Relevant bibliographies by topics / Surface Water

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Surface Water'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 June 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Surface Water"

1

Fraley, Jill. "Water, Water, Everywhere: Surface Water Liability." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 5.1 (2015): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.5.1.water.

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By 2030 the U.S. will lose around $520 billion annually from its gross domestic product due to flooding. New risks resulting from climate change arise not only from swelling rivers and lakes, but also from stormwater runoff. According to the World Bank, coastal cities risk flooding more from their poor management of surface water than they do from rising sea levels. Surface water liability governs when a landowner is responsible for diverting the flow of water to a neighboring parcel of land. Steep increases in urban flooding will make surface water an enormous source of litigation in the coming decades. But surface water jurisprudence is ill equipped for this influx. The law of surface waters remains cumbersome, antiquated, and confusing. Furthermore, the doctrine itself has exacerbated the problem by privileging land development over maintaining natural landscapes, thereby eliminating what would have been carbon sequestration devices, as well as natural buffers against storm surges, sea level rise, and flooding. This Article critiques surface water liability rules through original research into the agricultural science that supported these legal doctrines. By establishing how the current legal doctrines emerged from science now known to be highly flawed, this Article demonstrates the need to break with past doctrines and engage in a genuine rethinking of how to manage surface water liability in the twentyfirst century. Finally, this Article proposes a new liability rule that would manage landowner expectations while avoiding the pro-development bias currently entrenched in the jurisprudence.
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Voitko, I. I., V. A. Denisovich, T. V. Kibalnik, O. A. Sopruk, and R. V. Bondar. "Oxidized coal as a sorbent for softening water." Surface 13(28) (December 30, 2021): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2021.13.188.

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Sorption tests carried out oxidized nitric acid active carbon in H+- and Na+- form in relation to cations Mg2+ and Ca2+ and mixture thereof. Values obtained statistical volumetric capacity samples and mass loss them during processing nitric acid, that is oxidation state. Discovered correlation between these data and relevant sorption volume samples. Demonstrated a possible water softening oxidized coal subject to specific solution acidity.
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Turov, V. V., P. P. Gorbyk, T. V. Krupska, S. P. Turanska, V. F. Chekhun, and N. Yu Luk'yanova. "Composite systems for medical purposes, created on the basis of hydrophobic silica." Surface 13(28) (December 30, 2021): 246–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2021.13.246.

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Composite systems with certain cytotoxic (AM1/lectin) and adsorption (AM1/gelatin) activity have been developed on the basis of methyl silica and protein molecules – lectin and gelatin. For both types of composites, mechanisms of water binding to the surface and methods of transferring of hydrophobic materials into the aquatic environment have been investigated. The state of interfacial water in air, organic and acid media was studied. It has been found that the presence of a hydrophobic component in composites stabilizes of surface water in a weakly associated state, when a significant part of water molecules does not form hydrogen bonds. Liquid hydrophobic medium enhances this effect, and the strong acid (trifluoroacetic), added to it, promotes the transition of water to a strongly associated state. It has been shown that the redistribution of water in the interparticle intervals of AM1 with protein molecules immobilized on their surface changes under the influence of mechanical loads. Mechanoactivated samples are characterized by the possibility of water penetration into the spaces between the primary particles of methyl silica. It has been shown that immobilization of lectin on the surface of AM1 is accompanied by an increase in the interfacial energy gS from 4.1 to 5.2 J/g. This is due to an increase in the concentration of strongly bound water. If we analyze the changes in the distributions of radii R of the clusters of adsorbed water, we can state that in the water adsorbed by native lectin molecules, there are two main maxima at R = 1 and 3 nm. In the immobilized state, the maximum at R = 1 nm is present in both types of water (of different order), but the second maximum is observed only for more ordered associates.
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Krupskaya, T. V., Ja Skubiszewska-Zieba, B. Charmas, M. D. Tsapko, and V. V. Turov. "Water clustering in a dehydrated zooglie tibetan milk mushroom." Surface 11(26) (December 30, 2019): 542–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2019.11.542.

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Turov, V. V., V. M. Gun’ko, T. V. Krupskaya, I. S. Protsak, L. S. Andriyko, A. I. Marinin, A. P. Golovan, N. V. Yelagina, and N. T. Kartel. "Interphase interactions of hydrophobic powders based on methilsilica in the water environment." Surface 12(27) (December 30, 2020): 53–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2020.12.053.

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Using modern physicochemical research methods and quantum chemical modeling, the surface structure, morphological and adsorption characteristics, phase transitions in heterogeneous systems based on methylsilica and its mixtures with hydrophilic silica were studied. It is established that at certain concentrations of interfacial water, hydrophobic silica or their composites with hydrophilic silica form thermodynamically unstable systems in which energy dissipation can be carried out under the influence of external factors: increasing water concentration, mechanical loads and adsorption of air by hydrophobic component. When comparing the binding energies of water in wet powders of wettind-drying samples A-300 and AM-1, which had close values of bulk density (1 g/cm3) and humidity (1 g/g), close to 8 J/g. However, the hydration process of hydrophobic silica is accompanied by a decrease in entropy and the transition of the adsorbent-water system to a thermodynamically nonequilibrium state, which is easily fixed on the dependences of interfacial energy (S) on the amount of water in the system (h). It turned out that for pure AM-1 the interfacial energy of water increases in proportion to its amount in the interparticle gaps only in the case when h < 1 g/g. With more water, the binding energy decreases abruptly, indicating the transition of the system to a more stable state, which is characterized by the consolidation of clusters of adsorbed water and even the formation of a bulk phase of water. Probably there is a partial "collapse" of the interparticle gaps of hydrophobic particles AM-1 and the release of thermodynamically excess water. For mixtures of hydrophobic and hydrophilic silica, the maximum binding of water is shifted towards greater hydration. At AM1/A-300 = 1/1 the maximum is observed at h = 3g/g, and in the case of AM1/A-300 = 1/2 it is not reached even at h = 4 g/g. The study of the rheological properties of composite systems has shown that under the action of mechanical loads, the viscosity of systems decreases by almost an order of magnitude. However, after withstanding the load and then reducing the load to zero, the viscosity of the system increases again and becomes significantly higher than at the beginning of the study. That is, the obtained materials have high thixotropic properties. Thus, a wet powder that has all the characteristics of a solid after a slight mechanical impact is easily converted into a concentrated suspension with obvious signs of liquid.
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Turov, V. V., L. V. Zrol, and T. V. Krupska. "Determination of the influence of the hydrophobic component on water hold in the composite system created on the base of methylsilica and microcrystalline cellulose." SURFACE 14(29) (December 30, 2022): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2022.14.101.

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Heterogeneous composite systems created on the basis of nanosized methylsilica AM1-200 and microcrystalline cellulose were investigated using the method of low-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. Thermodynamic parameters of bound water in hydrated microcrystalline cellulose (MSC) powders and AM1/MSC composites at different ratios of hydrophobic and hydrophilic components were measured. It was established that the hydrophobic component is able to stabilize the aqueous system in the MSS/AM1 composite powders even when the amount of water is twice the amount of the solid phase. From the distributions of the radii of adsorbed water clusters, it follows that in highly hydrated composites, a significant part of the water is in the form of nanodroplets with a radius of several tens of nm
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Turov, V. V., V. M. Gun'ko, and T. V. Krupska. "Methane adsorption onto silicas with various degree of hydrophobicity." Surface 13(28) (December 30, 2021): 94–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2021.13.094.

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The methane adsorption onto a hydrated surface of hydrophobic silica AM1 alone and impregnated by arginine, and silica gel Si-100 has been studied using low-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. It has been shown that the methane adsorption onto the AM1 surface depends on the degree of hydration and pretreatment type. The maximum adsorption (up to 80 mg/g) is observed for a sample hydrated after complete drying. It has been established that the adsorption is determined by a number of clusters of bound water of small radii. Based on a shape of the temperature dependence of the adsorption, it has been assumed that not only physical adsorption occurs, but also the quasi-solid methane hydrates are formed. It has been established that the amount of methane adsorbed onto a surface of a composite system AM1/arginine under isobaric conditions increases by tens of times (from 0.5 to 80 mg/g) in the presence of pre-adsorbed water pre-adsorbed at the surface. Probable mechanisms of the methane adsorption are physical adsorption on a surface, condensation in narrow voids between silica nanoparticles and nano-scaled (1-10 nm) water clusters, and the formation of solid (clathrate) methane hydrates. Water, adsorbed at a surface in a wide range of hydration, forms various clusters. This water is mainly strongly associated and characterized by chemical shifts in the range dH = 4-6 ppm. The hydrate structures with methane/water are quite stable and can exist even in the chloroform medium. However, in this case, a part of water transforms into a weakly associated state and it is observed at dH = 1.5-2 ppm.
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Krupska, T. V., V. M. Gun'ko, I. S. Protsak, I. I. Gerashchenko, A. P. Golovan, N. Yu Klymenko, V. V. Turov, and M. T. Kartel. "Properties of composite systems based on polymethylsiloxane and silica in the water environment." Surface 12(27) (December 30, 2020): 100–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2020.12.100.

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The formation of a composite system based on equal amounts of hydrophobic, porous polymethylsiloxane and hydrophilic nanosilicon A-300 was studied. It is shown that during the formation of a composite system the specific surface of the material is significantly reduced, which is due to the close contact between hydrophobic and hydrophilic particles. When water is added to the composite system, in the process of homogenization under conditions of dosed mechanical loading, the effect of nanocoagulation is manifested – the formation of nanosized particles of hydrated silica inside the polymethylsiloxane matrix, recorded on TEM microphotographs. When measuring the value of the interfacial energy of PMS and PMS/A-300 composite by low-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy, it was found that the effect of nanocoagulation is manifested in a decrease (compared to the original PMS) energy of water interaction with the surface of the composite obtained under small mechanical conditions. its growth when using high mechanical loads. In the process, the binding of water in heterogeneous systems containing PMS, pyrogenic nanosilica (A-300), water and surfactants – decamethoxine (DMT) was studied. Composite systems were created using metered mechanical loads. It is shown that when filling the interparticle gaps of PMS by the method of hydrosealing, the interphase energy of water in the interparticle gaps of hydrophobic PMS with the same hydration is twice the interfacial energy of water in hydrophilic silica A-300. This is due to the smaller linear dimensions of the interparticle gaps in PMS compared to A-300. In the composite system, A-300/PMS/DMT/H2O there are non-additive growth of binding energy of water, which is probably due to the formation, under the influence of mechanical stress in the presence of water, microheterogeneous areas consisting mainly of hydrophobic and hydrophilic components (microcoagulation). Thus, with the help of mechanical loads, you can control the adsorption properties of composite systems and create new materials with unique adsorption properties.
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Krupska, T. V., V. V. Turov, M. D. Tsapko, J. Skubyshevskaya-Ziemba, and B. Charmas. "Properties of composite systems based on suspensions of lactobacillus and silica." SURFACE 14(29) (December 30, 2022): 176–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2022.14.176.

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Low-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy and DSC methods were used to study the hydration process of Lactobacillus, the influence of a weakly polar organic environment on it, and the encapsulation of cells with silica and the possibility of penetration of such an active substance as trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA) into them. It is shown that the spectral parameters of water in concentrated cell suspensions of Lactobacillus significantly depend on the concentration of the suspensions, which is probably related to the possibility of forming a stable cell gel, which can be encapsulated by silica particles both in the air environment and in the environment without its destruction chloroform with the addition of trifluoroacetic acid. There are two maxima corresponding to R = 2 and 20-100 nm on the distribution curves of the radii of clusters of unfreezing water. The contribution to the distribution of the second maximum increases with increasing water concentration. On the DSC-thermograms of lactobacilli, the value of the thermal effect related to the amount of bound water is much smaller than the thermal effect of ice melting, which is due to the presence of a significant amount of non-freezing water.
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Synytsia, A. O., O. E. Sych, V. S. Zenkov, O. I. Khomenko, V. G. Kolesnichenko, T. E. Babutina, and I. G. Kondratenko. "Investigation of water vapor adsorption kinetics on hydroxyapatite/magnetite/chitosan biocomposites." Surface 15(30) (December 30, 2023): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2023.15.097.

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The work is devoted to the investigation of the morphology and adsorption properties of powder composites based on biogenic hydroxyapatite modified by magnetite (1, 5, 25, 50 wt. %) of various types (synthesis methods) and chitosan. The morphology of the powders evaluated using SEM micrographs and AMIS software is characterized by a uniform distribution of particles size and shape. It was established that the use of magnetite synthesized by chemical precipitation in the amount of 1-5% allows to obtain composite materials with a particle size in a narrower size range. Analysis of the kinetics of adsorption-desorption processes showed that the adsorption of water vapor is directly related to the ratio of hydroxyapatite and magnetite, increasing with increasing magnetite content. In addition, it is shown that the adsorption process for composites modified by magnetite obtained by the chemical precipitation method proceeds uniformly, while for composites containing magnetite obtained by the thermal decomposition method, three consecutive stages of the adsorption process are characteristic: rapid linear increase in mass, gradual inhibition of the adsorption process and stabilization of the mass of the material. The evaluation of the increase in mass also indicates a connection with the ratio of hydroxyapatite and magnetite, increasing with increasing magnetite content, which confirms the presence of physicochemical processes of interaction of gas molecules with the active centers of the molecules of the studied materials. DTGA also shows that the type of magnetite in an amount of more than 25% significantly affects the mass loss of composites during heat treatment up to 1000 °C, which is related to the initial characteristics of the magnetite used. The presented results in combination with previously obtained physicomechanical and biochemical properties testify to the prospects of biogenic hydroxyapatite/magnetite/chitosan composite materials for medicine.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surface Water"

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Sparks, Tim. "Integrated surface water-groundwater modelling : linking surface water and groundwater using DIVAST-SG." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54617/.

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Surface-water and groundwater are two resources both requiring careful management and protection. Computer modelling of both has long been used as an aid to their management. Historically they have been modelled separately, as their behaviour is represented by different mathematical equations. However, in reality, they are a linked resource each affects the other. DIVAST is a two-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality numerical model developed for estuarine and coastal modelling. The original model enables the simulation of problems such as pollution and flooding in surface waters. In this study the existing model is extended to allow the modelling of groundwater as well as surface water in the same model. Chapters 1-5 introduce the problem, review some existing models, and then derive, discretise, and implement the equations for surface water and groundwater flow into the new model. Chapters 6-10 test the new model against analytical solutions, laboratory data, field data, and an existing groundwater model (MODFLOW). The outcome is a new version of the DIVAST model, known as DIVAST-SG (Depth Integrated Velocities And Solute Transport in Surface water and Groundwater). It simulates interactions between two-dimensional surface water and groundwater, in addition to the facilities of the original code. The equations are solved within one model, avoiding coupling problems. It is successfully tested against analytical solutions, laboratory studies and field data, and compared to an existing groundwater code, where it successfully models a gravel aquifer adjacent to tidal surface water. A framework is laid for continuing this work to produce a pseudo 3-D surface- water / groundwater code. In addition, novel techniques are pioneered in the laboratory, where open cell foam is used in a tidal flume to represent a porous aquifer adjacent to a river, and a highly detailed dataset of groundwater field data is compiled in the course of the work.
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Cluff, C. Brent. "Slowsand/Nanofiltration of Surface Water." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296460.

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From the Proceedings of the 1991 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association and the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 20, 1991, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
Since the spring of 1988 the University of Arizona has conducted nanofiltration research. The major emphasis has been the treatment of both Colorado River Water and municipal effluent. The work has been sponsored by the John F. Long Foundation Inc. and the Consolidated Water Utilities, Phoenix Az. Nanofiltration is a low pressure form of reverse osmosis. It operates at about 1/3 the pressure and 3 times the flux rate of older brackish water reverse osmosis systems. This reduces both the cost as well as the operating costs to approximately 1 /10 of the older reverse osmosis systems. The City of Ft Myers is projecting costs as low as $0.50-0.60/1000 gallons for their 20 MGD plant. Nanofiltration treats water the way it needs to be treated to meet the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) present minimum contamination levels (MCL) as well as projected future levels. Nanofiltration removes most of the bivalent inorganic molecules such as calcium and magnesium as well as some monovalent molecules such as sodium and chloride. It also removes pathogens and dissolved organics, thus reducing the trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP). The research on recharged effluent municipal effluent below the 91st Avenue Plant in Phoenix has shown the value of nanofiltration for reclaiming municipal wastewater to potable standards. A 20,000 GPD slowsand /nanofiltration pilot plant at Apache Junction has shown the effectiveness of the treatment on Colorado River Water at a 95% recovery over the past 2 years.
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Gustavsen, Jostein, and Dan Lewi Harkestad. "Visualization of water surface using GPU." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-10116.

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Several methods for simulating a body of water and a water surface has been investigated. A method by Layton & van de Panne based on a simplification of the Navier-Stokes equations was selected. A number of simplifications was made to increase the performance of the method, and it was implemented on the programmable graphical processing unit (GPU) using the Jacobi method to solve the linear equations. A conjugate gradient solver was also implemented on the GPU. The performance of the methods were measured and recorded.

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Chalew, Talia Weinberg Howard. "Chemical indicators of surface water pollution." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,662.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering." Discipline: Environmental Sciences and Engineering; Department/School: Public Health.
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Williams, W. A. "Evaporation from a weeded water surface." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371922.

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Cluff, C. Brent, Charles P. Gerba, and Gary L. Amy. "Slow Sand/Nanofiltration of Surface Water." Water Resources Research Center. The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/306475.

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Paper presented at "Membranes For Drinking Water Treatment Conference", Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, August 6, 1990.
Introduction: Through the studies published in Drinking Water and Health (1977) the nation has become more aware of the carcinogenic nature of the byproducts of disinfection such as trihalomethanes. Trihalomethanes are formed when the disinfectant chlorine reacts with the precursors, humic and fluvic acids that are naturally occuring in all surface water. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a minimum contaminent level of 100 ppb on THM's that many in the health agencies feel need to be lowered. The problem is that when the MCL's are lowered utilities will be enclined to chlorimines and chloride dioxide which have been found to be mutagenic. Drinking Water and Health (1987) found the Suggested No-Adverse Response Levels (SNARLs) for chioramines for a child is 0.166 ppm, for an adult it is 0.581. The SNARL for chlorine dioxide is 0.06 ppm for a child and 0.210 ppm for an adult. These levels for utilities are virtually impossible to maintain and still have a residual at the end of the system.
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Grundy, Ian H. "Air flow near a water surface /." Title page, table of contents and summary only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg889.pdf.

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Zhao, Yajing S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Dropwise condensation of water and low surface tension fluids on structured surfaces." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118679.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 55-57).
Condensation is a ubiquitous process often observed in nature and our daily lives. The large amount of latent heat released during the condensation process has been harnessed in many industrial processes such as power generation, building heating and cooling, desalination, dew harvesting, thermal management, and refrigeration. Condensation has two modes: dropwise mode and filmwise mode. Although it has been known for decades that dropwise condensation outperforms filmwise condensation in heat transfer owing to the droplet shedding effects which can efficiently reduce thermal resistance, filmwise condensation still dominates industrial applications currently due to the high costs, low robustness and technical challenges of manufacturing dropwise coatings. During water condensation, dropwise mode can be readily promoted with thin hydrophobic coatings. Superhydrophobic surfaces made out of hydrophobic coatings on micro-or-nano-engineered surfaces have shown further heat transfer enhancement in dropwise condensation of water; however, the applications of these micro- or nanoscale structured surface designs have been restricted by the high manufacturing expenses and short range of subcooling limit. Recent studies have shown that the combination of millimeter sized geometric features and plain hydrophobic coatings can effectively manipulate droplet distribution of water condensate, which provides opportunities to locally facilitate dropwise condensation at relatively low manufacturing expenses as compared to those delicate micro- and nano-structured hydrophobic surfaces. Low surface tension fluids such as hydrocarbons pose a unique challenge to achieving dropwise condensation, because common hydrophobic coatings are not capable of repelling low surface tension fluids. Recent development in lubricant infused surfaces (LIS) offers promising solutions to achieving dropwise condensation of low surface tension fluids by replacing the solid-condensate interface in conventional hydrophobic coatings with a smooth lubricant-condensate interface. However, only a few experimental studies have applied LIS to promoting dropwise condensation of low surface tension fluids (y as low as 15 mN/m). In this work, we investigated dropwise condensation of both water (y ~ 72 mN/m) and a low surface tension fluid, namely butane (y - 13 mN/m) on structured surfaces. For water condensation, we studied the effects of millimeter sized geometric structures on dropwise condensation heat transfer under two different environments: pure vapor and an air-vapor mixture. Our experimental results show that, although convex structures enable faster droplet growth in an air-vapor mixture, the same structures impose the opposite effect during pure vapor condensation, hindering droplet growth. We developed a numerical model for each case to predict the heat flux distribution along the structured surface, and the model shows good agreement with experimental results. This work demonstrates that the effects of geometric features on dropwise condensation are not invariable but rather dependent on the scenario of resistances to heat and mass transfer in the system. For butane condensation, based on a design guideline we recently developed for lubricant infused surfaces, we successfully designed an energy-favorable combination of lubricant and structured solid substrate, which was further demonstrated to promote dropwise condensation of butane. The fundamental understanding of dropwise condensation of water and low surface tension fluids on structured surfaces developed in this study provides useful guidelines for condensation applications including power generation, desalination, dew harvesting, and thermal management.
by Yajing Zhao.
S.M.
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Fraser, Justin. "Surface tension driven water pumping : a bio inspired passive water pump." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97105.

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Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to construct and test a surface tension driven water pump. The surface tension driven water pump is a passive water pump which uses a similar mechanism to that of trees to pump water. This study was conducted at the Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering at the University of Stellenbosch. For the study an extensive literature survey was done encompassing aspects such as water properties, surface tension (basic principles, capillary forces, temperature and contaminant effects, wettability), bubble formation (nucleation theory and tensile strength of water) and, finally water and mineral transport in trees (plant structures and mechanisms, limiting factors, misconceptions and organic substance transport). Previous work by botanists who demonstrate the transpiration mechanism needed for water transport in trees was also considered. The study further required the development of a theoretical thermal-hydraulic model to simulate the pumping performance for the surface tension driven water pump. The developed water pump was also experimentally tested with particular focus on design improvement, pumping performance, pump behaviour, potential pumping head as well as water collection capability. The experimental data was statistically analysed by multi-linear regression. Both the experimental data and statically generated predictions were compared to the theoretical thermal-hydraulic model. The results show that a working surface tension driven pump was constructed. Evaporation rates of up to 400 mL/hr.m2 were obtained, with pumping head heights reaching up to 1.8 m and a maximum pump functional lifespan of 13 days. The results further suggest that there is a good correlation between the various statistical fits and the experimental data. The developed theoretical thermal-hydraulic model was also found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. A sensitivity analysis of the theoretical and statistical models showed that the statistical models fairs poorly under extrapolation. Additionally, the mechanistic causes of pump failure as well as the effect of heat and pumping head on water pumping performance were identified. Thereafter, the water collection efficiency was established to be 98% on average. Further testing revealed that the pumping performance of larger area or multiple grouped “leaves” are less accurately predicted with the theoretical model than a single “leaf”. In conclusion, the results provide some support that the surface tension driven pump may be used as a water transport system in an artificial photosynthesis project, if the functional lifespan of the pump can be greatly improved. It is recommended that a more rigid hydrophilic material be used in the “leaf” interface and that multiple narrower conduits be used instead of a single larger pipe. Additional future work may include the development of pit-like structures to prevent air spreading throughout the system as well as a simple mechanism for evaporative control.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie ondersoek is om 'n oppervlakspanning-aangedrewe waterpomp te bou en te toets. Die oppervlakspanning-aangedrewe waterpomp is ‘n passiewe waterpomp wat gebruik maak van ‘n meganisme soortgelyke aan dié van bome om water te pomp. Hierdie ondersoek is by die Departement Meganiese en Megatroniese Ingenieurswese by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch uitgevoer. Vir die ondersoek is 'n uitgebreide literatuurstudie gedoen wat aspekte soos water eienskappe, oppervlakspanning (basiese beginsels, kapillêre kragte, die uitwerking van temperatuur, onsuiwerhede asook benatbaarheid), lugborrelvorming (kernvormingsteorie en die treksterkte van water) en uiteindelik water- en mineraalvervoer in bome (plantstrukture en -meganismes, beperkende faktore, wanpersepsies en die vervoer van organiese stowwe) insluit. Vorige navoring deur plantkundiges, wat die watervervoermeganismes in bome demonstreer, is ook in ag geneem. Die ondersoek het die ontwikkeling van 'n teoretiese termies-hidrouliese model ingesluit, wat gebruik is om die oppervlakspanning-aangedrewe waterpomp se werking te voorspel. Die waterpomp is ook eksperimenteel getoets met die fokus op ontwerpverbetering, pompwerkverrigting, pompwerking, potensiële pompopvoerdrukhoogte sowel as die waterversamelingsvermoë. Die eksperimentele data is statisties ontleed deur middel van meervoudige liniêre regressie. Beide die eksperimentele data en statisties-gegenereerde voorspellings is vergelyk met die teoretiese termies-hidrouliese-model. Die resultate toon dat 'n werkende oppervlakspanning-aangedrewe pomp gebou is. ‘n Verdampingstempo van tot 400 mL/hr.m2, pompopvoerdrukhoogte van tot 1.8m en 'n maksimum funksionele pompleeftyd van 13 dae is bereik. Die resultate dui verder daarop dat daar 'n goeie korrelasie tussen die verskillende statistiese lynpassings en die eksperimentele data is. Die teoretiese termies-hidrouliese-model wat ontwikkel is, toon 'n goeie ooreenkoms met die eksperimentele resultate. 'n Sensitiwiteitsanalise van die teoretiese en statistiese modelle het getoon dat die statistiese modelle swak voorspellings maak as geëkstrapoleerde data gebruik word. Verder is die meganismes wat pompweiering veroorsaak, die effek van hitte asook die effek van pompopvoerdrukhoogte op die pomp se werkverrigting geïdentifiseer. Daarna is die doeltreffendheid van waterversamelingsvermoë vir die waterpomp vasgestel op gemiddeld 98%. Verdere toetse het getoon dat die pompwerkverrigting van groter gegroepeerde "blare" minder akkuraat met die teoretiese model voorspel word as vir 'n enkele "blaar". Ten slotte: Die resultate toon dat die oppervlakspanning-aangedrewe waterpomp as 'n water vervoer stelsel gebruik kan word in 'n kunsmatige fotosinteseprojek, indien die funksionele leeftyd van die pomp verbeter kan word. Dit word aanbeveel dat 'n sterker hidrofiliese materiaal in die "blaar"-koppelvlak gebruik word en dat verskeie nouer leipype gebruik word in plaas van 'n enkele groter pyp. Bykomende toekomstige werk kan die ontwikkeling van put-agtige strukture insluit wat die verspeiding van lug deur die hele stelsel voorkom, sowel as 'n eenvoudige meganisme wat die verdampingstempo beheer.
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Odeh, Rabah Y. "Simulation and forecasting of surface water quality." Ohio : Ohio University, 1992. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1172865698.

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Books on the topic "Surface Water"

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Hutchison, Ian P. G. Surface water control--Water balance. Littleton, CO: Society of Mining Engineers, 1988.

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Calza, Paola, and Davide Vione, eds. Surface Water Photochemistry. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781782622154.

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Wolman, M. G., and H. C. Riggs, eds. Surface Water Hydrology. U.S.A: Geological Society of America, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/dnag-gna-o1.

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C, Riggs H., and Wolman M. Gordon 1924-, eds. Surface water hydrology. Washington, DC: Geological Society of America, 1990.

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Terrell, Charles R. Water quality indicators guide: Surface waters. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1989.

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Patricia, Perfetti, and Terrene Institute, eds. Water quality indicators guide: Surface waters. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C: Terrene Institute, 1996.

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Terrell, Charles R. Water quality indicators guide: Surface waters. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, 1989.

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Urban surface water management. New York: Wiley, 1989.

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Chapra, Steven C. Surface water-quality modeling. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.

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Branch, Saskatchewan Water Quality, ed. Surface water quality objectives. [Regina, Sask.]: Saskatchewan Environment and Public Safety, Water Quality Branch, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Surface Water"

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Aksoy, Hafzullah. "Surface Water." In Water Resources of Turkey, 127–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11729-0_5.

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Durand, Michael. "Surface Water." In Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing, 816–19. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36699-9_197.

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Furqan Khan, Hassaan, and Arif Anwar. "Surface Water." In Afghanistan-Pakistan Shared Waters: State of the Basins, 62–80. GB: CABI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800622371.0005.

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Liu, Junguo, Ganquan Mao, Shuyu Zhang, Xiaomang Liu, Lian Feng, Zifeng Wang, He Chen, Yadu Pokhrel, Huy Dang, and Hong Wang. "Surface Water." In Water Resources in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin: Impact of Climate Change and Human Interventions, 49–119. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0759-1_3.

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AbstractThis chapter assesses surface water changes due to climate change and human activities, by particularly examining runoff and streamflow. Changes in the hydrological cycle due to climate change and human intervention can lead to diverse environmental impacts and risks. Fresh water is the agent that delivers many of the impacts of climate change on society. As the major component of freshwater systems, surface water has been significantly altered across basins in terms of spatial and temporal characteristics. The comprehensive understanding of the current status of surface water in the LMRB, such as the distributions and patterns of runoff changes across the Lancang-Mekong River Basin was completed through the high-resolution river network extraction and sophisticated hydrological models. Significant but different trends were found in the seasonal and annual runoff from the LMRB due to different reasons. Over the period of 1971–2010, the annual streamflow shows a general downward trend due to the continued enhancement of human activities. Runoff in the dry season is found to increase faster than the mean annual runoff. As for the spatial distribution, significant trends in streamflow were observed mainly in the middle basin and east of the lower basin. Superimposed on the substantial seasonal cycles is the noticeable lake shrinkage in recent years, especially the Tonle Sap Lake. Evidently decreased inundation was found in most years in the recent two decades from 2000 to 2018. An evident decreasing trend in runoff caused by climate change in the high correlation zone of the Tonle Sap Lake, mainly due to the precipitation decreasing, indicates that climate change contributed to the decrease in water level in the Tonle Sap Lake in addition to human activities. In addition to the decreases in the runoff, streamflow and water level in the Tonle Sap Lake, a significant (p < 0.05) downward trend in the baseflow was also found from 1980 to 2007. Unlike the historical changes in runoff, previous studies projected with high confidence an increasing trend for streamflow in the LMRB, regardless of the climate forcings and models used. However, the flow regime is highly susceptible to a variety of drivers, e.g., dam construction, irrigation expansion, land-use change and climate change. Substantial changes are expected in both annual and seasonal flow, along with a generally increasing trend. Although hydropower development exhibits a limited influence on total annual flows, it has the largest seasonal impact on streamflow, with an increase in the dry season and a decrease in the wet season, by outweighing those of the other drivers.
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Qasem, Naef A. A., Muhammad M. Generous, Bilal A. Qureshi, and Syed M. Zubair. "Surface Tension." In Springer Water, 265–79. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35193-8_13.

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Meng, Sheng, and Enge Wang. "Ice Surface and Its Ordering." In Water, 295–302. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1541-5_13.

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Hakim, G. "Water-Borne Urethane Resins." In Surface Coatings, 173–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1220-8_10.

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Owen, S. "Epoxy Resins—Water-Borne." In Surface Coatings, 193–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1220-8_12.

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Varas, Eduardo C., and Eduardo V. Varas. "Surface Water Resources." In World Water Resources, 61–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56901-3_4.

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Kadlec, Robert H. "Surface Water Movement." In Treatment Marshes for Runoff and Polishing, 53–92. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429451935-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Surface Water"

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Warsa, W., H. Grandis, W. Parnadi, and D. Santoso. "3-D SNMR Inversion of Water Content." In Near Surface Geoscience 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131365.

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Kamisaka, Hideyuki, and Koichi Yamashita. "Surface stress of water adsorbed TiO 2 surfaces." In SPIE Optics + Photonics, edited by Lionel Vayssieres. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.680239.

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Bakhanov, Viktor, Alexander Luchinin, Irina Repina, and Victor I. Titov. "Investigation of near surface wind by optical images of wind-roughened water surface." In Remote Sensing of the Ocean, Sea Ice, Coastal Waters, and Large Water Regions 2014, edited by Charles R. Bostater, Stelios P. Mertikas, and Xavier Neyt. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2067299.

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Hoa, P. T., K. Suto, C. Inoue, and J. Hara. "Effects of Surfactants on Chlorobenzene Absorption on Pyrite Surface." In WATER DYANMICS: 4th International Workshop on Water Dynamics. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2721241.

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Barnes, Isalah, and Summer Hvasta. "Surface Water and Ground Water Pricing Strategies." In Utility Management Conference 2024. Water Environment Federation, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864718825159282.

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Yang, Jun, Xuefeng Chu, Yaping Chi, and Leif Sande. "Effects of Rough Surface Slopes on Surface Depression Storage." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41114(371)450.

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Günther, T., M. Ronczka, and C. Rücker. "Long Electrode ERT for Salt Water Monitoring - Modelling, Sensitivity and Resolution." In Near Surface Geoscience 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131391.

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Sergievskaya, Irina A., Stanislav A. Ermakov, Alexey V. Ermoshkin, Ivan A. Kapustin, Alexander V. Kupaev, and Olga Shomina. "Strong variations of radar return from the sea surface due to breaking surface waves." In Remote Sensing of the Ocean, Sea Ice, Coastal Waters, and Large Water Regions 2020, edited by Charles R. Bostater, Xavier Neyt, and Françoise Viallefont-Robinet. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2574094.

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Buršík, Lukáš, Miroslav Dumbrovský, Veronika Sobotková, Martina Kulihová, and Marcela Pavlíková. "Threats to Chosen Locality by Surface Runoff, Water Erosion, and Surface Water Pollutants." In Juniorstav 2024. Brno: Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.13164/juniorstav.2024.24068.

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León, M. Teutli, and A. A. Sánchez Hernández. "Surface waters quality diagnosis at Atlimeyaya, Puebla, México." In WATER AND SOCIETY 2015. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ws150231.

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Reports on the topic "Surface Water"

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Saldi, K. A., R. L. Dirkes, and M. L. Blanton. Surface-water surveillance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/433031.

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Ferguson, Billy, and Paul Milgrom. Market Design for Surface Water. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w32010.

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FEIBELMAN, PETER J. Fundamental Studies of Water-Surface Interactions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/789597.

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Hinton, M. J. Groundwater-surface water interactions in Canada. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/291372.

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Theiling, Charles. A review of algal phytoremediation potential to sequester nutrients from eutrophic surface water. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47720.

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and coastal hypoxic zones are evidence of cultural nutrient enrichment affecting public health and water supplies, aquatic ecosystem health, and economic well-being in the United States. Recognition of the far-reaching impacts of Midwest agriculture has led to establishing nutrient reduction objectives for surface waters feeding the Gulf of Mexico, Lake Erie, and many smaller water bodies. Municipal nutrient enrichment impacts have been addressed by increasing levels of sewage treatment and waste management through the Clean Water Act era, but HABs rebounded in the 1990s because of non-point source nutrient enrichment. HAB control and treatment includes watershed and waterbody treatments to reduce loading and address outbreaks. Systems to remove nutrients from impaired waters are expensive to build and operate. This review of algal production systems summarizes emerging algal water treatment technologies and considers their potential to effectively sequester nutrients and atmospheric carbon from hundreds of eutrophic reservoirs and DoD wastewater treatment facilities while producing useful biomass feedstock using solar energy. Algal water treatment systems including open ponds, photobioreactors, and algal turf scrubbers® can be used to grow biomass for biofuel, wastewater treatment, and commercial products. This review recommends continuing research on surface water nutrient reduction potential with algal turf scrubber productivity pilot studies, preliminary site design, and biomass utilization investigations.
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Smith, V. Kerry, and Carlos Valcarcel Wolloh. Has Surface Water Quality Improved Since the Clean Water Act? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18192.

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Water resources data, Virginia, water year 2000, Volume 1. Surface-water discharge and surface-water quality records. US Geological Survey, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wdrva001.

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Water Resources Data, Virginia, Water Year 2001, Volume 1. Surface-Water Discharge and Surface-Water Quality Records. US Geological Survey, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wdrva011.

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Water Resources Data, Virginia, Water Year 2002, Volume 1. Surface-Water Discharge and Surface-Water Quality Records. US Geological Survey, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wdrva021.

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Water Resources Data, Virginia, Water, Year 2003 Volume 1. Surface-Water Discharge and Surface-Water Quality Records. US Geological Survey, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wdrva031.

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