow for residence times and chemical transport, as well as for energy conversions and energy dissipation associated with flows of water and mass. Our principal focus is on the role of heterogeneity and preferential flow and transport of water and chemical species. We propose, essentially, that related conceptualizations and quantitative characterizations can be unified in terms of a theory that connects these two water worlds in a dynamic framework. We discuss key features of fluid flow and chemical transport dynamics in these two systems – surface water and groundwater – and then focus on chemical transport, merging treatment of many of these dynamics in a proposed quantitative framework. We then discuss aspects of a unified treatment of surface water and groundwater systems in terms of energy and mass flows, and close with a reflection on complementary manifestations of self-organization in spatial patterns and temporal dynamic behaviour.
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Chu, Xuefeng, Xinhua Jia, and Yang Liu. "Quantification of wetting front movement under the influence of surface topography." Soil Research 56, no. 4 (2018): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr17071.
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Soil surface topography affects fundamental hydrologic processes, such as infiltration and soil water percolation. Topographic variations potentially alter both the magnitude and directions of unsaturated flow. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of surface topography on wetting front moving patterns under different rainfall and soil conditions through combined experimental and numerical modelling studies. Specifically, laboratory-scale infiltration and unsaturated flow experiments and HYDRUS-2D modelling were conducted for different topographic surfaces, rainfall intensities, and soil types. The simulated and observed wetting front distributions were compared and evaluated. Two different stages were observed: topography-dominated two-dimensional flow and uniform one-dimensional flow. A uniformly distributed wetting front was eventually achieved although soil surfaces had dissimilar topographic characteristics. However, the timing or duration to reach such a uniform flat wetting front varied, mainly depending on surface topography, rainfall characteristics, and soil hydraulic properties. The findings from this study are important to better understand the mechanism of topography-controlled unsaturated flow, wetting front movement, and overland flow generation, and to further improve modelling of soil water flow and transport processes under such complex conditions across different scales.
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Normandin, Cassandra, Frédéric Frappart, Bertrand Lubac, Simon Bélanger, Vincent Marieu, Fabien Blarel, Arthur Robinet, and Léa Guiastrennec-Faugas. "Quantification of surface water volume changes in the Mackenzie Delta using satellite multi-mission data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 2 (February 28, 2018): 1543–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-1543-2018.
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Abstract. Quantification of surface water storage in extensive floodplains and their dynamics are crucial for a better understanding of global hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. In this study, we present estimates of both surface water extent and storage combining multi-mission remotely sensed observations and their temporal evolution over more than 15 years in the Mackenzie Delta. The Mackenzie Delta is located in the northwest of Canada and is the second largest delta in the Arctic Ocean. The delta is frozen from October to May and the recurrent ice break-up provokes an increase in the river's flows. Thus, this phenomenon causes intensive floods along the delta every year, with dramatic environmental impacts. In this study, the dynamics of surface water extent and volume are analysed from 2000 to 2015 by combining multi-satellite information from MODIS multispectral images at 500 m spatial resolution and river stages derived from ERS-2 (1995–2003), ENVISAT (2002–2010) and SARAL (since 2013) altimetry data. The surface water extent (permanent water and flooded area) peaked in June with an area of 9600 km2 (±200 km2) on average, representing approximately 70 % of the delta's total surface. Altimetry-based water levels exhibit annual amplitudes ranging from 4 m in the downstream part to more than 10 m in the upstream part of the Mackenzie Delta. A high overall correlation between the satellite-derived and in situ water heights (R > 0.84) is found for the three altimetry missions. Finally, using altimetry-based water levels and MODIS-derived surface water extents, maps of interpolated water heights over the surface water extents are produced. Results indicate a high variability of the water height magnitude that can reach 10 m compared to the lowest water height in the upstream part of the delta during the flood peak in June. Furthermore, the total surface water volume is estimated and shows an annual variation of approximately 8.5 km3 during the whole study period, with a maximum of 14.4 km3 observed in 2006. The good agreement between the total surface water volume retrievals and in situ river discharges (R= 0.66) allows for validation of this innovative multi-mission approach and highlights the high potential to study the surface water extent dynamics.
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DeVries, Ben, Chengquan Huang, Megan Lang, John Jones, Wenli Huang, Irena Creed, and Mark Carroll. "Automated Quantification of Surface Water Inundation in Wetlands Using Optical Satellite Imagery." Remote Sensing 9, no. 8 (August 7, 2017): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs9080807.
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Dalstein, Laetitia, Kuo-Yang Chiang, and Yu-Chieh Wen. "Direct Quantification of Water Surface Charge by Phase-Sensitive Second Harmonic Spectroscopy." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 10, no. 17 (August 21, 2019): 5200–5205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02156.
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Langhoff, Jesper H., Keld R. Rasmussen, and Steen Christensen. "Quantification and regionalization of groundwater–surface water interaction along an alluvial stream." Journal of Hydrology 320, no. 3-4 (April 2006): 342–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.040.
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Mortazavi, S. S., R. Sahraei, and A. Farmany. "Sensitive nanosilver-based spectrophotometric determination of Brilliant Blue FCF in surface water samples." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 10 (May 1, 2013): 2302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.082.
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An accurate method was developed for the determination of Brilliant Blue FCF, a synthetic soluble colorant, in environmental samples. The method is based on the catalytic effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the oxidation of Brilliant Blue FCF by hexacyanoferrate(III) in acetate–acetic acid medium at room temperature. Linearity of around four orders in the magnitude of concentration was generally obtained. Detection and quantification limits of the investigated dye, which was evaluated at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 for detection limit and quantification limit, were 0.1 and 0.6–130.0 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries of the synthetic colorant Brilliant Blue FCF in environmental matrices (surface water) ranged from 95.0 to 101.0%. Relative standard deviation of less than 3.1% was also achieved. This method has been applied successfully in the determination of water-soluble colorant Brilliant Blue FCF in surface water samples.
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Miller, K. L., S. J. Berg, J. H. Davison, E. A. Sudicky, and P. A. Forsyth. "Efficient uncertainty quantification in fully-integrated surface and subsurface hydrologic simulations." Advances in Water Resources 111 (January 2018): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.10.023.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Surface water quantification"
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Moore, Treyton Michael. "Molecular Methods for the Identification and Quantification of Cyanobacteria in Surface Water Sources." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7408.
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Geosmin is a strong musty-flavored organic compound that is responsible for many taste-and-odor events in surface drinking water sources like lakes and reservoirs. The taste threshold of geosmin for humans is lower than 10 ng/L. Traditional treatment methods will not remove geosmin to this level. Additional water treatment methods must be implemented to successfully remove the geosmin and its associated flavor and odor from drinking water. Furthermore, geosmin is produced by cyanobacteria somewhat sporadically, so it is difficult to predict when taste-and-odor events are going to occur. The difficulty involved with predicting geosmin events has led most water treatment facilities to adopt reactive approaches towards geosmin treatment; these facilities typically treat for geosmin in response to complaints of an earthy off-flavor in the drinking water. This reactive approach causes issues with consumer confidence, as the flavor of the water is one of the only metrics a consumer has for judging the safety of his or her water. To enable proactive treatment of geosmin from water, more sensitive methods for geosmin detection or taste-and-odor event prediction must be developed.This study investigates the use of quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) for the early detection of geosmin-producing cyanobacteria. qPCR can detect geosmin-producing cyanobacteria via their DNA. I developed a qPCR assay for this study that is capable of sensitively detecting multiple strains of the geosmin-producing Nostoc genus. The developed assay showed high sensitivity, demonstrating the possibility for its use in detecting low concentrations of geosmin-producing cyanobacteria before detectible levels of geosmin have been produced and released into the water. Through further sequencing of more geosmin-producing genera and species, the methodology outlined in this research could be applied to develop the tools necessary to predict taste-and-odor events caused by geosmin-producing cyanobacteria.
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Bouteffeha, Maroua. "Echanges hydrologiques surface-souterrain induits par une retenue collinaire en milieu méditerranéen : quantification et analyse." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSAM0042/document.
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Les retenues collinaires sont des aménagements hydrauliques largement rencontrés en Afrique du Nord, et plus généralement dans les zones arides et semi-arides de la planète. Ils visent à la fois la conservation en eau dans les bassins versants amont et la rétention des matériaux issus de l'érosion afin d'éviter l'envasement des grands barrages en aval. L'implantation et la gestion de l'eau mobilisée par les retenues collinaires doit s'appuyer sur une connaissance de leur fonctionnement hydrologique. Or ce fonctionnement est encore peu connu, en particulier les processus et l'intensité des flux des échanges retenue-souterrain, constituent une question très ouverte. L'objectif de ce travail est de quantifier et d'analyser le fonctionnement des échanges retenue-souterrain sur un bassin versant agricole. L'étude a été menée sur la retenue collinaire du bassin versant expérimental de Kamech, appartenant à l'ORE OMERE. Dans la première partie de ce travail, une approche de bilan hydrologique a été développée et a permis de montrer que les échanges retenue-souterrain sont dominés par l'infiltration, qui représente environ 79 % des pertes à la retenue collinaire et dépasse largement les pertes par évaporation qui ne représente que 21 %.En revanche, l'analyse croisée des dynamiques hydrologiques dans la retenue et dans la nappe au voisinage de la retenue a mis en évidence des échanges qui se produisent dans les deux sens : des échanges dominés par un flux d'infiltration avec la nappe au pied du barrage, par contre, les échanges avec la nappe latérale des versants se produisent dans les deux sens mais restent très fugaces. Les résultats préliminaires de l'approche de modélisation développé dans ce travail a permis de souligner la complexité des échanges retenue-souterrain et montre que la relation entre la hauteur d'eau dans la retenue et le flux d'infiltration n'est pas univoque et présente des comportements différents entre la phase de montée et la phase de descente du niveau d'eau dans la retenueHill reservoirs are hydraulic infrastructures widely used in North Africa, generally in arid and semi arid zones of the planet. These infrastructures are used for both water conservation in the catchment scale and to reduce siltation of downstream dams. The implementation and the management of water resources mobilized in this infrastructure must be based on knowledge of their hydrological functioning. However, the hydrological functioning of this system is not very known, especially the water flux exchange processes and intensity between the reservoir and the subsurface is still an open question.The main purpose of this study is to quantify and analyse the hydrological functioning of the reservoir-subsurface exchange processes for an agricultural catchment. This study was conducted on the hill reservoir of the experimental observation site of Kamech belonging to the OMERE observatory. In the first part of this study, we develop a water balance approach to estimate reservoir-subsurface exchange flux. The results of this approach shows that reservoir-subsurface exchange flux is dominated by infiltration that represent about 79% of the water outflow, and largely exceeds the water loss by evaporation that represents only 21 % of the total water outflow. However, the cross-analysis of the hydrological dynamics of the hill reservoir and the aquifer in the vicinity of the reservoir revealed that infiltration can occur in both directions: reservoir-subsurface exchange dominated by infiltration with the aquifer located in the foot of the dam, however the water exchange with the lateral aquifer of the hill reservoir can occur in both directions but remain very fleeting. The preliminary results of the modeling approach developed in this work has highlighted the complexity of reservoir-subsurface exchange flux. In fact, the relationship between water level in the hill reservoir and the infiltration flux is not unique and can present different behavior between the rise and decrease phase of the water level in the hill reservoir
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Simic, Eva. "Solute transport in the integrated soil-groundwater system : quantification of dominant process impacts and coupling to surface water /." Stockholm : Tekniska högsk, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3075.
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Hamza, Ewess Ibrahim A. [Verfasser], Michael [Gutachter] Wilhelm, and Franz [Gutachter] Narberhaus. "Molecular quantification of viruses in surface water : development of indicator of viral contamination in water / Ibrahim A. Hamza Ewess ; Gutachter: Michael Wilhelm, Franz Narberhaus ; Fakultät für Biologie und Biotechnologie." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1214440479/34.
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Meinikmann, Karin. "Groundwater-Surface Water Interactions in a Eutrophic Lake – Impacts of Lacustrine Groundwater Discharge on Water and Nutrient Budgets." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18203.
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Die Arbeit besteht aus mehreren Studien zur Quantifizierung des Grundwasserstroms in Seen (Exfiltration; engl.: lacustrine groundwater discharge, LGD) und damit verbundener Nährstoffeinträge. In zwei einleitenden Kapiteln dieser Arbeit werden eine Gründe für die Vernachlässigung der Grundwasserexfiltration (LGD) in Seen und der daran gekoppelten Nährstoffeinträge identifiziert. Diese Literaturstudien fassen den aktuellen Kenntnisstand zum Einfluss des Grundwassers auf die Hydrologie von Seen und ihre Nährstoffhaushalte zusammen.
Den Kern der vorliegenden Arbeit bilden zwei empirische Studien, die sich mit der Quantifizierung der grundwasserbürtigen Phosphor (P)-Fracht in den Arendsee in Deutschland befassen. Das Gesamtvolumen des Grundwasserzustroms wird basierend auf der Grundwasserneubildung im Einzugsgebiet des Sees ermittelt. Lokale Muster der Grundwasserexfiltration werden anhand von Temperaturtiefenprofilen des Seesediments bestimmt. Eine Kombination der Ergebnisse ermöglicht es, die quantitativen Daten mit lokalen Informationen zu unterstützen. Die Untersuchung der Grundwasserqualität zeigt, dass die P-Konzentrationen im Grundwasser im besiedelten Bereich teilweise stark erhöht sind. Als Konsequenz daraus haben die grundwasserbürtigen P-Frachten einen Anteil von mehr als 50% an der gesamten externen P-Last des Arendsees. Das Grundwasser ist damit eine maßgebliche Ursache für die Eutrophierung des Gewässers.
Drei weitere Studien widmen sich der Entwicklung und Optimierung von Ansätzen zur qualitativen und quantitativen Bestimmung der Grundwasserexfiltration in Seen. Die kritische Auseinandersetzung mit den Ergebnissen der Studien zeigt die Notwendigkeit weiterer Forschung zur Verbesserung und Standardisierung der Methoden zur Bestimmung von LGD und damit verbundenen Stofftransporten auf. Der Fall des Arendsees sollte alle, Wissenschaftler und Praktiker, dazu motivieren, das Grundwasser als relevante Eutrophierungsquelle in Betracht zu ziehen.The present work is a collection of studies on lacustrine groundwater discharge (LGD) and groundwater-borne phosphorus (P) loads. For a number of reasons, groundwater exfiltration (i.e., LGD) is often not considered in water and nutrient budgets of lakes. This is also and especially true for P which was often regarded to be immobile in groundwater until recently. Two chapters review the scientific literature regarding the impacts of groundwater on hydrology and nutrient budgets of lakes, respectively. They present mechanisms and processes of LGD as well as techniques and methods to measure LGD and related nutrient transports. Moreover, numbers of LGD volumes and loads reported in literature are presented. The core of the present work is represented by two case studies dealing with the quantification of P loads from LGD to a lake in Germany. A combination of different methods is applied to overcome the problem of quantitative large scale LGD determination without losing local spatial information. P concentrations in groundwater and LGD are investigated by detailed spatial water sampling. The results reveal that P is actually present in concentrations far above natural background concentrations in the urban groundwater. LGD-derived P loads account for more than 50% of the overall external P loads to the lake and by that contribute significantly to lake eutrophication. Three further studies are devoted to the development and improvement of approaches to determine LGD. Critical reviews of the above mentioned studies reveal the need for further research in order to standardize and improve methods for LGD and mass load determination. It is found that the appropriate method for LGD determination depends on the spatial scale of interest. The identification of P introduced by LGD as a main driver of lake eutrophication is an important finding which should encourage scientists, policy makers, and lake managers to consider groundwater as a relevant P source for lakes.
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Sharma, Subedi Abhijit. "Quantification of the Effect of Bridge Pier Encasement on Headwater Elevation Using HEC-RAS." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1502982013572665.
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Labarthe, Baptiste. "Quantification des échanges nappe-rivière au sein de l’hydrosystème Seine par modélisation multi-échelle." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM090/document.
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Compte tenu de l’évolution démographique et climatique planétaire, la gestion de la ressource en eau constitue un défi majeur auquel la communauté internationale devra faire face au cours du XXIème siècle. A cet effet, l'identification de la continuité hydrique entre les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines permet l'introduction de la notion de gestion intégrée de la ressource. L'application de ce principe de gestion au bassin de la Seine, à travers l'estimation des échanges nappe-rivière, est rendue possible par la mise en pratique du concept d'interface nappe-rivière emboitées au sein de travaux de modélisation. Pour cela une procédure de modélisation multi-échelles peut être mise en place. Elle vise à intégrer des informations locales au sein de modélisation à une échelle supérieure. Dans ce mémoire, une procédure de modélisation multi-échelles est mise en œuvre. Ce protocole de modélisation est initié par une estimation des flux d'eau régionaux au sein de l'hydrosystème Seine. La cohérence globale de ces flux est garantie par le développement d'une méthodologie de calibration de modèles couplés en deux étapes. Ensuite les informations locales, que sont les hétérogénéités de la plaine alluviale de la Bassée et de la représentation des interfaces nappe-rivière du réseau secondaire, sont intégrées au modèle régional par une procédure de modélisation emboitée et de changement d'échelle des paramètres hydrauliques. La mise en place de cette procédure a finalement permis l'estimation fine des échanges nappe-rivière sur la quasi-totalité (83%) du réseau hydrographique naturel du bassin de la Seine et ainsi de répondre aux recommandations de gestion intégrée de la ressource faites par la directive cadre sur l'eauGiven the current climate and anthropogenic evolutions, water management becomes one of the greatest challenges of the 21st Century. For that purpose, by identifying hydraulic continuity between surface and subsurface water, the concept of integrated water management can be introduced. In this work this management concept is applied on the Seine basin by quantizing hydrological processes occuring at the nested stream-aquifer interface. The implementatin of the nested interface concept can bedone through multi-scale modeling. This modelling procedure, aimed at embody the local characteristics of the interfaces (such as structural or hydrodynamic heterogeneities) in large scale models. A multi-scale modelling procedures is applied to the regional Seine basin model (70000 km²) in order, to study the hydrodynamic behaviour of the Bassée alluvial plain, and to quantify the stream-aquifer exchanged fluxes at the basin scale. The modelling protocol is initiated with regionals fluxes estimation over Seine hydrosystem. Regional fluxes consistency are assured by a two-step calibration procedure of fully coupled models. Then, the local characteristics of the Bassée alluvial plain, are implemented in the regional model by nested modelling methodology associated with upscaling procedure of hydraulics properties. Finally, the multi-scale modelling procedure lead to quantify distributed stream-aquifer exchanged water fluxes over 83% of the natural river network of the Seine basin, and thus, achieve to answer the integrated water resources management recommandations of the water framework directive
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Simon, Nataline. "Développement des méthodes actives de mesures distribuées de température par fibre optique pour la quantification des écoulements souterrains : apports et limites pour la caractérisation des échanges nappe/rivière." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REN1B028.
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Les échanges entre les rivières et les nappes d’eau souterraine jouent un rôle essentiel dans le maintien des écosystèmes aquatiques. Or, leur caractérisation demeure difficile du fait de leur forte variabilité dans l’espace et dans le temps. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de développer des méthodes actives de mesures distribuées de température pour quantifier la dynamique des interactions nappe/rivière. Après avoir établi une nouvelle approche pour évaluer la résolution spatiale des mesures de température, nous avons validé deux nouvelles méthodes d’interprétation permettant d’estimer de manière distribuée les flux d’eau et la conductivité thermique du milieu poreux. Les travaux, associant modélisations numériques et mesures expérimentales en laboratoire, montrent que les méthodes d’interprétation développées permettent d’estimer avec une excellente précision les écoulements et que la gamme de flux pouvant être investiguée est particulièrement large. Pour tester cette approche prometteuse, des expériences actives ont ensuite été réalisées sur le terrain dans deux environnements différents : d’abord dans un petit cours d’eau d’ordre 1 de tête de bassin versant, puis dans un fleuve s’écoulant le long d’une plaine alluviale. Ces applications ont démontré le fort potentiel des méthodes actives pour quantifier les écoulements à l’interface nappe/rivière et décrire leur variabilité spatiale et temporelle. La comparaison des résultats obtenus sur les deux sites a permis finalement de discuter la faisabilité, les apports mais aussi les limites de la méthode dans différents contextes hydrologiquesGroundwater/surface water interactions play a fundamental role in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems. However, their quantification is challenging because exchange processes vary both in time and space. Here, we propose an active distributed heat transport experiment in order to quantify the spatial and temporal variability of groundwater/surface water interactions. As a first step, we proposed a new approach to evaluate the spatial resolution of temperature measurements. Then, two interpretation methods of active-DTS experiments were developed and fully validated to estimate the distribution of porous media thermal conductivity and the groundwater fluxes in sediments. Based on numerical simulations and sandbox experiments, results demonstrated the potentiality of these methods for quantifying distributed groundwater fluxes with high accuracy. The large range of groundwater fluxes that can be investigated with the method makes specially promising the application of active experiments for many subsurface applications. Secondly, we conducted heat transport experiments within the streambed sediments of two different streams: in a first-order stream, then in a large flow-system located along an alluvial plain. These applications demonstrated the relevance of using active experiments to characterize the spatial complexity of stream exchanges. Finally, the comparison of results obtained for each experimental site allowed discussing the capabilities and limitations of using active-DTS field experiments to characterize groundwater/surface water interactions in different hydrological contexts
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Shih, Po-Hung, and 施帛宏. "Using Historical Satellite Imagery to Improve Surface Water Quantification in Bangladesh." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3ebb4v.
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碩士國立中央大學
土木工程學系
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Conventional measures to monitor terrestrial water resources are the deploy of water gauges and in situ well. However, these methods are not only expensive and time-consuming, but also require lots of manpower and infrastructure setups. Therefore, using satellite observations to build a water resource monitoring network becomes an attracting alternative. Ranking as the 10th highest population density in the world, Bangladesh is suffering from multiple freshwater issues. Although the monsoon heading from the Indian Ocean brought lots of rainfall that even induce serious floods every year, it is not practicable for Bangladesh to store surface water due to its flat terrain. Meanwhile, the over-pumping of groundwater has induced extensive land subsidence in many administrative divisions. Therefore, Bangladesh needs a monitoring network that can provide large-scale and continuous data to manage their water resources. This research proposes a method to quantify surface water volume and further estimate the sub-surface water (include soil moisture and groundwater) trend. The study case focuses on Sylhet Plain which has the highest annual precipitation in Bangladesh. We first use the modified normalized difference water index to extract water area from Terra/MODIS MOD09A1 product and Landsat-5/-7/-8 Thematic Mapper (TM)/Enhanced TM plus (ETM+)/Operational Land Imager (OLI) imageries. Then we accumulate a sequence of images to create flood chance model for the recovery of cloud-covered surface. This approach extends the time series of WA with an overall accuracy of 70–80% in rainy season and 40–50% in dry season. This model can be further used to refine Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), which has few meters uncertainty. Next, we simulate the flood extent using the modified SRTM and obtain and the overall accuracy of flood extent increases 19% compared to original data. By combining recovered WA and reconstructed DEM, the surface water volume (WV) is quantified and the signals of two extreme flood events in 2004 and 2007 are well observed in the estimated WV curve. The shifting days between estimated WV and GRACE equivalent water heights (EWHs) are 4 days in Sylhet Plain and 15 days in Brahmaputra River. The correlation coefficient and RMS of the EWH difference are 91.7% / 0.10 m in Sylhet plain and 95.48% / 0.12 m in Brahmaputra River. Finally, we subtract surface water from GRACE EWH and the result shows a decreasing trend of sub-surface water at 0.5 cm yr-1 in Sylhet Plain and decreasing trend at 1.7 cm cm yr-1 in Brahmaputra River, which agree with previous studies.
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Bucibo, Malesole Nontutu Gadihele. "Identification and quantification of selected pesticides in surface water in Southern Gauteng region." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/106.
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Thesis (M. Tech. - Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences) -- Vaal University of Technology, 2010The increased production and application of pesticides for agricultural and non-agricultural purposes has caused the pollution of air, soil, ground and surface water. This has a negative impact on the environment as well as human health due to direct exposure or through residues in food and drinking water. The continuous monitoring of pesticides residues in environmental samples has great importance and demands high efficiency, unique selectivity and high sensitivity techniques. Gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography have been established for years as the techniques for the analysis of pesticides residues. The dissertation deals with the qualitative and quantitative determination of selected pesticides in the Southern Gauteng region using Liquid- liquid extraction solid-phase extraction, high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction using dichloromethane, hexane and ethyl acetate as the extracting solvent were optimized and evaluated for the determination of pesticides in surface water in the Southern Gauteng region. From the developed method the techniques were applied to water samples taken from different rivers selected namely: Zuikerbosch, Rand Water barrage and Kliprivier for sampling. Dichloromethane was used as a solvent in this study since a recovery test was done between dichloromethane, Ethyl acetate and n-hexane. The percentage recovery test for 4,4-DDT, 4,4-DDE, 2,4-DDD and Endosulfan 1 & 2 ranged from 89.9% -97.3% for dichloromethane, 87.3%-96.8% for hexane 88.4%-97.1% for ethyl acetate. The extracts obtained were subjected to column chromatography for clean up. Thereafter 1µl of the cleaned extracts were injected into the Gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector. Organochlorines 4,4-DDT and its metabolites, Organophosphate Chlorypyriphos and carbamates were detected using Gas chromatography electron capture, Gas chromatography mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography.
Book chapters on the topic "Surface water quantification"
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Stuyfzand, Pieter J. "Hydrogeochemical Processes During Riverbank Filtration and Artificial Recharge of Polluted Surface Waters: Zonation, Identification, and Quantification." In Riverbank Filtration for Water Security in Desert Countries, 97–128. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0026-0_7.
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Glasscott, Matthew W., and Jeffrey E. Dick. "CHAPTER 12. Progress in the Detection and Quantification of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Surface Water." In Perfluoroalkyl Substances, 516–37. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839167591-00516.
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Stephansen, Cathrine, Anders Bjørgesæter, Odd Willy Brude, Ute Brönner, Tonje Waterloo Rogstad, Grethe Kjeilen-Eilertsen, Jean-Marie Libre, and Christian Collin-Hansen. "Introduction to the Concepts and Use of ERA Acute." In Assessing Environmental Risk of Oil Spills with ERA Acute, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70176-5_1.
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AbstractIntroducing the main concepts of ERA Acute, this chapter describes the overall framework and purpose of the methodology. ERA Acute is a recently developed oil spill risk assessment (OSRA) methodology for quantification of oil spill impacts and risk (Environmental Risk Assessment, ERA). It covers four environmental compartments; sea surface (seabirds, turtles, marine mammals), water column (fish eggs/larvae), shoreline and seafloor (species and habitats) using continuous impact functions and introduces the Resource Damage Factor (RDF). The methodology depends on external oil spill modelling and input data related to the presence and vulnerability of Valued Ecosystem Components (VECs). ERA Acute is developed to provide an improvement over the currently used “MIRA” method on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) and is better suited for risk management, decision-making and analyses from screening studies to full environmental risk assessments.
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Luisa García-Betancourt, María, Sandra I. Ramírez Jiménez, Apsahara González-Hodges, Zandra E. Nuñez Salazar, Ismailia Leilani Escalante-García, and Jeannete Ramírez Aparicio. "Low Dimensional Nanostructures: Measurement and Remediation Technologies Applied to Trace Heavy Metals in Water." In Trace Metals in the Environment - New Approaches and Recent Advances. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93263.
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A nanostructure is a system in which at least one external dimension is in the nanoscale, it means a length range smaller than 100 nm. Nanostructures can be natural or synthetic and determine the physicochemical properties of bulk materials. Due to their high surface area and surface reactivity, they can be an efficient alternative to remove contaminants from the environment, including heavy metals from water. Heavy metals like mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) are highly poisonous and hazardous to human health due to their non-biodegradability and highly toxic properties, even at trace levels. Thus, efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly methodologies of removal are needed. These needs for removal require fast detection, quantification, and remediation to have heavy metal-free water. Nanostructures emerged as a powerful tool capable to detect, quantify, and remove these contaminants. This book chapter summarizes some examples of nanostructures that have been used on the detection, quantification, and remediation of heavy metals in water.
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Banerjee, Diptonil, Amit Kumar Sharma, and Nirmalya Sankar Das. "Removal of Dyes by the Process of Adsorption." In Nano Materials Induced Removal of Textile Dyes from Waste Water, 232–66. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815050295122010009.
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Adsorption is one of the simplest ways and means to remove dyes from water. The process of adsorption simply involves the removal of water contaminants that come in contact with adsorbents, i.e., the materials of interest. The material should only have sufficient surface area, porosity, and adequate numbers of adsorption sites. Besides being one of the simplest means of dye removal, the process has further advantages in that the same material may be used many times, i.e., regarding the recyclability of the material. Keeping all these in mind in this chapter, a detailed discussion regarding the adsorption process has been included. The discussion not only covers the basic principle of the process but also unfolds the analysis technique regarding the performance of certain material as an efficient absorber. The quantification of removal efficiency will also be a topic of discussion. The setup for such a kind of measurement will be unveiled, and most importantly, different theoretical models for such a process will also be a topic of interest in this chapter. The different models include the Langmuir model, Freundlich model, Temkin model, and others. An effort has also been made to enlighten the readers with the different reaction kinetics like pseudo-first-order, or second-order reaction kinetics. In every subsection, a few experimental data will be shown and discussed.
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SchrÖder, Horst Friedrich. "Chapter 6. Separation, Identification and Quantification of Surfactants and their Metabolites in Waste Water, Surface Water and Drinking Water by LC-TSP-MS, FIA-TSP-MS and MS-MS." In Journal of Chromatography Library, 263–324. Elsevier, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60783-6.
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Hopmans, Jan W., and Jan M. H. Hendrickx. "Emerging Measurement Techniques for Vadose Zone Characterization." In Vadose Zone Hydrology. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195109900.003.0015.
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Variables and parameters required to characterize soil water flow and solute transport are often measured at different spatial scales from those for which they are needed. This poses a problem since results from field and laboratory measurements at one spatial scale are not necessarily valid for application at another. Herein lies a challenge that vadose zone hydrologists are faced with. For example, vadose zone studies can include flow at the groundwater-unsaturated zone as well as at the soil surface-atmosphere interface at either one specific location or representing an entire field or landscape unit. Therefore, vadose zone measurements should include techniques that can monitor at large depths and that characterize landsurface processes. On the other end of the space spectrum, microscopic laboratory measurement techniques are needed to better understand fundamental flow and transport mechanisms through observations of pore-scale geometry and fluid flow. The Vadose Zone Hydrology (VZH) Conference made very clear that there is an immediate need for such microscopic information at fluid-fluid and solid-fluid interfaces, as well as for methodologies that yield information at the field/landscape scale. The need for improved instrumentation was discussed at the ASA-sponsored symposium on “Future Directions in Soil Physics” by Hendrickx (1994) and Hopmans (1994). Soil physicists participating in the 1994-1999 Western Regional Research Project W-188 (1994) focused on “improved characterization and quantification of flow and transport processes in soils,” and prioritized the need for development and evaluation of new instrumentation and methods of data anlysis to further improve characterization of water and solute transport. The regional project documents the critical need for quantification of water flow and solute transport in heterogeneous, spatially variable field soils, specifically to address preferential and accelerated contaminant transport. Cassel and Nielsen (1994) describe the contributions in computed tomography (CT) using x-rays or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as “an awakening,” and they envision these methodologies to become an integral part of vadose zone research programs. The difference in size between measurement and application scales poses a dilemma for the vadose zone hydrologist.
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"Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering." In Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering, edited by Mark S. Bevelhimer and Charles C. Coutant. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874028.ch15.
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<em>Abstract</em>.— The bioengineering field needs an inexpensive tool to monitor fish behavior in relation to structures and hydraulic features at hydropower and thermoelectric power plants. We attached inexpensive chemiluminescent light sticks to 243 yearling steelhead <em>Oncorhynchus mykiss </em>to assess the feasibility of using light emitting tags as an inexpensive method to observe night time movements of downstream-migrating steelhead at a hydropower dam powerhouse and headrace. Adaptation of a small monofilament T-bar anchor tag allowed rapid tagging with minimal handling stress. Preliminary studies in the laboratory indicated no apparent deleterious effects of the tags. The near-neutrally buoyant, 37 × 4 mm light sticks were held about 2 cm above the fish’s back and were visible from all directions. Visual observations allowed definition of trajectories of 138 fish from point of release in relation to several physical structures and hydraulic patterns near a hydropower dam. Less detailed observations were made for another 40 fish. The technique was valuable for obtaining detailed movement patterns of fish at depths up to about 1.7 m and over areas of about 30 m radius from one observer located about 3 m above the water surface. The main use for light tags is likely to be for short-duration, night observations of fish behavior in small streams, for shallow near-shore areas, or with surface-oriented fish. The technique seems useful for observing fine-scale fish movements near physical and hydraulic features associated with shallow entrances to water intakes, such as for turbines or fish bypasses. Additional observers and/or video surveillance can extend the distance of observations, the accuracy of the data, and quantification of results.
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"Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering." In Advances in Fisheries Bioengineering, edited by Mark S. Bevelhimer and Charles C. Coutant. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874028.ch15.
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<em>Abstract</em>.— The bioengineering field needs an inexpensive tool to monitor fish behavior in relation to structures and hydraulic features at hydropower and thermoelectric power plants. We attached inexpensive chemiluminescent light sticks to 243 yearling steelhead <em>Oncorhynchus mykiss </em>to assess the feasibility of using light emitting tags as an inexpensive method to observe night time movements of downstream-migrating steelhead at a hydropower dam powerhouse and headrace. Adaptation of a small monofilament T-bar anchor tag allowed rapid tagging with minimal handling stress. Preliminary studies in the laboratory indicated no apparent deleterious effects of the tags. The near-neutrally buoyant, 37 × 4 mm light sticks were held about 2 cm above the fish’s back and were visible from all directions. Visual observations allowed definition of trajectories of 138 fish from point of release in relation to several physical structures and hydraulic patterns near a hydropower dam. Less detailed observations were made for another 40 fish. The technique was valuable for obtaining detailed movement patterns of fish at depths up to about 1.7 m and over areas of about 30 m radius from one observer located about 3 m above the water surface. The main use for light tags is likely to be for short-duration, night observations of fish behavior in small streams, for shallow near-shore areas, or with surface-oriented fish. The technique seems useful for observing fine-scale fish movements near physical and hydraulic features associated with shallow entrances to water intakes, such as for turbines or fish bypasses. Additional observers and/or video surveillance can extend the distance of observations, the accuracy of the data, and quantification of results.
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Minnis, Patrick. "Satellite Remote Sensing of Cirrus." In Cirrus. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130720.003.0011.
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The determination of cirrus properties over large spatial and temporal scales will, in most instances, require the use of satellite data. Global coverage at resolutions as fine as several meters are attainable with instruments on Landsat, and temporal coverage at 1-min intervals is now available with the latest Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) imagers. Extracting information about cirrus clouds from these satellite data sets is often difficult because of variations in background, similarities to other cloud types, and the frequently semitransparent nature of cirrus clouds. From the surface, cirrus clouds are readily discerned by the human observer via the patterns of scattered visible radiation from the sun, moon, and stars. The relatively uniform background presented by the sky facilitates cloud detection and the familiar textures, structures, and apparent altitude of cirrus distinguish it from other cloud types. From satellites, cirrus can also be detected from scattered visible radiation, but the demands of accurate identification for different surface backgrounds over the entire diurnal cycle and quantification of the cirrus properties require the analysis of radiances scattered or emitted over a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Many of these spectra and high-resolution satellite data can be used to understand certain aspects of cirrus clouds in particular situations. Intensive study of well-measured cases can yield a wealth of information about cirrus properties on fine scales (e.g., Minnis et al. 1990; Westphal et al. 1996). Production of a global climatology of cirrus clouds, however, requires compromises in spatial, temporal, and spectral coverage (e.g., Schiffer and Rossow 1983). This chapter summarizes both the state of the art and the potential for future passive remote sensing systems to aid the understanding of cirrus processes and to acquire sufficient statistics for constraining and refining weather and climate models. Theoretically, many different aspects of cirrus can be determined from passive sensing systems. A limited number of quantities are the focus of most efforts to describe cirrus clouds. These include the areal coverage, top and base altitude or pressure, thickness, top and base temperatures, optical depth, effective particle size and shape, vertical ice water path, and size, shape and spacing of the cloud cells.
Conference papers on the topic "Surface water quantification"
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Benhabib, Merwan, Kim P. Tran, Samuel L. Kleinman, Natalya Zherebnenko, and Mark C. Peterman. "Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Rapid and Cost-Effective Quantification of Amines in Sour Water." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/177406-ms.
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Soto-Sanchez, Leslie, and Chu-Lin Cheng. "QUANTIFICATION OF GROUNDWATER-SURFACE WATER INTERACTIONS THROUGH HYPORHEIC FLOW STUDY IN LOWER RIO GRANDE, TX." In 54th Annual GSA South-Central Section Meeting 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020sc-343898.
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Murray, J. J., and M. A. Sullivan. "Measurement of Water Surface Particle Kinematics Using a Motion Tracking System." In SNAME 24th American Towing Tank Conference. SNAME, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/attc-1995-010.
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Water particle motions on the wave surface are of interest to the designer for various applications that require quantification of particle kinematics. Difficulties in predicting these kinematics lead to other alternatives such as measurements in model tests. The modelled waves themselves as generated in facilities may also be of interest. Devices to measure particle motion adopted from fluid flow measurement equipment, are generally not well suited to measure particle kinematics because of limitations in their response or intrusiveness within the wave field. This paper discusses the use of a motion tracking device to measure wave surface particle kinematics. Small spheres floating on the wave surface are tracked using an optical tracking device and their position is determined as a function of time using monitoring cameras. Tests were carried out in a series of regular and irregular waves. Measured kinematics are compared and discussed in relation to those predicted by wave theories.
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Wan, Qiaoling, Chun Yang, Zhi Zhang, and Peng Lian. "Optimization of the Operational Parameters for Oestrone Quantification in Sewage and River Water Matrices Using Response Surface Method." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5515175.
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Silveira de Araujo, Isa, and Zoya Heidari. "Quantification of Adsorption of Water on Clay Surfaces and Electrical Double Layer Properties Using Molecular Simulations." In 2022 SPWLA 63rd Annual Symposium. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2022-0005.
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Quantification of adsorption of water on the clay mineral surface at a molecular scale can provide fundamental insights on the properties of electrical double layer (EDL), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and production performance of clay-rich formations. However, there are limited fundamental studies on quantifying the impacts of reservoir temperature/pressure on water adsorption on clay surface, and on the factors controlling the properties of EDL. In this project, we use molecular simulations to (i)investigate water adsorption on clay minerals (ii)quantify the impacts of reservoir temperature onadsorption (iii) investigate the structure of the EDL onclay surface as a function of electrolyte concentrationand pore size and calculate diffusion coefficients. Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations are performed to calculate water adsorption. These simulations are performed at 330K at the pressure of 5MPa. Then, an electrolyte (including NaCl) is added to the system and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are performed at temperature range of 330K to 380K. To investigate the impact of electrolyte concentration on the geochemistry of the solid-fluid interface, these simulations are performed at electrolyte concentrations ranging from of 0.7 mol/dm3, 1.4 mol/dm3 and 1.9 mol/dm3. To analyze the effects of confinement on water adsorption, MD simulations performed on 2 and 4 nm-wide illite slit pores. We applied the proposed methods on multiple types of clay minerals including illite and kaolinite. Our results show the formation of two hydration layers on the surface of illite and kaolinite. We found that the position of the adsorbed cations and anions inside the clay nanopore do not change significantly with ionic strength, and that clay geochemistry is the main factor determining the adsorption planes of ions. As temperature increases the mobility of water and ions increase, however when temperature is increased from 360 K to 380 K the increase in mobility is not significant. Results also showed that the diffusion coefficient of molecules across the surface of clay walls is smaller compared to that parallel to the surface. Besides that, we found that as confinement effect increases, spatial distribution of ions does not change, but the van der Waals interactions between clay surface and brine increases. Quantification of water adsorption and characterization of EDL in clay minerals at reservoir conditions cannot be easily assessed experimentally. The proposed method enabled quantifying water adsorption and EDL characterization in different types of clay minerals and elucidating the clay-water interface at such conditions. The outcomes of this work can potentially contribute to development of quantitative models for CEC and wettability assessment as a function of geochemistry of the rock.
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Hammoum, F., C. Stefani, L. M. Cottineau, and J. P. Desroches. "Quantification of Accelerated Wear for Road Materials by Using a New Testing Apparatus." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63268.
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This paper focuses on problem of loss aggregates on the surface layer of pavements in particular sites such as approaches to roundabouts and pedestrian crossings. Obtaining a long life-wearing course requires more than can be achieved by improving the properties of the wearing course in it. Generally, the traffic loads, temperature variations, the intrusion of water and freeze-thaw cycles, which will reduce the life of the wearing course, regardless of how well it is designed and constructed. The wearing course is an important interdependent component of the whole pavement. A durable and faultless wearing course acts to protect the base layers against the intrusion of water from above, which is essential to maintain its strength and serviceable life. The objective of this study is to evaluate the wear of a controlled set of pavements with various aggregate mixtures. A single parameter is not enough to describe the mechanisms of surface damage but we propose relationships between the constituents used in pavements and loss of aggregates.
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Bikass, S., B. Andersson, and A. Pilipenko. "Uncertainties on HTC Measurement of Water Spray Quenching of Aluminum Alloys." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44185.
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Water spray cooling of profiles right after extrusion is critical for control over the mechanical properties of high strength alloys. To design the optimum distribution of spray, computer simulation is a powerful tool. For that purpose a quantification of the heat-transfer boundary conditions is challenging, especially as the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) changes with the surface temperature. It is possible to record temperature history during the quenching in laboratory/plant experiments and then HTC values can be calculated by means of inverse modeling. These values are applicable only if they are accurate enough. In this paper, it is assumed the maximum allowed tolerance for calculated HTC to be 5%. This work is based on the computer simulation of the real experiments with thermocouples installed inside the sample to estimate the heat flux at the surface of the sample as well as the sample surface temperature using heat transfer equations. Error sources are typically: inaccurate thermocouple positioning and contact quality, sample geometry, thermocouple accuracy and repeatability, thermal properties, initial temperature and etc. In this study, some of these errors and uncertainty sources are selected and their impact on calculated HTC values is investigated. Finally, maximum allowance for every parameter to achieve calculated HTC within ±5% is calculated. Since HTC is not constant but a curve vs. temperature, the calculated HTC values must be between two parallel curves which represent +5% and −5% of nominal HTC.
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Prošek, Andrej, and Borut Mavko. "Uncertainty Quantification of SB LOCA With CSAU Using Optimal Statistical Estimator." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-1129.
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Abstract When performing best estimate calculations uncertainty needs to be quantified. An optimal statistical estimator algorithm was adapted, extended and used for response surface generation. The objective of the study was to demonstrate optimal statistical estimator for uncertainty evaluation of single value or time dependent parameters when Code Scaling, Applicability and Uncertainty (CSAU) method is used for uncertainty quantification. The scenario selected was small-break loss-of-coolant accident with break in cold leg of a two-loop pressurized water reactor Westinghouse type. The uncertainty was quantified for RELAP5/MOD3.2 thermalhydraulic computer code. The results showed that peak cladding temperature selected as one of primary safety criteria with added uncertainty does not exceed the safety limit. Uncertainty was additionally evaluated for nine time dependent parameters. This finding indicate that CSAU method can be applied to transients other than loss-of-coolant accident.
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Alghazal, Mohammed, and Dimitrios Krinis. "UNCERTAINTY QUANTIFICATION BY MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF LAB-DERIVED SATURATION DATA FROM SPONGE CORES." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0032.
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Fluid saturation data obtained from core analysis are used as control points for log calibration, saturation modeling and sweep evaluation. These lab-derived data are often viewed as ground-truth values without fundamentally understanding the key limitations of experimental procedures or scrutinizing the accuracy of measured lab data. This paper presents a unique assessment of sponge core data through parameterization, uncertainty analysis and Monte-Carlo modeling of critical variables influencing lab-derived saturation results. This work examines typical lab data and reservoir information that could impact final saturation results in sponge coring. We dissected and analyzed ranges of standard raw data from Dean-Stark and spectrometric analysis (including, gravimetric weights, distilled water volumes, pore volumes and sponge’s absorbance), input variables of fluid and rock properties (such as, water salinity, formation volume factors, plug’s dimension and stress corrections), governing equations (including, salt correction factors, water density correlations and lab mass balance equations) and other factors (for instance, sources of water salinity, filtrate invasion, bleeding by gas liberation and water evaporation). Based on our investigation, we have identified and statistically parameterized 11 key variables to quantify the uncertainty in lab-derived fluid saturation data in sponge cores. The variables’ uncertainties were mapped into continuous distributions and randomly sampled by Monte-Carlo simulation to generate probabilistic saturation models for sponge cores. Simulation results indicate the significance of the water salinity parameter in mixed salinity environments, ranging between 20,000 to 150,000 ppm. This varied range of water salinity produces a wide uncertainty spectrum of core oil saturation in the range of +/- 3 to 10% saturation unit. Consequently, we developed two unique salinity variance models to capture the water salinity effect and minimize the uncertainty in the calculation of core saturation. The first model uses a material balance to solve for the salinity given the distilled water volume and gravimetric weight difference of the sample before and after leaching. The second model iteratively estimates the salinity required to achieve 100% of total fluids saturation at reservoir condition after correcting for the bleeding, stress and water evaporation effects. Our work shows that these derived models of water salinity are consistent with water salinity data from surface and bottom-hole samples. Despite the prominence of applications of core saturation data in many aspects of the industry, thorough investigation into its quality and accuracy is usually overlooked. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to present a novel analysis of the uncertainty coupled with Monte-Carlo simulation of lab-derived saturation’s data from sponge cores. The modeling approach and results highlighted in this work provide the fundamental framework for modern uncertainty assessment of core data.
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Alghazal, Mohammed, and Dimitrios Krinis. "Uncertainty Quantification by Monte Carlo Simulation of Lab-Derived Saturation Data from Sponge Cores." In SPE Europec featured at 82nd EAGE Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205146-ms.
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Abstract Fluid saturation data obtained from core analysis are used as control points for log calibration, saturation modeling and sweep evaluation. These lab-derived data are often viewed as ground-truth values without fundamentally understanding the key limitations of experimental procedures or scrutinizing the accuracy of measured lab data. This paper presents a unique assessment of sponge core data through parameterization, uncertainty analysis and Monte-Carlo modeling of critical variables influencing lab-derived saturation results. This work examines typical lab data and reservoir information that could impact final saturation results in sponge coring. We dissected and analyzed ranges of standard raw data from Dean-Stark and spectrometric analysis (including, gravimetric weights, distilled water volumes, pore volumes and sponge's absorbance), input variables of fluid and rock properties (such as, water salinity, formation volume factors, plug's dimension and stress corrections), governing equations (including, salt correction factors, water density correlations and lab mass balance equations) and other factors (for instance, sources of water salinity, filtrate invasion, bleeding by gas liberation and water evaporation). Based on our investigation, we have identified and statistically parameterized 11 key variables to quantify the uncertainty in lab-derived fluid saturation data in sponge cores. The variables' uncertainties were mapped into continuous distributions and randomly sampled by Monte-Carlo simulation to generate probabilistic saturation models for sponge cores. Simulation results indicate the significance of the water salinity parameter in mixed salinity environments, ranging between 20,000 to 150,000 ppm. This varied range of water salinity produces a wide uncertainty spectrum of core oil saturation in the range of +/- 3 to 10% saturation unit. Consequently, we developed two unique salinity variance models to capture the water salinity effect and minimize the uncertainty in the calculation of core saturation. The first model uses a material balance to solve for the salinity given the distilled water volume and gravimetric weight difference of the sample before and after leaching. The second model iteratively estimates the salinity required to achieve 100% of total fluids saturation at reservoir condition after correcting for the bleeding, stress and water evaporation effects. Our work shows that these derived models of water salinity are consistent with water salinity data from surface and bottomhole samples. Despite the prominence of applications of core saturation data in many aspects of the industry, thorough investigation into its quality and accuracy is usually overlooked. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to present a novel analysis of the uncertainty coupled with Monte-Carlo simulation of lab-derived saturation's data from sponge cores. The modeling approach and results highlighted in this work provide the fundamental framework for modern uncertainty assessment of core data.
Reports on the topic "Surface water quantification"
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Vecherin, Sergey, Stephen Ketcham, Aaron Meyer, Kyle Dunn, Jacob Desmond, and Michael Parker. Short-range near-surface seismic ensemble predictions and uncertainty quantification for layered medium. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45300.
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To make a prediction for seismic signal propagation, one needs to specify physical properties and subsurface ground structure of the site. This information is frequently unknown or estimated with significant uncertainty. This paper describes a methodology for probabilistic seismic ensemble prediction for vertically stratified soils and short ranges with no in situ site characterization. Instead of specifying viscoelastic site properties, the methodology operates with probability distribution functions of these properties taking into account analytical and empirical relationships among viscoelastic variables. This yields ensemble realizations of signal arrivals at specified locations where statistical properties of the signals can be estimated. Such ensemble predictions can be useful for preliminary site characterization, for military applications, and risk analysis for remote or inaccessible locations for which no data can be acquired. Comparison with experiments revealed that measured signals are not always within the predicted ranges of variability. Variance-based global sensitivity analysis has shown that the most significant parameters for signal amplitude predictions in the developed stochastic model are the uncertainty in the shear quality factor and the Poisson ratio above the water table depth.
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Glasscott, Matthew, Johanna Jernberg, Erik Alberts, and Lee Moores. Toward the electrochemical detection of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43826.
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Analytical methods to rapidly detect explosive compounds with high precision are paramount for applications ranging from national security to environmental remediation. This report demonstrates two proof-of-concept electroanalytical methods for the quantification of 2,4-dinitroanisol (DNAN) and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). For the first time, DNAN reduction was analyzed and compared at a bare graphitic carbon electrode, a polyaniline-modified (PANI) electrode, and a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrode utilizing PANI to explore the effect of surface-area and preconcentration affinity on the analytical response. Since some explosive compounds such as PETN are not appreciably soluble in water (<10 μg/L), necessitating a different solvent system to permit direct detection via electrochemical reduction. A 1,2-dichloroethane system was explored as a possibility by generating a liquid-liquid extraction-based sensor exploiting the immiscibility of 1,2-dichloroethane and water. The reduction process was explored using a scan rate analysis to extract a diffusion coefficient of 6.67 x 10⁻⁶ cm/s, in agreement with literature values for similarly structured nitrate esters. Once further refined, these techniques may be extended to other explosives and combined with portable electrochemical hardware to bring real-time chemical information to soldiers and citizens alike.
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Campiglia, Andres D., and Florencio E. Hernandez. Field-deployable, nano-sensing approach for real-time detection of free mercury, speciation and quantification in surface stream waters and groundwater samples at the U.S. Department of Energy contaminated sites. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1150748.
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