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Journal articles on the topic 'Surface tension'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Yang, Jinlong, Joseph M Michaud, Steven Jansen, H. Jochen Schenk, and Yi Y. Zuo. "Dynamic surface tension of xylem sap lipids." Tree Physiology 40, no. 4 (February 6, 2020): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpaa006.

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Abstract The surface tension of xylem sap has been traditionally assumed to be close to that of the pure water because decreasing surface tension is thought to increase vulnerability to air seeding and embolism. However, xylem sap contains insoluble lipid-based surfactants, which also coat vessel and pit membrane surfaces, where gas bubbles can enter xylem under negative pressure in the process known as air seeding. Because of the insolubility of amphiphilic lipids, the surface tension influencing air seeding in pit pores is not the equilibrium surface tension of extracted bulk sap but the local surface tension at gas–liquid interfaces, which depends dynamically on the local concentration of lipids per surface area. To estimate the dynamic surface tension in lipid layers that line surfaces in the xylem apoplast, we studied the time-dependent and surface area-regulated surface tensions of apoplastic lipids extracted from xylem sap of four woody angiosperm plants using constrained drop surfactometry. Xylem lipids were found to demonstrate potent surface activity, with surface tensions reaching an equilibrium at ~25 mN m-1 and varying between a minimum of 19 mN m-1 and a maximum of 68 mN m-1 when changing the surface area between 50 and 160% around the equilibrium surface area. It is concluded that xylem lipid films in natural conditions most likely range from nonequilibrium metastable conditions of a supersaturated compression state to an undersaturated expansion state, depending on the local surface areas of gas–liquid interfaces. Together with findings that maximum pore constrictions in angiosperm pit membranes are much smaller than previously assumed, low dynamic surface tension in xylem turns out to be entirely compatible with the cohesion–tension and air-seeding theories, as well as with the existence of lipid-coated nanobubbles in xylem sap, and with the range of vulnerabilities to embolism observed in plants.

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2

Patterson, Ada M. "Surface Tension." Caribbean Quarterly 68, no. 3 (July 3, 2022): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00086495.2022.2105011.

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3

Mirsky, Steve. "Surface Tension." Scientific American 305, no. 4 (September 20, 2011): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1011-92.

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4

X-Gal. "Surface tension." Journal of Cell Science 122, no. 14 (July 1, 2009): 2323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.055871.

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5

Edge, R. D. "Surface tension." Physics Teacher 26, no. 9 (December 1988): 586–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2342636.

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6

Sajdera, Norbert. "Surface tension." Metal Finishing 98, no. 1 (January 2000): 609–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(00)80368-2.

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7

Sajdera, Norbert. "Surface tension." Metal Finishing 97, no. 1 (January 1999): 609–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(00)83119-0.

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8

Sajdera, Norbert. "Surface tension." Metal Finishing 105, no. 10 (2007): 528–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(07)80370-9.

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9

Sajdera, Norbert. "Surface tension." Metal Finishing 99 (January 2001): 604–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(01)85319-8.

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10

Sajdera, Norbert. "Surface tension." Metal Finishing 100 (January 2002): 599–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(02)82062-1.

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11

Sajdera, Norbert. "Surface tension." Metal Finishing 97, no. 1 (January 1999): 610–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(99)80060-9.

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12

Smith, J. C., and D. Stamenovic. "Surface forces in lungs. I. Alveolar surface tension-lung volume relationships." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 1341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.4.1341.

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Alveolar surface tension (gamma)-lung volume relationships were obtained for quasi-static and dynamic lung pressure-volume (PV) histories from measurements of PV curves of liquid- and air-filled excised rabbit lungs. PV relationships were measured at room temperature in lungs filled with test liquids with constant liquid-liquid interfacial tensions with alveolar surface-active materials; and air-filled lungs before and after the normal alveolar surface film was covered with test liquids with constant values of liquid- and air-liquid interfacial tensions. Interfacial tensions of test liquids were measured in a surface balance on monolayers of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. Values of gamma for the normal air-filled lung were obtained either from points of intersection between PV curves with the normal and test liquid interface or from a general relationship between gamma and the component of recoil pressure due to surface tension derived from the data. In contrast to previous analyses that have used PV measurements, this approach does not depend on assumptions about lung microstructural geometry. Surface tension-volume relationships for the normal air-filled lung show a prominent hysteresis with surface tension ranging from near 0 at low volumes during lung deflation to transiently high values near 40 dyn/cm during inflation; value of equilibrium surface tension (gamma EQ) near 28 dyn/cm; and characteristic transitions in surface film compressibility and associated transitions in film kinetic behavior in nonequilibrium film states where gamma deviates from gamma EQ. These features are consistent with the behavior predicted from current models of alveolar surface film behavior.

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13

Absolom, Darryl R. "The role of bacterial hydrophobicity in infection: bacterial adhesion and phagocytic ingestion." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-054.

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The role that bacterial surface hydrophobicity (surface tension) plays in determining the extent of adhesion of polymer substrates and phagocytic ingestion is reviewed. The early attachment phase in bacterial adhesion is shown to depend critically on the relative surface tensions of the three interacting phases; i.e., bacteria, substrate, and suspending liquid surface tension. When suspended in a liquid with a high surface tension such as Hanks balanced salt solution, the most hydrophobic bacteria adhere to all surfaces to the greatest extent. When the liquid surface tension (γLV) is larger than the bacterial surface tension (γBV), then for any single bacterial species the extent of adhesion decreases with increasing substrate surface tension (γSV). When γLV < γBV then adhesion increases with increasing γSV. Bacterial surface tension also determines in part the extent of phagocytic ingestion and the degree to which antibodies aspecifically adsorb onto the bacterium resulting in opsonization. The nonspecific adsorption of antibodies results in a considerable modification in the surface properties of the bacteria. Bacterial surface hydrophobicity can be altered significantly through exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics, surfactants, lectins, etc. The effect of these changes on subsequent phagocytic ingestion is discussed.

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14

Yamamoto, Takehiro, Issei Moriwaki, and Ryotaro Yamasaki. "Apparent Dynamic Surface Tension of Polymer Solutions." Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi 45, no. 4 (2017): 181–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1678/rheology.45.181.

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15

Homman, A. A., E. Bourasseau, G. Stoltz, P. Malfreyt, L. Strafella, and A. Ghoufi. "Surface tension of spherical drops from surface of tension." Journal of Chemical Physics 140, no. 3 (January 21, 2014): 034110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4862149.

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16

Szleifer, I., and B. Widom. "Surface tension, line tension, and wetting." Molecular Physics 75, no. 4 (March 1992): 925–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268979200100701.

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17

Vanhanen, J., A. P. Hyvärinen, T. Anttila, T. Raatikainen, Y. Viisanen, and H. Lihavainen. "Ternary solution of sodium chloride, succinic acid and water; surface tension and its influence on cloud droplet activation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 16 (August 6, 2008): 4595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-4595-2008.

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Abstract. Surface tension of ternary solution of sodium chloride, succinic acid and water was measured as a function of both composition and temperature by using the capillary rise technique. Both sodium chloride and succinic acid are found in atmospheric aerosols, the former being main constituent of marine aerosol. Succinic acid was found to decrease the surface tension of water already at very low concentrations. Sodium chloride increased the surface tension linearly as a function of the concentration. Surface tensions of both binary solutions agreed well with the previous measurements. Succinic acid was found to lower the surface tension even if sodium chloride is present, indicating that succinic acid, as a surface active compound, tends to concentrate to the surface. An equation based on thermodynamical relations was fitted to the data and extrapolated to the whole concentration range by using estimated surface tensions for pure compounds. As a result, we obtained an estimate of surface tensions beyond solubility limits in addition to a fit to the experimental data. The parameterization can safely be used at temperatures from 10 to 30°C. These kinds of parameterizations are important for example in atmospheric nucleation models. To investigate the influence of surface tension on cloud droplet activation, the surface tension parameterization was included in an adiabatic air parcel model. Usually in cloud models the surface tension of pure water is used. Simulations were done for characteristic marine aerosol size distributions consisting of the considered ternary mixture. We found that by using the surface tension of pure water, the amount of activated particles is underestimated up to 8% if particles contain succinic acid and overestimated it up to 8% if particles contain only sodium chloride. The surface tension effect was found to increase with increasing updraft velocity.

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18

Lewins, J. D. "Plane Surface Tension." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education 27, no. 3 (July 1999): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijmee.27.3.4.

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19

YOSHIDA, Hideo. "H110 Surface Tension." Proceedings of thermal engineering conference 2001 (2001): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeptec.2001.0_657.

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20

Järvik, Oliver. "Prediction of Surface Tension of Heteroatom-Rich Fuel Fractions from Pyrolysis of Oil Shale." issue2 6, no. 6 (August 1, 2023): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.48103/jjeci652023.

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In this work, a brief overview of the methods for calculating surface tension and analyze various methods for calculating Parachor and surface tension for Kukersiite shale oil fractions. Using experimentally measured data on the surface tensions, densities and average boiling points of the industrial gasoline and middle oil fractions of oil shale, a proposed correlations for calculating both the surface tension at 20°C and for calculating the temperature dependence of the surface tension (in the temperature range from 10 to 180°C). These correlations enable the calculation of surface tension at 20°C and the temperature dependence of the surface tension with a relative accuracy of ±5.5%. The resultingcorrelation also makes it possible to find temperature dependencies of the surface tension of alkanes and oil fractions, for example, with an error generally below 10%

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21

Peng, Tiefeng, Siyuan Yang, Fan Xiang, Yunpei Liang, Qibin Li, Xuechao Gao, and Sanjun Liu. "Film tension of liquid nano-film from molecular modeling." International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, no. 04 (February 6, 2017): 1750016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979217500163.

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Due to its geometry simplicity, the forces of thin liquid film are widely investigated and equivalently employed to explore the phys–chemical properties and mechanical stability of many other surfaces or colloid ensembles. The surface tension of bulk liquid ([Formula: see text]) and film tension ([Formula: see text]) are the most important parameters. Considering the insufficiency of detailed interpretation of film tension under micro-scale circumstances, a method for film tension was proposed based on numerical modeling. Assuming surface tension at different slab thicknesses being identical to the surface tension of film, the surface tension and disjoining pressure were subsequently used to evaluate the film tension based on the derivation of film thermodynamics, and a decreasing tendency was discovered for low temperature regions. The influence of saline concentration on nano-films was also investigated, and the comparison of film tensions suggested that higher concentration yielded larger film tension, with stronger decreasing intensity as a function of film thickness. Meanwhile, at thick film range (15–20 nm), film tension of higher concentration film continued to decrease as thickness increase, however it arrived to constant value for that of lower concentration. Finally, it was found that the film tension was almost independent on the film curvature, but varied with the thickness. The approach is applicable to symmetric emulsion films containing surfactants and bi-layer lipid films.

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22

Ding, Junqi, Heidi E. Warriner, and Joseph A. Zasadzinski. "Relation Between Shear Viscosity and Morphology in Lung Surfactant Monolayer." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 126–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600026702.

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The primary function of lung surfactant monolayers (LS) is to control and reduce surface tension in the lung permitting easy breathing. to do this, the monolayer must maintain coverage of the entire lung surface during the rapid surface area changes which accompany breathing. We use a magnetic needle viscometer and optical microscopy to determine the relationship between monolayer shear viscosity, which controls its two-dimensional flow properties, and synthetic lung surfactant composition. We show that, within a specific range, palmitic acid interacts with DPPC/POPG to make lung surfactant rigid at low surface tension (or high surface pressure) and fluid at high surface tension. This enables the monolayer to attain near zero surface tensions during compression yet respread easily at high surface tension More palmitic acid makes the monolayer more rigid and eventually increases the collapse surface tension while reducing the readsorption rate at high surface tension.

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23

REES, S. J., and M. P. JUNIPER. "The effect of surface tension on the stability of unconfined and confined planar jets and wakes." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 633 (August 25, 2009): 71–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009007186.

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In this theoretical study, a linear spatio-temporal analysis is performed on unconfined and confined inviscid jet/wake flows with surface tension in order to determine convective/absolute instability criteria. There is a single mode that is due to surface tension and many modes that are due to the jet/wake column. In the unconfined case, the full impulse response is considered in the entire outer flow. On the one hand, the surface tension mode propagates slowly in the cross-stream direction but dominates at the front and back of the wavepacket. On the other hand, the jet/wake column modes propagate more quickly in the cross-stream direction and therefore define the boundaries of the central region of the wavepacket. The flow is particularly unstable when these modes interact. For unconfined flows, it is found that at low and intermediate surface tensions the flow can be more absolutely unstable than that without surface tension but at high surface tensions the flow is stabilized. The effect of confinement has previously been studied but not with the inclusion of surface tension. Confinement and surface tension combined cause the transition from convective to absolute instability to occur even with significant coflow. This effect is examined over an infinite domain of density ratios and confinement.

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24

Fujisawa, T., T. Utigard, and J. M. Toguri. "Surface tension and density of the molten PbCl2–KCl–NaCl ternary system." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 1132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-192.

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The maximum bubble pressure method was used to determine the surface tension and density of melts within the PbCl2–KCl–NaCl system. The temperature range of this study was from 450 to 800 °C. In all cases, the surface tension was found to decrease with increasing temperature. At constant molar ratios of KCl to NaCl, a minimum in the surface tension was observed at approximately 40 mol% PbCl2. The ternary surface tension values were found to obey the simple additivity expression of the binary surface tensions of PbCl2–KCl and PbCl2–NaCl. Based on these findings, constant surface tension contours have been drawn.The density obtained in the present study agree well with the previously determined densities using a bottom-balance Archimedean technique reported by this laboratory.

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25

Davies, James F., Andreas Zuend, and Kevin R. Wilson. "Technical note: The role of evolving surface tension in the formation of cloud droplets." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 5 (March 7, 2019): 2933–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-2933-2019.

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Abstract. The role of surface tension (σ) in cloud droplet activation has long been ambiguous. Recent studies have reported observations attributed to the effects of an evolving surface tension in the activation process. However, the adoption of a surface-mediated activation mechanism has been slow and many studies continue to neglect the composition dependence of aerosol–droplet surface tension, using instead a value equal to the surface tension of pure water (σw). In this technical note, we clearly describe the fundamental role of surface tension in the activation of multicomponent aerosol particles into cloud droplets. It is demonstrated that the effects of surface tension in the activation process depend primarily on the evolution of surface tension with droplet size, typically varying in the range 0.5σw≲σ≤σw due to the partitioning of organic species with a high surface affinity. We go on to report some recent laboratory observations that exhibit behavior that may be associated with surface tension effects and propose a measurement coordinate that will allow surface tension effects to be better identified using standard atmospheric measurement techniques. Unfortunately, interpreting observations using theory based on surface film and liquid–liquid phase separation models remains a challenge. Our findings highlight the need for experimental measurements that better reveal the role of composition-dependent surface tensions, critical for advancing predictive theories and parameterizations of cloud droplet activation.

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26

Luo, Daobin, Shengbo Wu, Peidong Yan, Jiaojiao Xie, and Qiao Zhu. "Laser scattering from the Ag nanofluids droplet on a plate and the surface tension measurement by scattering technique." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 013101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0087626.

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We developed a new optical method to detect the variation of the surface tension in this work. The distribution of laser scattering from Ag nanofluids droplet on the inclined plate was collected experimentally, and the Airy structures were found in the scattering distribution. The relationship between the scattering field distribution and the liquid surface tension was derived theoretically, and the dependence of the Airy peak of the laser scattering on the surface tension was provided. Based on the relationship between the scattering field distribution and the surface tension, an optical method for the relative measurement of surface tension is established. The surface tensions of Ag nanofluids at different concentrations were measured by this optical means, and it is easy to detect the variation of Airy peak gap vs the Ag particle concentration. The results show that the surface tension of Ag nanofluids decreases with the particle concentration increase when the concentration is less than 3.16 wt. %. This work provides a new idea for surface tension measurement of nanofluids, and it has applications in the field of nanofluids wetting.

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27

Cisneros-Zevallos, L., M. E. Saltveit, and J. M. Krochta. "698 PB 306 WETTABILITY AND SURFACE TENSION OF FRUIT SURFACES." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 533a—533. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.533a.

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Nettability is an important factor to be considered in postharvest treatments such as washing, aqueous dippings, coatings, etc. Pome fruits (ten apple and four pear cultivars) and stone fruits (nectarine and plums) were evaluated for wetting behavior and surface tension at room temperature. Nettability was assessed by measuring contact angles of water. Surface tension was calculated by measuring contact angles of methylene iodide and water or by a series of pure surfactants using Zisman's method. Wetting behavior on apple fruits depended on cultivar, with water contact angles ranging from 75° to 131°. For pear fruits, wetting also depended on cultivar. Calculated surface tensions of pear fruits were in general higher than most apple cultivars tested. In stone fruits, plums presented a high water-repellency with a contact angle of 137°. The wetting of fruit surfaces seems to be governed by the nature of the chemical groups exposed on the surface of the cuticle and also by the surface roughness, as evidenced by tire high values of some contact angles.

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28

Ikushima, Akira J., Masaaki Iino, and Masaru Suzuki. "Surface tension of liquid 4He and 3He." Canadian Journal of Physics 65, no. 11 (November 1, 1987): 1505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p87-239.

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Surface tensions of liquid 4He and 3He have been measured down to 0.3 K by using the surface-wave resonance method. Measurements with 3He have been made further, down to 20 mK, by the capillary-rise method. Liquid 4He shows a T7/3 temperature dependence up to approximately 1 K, indicating that the ripplon excitation is the predominant contributor in this temperature range. It is concluded with the superfluid 4He that the "surface energy" of the Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) gives a major contribution to the surface tension, from which we have deduced n0, the fraction of BEC. Liquid 3He shows a T2 temperature dependence from 0.3 K to about 1 K. The result is attributed to both the effect of 3He quasi particles, which hit the surface, and the ripplon. The latter has never been seriously thought to exist on the 3He surface.An unexpected behavior of the 3He surface tension has been found below approximately 200 mK. The surface tension does not obey the T2 temperature dependence but deviates downward around 200 mK.Surface tensions of 4He and 3He have been measured also in the vicinities of liquid–vapor critical points.

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29

Zhuo, Xiao, and Hyeon Beom. "Effect of Side Surface Orientation on the Mechanical Properties of Silicon Nanowires: A Molecular Dynamics Study." Crystals 9, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9020102.

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We investigated the mechanical properties of <100>-oriented square cross-sectional silicon nanowires under tension and compression, with a focus on the effect of side surface orientation. Two types of silicon nanowires (i.e., nanowires with four {100} side surfaces and those with four {110} side surfaces) were simulated by molecular dynamics simulations at a temperature of 300 K. The deformation mechanism exhibited no dependence on the side surface orientation, while the tensile strength and compressive strength did. Brittle cleavage was observed under tension, whereas dislocation nucleation was witnessed under compression. Silicon nanowires with {100} side surfaces had a lower tensile strength but higher compressive strength. The effect of side surface orientation became stronger as the nanowire width decreased. The obtained results may provide some insight into the design of silicon-based nano-devices.

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30

Rzeczkowski, Piotr, Beate Krause, and Petra Pötschke. "Characterization of Highly Filled PP/Graphite Composites for Adhesive Joining in Fuel Cell Applications." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030462.

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In order to evaluate the suitability of graphite composite materials for use as bipolar plates in fuel cells, polypropylene (PP) was melt compounded with expanded graphite as conductive filler to form composites with different filler contents of 10–80 wt %. Electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, and mechanical properties were measured and evaluated as a function of filler content. The electrical and thermal conductivities increased with filler content. Tensile and flexural strengths decreased with the incorporation of expanded graphite in PP. With higher graphite contents, however, both strength values remained more or less unchanged and were below the values of pure PP. Young’s-modulus and flexural modulus increased almost linearly with increasing filler content. The results of the thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the actual filler content in the composite materials. In order to evaluate the wettability and suitability for adhesive joining of graphite composites, contact angle measurements were conducted and surface tensions of composite surfaces were calculated. The results showed a significant increase in the surface tension of graphite composites with increasing filler content. Furthermore, graphite composites were adhesively joined and the strength of the joints was evaluated in the lap-shear test. Increasing filler content in the substrate material resulted in higher tensile lap-shear strength. Additionally, the influence of surface treatment (plasma and chemical) on surface tension and tensile lap-shear strength was investigated. The surface treatment led to a significant improvement of both properties.

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31

Xu, Cai Xia, and Hai Rong Tang. "Surface Tension and Bubbles." Advanced Materials Research 354-355 (October 2011): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.37.

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From a molecular perspective, we described the origin of surface tension. Surface tension is exceptionally good at rounding things out, such as bubbles can produce in surfactant solution , also in liquid or vapor-liquid phase transition. Through the experiment of determination of saturated vapor pressure of pure liquids, maybe we can conclude that almost all the bubbles were generated as result of the breakup of the gas-liquid interface.

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32

Meseguer, J., A. Sanz-Andrés, I. Pérez-Grande, S. Pindado, S. Franchini, and G. Alonso. "Surface tension and microgravity." European Journal of Physics 35, no. 5 (July 7, 2014): 055010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/35/5/055010.

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33

Nayar, K. G., D. Panchanathan, G. H. McKinley, and J. H. Lienhard. "Surface Tension of Seawater." Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 43, no. 4 (December 2014): 043103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4899037.

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34

Vella, Dominic, and Paul D. Metcalfe. "Surface tension dominated impact." Physics of Fluids 19, no. 7 (July 2007): 072108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2747235.

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35

Rosenthal, Andrew J. "Demonstration of Surface Tension." Journal of Chemical Education 78, no. 3 (March 2001): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed078p332.

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36

Khyat, A. El, A. Mavon, M. Leduc, P. Agache, and P. Humbert. "Skin critical surface tension." Skin Research and Technology 2, no. 2 (May 1996): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0846.1996.tb00066.x.

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37

Veitsman, E. V. "On relativistic surface tension." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 265, no. 1 (September 2003): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9797(03)00308-4.

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38

Bhattacharya, T., A. Gocksch, C. P. Korthals Altes, and R. Pisarski. "Surface tension in QCD." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 20 (May 1991): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(91)90931-4.

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39

Menescal, Rogerio, Robert West, and Cameron Murray. "Surface tension of polysilanes." Macromolecules 24, no. 1 (January 1991): 329–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00001a052.

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40

SATO, Makoto. "Physics of surface tension." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 72, no. 7 (2006): 845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.72.845.

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41

Zhu, Ming-Shan, and Chun-Xiao Lu. "Surface Tension of Difluoromethane." Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 39, no. 2 (April 1994): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/je00014a003.

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42

KOPCZYNSKA, AGNIESZKA, and GOTTFRIED W. EHRENSTEIN. "Surface tension of plastics." Polimery 52, no. 09 (September 2007): 666–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2007.666.

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43

Lam, Philippe, Kenneth J. Wynne, and Gary E. Wnek. "Surface-Tension-Confined Microfluidics." Langmuir 18, no. 3 (February 2002): 948–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la010589v.

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44

Adler, Charles L., Valen A. Smith, and Natalie M. Haddad. "Rainbow surface tension analysis." Optics Express 16, no. 7 (March 28, 2008): 5118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.005118.

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45

Owen, Michael J. "Surface tension of polytrifluoropropylmethylsiloxane." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 35, no. 4 (March 1988): 895–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1988.070350405.

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46

Luck, W. A. P. "Understanding of surface tension?" Colloid & Polymer Science 279, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 554–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003960000451.

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SATO, Kouhei, Atsusi NIDAIRA, Nobuyuki KUSANO, Komei SUZUKI, and Hiroshi KOIBUCHI. "String Tension and Surface Tension of Fluid Membranes." Proceedings of Conference of Kanto Branch 2004.10 (2004): 327–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekanto.2004.10.327.

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Harničárová, Marta, Jan Valíček, Jana Müllerová, Milena Kušnerová, Radovan Grznárik, and Pavel Koštial. "A New Approach to Surface Tension According to the Surface Topographical Features in Laser Cutting Technology." Defect and Diffusion Forum 334-335 (February 2013): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.334-335.65.

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Laser - cut quality is mainly characterized by a degree of accuracy in shape, size and also by surface layer conditions after cutting associated with surface roughness. An experimental determination of surface tension (or tensor components) of clean metal surfaces is very difficult and there is no direct method for its measurement. Attention was paid to numerical derivation of surface tensions according to the surface topographical features in laser cutting technology. The surface tensions and temperature dependencies of several metallic materials have been determined and confirmed by data obtained from the literature. It was found to be in very good agreement between our results and data from different sources in the literature.

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Hassanizadeh, S. Majid. "The Origin of Surface Tension." InterPore Journal 1, no. 1 (April 26, 2024): ipj260424–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.69631/ipj.v1i1nr21.

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In passing from the molecular description of matter to the continuum scale, many material properties and physical quantities emerge that do not exist at the molecular scale. They account for the way we observe lumped effects of molecular properties. So, they are linked to molecular properties and molecular constitution of materials. One such continuum property is surface tension and/or interfacial tension, a property we observe at the interface between two immiscible phases at continuum scale. How surface tension is related to molecular properties and the molecular description of materials is important. Unfortunately, the explanations provided in much of the literature are wrong and/or incomplete. Often, it is linked to the forces of cohesion between molecules of a liquid, which is only one of the intermolecular forces in a fluid; a force which is commonly almost negligible within a fluid. Also, it is said to be due to the “tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area” (6), which is not really a physical principle. In this treatise, a rigorous explanation of the origin of surface tension is provided, based on intermolecular forces and the concept of upscaling from the molecular to the continuum scale. A full account of these intermolecular forces is given, along with an explanation of how these forces differ for molecules inside a liquid compared to those on its surface. It is explained that there exists a transition region with a finite thickness at the molecular scale, which is replaced by a sharp surface of discontinuity in material properties at the continuum scale. It is demonstrated that while the state of stress inside a liquid is compressive and isotropic, it becomes anisotropic in the interfacial region. Additionally, it is noted that while there is a compressive force in the direction normal to the interface, a less compressive or even tensile force exists in the tangential direction. It is this pressure deficit that is experienced as surface tension.

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Yang, Liu, and Kai Du. "Investigations of Surface Tension of Binary Nanofluids." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 786–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.786.

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In this paper, several types of binary nanofluids were prepared by mixing TiN, SiC, carbon black nanoparticles with emulsifier OP-10, and Al2O3 nanoparticles with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), to ammonia-water solution, respectively. The influences of ammonia, nanoparticles, and surfactant on the surface tension of the binary nanofluids are investigated by using a QBZY-1 digital surface tensiometer. The results show that the surface tensions of ammonia water decrease approximately linearly with the increase of ammonia content. For the nanofluid (TiN, SiC) without surfactant, the nanoparticles can softly reduce the surface tension of the binary nanofluids. While for the nanofluid (Al2O3, carbon black) containning surfactant, the existences of surfactant greatly reduce the surface tension of the binary nanofluids. When the content of surfactant is lower than critical micelle concentration(CMC), adding nanoparticles can increase the surface tension of the fluids, which may be caused by the decrease of the “free” surfactant content induced by the adsorption of surfactant on the surface of nanoparticles.

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