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1
Felhő, Csaba, and János Kundrák. "Investigation of the Topography of Machined Surfaces." Applied Mechanics and Materials 693 (December 2014): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.693.412.
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The modern investigation of the topography of cut surfaces is nowadays usually performed by three-dimensional surface roughness indexes. The goal of this work was to determine a theoretical roughness index for face milled surfaces. The calculated values were compared with real surface roughness data obtained by performing cutting experiments and the relation was determined between these two datasets.
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Yoshihara, Nobuhito, Ji Wang Yan, and Tsunemoto Kuriyagawa. "Development of a Rubber-Bonded Grinding Wheel - Studies on Aspherical Grinding -." Key Engineering Materials 329 (January 2007): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.329.465.
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Aspherical surfaces are an important technology in optical instruments. Until now, only improvements in form accuracy and surface roughness of aspherical surfaces have been investigated. However, when the surface roughness becomes low, the small waviness of the surface becomes marked. This small waviness is termed “Nano-topography.” Nano-topography causes grinding marks and reduces the accuracy of an optical instrument. Nano-topography is caused by the vibration of a grinding wheel during the manufacture of the surface. This paper will reveal how a rubber-bonded grinding wheel has been developed to absorb that vibration. The dressing of the grinding wheel was also investigated. As a result, it is possible to eliminate the generation of nano-topography.
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Syahrullail, Samion, and Noorawzi Nuraliza. "Effect of Surface Roughness Parameters and Surface Texture for Reduced Friction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.572.
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The aim of the present research was to investigate the possibility of contact surfaces with reduced friction using surface roughness analysis. For this purpose, various aluminum pin samples with different lubricant using different sliding speed values were prepared. To evaluate influence of roughness parameters on friction and wear, lubricated pin-on-disk tests were carried out under different speed contact conditions. Test results show that surfaces with high values surface roughness results in reduced friction. To investigate the effect of surface topography on surface roughness parameters and consequently on friction, real roughness profiles were virtually altered to achieve virtually textured surfaces.
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Yoshihara, Nobuhito, Ji Wang Yan, and Tsunemoto Kuriyagawa. "Control of Nano-Topography on an Axisymmetric Ground Surface." Key Engineering Materials 389-390 (September 2008): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.389-390.96.
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The use of aspherical optical parts has become common as optical instruments are becoming smaller with and are achieving higher resolution. Nano-order roughness and high-precision shapes are simultaneously required for the surface of aspherical optical parts. At present, form accuracy of the aspherical lens becomes less than 50 nm, and the maximum height roughness becomes less than 20 nm. These values of form accuracy and maximum height roughness satisfy the requirement for most precision optical parts. However, nano-topography, which causes grinding marks and deteriorates accuracy of optical parts, is generated on the ground surface. Conventional evaluation criteria such as form accuracy and surface roughness cannot estimate the nano-topography. In the present paper, the cross sectional profile of the axisymmetric ground surface is calculated in order to estimate the distribution of the nano-topography. As a result, the possibility of control of the nano-topography distribution is confirmed. In addition, controlling the amplitude of nano-topography is easier than controlling the distribution of nano-topography.
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Lin, Bin, and Xin Yan Huang. "Analysis and Simulation of Grinding Wheel Surface Topography." Key Engineering Materials 359-360 (November 2007): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.359-360.509.
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The topography of the grinding wheel has a profound effect in analysis and predicting the finished surface roughness. In this paper, the statistical analysis is applied to establish a distribution function of the grain protrusion heights, and the 3-D simulating topography of grinding wheel will be identified. Through experiments, the generated grinding wheel topography is effective in predicting the finished surface roughness.
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Brück, Bastian, Thomas Guglhoer, Simon Haug, Christina Kunzmann, Michael Schulz, Tanja Schneck, Johanna Spoerl, Michael R. Buchmeiser, Siegfried R. Horn, and Wolfgang M. Mueller. "Surface Characterization of Carbon Fibers by Atomic Force Microscopy: Roughness Quantification by Power Spectral Density." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.447.
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The topography of a surface consists of structures of different length scales. The surface roughness caused by these structures plays a decisive role in interfacial properties. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) can be applied to measure the surface topography with great accuracy and thus facilitates roughness quantification. Here, however, the data reduction poses a challenge. In a conventional approach, surface roughness parameters are evaluated based on averaging height differences, which leads to values dominated by the largest height differences of the surface topography. To quantify contributions of smaller structures to the roughness, a previous study presented a tunable local background correction, which eliminates structures on a larger than selected scale. Therefore, this method only considers surface structures smaller than the chosen scale. A different approach to quantify surface roughness on all length scales covered by AFM measurements uses Fourier transformation of the surface topography to calculate the power spectral density, which describes the amplitudes of different contributing spatial frequencies.In the current study, a new approach based on power spectral density is used to quantify surface roughness parameters as a function of the length scale of contributions to the surface topography. This procedure allows a comprehensive characterization of surface roughness and an intuitive comparison of different surfaces.The usefulness of this method and its compatibility to local background correction is demonstrated by analyzing several commercially available carbon fibers with and without different fiber surface treatments.
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Kang, Gilho, and Wonjong Choi. "A Study on the Effects of Surface Energy and Topography on the Adhesive Bonding of Aluminum Alloy." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 59, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2021.59.8.567.
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The bonding properties of adhesives are mainly affected by surface roughness, topography and chemical adsorption. In this paper, we studied the effects of surface pretreatment of Al 2024-T3 (bare) in terms of surface roughness, topography and surface free energy. Surface pre-treatment included solvent cleaning, FPL etching, PAA and CAA treatment. The surface energy and roughness of the aluminum surface were significantly increased by the anodizing treatment. Single lap shear and fatigue tests were performed to investigate bonding properties and durability. The evaluation revealed that the surface energy and surface roughness resulting from the aluminum surface treatment had a significant impact on bonding properties and durability. PAA treated surfaces had the highest bonding strength, and CAA treated surfaces had superior bonding retention performance in hot water or salt spray environments. The results of the fatigue test most clearly demonstrated how the surface pretreatment of the aluminum alloy differently affected bonding performance.
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Burdek, Marek. "The change of work roll surface topography during skin pass rolling of steel sheets." Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 67, no. 6 (September 14, 2015): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ilt-02-2015-0019.
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Purpose – This paper aims to analyze changes in the surface topography of the work rolls during skin passing. Cold rolled steel sheets are additionally subject to skin pass rolling to form an appropriate surface topography. This operation should facilitate the process of further metal forming of steel sheets, such as deep drawing, painting, etc. The surface topography of steel sheets is determined by the surface topography of the work rolls as well as the skin pass rolling parameters (rolling speed, elongation, roll force, etc.). Suitable preparation and selection of roll surface topography influences the degree of rolls wear and the surface topography of steel sheets as well. Design/methodology/approach – Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) roughness measurements of work roll surface before, during and after finishing of skin pass rolling of steel sheets are presented in the paper. The measurements were performed on four sets of work rolls with different surface topography. Findings – The appearance of the surface of rolls obtained from the analysis of 3D roughness, the values of selected parameters of the 3D roughness and relative changes of the roughness parameter Ra/Sa depending on the length of the skin passed steel sheets are presented. Practical implications – The wear of rolls is different depending on work surface topography. Originality/value – The aim of this paper is to analyze changes in the surface topography of the work rolls during skin passing. It was expected that the surface of work rolls with more summits at similar average roughness Ra will change much faster than the surface with fewer summits. For this purpose, preliminary tests were performed in an industrial environment on four pairs of work rolls, including two pairs of rolls that were hard chromium-plated.
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Talic, Nabeel F. "Effect of Air-powder Polishing on the Surface Topography of Orthodontic Stainless Steel Wires." World Journal of Dentistry 8, no. 4 (2017): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1448.
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ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study was to examine the effect of in vivo air-powder polishing on the surface roughness and topography of aged orthodontic stainless steel arch wires. Materials and methods A total of 20 stainless steel arch wires were used in this study. Ten wires (experimental) were aged and exposed to air-powder polishing, and 10 wires asreceived from the manufacturer served as the controls. The experimental group of wires was aged in the patient's oral cavity for an average of 5.3 ± 2.7 months. An air-powder polishing system was used to remove external stains and plaque deposits. The powder was sodium bicarbonate. The surface topography measurements were performed using an optical profilometer. Following the profilometer analysis, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to evaluate the experimental and control arch wires. Results The average roughness (Sa) of the experimental upper and lower surfaces exposed to air-powder polishing was significantly higher than the control arch wires (p < 0.01). The root mean square of the surface topography (Sq) and the 10-point height of the surface topography (Sz) were significantly higher on the upper and lower surfaces of the experimental arch wires compared with the controls (p < 0.05 and <0.01 respectively). The SEM photomicrographs of the experimental and control arch wires indicated that the experimental arch wires were pitted and filled with surface impurities. Conclusion An air-powder polishing system using sodium bicarbonate powder alters the surface topography and increases the surface roughness of aged orthodontic arch wires in vitro. Clinical significance The air-powder polishing system used along with scaling alters the surface roughness of orthodontic wire. How to cite this article Talic NF. Effect of Air-powder Polishing on the Surface Topography of Orthodontic Stainless Steel Wires. World J Dent 2017;8(4):262-266.
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Lambeth, Christopher, Jason Amatoury, Ziyu Wang, Sheryl Foster, Terence Amis, and Kristina Kairaitis. "Velopharyngeal mucosal surface topography in healthy subjects and subjects with obstructive sleep apnea." Journal of Applied Physiology 122, no. 3 (March 1, 2017): 482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00764.2016.
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Macroscopic pharyngeal anatomical abnormalities are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of upper airway (UA) obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Microscopic changes in the UA mucosal lining of OSA subjects are reported; however, the impact of these changes on UA mucosal surface topography is unknown. This study aimed to 1) develop methodology to measure UA mucosal surface topography, and 2) compare findings from healthy and OSA subjects. Ten healthy and eleven OSA subjects were studied. Awake, gated (end expiration), head and neck position controlled magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the velopharynx (VP) were obtained. VP mucosal surfaces were segmented from axial images, and three-dimensional VP mucosal surface models were constructed. Curvature analysis of the models was used to study the VP mucosal surface topography. Principal, mean, and Gaussian curvatures were used to define surface shape composition and surface roughness of the VP mucosal surface models. Significant differences were found in the surface shape composition, with more saddle/spherical and less flat/cylindrical shapes in OSA than healthy VP mucosal surface models ( P < 0.01). OSA VP mucosal surface models were also found to have more mucosal surface roughness ( P < 0.0001) than healthy VP mucosal surface models. Our novel methodology was utilized to model the VP mucosal surface of OSA and healthy subjects. OSA subjects were found to have different VP mucosal surface topography, composed of increased irregular shapes and increased roughness. We speculate increased irregularity in VP mucosal surface may increase pharyngeal collapsibility as a consequence of friction-related pressure loss. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A new methodology was used to model the upper airway mucosal surface topography from magnetic resonance images of patients with obstructive sleep apnea and healthy adults. Curvature analysis was used to analyze the topography of the models, and a new metric was derived to describe the mucosal surface roughness. Increased roughness was found in the obstructive sleep apnea vs. healthy group, but further research is required to determine the functional effects of the measured difference on upper airway airflow mechanics.
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Han, Shi Guo, Jun Zhao, and Xiao Feng Zhang. "Surface Topography and Roughness Simulations for 5-Axis Ball-End Milling." Advanced Materials Research 69-70 (May 2009): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.69-70.471.
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In five-axis high speed milling of freeform surface with ball-end cutters, unwanted machining results are usually introduced by some error effects. Hence precise modeling and simulation of milled sculptured surfaces topography and roughness is the key to obtain optimal process parameters, satisfactory surface quality and high machining efficiency. In this paper, a predictive model for sculptured surface topography and roughness of ball-end milling is developed. Firstly, a mathematical model including both the relative motion of the cutter-workpiece couple and some influential factors on machined surface quality such as the tool runout, tool deflection and tool wear is proposed, and subsequently the analytical form of the tool swept envelope is derived by means of homogeneous coordinate transformation. Then the minimal z-values of the corresponding points lied in discrete cutting edges model and Z-map workpiece model are used to update the workpiece surface topography and to calculate 3D surface roughness. Finally, the simulation algorithm is realized with Matlab software. A series of machining tests on 3Cr2MoNi steel are conducted to validate the model, and the machined surface topography is found in good accordance with the simulation result.
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Trevisani, Sebastiano, and Marco Cavalli. "Topography-based flow-directional roughness: potential and challenges." Earth Surface Dynamics 4, no. 2 (April 21, 2016): 343–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-4-343-2016.
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Abstract. Surface texture analysis applied to high-resolution digital terrain models (HRDTMs) is a promising approach for extracting useful fine-scale morphological information. Surface roughness, considered here as a synonym of surface texture, can have a discriminant role in the detection of different geomorphic processes and factors. Very often, the local morphology presents, at different scales, anisotropic characteristics that could be taken into account when calculating or measuring surface roughness. The high morphological detail of HRDTMs permits the description of different aspects of surface roughness, beyond an evaluation limited to isotropic measures of surface roughness. The generalization of the concept of roughness implies the need to refer to a family of specific roughness indices capable of capturing specific multiscale and anisotropic aspects of surface morphology. An interesting set of roughness indices is represented by directional measures of roughness that can be meaningful in the context of analyzed and modeled flow processes. Accordingly, we test the application of a flow-oriented directional measure of roughness based on the geostatistical bivariate index MAD (median of absolute directional differences), which is computed considering surface gravity-driven flow direction. MAD is derived from a modification of a variogram and is specifically designed for the geomorphometric analysis of HRDTMs. The presented approach shows the potential impact of considering directionality in the calculation of roughness indices. The results demonstrate that the use of flow-directional roughness can improve geomorphometric modeling (e.g., sediment connectivity and surface texture modeling) and the interpretation of landscape morphology.
13
Nguyen, Duc Nam, Ngoc Le Chau, Thanh-Phong Dao, Chander Prakash, and Sunpreet Singh. "Experimental study on polishing process of cylindrical roller bearings." Measurement and Control 52, no. 9-10 (August 20, 2019): 1272–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020294019864395.
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The surface quality and accuracy of the geometry of the cylindrical rollers are important factors for bearing life. This paper presents effects of machining parameters on the surface roughness, topography and roundness of cylindrical rollers through the lapping and polishing experiments. And then the surface roughness of the cylindrical rollers is optimized. The results found that the surface roughness of rollers is significantly changed in lapping process with different abrasive particle sizes, while the surface roughness has slightly reduced in polishing process. It also indicated that the smoother surfaces with better roughness can be obtained after lapping and polishing process. In addition, the surface roughness of cylindrical rollers is rapidly reduced from Ra of 0.5 µm to Ra of 0.063 µm after the 3-h lapping process and Ra of 0.013 µm after the 1-h polishing process. The surface topography of rollers can be achieved by the smoother surface when loads are from 25 to 35 N in lapping process, and the loads are from 35 to 40 N in polishing process. Finally, the Taguchi method is applied to optimize the surface roughness in polishing process. The result found that the optimal surface roughness achieves 0.015 µm with respect to the time of 35 min and type of 4000# Al2O3.
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Trevisani, S., and M. Cavalli. "Topography-based flow-directional roughness: potential and challenges." Earth Surface Dynamics Discussions 3, no. 4 (December 10, 2015): 1399–444. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurfd-3-1399-2015.
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Abstract. Surface texture analysis applied to High Resolution Digital Terrain Models (HRDTMs) is a promising approach for extracting useful fine-scale morphological information. Surface roughness, considered here as a synonym of surface texture, can have a discriminant role in the detection of different geomorphic processes and factors. Very often, the local morphology presents, at different scales, anisotropic characteristics that could be taken into account when calculating or measuring surface roughness. The high morphological detail of HRDTMs permits the description of different aspects of surface roughness, beyond an evaluation limited to isotropic measures of surface roughness. The generalization of the concept of roughness implies the need to refer to a family of specific roughness indices capable of capturing specific multi-scale and anisotropic aspects of surface morphology. An interesting set of roughness indices is represented by directional measures of roughness that can be meaningful in the context of analyzed and modeled flow processes. Accordingly, we test the application of a flow-oriented directional measure of roughness based on the geostatistical bivariate index MAD (median of absolute directional differences), which is computed considering surface gravity-driven flow direction. MAD is derived from a modification of a variogram and is specifically designed for the geomorphometric analysis of HRDTMs. The presented approach shows the potential impact of considering directionality in the calculation of roughness indices. The results demonstrate that the use of flow directional roughness can improve geomorphometric modeling (e.g., sediment connectivity and surface texture modeling) and the interpretation of landscape morphology.
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Yoshihara, Nobuhito, Shin Fujimura, Naohiro Nishikawa, Masahiro Mizuno, and Toshirou Iyama. "Nano-Topography Distribution on Non-Axisymmetric Aspherical Ground Surface." Advanced Materials Research 325 (August 2011): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.325.66.
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Both form accuracy and smooth surface is required in precision grinding. And the form accuracy and surface roughness are improved year by year. However, the more the surface roughness becomes smoother, the more the grinding marks become remarkable. The grinding mark deteriorates the accuracy of optical parts. It is found that the vibration of grinding wheel is transcribed to the ground surface and forms the waviness named nano-topography. And the nano-topography causes grinding marks. In this study, relationship between the nano-topography on non-axisymmetric aspherical ground surface and grinding condition is analyzed theoretically to control the distribution of nano-topography. As a result, simulation method of nano-topography distribution is developed.
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Niemczewska-Wójcik, Magdalena, Manickaraj Pethuraj, Marimuthu Uthayakumar, and Mohd Shukry Abdul Majid. "Characteristics of the Surface Topography and Tribological Properties of Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composite." Materials 15, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010358.
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Due to their excellent synergistic properties, Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMC) have achieved a high degree of prominence in different industries. In addition to strength, the wear resistance of materials is also an important criterion for numerous applications. The wear resistance depends on the surface topography as well as the working conditions of the interacting parts. Therefore, extensive experiments are being conducted to improve the suitability of engineering materials (including AMC) for different applications. This paper presents research on manufactured aluminum metal matrix composites reinforced with 10 wt.% of Al2SiO5 (aluminum sillimanite). The manufactured and prepared samples were subjected to surface topography measurements and to tribological studies both with and without lubricant using a block-on-ring tester. Based on the results, analyses of the surface topography (i.e., surface roughness parameters, Abbott–Firestone curve, and surface defects) as well as of the tribological characteristics (i.a. friction coefficient, linear wear, and wear intensity) were performed. Differences in the surface topography of the manufactured elements were shown. The surface topography had a significant impact on tribological characteristics of the sliding joints in the tests where lubrication was and was not used. Better tribological characteristics were obtained for the surfaces characterized by greater roughness (determined on the basis of both the profile and surface texture parameters). In the case of tribological tests with lubrication, the friction coefficient as well as the wear intensity was significantly lower compared to tribological tests without lubrication. However, lower values of the friction coefficient and wear intensity were still recorded for the surfaces that were characterized by greater roughness. The obtained results showed that it is important to analyze the surface topography because surface characteristics influence tribological properties.
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Dahal, N. P., and S. K. Lamichhane. "Nanotopograpical Analysis of Iron by AFM." Himalayan Physics 2 (July 31, 2011): 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hj.v2i2.5219.
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The roughness of the surface is sensed by the cantilever deflection of AFM, more the roughness of the surface greater will be the deflection and vice versa. The roughness of iron obtained from the AFM is depending upon the sanning area. The roughness of the surface can be studied from the analysis of the height profile and nano topography of the etched iron by AFM.Key words: Etching; AFM; Topography; ProbeThe Himalayan PhysicsVol. 2, No.2, May, 2011Page: 73-75Uploaded Date: 1 August, 2011
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Wang, Hong Jun, Dun Wen Zuo, Hong Miao, Hong Feng Wang, and Min Wang. "Effect of Discharge Parameters on Micro-Surface Topography of NAK80 by Mirror-Like Surface EDM." Key Engineering Materials 431-432 (March 2010): 438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.431-432.438.
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The effects of discharge parameters on micro-surface topography in mirror-like surface electrical discharge machining (EDM) process were investigated, and the optimization scheme was obtained. The realization of the process parameters and their effects were analyzed by the Taguchi method. The surface roughness amd 2D micro-surface topography were measured. An L16 (44×23) Taguchi standard orthogonal array was chosen for the design of experiments. The level of importance of the parameters parameters on surface roughness was determined by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The experimental results confirmed that peak current and open discharge voltage have more influence on the surface roughness on mirror-like surface EDMed workpiece in comparison with pulse duration and pulse off-time.
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Felhő, Csaba, and János Kundrák. "Characterization of Topography of Cut Surface Based on Theoretical Roughness Indexes." Key Engineering Materials 496 (December 2011): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.496.194.
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The microgeometry of cut surfaces is one important characteristic of surface quality, since it has significant influence on the tribological properties of working surfaces. In addition to the ability to plan the economical effectiveness of cutting and the accuracy of workpieces the ability to plan the quality of machined surfaces has also emphasized importance. This is why the predictability of surface roughness in planning of technological processes is more and more important. More and more opportunities presenting themselves and one of these is the estimation of the expected value of roughness of the machined surface on the basis of the theoretical value of roughness. The paper focuses on the introduction of a method to describe a mathematical relation between the theoretical and the measured roughness indexes in cutting with tools having defined edge geometry, thus the planning may be more accurate.
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Huang, Mei Fa, Xiong Cheng, Bing Kuang, and Jiang Tai Huang. "On the Evaluation Method of Wavelet Analysis for Surface Roughness." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 4077–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.4077.
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The quality of workpiece is influenced by the surface roughness. However, the assessment of parameters of surface roughness is not researched intensively in the new generation GPS standards system. This paper presents a method to assess parameters of surface roughness. The methodology adopts wavelet analysis to construct the model of surface topography and uses the mallat algorithm to separate roughness profile from surface topography. The assessment results of surface profile are calculated according to the standard ISO 4287:1997. The experimental results show that the method not only avoids simplicity the assessment of parameters, but also decreases the number of productions of mis-acceptance and mis-rejection.
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Guo, Li Bin, Feng Long Yao, Zhi Hang Zhang, and Yun Fei Duan. "Innovative Algorithm and Software for Three-Dimension Topography Evaluation in Laser-Micro Machining." Applied Mechanics and Materials 789-790 (September 2015): 853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.789-790.853.
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Innovative algorithms and software evaluating the three-dimension topography in laser micro-machining are developed in this paper. First according to the features of the three-dimension surface consisted of micro peaks and pits, Gaussian curve parameters are presented and used to form a evaluation system with 22 parameters for three-dimension topography. Based on this, to completely and precisely evaluate the three-dimension topography,an assessment module for power spectral density is designed and implemented. Through integrating this module with the 22 parameters, a complete and precise evaluation system is built, which can evaluate the performance not only in vertical direction but also in horizontal is obtained. In software, through using MATLAB/GUI latest interface to implement integration, the following functions are implemented: surface three-dimension topography rebuilding, signal noise reducing, assessment data extracting, roughness calculating, and two-dimensional frequency domain analyzing. Furthermore, with this software, through comparing the parameters and spectrum, it is easy to determine the frequency affecting the roughness,thus providing some clues on how to further reduce the surface roughness. Test results show that this software system can provide more accurate assessment for the surfac three-dimension topography, and can be used to ultra-precision machining surface assessment.
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Horng, Jeng Haur, Jen Fin Lin, Shin Yuh Chern, Chin Chung Wei, and Chun Yueh Chen. "A Study of Friction and Adhesion Properties of ODS Film on MEMS Device." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.915.
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With the rapid development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, materials such as silicon, metal, and polymers are widely used in the MEMS field. One of the reliability concerns related to Si MEMS is unwanted wear and adhesion. Therefore, SiC film is a possible choice for surfaces because of its favorable friction and wear properties such as used in cutting tool and transmission system of wind turbine. In this study, biocompatible SAM film (ODS) was used to decrease the adhesion force and the friction coefficient of SiC surface. Experimental results show that ODS can increase the contact angle and decrease the surface roughness value of SiC surfaces for the different roughness values and roughness directions. For Si, SiC film and SAMs film on surfaces, larger normal forces lead to smaller friction coefficients and cross roughness pattern have a smaller friction coefficient than that of straight roughness pattern. In addition, ODS film can decrease the friction coefficient on cross topography with relative small roughness value more effectively than can straight topography of SiC surfaces.
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Chen, Zhi Jie, Ji Hong Shen, and Li Bin Guo. "Wavelet Method for Roughness of Micro-EDM’s Surface Contour Lines." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.401.
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The topography errors of micro electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) surface are mainly composed of surface roughness, surface waveness and profile error. These three errors influence the workpieces functions and performances in varying degrees. Thus, how to pick up these compositions without distortion is very important for surface comprehensive topography evaluation. In this paper, the roughness of micro-EDM surface contour lines is separated by wavelet method. Firstly, it is certified that any curve line could be indicated by different frequency parts with multi-resolution analysis, which is the feasibility study for roughness separation with wavelet method. Then, the mathematical model of roughness separation of contour lines is set up. Finally, the formula of roughness separation times with wavelet theory is given.
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Zhu, Xiaochun, Zhurong Dong, Yachen Zhang, and Zhengkun Cheng. "Fatigue Life Prediction of Machined Specimens with the Consideration of Surface Roughness." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 19, 2021): 5420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185420.
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The fatigue strength and fatigue life of high-strength steels are greatly affected by their surface roughness. This study investigates the underlying mechanisms responsible for fatigue failure of the high-strength steel 42CrMo. Bending fatigue tests of stepped shafts with different levels of surface roughness were conducted to observe the fatigue live reduction affected by surface topography. Besides, the mechanical properties of 42CrMo and its strain–life relationship were established. Moreover, the analytical formulas to describe the stress concentration factor (SCF) and fatigue notch factor (FNF) induced by surface topography were introduced. To estimate the fatigue life of machined specimens with the consideration of surface roughness, the elastic portion of the total strain–life curve of the material was revised with the proposed analytical FNF imposed by surface topography. Comparisons between the estimated fatigue lives and experimentally obtained fatigue lives show that the effect of surface roughness on fatigue lives could be estimated effectively and conveniently by the proposed procedure.
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Doluk, Elżbieta, Anna Rudawska, Józef Kuczmaszewski, and Izabela Miturska-Barańska. "Surface Roughness after Milling of the Al/CFRP Stacks with a Diamond Tool." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 6835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226835.
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This study presents the results of research on the surface quality of hybrid sandwich structures after milling with a diamond blade tool. It identifies the effects of feed and machining strategy on the roughness and topography of the surface. It provides an analysis of Ra and Rz surface roughness parameters as well as Sp, Sz, and Sv surface topography parameters. The processed object was a two-layer sandwich structure consisting of aluminium alloy 2024 and CFRP (carbon fibre-reinforced polymer) composite. The minimum values of the Ra and Rz surface roughness parameters were obtained on the aluminium alloy surface, whereas the maximum values were obtained on the CFRP surface. The same was true for the 3D surface roughness parameters—the lowest values of Sp, Sz, and Sv parameters were obtained on the surface of the metal layer, while the highest values were obtained on the surface of the composite layer (the maximum value of the Sp parameter was an exception). A surface topography analysis has revealed a targeted and periodic pattern of micro-irregularities for the vast majority of the samples considered. The statistical analysis shows that the surface roughness of the aluminium alloy was only affected by the feed rate. For the CFRP, the feed rate and the interaction of milling strategy and feed rate (S × fz) had a statistically significant effect. The obtained results provide a basis for designing such sandwich element processing technology, for which differences in roughness and topography parameters for the component materials are lowest.
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Huang, Mei Fa, Xiong Cheng, Guang Qian, Jiang Tai Huang, Jing Zhang, and Hui Jing. "Realization of Surface Topography Separation by B Spline Wavelet." Advanced Materials Research 154-155 (October 2010): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.154-155.34.
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With the development of science and technology, the higher and higher surface accuracy of workpiece is required. The characterization of surface topography affect greatly on functional performance of workpiece. In recent years, many researchers have made a large progress on the study of surface topography and presented some related standards. The assessment of parameters of surface roughness, however, has not been researched intensively in the new generation of standards system. This paper proposes a novel roughness separation method based on B spline wavelet to analyze engineering surface. This method improves accuracy of roughness signal separation. The experimental results show that B spline wavelet can extracts accurately the roughness component and experiment results by the proposed method fit with the actual value of the standard sample plate.
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Yuan, Lei, Shasha Zeng, and Zuobing Chen. "Simultaneous prediction of surface topography and surface location error in milling." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 229, no. 10 (August 12, 2014): 1805–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406214547401.
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The machined surface topography, surface roughness and surface location error are very important evaluation indexes for machining quality, which directly affect the performance characteristics of the machined workpiece. In this paper, a new model of the arbitrary point of the cutter edge with respect to the arbitrary frame of the machining feature point is built. The proposed model incorporates the surface location error into the relative motion of the cutter with respect to the workpiece using the harmonic balance methods. Further, a nonlinear programming problem is proposed to obtain the scallop value of an arbitrary point on the nominal machined surface. Since the obtained scallop value of each point can be used for constructing the topography of the machined surface as well as calculating the surface roughness, the proposed model can simultaneously predict the surface topography, surface roughness and surface location error. Simulations and experiments indicate that feed per tooth, runout and number of cutter teeth are vital factors influencing the topology of the machined surface. The surface location error of the cutter due to the number of cutter teeth is an essential factor that influences the parallelism or perpendicularity of the machining feature. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method is verified by a machining example.
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Bigerelle, M., M. Dalla-Costa, and D. Najjar. "Multiscale similarity characterization of abraded surfaces." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 221, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 1473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544054jem770.
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Many surface properties are related to their topography. The characteristics of an engineering surface can be recorded as a roughness profile characterized by calculation of roughness parameters. The supposed relevant parameters are used to characterize the surface and to tailor similar surfaces with the same characteristics. The aim of this paper is to propose an alternative method based on information theory to avoid roughness parameters calculation in quantifying the similarity of two roughness profiles. The relevance of this method is emphasized using experimental profiles.
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Zhang, Zhanfei, Zengqiang Wang, Wenhu Wang, Ruisong Jiang, and Yifeng Xiong. "Investigation on surface quality of high-speed cutting titanium alloy Ti6Al4V based on Split-Hopkinson pressure bar." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 234, no. 10 (May 1, 2020): 1293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405420913151.
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High-speed cutting technology has the characteristics of high material removal rate and excellent processing quality. To investigate the surface quality of high-speed cutting Ti6Al4V alloy, the orthogonal cutting experiment is the cutting device based on improved Split-Hopkinson pressure bar carried out with a cutting speed of about 7–16 m/s. Surface roughness, residual stress and three-dimensional surface topography are examined to characterize the surface quality. And the chip geometry parameters are measured to analyze the formation mechanism of surface topography. The result shows that cutting force and surface roughness increase rapidly with the increase in depth of cut. In the meantime, the periodic microwaves appeared on the machined surface, and their amplitudes increase with the increase in depth of cut. However, surface roughness, residual stress and microwave amplitude all decrease with the increase in cutting speed. Moreover, it is found that the evolution trend of chip thickness and surface roughness with cutting parameters is very similar. Therefore, it can be inferred that there is a strong relationship between surface topography and chip morphology.
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Tanweer, Navara, Fazal-Ur-Rehman Qazi, Gotam Das, Afreen Bilgrami, Sakeenabi Basha, Naseer Ahmed, Hammam Ahmed Bahammam, et al. "Effect of Erosive Agents on Surface Characteristics of Nano-Fluorapatite Ceramic: An In-Vitro Study." Molecules 27, no. 15 (July 22, 2022): 4691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154691.
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Erosive beverages cause dissolution of natural teeth and intra-oral restorations, resulting in surface characteristic changes, particularly roughness and degradation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surface roughness and topography of a dental ceramic following immersion in locally available erosive solutions. A total of 160 disc specimens of a nano-fluorapatite type ceramic (12 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness) were fabricated and equally distributed into two groups (n = 80) and then evenly distributed among the following five testing groups (n = 16): lemon juice, citrate buffer solution, 4% acetic acid, soft cola drink, and distilled water which served as a control. The surface roughness (Ra) and topography were evaluated using a profilometer and scanning electron microscope at baseline, 24 h, 96 h, and 168 h respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons (p ≤ 0.05). Surface changes were observed upon exposure to all acidic beverages except distilled water. Amongst all immersion media, 4% acetic acid produced the most severe surface roughness across all time periods (i.e., baseline, 24 h, 96 h, and 168 h). A statistically significant difference in the surface roughness values between all immersion media and across all four time intervals was observed. Erosive agents had a negative effect on the surface roughness and topography of the tested ceramic. The surface roughness increased with increased storage time intervals.
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Al-Sabur, Raheem, Andrzej Kubit, Hassanein I. Khalaf, Wojciech Jurczak, Andrzej Dzierwa, and Marcin Korzeniowski. "Analysis of Surface Texture and Roughness in Composites Stiffening Ribs Formed by SPIF Process." Materials 16, no. 7 (April 6, 2023): 2901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072901.
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Studying roughness parameters and the topography of stiffening ribs in composite sandwich structures is important for understanding these materials’ surface quality and mechanical properties. The roughness parameters describe the micro-geometry of the surface, including the average height deviation, roughness depth, and waviness. The topography of the surface refers to the spatial arrangement and distribution of features such as bumps, ridges, and valleys. The study investigated the roughness parameters under three scenarios based on two SPIF process parameters: tool rotational speed(N) and feed rate (f). The vertical step was held constant at 0.4 mm across all scenarios. In scenario A, the process parameters were set at f = 300 mm/min and n = 300 rpm; in scenario B, f = 1500 mm/min and n = 3000 rpm; and in scenario C, f = 1500 mm/min and n = 300 rpm. The experimental research topography analyses revealed that the surface roughness of the stiffened ribs was highly dependent on the SPIF process parameters. The highest feed rate and tool rotational speed produced the smoothest surface texture with the lowest maximum height (Sz) value. In contrast, the lowest feed rate and tool rotational speed resulted in a rougher surface texture with a higher maximum height (Sz) value. Furthermore, the contour plots generated from the topography analyses provided a good visual representation of the surface texture and roughness, allowing for a more comprehensive analysis of the SPIF process parameters. This study emphasizes optimizing the SPIF process parameters to achieve the desired surface quality and texture of stiffened ribs formed in Litecor® panel sheets.
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Dobrzański, Paweł, and Paweł Pawlus. "Modification of Robust Filtering of Stratified Surface Topography." Metrology and Measurement Systems 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mms-2013-0010.
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Abstract Various components of surface texture are identified, namely form, waviness and roughness. Separation of these components is done by digital filtering. Several problems exist during analysis of two-process surfaces. Therefore the Gaussian robust profile filtering technique was established and has been studied here. The computer generated 2D profiles and 3D surface topographies having triangular scratches as well as measured stratified surfaces were subjected to filtration. However even robust filter applications cause distortion of profiles having valleys wider than 100 μm. In order to minimize the distortion associated with wide and deep valleys, the robust filter should be modified. A special procedure was elaborated for minimizing distortion of roughness profiles caused by filtration. Application of this method to analyses of several profiles was presented. The difference between 1-D and 2-D filtering of surface topography using the same kind of filter was discussed. As a result we found that modification of a 2-D surface topography filter was not necessary.
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Lindsay, John B., Daniel R. Newman, and Anthony Francioni. "Scale-Optimized Surface Roughness for Topographic Analysis." Geosciences 9, no. 7 (July 22, 2019): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9070322.
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Surface roughness is a terrain parameter that has been widely applied to the study of geomorphological processes. One of the main challenges in studying roughness is its highly scale-dependent nature. Determining appropriate mapping scales in topographically heterogenous landscapes can be difficult. A method is presented for estimating multiscale surface roughness based on the standard deviation of surface normals. This method utilizes scale partitioning and integral image processing to isolate scales of surface complexity. The computational efficiency of the method enables high scale sampling density and identification of maximum roughness for each grid cell in a digital elevation model (DEM). The approach was applied to a 0.5 m resolution LiDAR DEM of a 210 km2 area near Brantford, Canada. The case study demonstrated substantial heterogeneity in roughness properties. At shorter scales, tillage patterns and other micro-topography associated with ground beneath forest cover dominated roughness scale signatures. Extensive agricultural land-use resulted in 35.6% of the site exhibiting maximum roughness at micro-topographic scales. At larger spatial scales, rolling morainal topography and fluvial landforms, including incised channels and meander cut banks, were associated with maximum surface roughness. This method allowed for roughness mapping at spatial scales that are locally adapted to the topographic context of each individual grid cell within a DEM. Furthermore, the analysis revealed significant differences in roughness characteristics among soil texture categories, demonstrating the practical utility of locally adaptive, scale-optimized roughness.
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Chen, Zhi Jie, Ji Hong Shen, and Yun Tao Dai. "Research on the Surface Roughness Parameters of Micro-EDM." Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.281.
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The surface topography errors of micro-EDM are mainly composed of surface roughness, surface waveness and so on. Research shows that the surface morphology provides a lot of useful information, which has serious influence on the friction and lubrication characteristics of the surface. However, for the micro-EDM surface topography evaluation problem, researchers have been using surface roughness parameters and evaluation method of mechanical process, which restrict the micro-EDM technology further development. On this account, the surface roughness parameters of micro-EDM have been deeply studied in this paper according to its technology characteristics and the surface morphology characteristics, therefore, the main researches and creative points are obtained, which the influence that the surface roughness of micro-EDM parts impact on their using performance is analyzed, and based on the surface morphology characteristics, some roughness evaluation parameters are given respectively according to peaks and valley, moreover, their numerical calculation are also gained.
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Yang, Chang Yong, Yu Can Fu, Da Shun Huang, Jiu Hua Xu, Neng Ge Yang, and Wen Yan. "Surface Roughness and Topography of Honed Nickel-Based Superalloy." Advanced Materials Research 1136 (January 2016): 478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.478.
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Honing experiments were carried out for nickel-based superalloy Inconel718 bore. The significance analysis of the four honing parameters: spindle speed, stroke speed, wedge feed per stroke cycle and grain size on the surface roughness, was studied with the orthogonal design method. And the significant degree under the rated conditions was determined. The results showed that: wedge feed per stroke cycle and grain size have a significant influence on surface roughness while spindle speed and stroke speed had no significant effect. Also, there was a positive correlation between surface roughness and wedge feed per stroke cycle and grain size. Furthermore, the honed surface topography was analyzed by the meaning of microscope.
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Geng, Lei, and Hua Yan Zhong. "Evaluation of WEDM Surface Quality." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 4080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.4080.
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The formation of WEDM surface is a complicated process. There are many factors which make machined surface topography have the characteristics of complex and irregular, and impact using performance of parts. The work investigated microscopic features of the WEDM surface topography based on power spectral density and fractal theory, and proposed power spectral density evaluation method of the WEDM surface. The fractal dimension of the WEDM surface was calculated by structure function method. The physical meaning of the fractal dimension of the WEDM surface was described. The result shows that topography of the WEDM surface exhibits strong fractal characteristics within a certain scale. The processing parameters and pulse power performance will affect the fractal dimension D. The fractal dimension D has a certain relationship with the surface roughness Ra. It is more reasonable to use the fractal dimension D as well as the surface roughness Ra together to evaluate WEDM surface quality.
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Wang, Jing, Chao Ai, Xiao Yun, Zhikai Chen, and Bing He. "Effects of 3D Roughness Parameters of Sandblasted Surface on Bond Strength of HVOF Sprayed WC-12Co Coatings." Coatings 12, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 1451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101451.
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This work aims to reveal the effects of 3D roughness parameters of sandblasted surfaces on bond strength between thermal spray coatings and substrates. The investigation was carried out on the surface of AISI 4140, which were pretreated with automatic-sandblasting system. 3D topography and roughness parameters were analyzed by a 3D optical profiler. The bond strength of WC-12Co coatings was measured using a pull-off test method. Scanning electron microscope revealed that the morphology of the surface after sandblasting was rough. Furthermore, the surface topography was characterized by several irregular peaks and pits with different directions and no fixed orientation randomly distributed on sandblasted surface. The average values for surface roughness Sa = 4.84 ± 0.34 μm and bond strength = 32.8 ± 2.8 MPa were obtained. In terms of 3D roughness parameters, Sa, Sdr, Sdq and Sq were found to have more significant impact on affecting the bond strength, showing a nonlinear regression relationship. Furthermore, bond strength was positively correlated with Sa, Sdr and Sdq, while inversely proportional to Sq. This confirmed that a greater surface roughness of a sandblasted surface was not more conducive to the improvement of bond strength. The influence mechanism of each parameter was discussed, which was consistent with the regression mathematical model.
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HODAEI, MOHAMMAD, and KAMBIZ FARHANG. "ENERGY ABSORPTION IN A LOAD–UNLOAD CYCLE OF KNEE IMPLANT USING FRACTAL MODEL OF ROUGH SURFACES." Fractals 24, no. 02 (June 2016): 1650020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x16500201.
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Roughness measurement of knee implant surfaces is investigated. The study of roughness measurement show that the topography of knee implant surface is multi-scale and surface spectra follows a power law behavior. A magnification of rough surface topography implies that there is no difference between original and magnified profile of implant surface. For implant surface, statistical parameters such as variance of height, curvature, and slope are found to be scale-dependent. Fractal representation of implant surface shows that the size-distribution of the multi-scale contacts spots follows a power law and is characterized by the fractal dimension of implant surface. Fractal surface description of the rough surfaces of knee implant is used to obtain force–displacement relationship of the contact force. Using an approximate function through the fusion of two piecewise functions, energy absorption of a knee implant in a single cycle of load–unload is obtained.
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Liu, Shuai, Jun Zhao, Xian Hua Tian, and Wen Zhen Qin. "3D Topography Analysis of Ball-End Milled H-13 Die Steel Surfaces Using Wavelet Decomposition Method." Key Engineering Materials 693 (May 2016): 689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.693.689.
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Optical profiler is employed to measure the surface topography of H-13 die steel machined by ball end cutter. By using 2D discret wavelet decomposition, the topographies of different frequency bands are obtained and the influence of cutter posture on varying frequncy bands topography is studied. The results show that cutter posture has a great influence on the whole frequency band roughness. The changing trend of roughness is roughly the same under different cutter postures which increase firstly then decrease with the decrease in frequency. A surface with a small high frequency roughness may have a large median frequency roughness.
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Santos, Ana Flávia Piquera, Henrique Hadad, Lais Kawamata de Jesus, Rodrigo Capalbo da Silva, Luara Teixeira Colombo, Antônio Carlos Guastaldi, Thallita Pereira Queiroz, et al. "Topographic characterization of cp-Ti implants with machined and modified surface by LASER." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): e15910212217. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12217.
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This study characterized the topography osseointegrated implants (cp-Ti) with machined surface (MS), laser beam surface (LS) and laser beam surface followed by deposition of sodium silicate (SS) by means SEM-EDX, roughness measurements, cross-sectional roughness, contact angle, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and laser confocal optical perfilometry. The SEM of MS showed smooth surface, contaminated with machining residues, while LS and SS rough surfaces with a more regular and homogeneous morphological pattern. The EDX showed Ti peaks for MS and Ti and oxygen for LS and SS. The mean roughness values of LS and SS were statistically higher (p <0.05) than MS. The contact angle of LS and SS was 0º. The XRD of MS showed only Ti peaks, while LS and SS showed the presence of oxides and nitrides and presence of sodium silicate. The surface treatment performed in the LS and SS promoted important modifications in the topography and physical-chemical properties.
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Zheng, Jian Ming, Bian Guo, Ming Shun Yang, Yan Li, and X. N. Wang. "Roughness Detection Based on 3D Shape Reconstruction of Workpiece Surface Micro-Vision Image." Key Engineering Materials 455 (December 2010): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.455.373.
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The Shape from Shading (SFS) method is adopted to detect the micro-topography and roughness parameter of machining surface based on computer micro-vision in this paper. According to the reflection features of micro metal surface, the illumination model is improved by the weighting superposition of the diffuse component of the simplified Oren-Nayar model and the specular component of the Torrance-Sparrow model. The minimized calculation method of SFS is given based on the improved illumination model. The 3D topography reconstruction and the roughness parameter detection of the turning surface are accomplished. The experimental results show that this method can rapidly realize the accurate detection of surface roughness parameter, and provides new ideas and methods for detection the roughness on-line in machining process.
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Liu, Yao, Xiufeng Wang, Jing Lin, and Wei Zhao. "Experimental investigation into the effect of chatter on surface micro-topography of gears in grinding." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 2 (August 9, 2016): 294–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216642259.
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Chatter affects the surface topography and functional performance of work pieces significantly. The surface topography of work pieces is multi-scale, and the characteristics of different levels of the surface topography are closely connected to the different functional performance of the work piece. The relationship between chatter vibration and surface micro-topography is complicated and not specified. By investigating and understanding this relationship clearly, the manufacturing process can be directed to be controlled more actively and accurately, which helps complete the product with expected surface topography and functional performance. This paper aims to reveal the effect of chatter on the surface micro-topography of gears in grinding. Grinding processes considering different machining states and surface topographies of gears under each process were analyzed comprehensively. The following findings were observed. First, chatter causes significant increase of the tooth flank surface roughness in low frequency and increase of the profile roughness, whereas in a different manner in the different gear flank directions. Second, the influence of chatter mainly concentrates on certain frequency bands of the surface topography, and the effect of chatter on the 3D surface topography is within a frequency range. Third, chatter vibration with its multi-frequency-band characteristics shows a multi-scale influence on the work piece surface topography. The possible mechanisms for the formation of these effects were also discussed.
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Adams, David L., and Andrea Zampiron. "Short communication: Multiscalar roughness length decomposition in fluvial systems using a transform-roughness correlation (TRC) approach." Earth Surface Dynamics 8, no. 4 (December 9, 2020): 1039–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-1039-2020.
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Abstract. In natural open-channel flows over complex surfaces, a wide range of superimposed roughness elements may contribute to flow resistance. Gravel-bed rivers present a particularly interesting example of this kind of multiscalar flow resistance problem, as both individual grains and bedforms may contribute to the roughness length. In this paper, we propose a novel method of estimating the relative contribution of different physical scales of in-channel topography to the total roughness length, using a transform-roughness correlation (TRC) approach. The technique, which uses a longitudinal profile, consists of (1) a wavelet transform which decomposes the surface into roughness elements occurring at different wavelengths and (2) a “roughness correlation” that estimates the roughness length (ks) associated with each wavelength based on its geometry alone. When applied to original and published laboratory experiments with a range of channel morphologies, the roughness correlation estimates the total ks to approximately a factor of 2 of measured values but may perform poorly in very steep channels with low relative submergence. The TRC approach provides novel and detailed information regarding the interaction between surface topography and fluid dynamics that may contribute to advances in hydraulics, bedload transport, and channel morphodynamics.
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Kłonica, Mariusz. "ANALYSIS OF GEOMETRIC FEATURES OF THE 316L STEEL SURFACE AFTER DIFFERENT SURFACE TREATMENT METHODS." Journal of Technology and Exploitation in Mechanical Engineering 2, no. 1 (December 26, 2016): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/jteme.512.
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The paper presents the selected results of surface quality. The selected 2D and 3D surface roughness parameters are analyzed. An intensive development of various surface topography measuring techniques allows the prediction of the functional attributes of the surface and also evaluation of its quality. The measurement strategy highly influences the results of the evaluation of surface roughness. Finally, some general conclusions are given.
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Lipiński, Dariusz, Kamil Banaszek, and Łukasz Rypina. "Analysis of the Cutting Abilities of the Multilayer Grinding Wheels—Case of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Grinding." Materials 15, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15010022.
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This paper presents an effectiveness analysis of the grinding process with the use of a new multi-layer abrasive tool. The designed abrasive tool consists of external layers with a conventional structure, whose task is to decrease the grinding wheel load and ensure high grinding volumetric efficiency. The inner layer of the grinding wheel contains a 30% addition of abrasive aggregates. The task of the inner layer is to provide lower roughness of the machined surface. The aim of the research presented in this paper was to evaluate the topography of the designed abrasive tool and to analyze the middle layer properties influencing the machined surface roughness. The differentiation of the active surface features of the abrasive tool was determined for the conventional layer and the layer with the addition of abrasive aggregates. The machining potential of the layers was also determined using the Shos parameter. The surface topography of Ti-6Al-4V alloys ground with the use of a multi-layer wheel and a conventional grinding wheel was analyzed. With the application of the bootstrap hypothesis, the set of roughness parameters differentiating the topography of ground surfaces was determined.
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Gross, Kārlis A., and D. M. Müller. "Topography Control of Hydroxyapatite Coatings." Key Engineering Materials 309-311 (May 2006): 693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.693.
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The biomaterial surface represents the first contact point for proteins and cells and is thus critical to optimise the features to transmit the best signals for tissue and organ regeneration. Both chemistry and topography are surface characteristics that can be modified by the manufacturing process and provide signals to cells. While chemistry and crystallinity have received attention for thermally sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings, the control of the surface microtopography has not been addressed. This study collected a range of implants with a coating and assessed the topography on dental implants, orthopaedic screws and hip prostheses. The surface was found to be composed of large topographic features (angular particulate and smooth areas) and micron sized aspects (fine grains, cracks and ridges). Thermal spray experiments were designed to determine the influence of processing conditions on droplet spreading. This knowledge was then applied to see the effect of different parameters on the final coating topography. The parameters investigated for their influence on the surface topography included substrate roughness, substrate temperature, spray distance and particle size. The particle size showed the largest influence on altering the roughness, Ra of the coating. A two-fold increase in particle size doubled the roughness from Ra of 4.8 µm when the powder was sprayed under the same conditions.
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Guo, Li Bin, Bin Zhang, Hai Cui, and Zhi Hang Zhang. "Improvement Arithmetic Method of Space Parameters of 3D Roughness for MWEDM Surface." Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.291.
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Since 3D micro-topography of the Micro Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (MWEDM) surface is an isotropy surface which is composed of innumerable ellipsoid profile peaks and pits, shape and distributing characters of surface structure can bring direct influence on characterization precision or calculating method of 3D roughness parameters, which needs considering surface measure direction or is influenced by surface structure. Through researching structural characters of 3D micro-topography of MWEDM surface, this article improves arithmetic method of space parameters of 3D roughness influenced by structure, which predigests calculating process and advances calculating precision.
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Lamikiz, Aitzol, Jose Antonio Sánchez, Luis Norberto López de Lacalle, D. del Pozo, and J. M. Etayo. "Surface Roughness Improvement Using Laser-Polishing Techniques." Materials Science Forum 526 (October 2006): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.526.217.
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A laser polishing method applied on metallic surfaces is presented in this work. One of the most important applications of this technique is the small-medium injection mould polishing manufactured by rapid manufacturing processes (RM) such as selective laser sintering. The polishing method has been applied to different surfaces including a laser-sintered part. Topography and roughness parameters measurements show that laser polishing can achieve surface improvements up to three times in mean roughness parameter with no macro-geometric deviations.
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Bai, Yuzhu, Qi An, Shuangfu Suo, Weikun Wang, and Xiaohong Jia. "An Analytical Model for the Normal Contact Stiffness of Mechanical Joint Surfaces Based on Parabolic Cylindrical Asperities." Materials 16, no. 5 (February 24, 2023): 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16051883.
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The analytical results of normal contact stiffness for mechanical joint surfaces are quite different from the experimental data. So, this paper proposes an analytical model based on parabolic cylindrical asperity that considers the micro-topography of machined surfaces and how they were made. First, the topography of a machined surface was considered. Then, the parabolic cylindrical asperity and Gaussian distribution were used to create a hypothetical surface that better matches the real topography. Second, based on the hypothetical surface, the relationship between indentation depth and contact force in the elastic, elastoplastic, and plastic deformation intervals of the asperity was recalculated, and the theoretical analytical model of normal contact stiffness was obtained. Finally, an experimental test platform was then constructed, and the numerical simulation results were compared with the experimental results. At the same time, the numerical simulation results of the proposed model, the J. A. Greenwood and J. B. P. Williamson (GW) model, the W. R. Chang, I. Etsion, and D. B. Bogy (CEB) model, and the L. Kogut and I. Etsion (KE) model were compared with the experimental results. The results show that when roughness is Sa 1.6 μm, the maximum relative errors are 2.56%, 157.9%, 134%, and 90.3%, respectively. When roughness is Sa 3.2 μm, the maximum relative errors are 2.92%, 152.4%, 108.4%, and 75.1%, respectively. When roughness is Sa 4.5 μm, the maximum relative errors are 2.89%, 158.07%, 68.4%, and 46.13%, respectively. When roughness is Sa 5.8 μm, the maximum relative errors are 2.89%, 201.57%, 110.26%, and 73.18%, respectively. The comparison results demonstrate that the suggested model is accurate. This new method for examining the contact characteristics of mechanical joint surfaces uses the proposed model in conjunction with a micro-topography examination of an actual machined surface.
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Mangavelli, Sai C., Junlin Yuan, and Giles J. Brereton. "Effects of surface roughness topography in transient channel flows." Journal of Turbulence 22, no. 7 (May 20, 2021): 434–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14685248.2021.1927057.
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