Academic literature on the topic 'Surface treatement'

Introduction. The frequency of patellar fractures is approximately 0.5% to 1.5% of all skeletal injuries. The following types of fractures can be distinguished: avulsive, transverse, longitudinal, and comminuted. In cases of displacement of more than 2–3 mm and quadriceps tendon injuries open reduction and internal fixation with the restoration of the articular surface is more preferable. In cases of longitudinal fractures, arthroscopy is regarded as a highly effective method of surgical treatment. Materials and methods. Using arthroscopy, we have operated on 4 patients with longitudinal fracture of the patella. The average age of the injured persons was 15.4 years (14–17). These were 3 males and 1 female. All patients had sport-related injuries. Because of the longitudinal fracture of the patella, the lateral knee extensor mechanism remained intact, and arthrosopy-assisted surgical intervention with closed reposition of fragments and transcutaneous wire fixation was performed without wire suturing. Results and discussion. Minimal invasiveness, the possibility of visual control over the recovery quality of patellar surface, the reliability of fragment fixation, and a significant reduction in the subsequent rehabilitation make arthroscopy a highly effective method of surgical treatment for patellar fractures.

Catalytically active materials were obtained by processing the red mud of the Bogorodskoye field for the treatement of gas emissions from carbon monoxide. It was found that that the use of acid leaching followed by precipitation of sparingly soluble compounds with ammonium hydroxide leads to the production of materials with an iron content of 55% by weight according to elemental analysis. The samples were found to have higher specific surface area (154.8–155.7 m2/g) and porosity (0.275–0.311 cm3/g) and higher catalytic activity in the CO oxidation reaction compared to untreated red mud. It was confirmed that impregnation of the surface of refined products with copper oxide in the amount of 5 % by mass in terms of metal significantly increases the catalytic activity.

Molded Steel with manganese have approximately 1,2% C and 12% Mn, this high proportion of manganese gives to this alloy a stable austenitic structure on a room temperature. The experimental methods used for metallurgical studies are spark optical emission spectroscopy, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, micro-hardness and hardnesss test. Steel 1 is heat-treated constitued by 15,516 % of manganese, 2,677 % of chromuim and 1,286 % of carbon. Steel 2 is mechanically treated contains 13,454 % of manganese, 1,721 % of chromuim and 1,213 % of carbon . Steel 1 has sustained quench at 1070°C, for two differents maintaining times on oven 30 and 50 minutes for a thickness of 150 millimeters then for two differents thickness 100 and 150 millimeters for a time of 50 minutes. When maintaining time on the oven increase for low dimension, surface’s alloy become more ductile. We have applied a mechanical treatement manually on steel 2 surface, his hardness increase significantly.

Hypcalcemia is a rare cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, but should be suspected in the presence of an obvious long QT interval on the surface ECG; we report a case of 46 years-old-woman, with surgical history of thyroidectomy 6 years ago, admited in our cardiology departement for mangement of congestive heart failure secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy, her surface ECG showed sinus rhythm with long QT interval, his blood tests showed severe hypocalcemia and low serum concentration of parathyroid hormone (PTH), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was in favor of non ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Concomitant with conventionel heart failure treatement, our patient had received parenteral calcium supplementation, vitamin D, levothyrox; after four weeks, heart failure symptomes were relieved, the intervalle QT has shortened, but persistant severe left ventricular systolic dysfuction. Hypoparathyroidism is frequent after thyroidectomy, and could be responsible of severe hypocalcemia which in turn may induce irreversible dilated cardiomyopathy.

The main removal mechanism of water contaminants in wetlands is microorganisms activities. One of them is a periphyton that lives on a submerged substratum. Therefore, a study of the influence of periphyton in construcetd wetlands which is important in improving water quality. The research objectives were to identify of the quality of influent, the composition of algae, the periphytone algae as primary producer, the influence of free water surface velocity factor, the quality of effluent, efectivity and eficiency of constracted wetlands. The study was conducted in Bandung City on January 2017. The results show that influent of sewage is contaminated with domestic wastewater. In constructed wetlands foundthree classes of benthic algae as periphyton, namely Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, and Cyanophyta. Periphyton algae play an important role in the transfer of oxygen into water colomn. The free surface velocity factor was strongly correlated to the percent removal of nitrate (r = 0.84) and very strong to the percent removal of total phosphate (r = 0.90) by periphyton. The quality of effluent that qualified grade III were total phosphate and COD parameter only. Effectivity of treatement were 6,6% ? 38,3% BOD, 6,0% ? 38% COD. Efficiency of treatment on the water discharge 0,01 L/s were 4,4% ammonium; 39,2% nitrat; 47,1% organic nitrogen; 53,6% phosphate total; 38,3% BOD; 38% COD; 76,5% detergent.

Biological activity of water can be apparently judged by the colonization of bacteria (microbes). In order to find out the extent of pollution and the relationship between inorganic matters and microbiota, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of bacteria in various types of sewage waters, namely sewage water by the residential colonies (group I), industrial waste water (group II), sewage treatment hub (group III), unorganized collected waste water (group IV) and old residential waste collection center (group V), of Bikaner city (Rajasthan, India) was carried out from February, 2010 to May, 2010. Water samples were taken from surface only owing to low depth and investigated for various abiotic factors (viz. transparency, pH, carbonate, bicarbonate, total alkalinity, total hardness, salinity, chloride, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, nitrate, silica, and inorganic phosphorous) and biotic factors (viz. number and diversity of bacteria). The domestic sewage water causes major water borne diseases basing upon Total Bacterial Count (TBC) and coliform Count (CC). The coliform count in the present study ranged from 2.5 to 5.12 MPN/mL. Comparision of microbial population in sewage water from all different Groups was done and the higher values of TBC and CC were recorded only in Sewage treatement hub (Group III).

The non-saturated Flow Drying Beds allow efficient treatment of septic tank sludge. However, they are vulnerable to clogging. To ensure the sustainability of this technology, through an additional supply of oxygen from the lateral surface, a flow model coupled with the variation of the biofilm has been developed. The calibration, validation and comparison of the simulated and experimental results were made from the NASH criterion. The simulations focused on two types of reactors. A reactor with pores on its side surface is called a ventilated reactor (VR). The second is then called an unventilated reactor (UVR). The results show that the maximum applicable organic load is 43.3 mgO2 / cm2 / d at the UVR level and 51.8 mgO2 / cm2 / d at the VR level. In addition, the reduction in free flow porosity is 93.33% at the UVR level and 81% at the AR level. In addition, the results show that when the hydraulic head is less than 5 cm / d, the COD removal efficiency is 96.19% at the UVR level and 95.64% at the VR level. But, when the load is greater than 5 cm / d, the yield is 92.65% at the level of the UVR and of 94.95% at the level of the VR. Thus, in the context of a large-scale operation, lateral ventilation is essential. It guarantees good purification efficiency, slows down internal clogging of beds and accelerates its reversibility when it occurs.

Phenol and phenolic compounds in wastewater from various industries were toxic to water livings and human even in ppm concentration. A number of photocatalysts and adsorbents were applied for the low cost and good efficiency wastewater management to reduce phenol concentration in water. In this work titanium dioxide, one of high efficiency photocatalysts which is widely used in water treatement, was coated on the fabricated adsorbent composite substrate. The composite substrate composed of activated carbon and NaA zeolite presents high phenol adsorption because of high porosity and good ion exchange properties resulting in good adsorption property. Accordingly, the absorption could promote the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 catalyst. As the specimens were easily disposed after water treatment process, therefore, it was a good choice for lower energy consumption. The composite substrate was easily fabricated by simple extrusion and fired under non oxidation atmosphere at 650°C for 3 hours. Then polyurethane foam was inserted into the composite substrate to make it be able to float and be swirled by wind near water surface to get more UV excitation than deeper water. Phenol concentration was investigated by the UV absorbance at 270 nm using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The XRD and SEM were used to study phase crystal structure and morphology of the composite.

<p>Osteochondroma is most common primary benign bone tumor and comprising of more than one-third of primary benign bone tumors. Osteochondromas are usually extra-articular lesions secondary to their common origin from metaphysis of long bones. Osteochondroma of the femoral neck is atypical as they represent an intra-articular lesion. They are mostly asymptomatic depending on their size and location. We are describing a rare cause of sciatic nerve compression in an adult which turned out to be solitary osteochondroma of femoral neck. 18 years old man reported to us with complains of pain in left groin region, mass in buttock region associated with tingling sensations in left lower limb since 8 months. Patient complains of difficulty in sitting on hard surface. Sensation was decreased on plantar and dorsal aspect of left foot. A sessile mass measuring 6 x 4 cm on posterior femoral neck was seen on plain radiographs and CT. Electromyography showed moderate sciatic neuropathy of the peroneal and tibial branches. Surgical en-bloc resection was performed through posterior approach. The final pathological report indicated the tumor was an osteochondroma. Post-operatively symptoms resolved dramatically. At follow up, he had full resolution of neurologic findings. Postoperatively, the patient reported improvement in numbness and tingling in the leg. So we should have awareness and high index of suspicion of rare entities such as proximal femur osteochondroma during diagnosis and treatement of sciatic neuropathy along with other more common etiology. </p>

Le cristal, joyau intemporel de l’art de la table, est né des tâtonnements des artisans qui l’ont élaboré depuis de très nombreuses années. Cette apparente perfection est tout de même soumise aux législations. Le plomb constituant essentiel du cristal est visé, ainsi que d’autres éléments, par une méfiance accrue dans leurs usages de contenant alimentaire.Le cristal, composé de 24 à 40% en masse d’oxyde de plomb, est prisé depuis le 18ème siècle pour ces qualités optiques et décoratives. Le plomb est un composé toxique cumulatif pour l’organisme. Cet inconvénient a poussé la France et l’union européenne à mettre en place une législation sur la lixiviation du plomb des objets en cristal. Celle-ci est basée sur la mesure de la concentration en plomb pouvant être lixiviée par l’acide acétique 4% (v/v) à température ambiante.Cette thèse s’inscrit donc dans ce contexte général. Elle se propose ainsi d’identifier et de quantifier la migration du plomb du cristal vers les aliments, et de la limiter grâce à des procédés de traitements de surface. Deux types de traitements de surface sont à l’étude dans ce travail : un traitement par addition, consistant à déposer une couche mince de silice et le second traitementPour répondre à la norme actuelle, il faut qu’un objet en plomb relargue moins de 2 ppm de plomb sur 24h de test. Le but de ce travail est de fournir des objets en cristal satisfaisant cette norme et sa future actualisation. Dans un premier temps, des mesures de lixiviation ont été réalisées sur du cristal afin de servir de référence. Afin de diminuer les taux de relargage deux moyens de protection ont été testés : i) une technique d’addition par le dépôt d’un sol-gel à base de tetraorthosilicate conduisant à la formation d’une couche de silice et ii) une technique dite de soustraction qui consiste à attaquer sélectivement la surface du cristal pour éliminer le maximum de plomb. Les couches superficielles du cristal traité (addition et soustraction) ont été analysées par sonde ionique afin d’estimer les profils de concentration
Lead crystal glass, the timeless jewel of the art of the table, was born of the trial and error of the craftsmen who have been making it for many years. This apparent perfection is nevertheless subject to legislation. Lead, an essential constituent of crystal, is targeted, along with other elements, by increased suspicion in their use as food containers.Crystal, composed of 24 to 40% lead oxide by mass, has been prized since the 18th century for its optical and decorative qualities. Lead is a cumulative toxic compound for the body. This disadvantage has led France and the European Union to introduce legislation on the leaching of lead from crystal objects. This is based on the measurement of the concentration of lead that can be leached by 4% (v/v) acetic acid at room temperature.This thesis is therefore part of this general context. It aims to identify and quantify the migration of lead from crystal to foodstuffs, and to limit it through surface treatment processes. Two types of surface treatment are being studied in this work: an addition treatment, which consists of depositing a thin layer of silica, and the second treatment, which consists of depositing a thin layer of lead.To meet the current standard, a lead object must release less than 2 ppm of lead over a 24-hour test. The aim of this work is to provide crystal objects that meet this standard and its future update. In a first step, leaching measurements were performed on crystal to serve as a reference. To reduce the leaching rates, two means of protection were tested: i) an addition technique by depositing a tetraorthosilicate-based sol-gel leading to the formation of a silica layer and ii) a so-called subtraction technique which consists of selectively attacking the surface of the crystal to remove the maximum amount of lead. The surface layers of the treated crystal (addition and subtraction) were analysed by ion probe to estimate the concentration profiles