Relevant bibliographies by topics / Surface stress

Academic literature on the topic 'Surface stress'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Surface stress"

1

Hecquet, Pascal. "Surface stress stabilizes vicinal surfaces." Surface Science 561, no. 2-3 (July 2004): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2004.05.096.

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Harrison, M. J., D. P. Woodruff, and J. Robinson. "Surface alloys, surface rumpling and surface stress." Surface Science 572, no. 2-3 (November 2004): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2004.09.006.

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Blanco-Rey, M., and S. J. Jenkins. "Surface stress in d-band metal surfaces." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 22, no. 13 (March 12, 2010): 135007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/22/13/135007.

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Sander, Dirk, Zhen Tian, and Jürgen Kirschner. "Cantilever measurements of surface stress, surface reconstruction, film stress and magnetoelastic stress of monolayers." Sensors 8, no. 7 (July 29, 2008): 4466–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s8074466.

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Koguchi, Hideo. "Adhesion Analysis Considering Surface Energy and Surface Stresses." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 1736–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.1736.

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A new formulation for an adhesive force between a substrate and an indenter is presented. The boundary condition taking into account surface stresses is used for the present analysis. The surface stress is originated from surface energy. A paraboloidal indenter is pressed to the substrate, and then adhesion occurs between both surfaces. Surface energy and surface stress will vary at the adhesion surface, and then the surfaces deform in a concave way. An attractive force occurs to keep the contact of two adhesion surfaces. In the present paper, an effect of surface stress on the adhesive force will be clarified.
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He, L. H., and Z. R. Li. "Impact of surface stress on stress concentration." International Journal of Solids and Structures 43, no. 20 (October 2006): 6208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.05.041.

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Ibach, H. "Adsorbate‐induced surface stress." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 12, no. 4 (July 1994): 2240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.579122.

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Sang, Shengbo, Yuan Zhao, Wendong Zhang, Pengwei Li, Jie Hu, and Gang Li. "Surface stress-based biosensors." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 51 (January 2014): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.07.033.

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Needs, R. J., M. J. Godfrey, and M. Mansfield. "Theory of surface stress and surface reconstruction." Surface Science 242, no. 1-3 (February 1991): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(91)90269-x.

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Needs, R. J., M. J. Godfrey, and M. Masfield. "Theory of surface stress and surface reconstruction." Surface Science Letters 242, no. 1-3 (February 1991): A43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2584(91)90450-6.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surface stress"

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Mansfield, Mark. "Surface stress and reconstructions on metal surfaces." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359866.

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Harrison, Michael James. "Density functional theory investigations of surface stress and surface structure." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429720.

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Bradley, Matthew K. "Density functional theory investigations of surface structure and surface stress in adsorbate layers on Cu, Pd and Ir surfaces." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2012. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/51619/.

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An introduction to surface structure and plane wave density functional theory (DFT) is presented along with theoretical studies of seven adsorbate systems. A new energetically favourable structure of low symmetry is found for furan on Pd(111) that is entirely consistent with previous experimental findings from scanned-energy mode photoelectron diffraction (PhD). In addition, it is found that the C3H3 decomposition product of furan on the same surface is likely to be adsorbed in a propargyle conformation (CH-C-CH2) although some cooccupation of the molecule in a half benzene conformation (CH-CH-CH) is also possible. Methoxy is found to adsorb at local short bridge sites only on Cu(110), occupying locations both above the clean surface and above pairs of surface Cu adatoms. Simulated scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images of the (5×2) reconstruction are found to be in qualitative agreement with previous images recorded experimentally. The experimentally determined local structure of cytosine on the same surface is confirmed and models are proposed for the (6×6) reconstruction. An increased tensile surface stress is found to be associated with the Ir(001)(1×1) ! Ir(001)(5×1)-hex phase transition, thus confirming that the reconstruction is not a consequence of the large surface stress of bulk terminated Ir(001). In contrast, H adsorption on Ir(001) (5×1)-hex does lead to a reduction of the surface stress in the range 1.76-2.06 Nm−1 for a H coverage range 0.6-0.8 ML in excellent agreement with the experimentally-determined value of 1.7 Nm−1. The energetically favourable structure for methanethiolate adsorption on Cu(100) is found to be a c(6×2) missing row structure that allows effective relief of surface stress. On Cu(111) several complex overlayer models for methanethiolate adsorption have similar associated surface energy, suggesting that the local structure is dependent on the availability of Cu adatoms. For adsorption on both surfaces, agreement with previous STM images and MEIS results is discussed.
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Tabard-Cossa, Vincent. "Microcantilever actuation generated by redox-induced surface stress." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102214.

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Electrochemically-induced changes in surface stress at the solid-liquid interface are measured using a differential cantilever-based sensor. The simultaneous, in situ measurements of the current (charge) and interfacial stress changes are performed by employing an AFM cantilever as both the working electrode (in a conventional three-probe electrochemical cell configuration) and as the mechanical transducer (bending of the cantilever). The custom-built instrument achieves a surface stress sensitivity of 1x10-4 N/m and a dynamic range of 5x105. Combining electrochemistry with cantilever-based sensing provides the extra surface characterization capability essential for the interpretation of the origin of the surface stress.
The objective of the present study is to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the nanomechanical motion of cantilever sensors during adsorption and absorption processes. The study of these simple model systems will lead to a general understanding of the cantilever-based sensor's response and provide insights into the physical origin of the measured surface stress.
The surface stress generated by the electrochemically-controlled absorption of ions into a thin polypyrrole film is investigated. A compressive change in surface stress of about -2 N/m is measured when the polymer is electrochemically switched between its oxidized and neutral (swollen) state. The volume change of the polymer phase with respect to the gold-coated cantilever is shown to be responsible for the mechanical motion observed.
The potential-induced surface stress and surface energy change on an Au(111)-textured cantilever, in a 0.1 M HClO4 electrolyte, are simultaneously measured. These measurements revealed that for solid electrodes these two thermodynamic parameters are significantly different. In the double layer region, a surface stress change of -0.55 +/-0.06 N/m is measured during ClO4- adsorption whereas the surface energy variation is smaller by one order of magnitude. The origin of the surface stress change at the metal-electrolyte interface is understood by the variation in electron density at the surface which alters the inter-atomic bonds strength between surface atoms, while the specificity of adsorption of ions is found to be mostly responsible for the fine structure of the surface stress profile.
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Godfrey, Michael John. "Quantum-mechanical theory of stress and its applications." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.279694.

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Chua, Bun Hiong. "Investigation into the stress assisted damage of copper surface under single asperity influence of contact pressures, surfaces stress states and environments /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.

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Celik, Aytac. "Investigation Of Electromigration And Stress Induced Surface Dynamics On The Interconnect By Computer Simulation." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613146/index.pdf.

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Purpose of this work is to provide a comprehensive picture of thin film (interconnect) and solid droplet surface evolution under the several external applied forces with anisotropic physical properties so that one can eventually be able to predict main reasons and conditions under which stability of surface is defined. A systematic study based on the self-consistent dynamical simulations is presented for the spontaneous surface evolution of an thin film and isolated thin solid droplet on a rigid substrate, which is driven by the surface drift diffusion induced by the anisotropic diffusivity, the anisotropic capillary forces (surface stiffness) and mismatch stresses under electron winding. The effect of surface free energy anisotropies (weak and strong (anomalous)) on the development kinetics of the Stranski-Krastanow island type morphology are studied. Although, various tilt angles and anisotropy constants were considered during simulations, the main emphasis was given on the effect of rotational symmetries associated with the surface Helmholtz free energy topography in 2D space. The investigations of dynamics of surface roughness on concurrent actions of the appliedelasto- and electro- static fields clearly indicate that applied misfit stress level is highly important effect on resultant surface form which may be smooth wave like or crack like. The droplet simulations revealed the formation of an extremely thin wetting layer during the development of the bell-shaped Stranski-Krastanow island through the mass accumulation at the central region of the droplet via surface drift-diffusion. The developments in the peak height, in the extension of in the wetting layer beyond the domain boundaries, and the change in triple junction contact angle, one clearly observes that these quantities are reaching certain saturation limits or plateaus, when the growth mode turned-off. Islanding differences for weak anisotropy constant levels and the strong (anomalous) anisotropy constant domains are discussed.
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ABU-NABAH, BASSAM ABDEL JABER. "EDDY CURRENT SPECTROSCOPY FOR NEAR-SURFACE RESIDUAL STRESS PROFILING IN SURFACE TREATED NONMAGNETIC ENGINE ALLOYS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1186763648.

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Hays, Richard A. "Surface residual stress effects on stress corrosion cracking/hydrogen embrittlement behavior of AISI 4340 steel." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/80148.

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A series of experiments was performed in an attempt to measure the effects of surface residual stresses on the stress corrosion cracking/hydrogen embrittlement (SCC/HE) behavior of AISI 4340 steel. Stress corrosion tests were performed under load control on cylindrical and notched tensile specimens in acidified 3.5% NaCl solution. The electrochemical potential of the specimens was maintained at -0.7 V versus a saturated calomel reference electrode. Time to failure for specimens tested at various applied and residual stress levels was measured. Stress relieved specimens as well as specimens containing mechanically induced residual stresses were tested. Residual stresses were estimated using Neuber's rule and were measured using an x-ray diffraction technique. In all cases, the sum of the applied and residual stresses was greater than zero. Test results showed the initiation of SCC/HE cracks to be insensitive to the effects of surface residual stresses under the conditions evaluated. This is probably a result of the total time to failure criterion used to evaluate the SCC/HE tests. The extremely aggressive environment used in these experiments apparently led to rapid crack initiation, even in specimens containing compressive residual stresses. Another possible explanation of the insensitivity of this series of tests is crack initiation in the interior of the specimens below the depth of the mechanically induced residual stresses.
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Barrans, Simon Mark. "Enhancing finite element analysis boundary stress predictions." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338613.

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Books on the topic "Surface stress"

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Surface modification and mechanisms: Friction, stress and reaction engineering. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2004.

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S, Suresh, ed. Thin film materials: Stress, defect formation and surface evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

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Freund, L. B. Thin film materials: Stress, defect formation, and surface evolution. Cambridge, [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Freund, L. B. Thin film materials: Stress, defect formation, and surface evolution. Cambridge, [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Liang, Hong, and George E. Totten. Surface modification and mechanisms: Friction, stress and reaction engineering. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2004.

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Lewis, Trevor Stephen. The form-finding of structures possessing a constant surface stress. [s.l.]: typescript, 1997.

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Ballarini, R. Three-dimensional analysis of surface crack-Hertzian stress field interaction. Cleveland, Ohio: Lewis Research Center, 1989.

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Ballarini, Roberto. The effects of crack surface friction and roughness on crack tip stress fields. Cleveland, Ohio: Lewis Research Center, 1987.

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Brasek, Thomas Peyton. Effect of surface coating on one-dimensional system subjected to unit step pressure wave. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1994.

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Kutsuwada, Kunio. Monthly maps of surface wind stress fields over the North Pacific during 1961-1984. Tokyo, Japan: Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Surface stress"

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Naughton, Jonathan W. "Surface Shear Stress Measurements." In Optical Metrology for Fluids, Combustion and Solids, 323–49. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3777-6_11.

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Misbah, C., P. Berger, and K. Kassner. "Stress-Induced Surface Modulation." In Atomistic Aspects of Epitaxial Growth, 383–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0391-9_29.

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Pao, Chun-Wei. "Surface/Interface Stress and Thin Film Stress." In Handbook of Mechanics of Materials, 1–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6855-3_3-1.

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Pao, Chun-Wei. "Surface/Interface Stress and Thin Film Stress." In Handbook of Mechanics of Materials, 33–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6884-3_3.

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Sander, D., and H. Ibach. "4.4 Surface free energy and surface stress." In Landolt-Börnstein - Group III Condensed Matter, 303–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/10783464_10.

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Flavenot, J. F., and J. Lu. "Residual Stress Evaluation of Materials Manufactured by High-Energy Process." In Surface Engineering, 303–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0773-7_31.

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Hammond, D. W., and S. A. Meguid. "Fatigue Fracture and Residual Stress Relaxation in Shot-Peened Components." In Surface Engineering, 386–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0773-7_40.

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Kolupaev, Vladimir A. "Multi-surface Criteria." In Equivalent Stress Concept for Limit State Analysis, 223–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73049-3_11.

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Liu, W. Timothy, and Xiaosu Xie. "Sea Surface Wind/Stress Vector." In Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing, 759–67. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36699-9_168.

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Gräfe, Wolfgang. "Surface Stress-Charge Coefficient (Estance)." In Quantum Mechanical Models of Metal Surfaces and Nanoparticles, 69–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19764-7_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Surface stress"

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Kamisaka, Hideyuki, and Koichi Yamashita. "Surface stress of water adsorbed TiO 2 surfaces." In SPIE Optics + Photonics, edited by Lionel Vayssieres. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.680239.

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McKelvie, J,. "Consideration Of The Surface Temperature Response To Cyclic Thermoelastic Heat Generation." In Stress Analysis by Thermoelastic Techniques, edited by B. C. Gasper. SPIE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.937886.

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Wakabayashi, Hitoshi, Yukishige Saito, Tohru Mogami, and Takemitsu Kunio. "Si-surface amorphization effects for C49-to-C54 phase transformation in." In STRESS INDUCED PHENOMENA IN METALLIZATION. ASCE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.54668.

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Menzel, Siegfried. "Damaging of metallization layers by high power surface acoustic wave fields." In STRESS-INDUCED PHENOMENA IN METALLIZATION: Sixth International Workshop on Stress-Induced Phenomena in Metallization. AIP, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1469898.

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Baia Neto, A. L., R. A. Santos, F. L. Freire, and S. S. Camargo. "Internal stress reduction and structure of silicon incorporated hard a-C:H films." In The 8th Latin American congress on surface science: Surfaces , vacuum, and their applications. AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.51221.

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Yun Chen, Deng, and Michael Osterman. "Reliability of corner staked surface mount packages." In 2016 IEEE Accelerated Stress Testing & Reliability Conference (ASTR). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/astr.2016.7762272.

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Yun Chen, Deng, and Michael Osterman. "Reliability of conformal coated surface mount packages." In 2016 IEEE Accelerated Stress Testing & Reliability Conference (ASTR). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/astr.2016.7762293.

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Kamijo, Atsushi, and Noritsugu Matsukura. "High resistance to stress-migration of [111] textured Al electrodes for surface acoustic wave devices." In STRESS INDUCED PHENOMENA IN METALLIZATION. ASCE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.54644.

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Brändle, Rico, Roberto Luis, and Thomas Hangartner. "Large scale testing of surface support." In Ninth International Conference on Deep and High Stress Mining. The Southern Africa Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1952_12_brandle.

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McIntyre, N. S., T. Simpson, J. Qin, N. Sherry, M. Bauer, J. Ulaganathan, A. G. Carcea, R. C. Newman, M. Kunz, and N. Tamura. "Studies of microscopic strains on Alloy 600 surfaces arising from stress corrosion cracking." In CONTACT AND SURFACE 2013. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/secm130201.

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Reports on the topic "Surface stress"

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Nagy, Peter B. Evaluation of Residual Stress Relaxation in Surface-Treated Engine Alloys. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada494489.

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Huelsen, U. V., U. Geyer, and P. Thiyagarajan. Surface roughening, columnar growth and intrinsic stress formation in amorphous CuTi films. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/541867.

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Tewary, V. K., V. K. Tewary, and R. D. Kriz. Effect of a free surface on stress distribution in a bimaterial composite. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.802.

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Pantano, Carlo G. Surface Chemistry and Structural Effects in the Stress Corrosion of Glass and Ceramic Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada202452.

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Chason, Eric, and Vivek Shenoy. Final Report: Mechanisms of sputter ripple formation: coupling among energetic ions, surface kinetics, stress and composition. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1060286.

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Pickles, W. L. Observations of temporary plant stress induced by the surface shock of a 1-kt underground chemical explosion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/177970.

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Man, Chi-Sing, and Tongguang Zhai. Residual Stress, Micro- and Macrotexture in Surface-Enhanced Titanium Alloys: Their Nondestructive Inspection and Effects on High-Cycle Fatigue Properties. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada448675.

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Alchanatis, Victor, Stephen W. Searcy, Moshe Meron, W. Lee, G. Y. Li, and A. Ben Porath. Prediction of Nitrogen Stress Using Reflectance Techniques. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580664.bard.

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Commercial agriculture has come under increasing pressure to reduce nitrogen fertilizer inputs in order to minimize potential nonpoint source pollution of ground and surface waters. This has resulted in increased interest in site specific fertilizer management. One way to solve pollution problems would be to determine crop nutrient needs in real time, using remote detection, and regulating fertilizer dispensed by an applicator. By detecting actual plant needs, only the additional nitrogen necessary to optimize production would be supplied. This research aimed to develop techniques for real time assessment of nitrogen status of corn using a mobile sensor with the potential to regulate nitrogen application based on data from that sensor. Specifically, the research first attempted to determine the system parameters necessary to optimize reflectance spectra of corn plants as a function of growth stage, chlorophyll and nitrogen status. In addition to that, an adaptable, multispectral sensor and the signal processing algorithm to provide real time, in-field assessment of corn nitrogen status was developed. Spectral characteristics of corn leaves reflectance were investigated in order to estimate the nitrogen status of the plants, using a commercial laboratory spectrometer. Statistical models relating leaf N and reflectance spectra were developed for both greenhouse and field plots. A basis was established for assessing nitrogen status using spectral reflectance from plant canopies. The combined effect of variety and N treatment was studied by measuring the reflectance of three varieties of different leaf characteristic color and five different N treatments. The variety effect on the reflectance at 552 nm was not significant (a = 0.01), while canonical discriminant analysis showed promising results for distinguishing different variety and N treatment, using spectral reflectance. Ambient illumination was found inappropriate for reliable, one-beam spectral reflectance measurement of the plants canopy due to the strong spectral lines of sunlight. Therefore, artificial light was consequently used. For in-field N status measurement, a dark chamber was constructed, to include the sensor, along with artificial illumination. Two different approaches were tested (i) use of spatially scattered artificial light, and (ii) use of collimated artificial light beam. It was found that the collimated beam along with a proper design of the sensor-beam geometry yielded the best results in terms of reducing the noise due to variable background, and maintaining the same distance from the sensor to the sample point of the canopy. A multispectral sensor assembly, based on a linear variable filter was designed, constructed and tested. The sensor assembly combined two sensors to cover the range of 400 to 1100 nm, a mounting frame, and a field data acquisition system. Using the mobile dark chamber and the developed sensor, as well as an off-the-shelf sensor, in- field nitrogen status of the plants canopy was measured. Statistical analysis of the acquired in-field data showed that the nitrogen status of the com leaves can be predicted with a SEP (Standard Error of Prediction) of 0.27%. The stage of maturity of the crop affected the relationship between the reflectance spectrum and the nitrogen status of the leaves. Specifically, the best prediction results were obtained when a separate model was used for each maturity stage. In-field assessment of the nitrogen status of corn leaves was successfully carried out by non contact measurement of the reflectance spectrum. This technology is now mature to be incorporated in field implements for on-line control of fertilizer application.
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Dahl, Travis, Justin Giles, Kathleen Staebell, David Biedenharn, and Joseph Dunbar. Effects of geologic outcrops on long-term geomorphic trends : New Madrid, MO, to Hickman, KY. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41086.

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The Mississippi River between New Madrid, MO, and Hickman, KY, is of particular interest because of divergent trends in water surface profiles at the upstream and downstream ends of the reach. This report documents the investigation of the bathymetry, geology, and hydraulics of this segment of the river. The report shows that the area near River Mile 901 above Head of Passes strongly affects the river stages at low flows. This part of the river can experience high shear stresses when flows fall below 200,000 cfs, as opposed to most other locations where shear stress increases with flow. One-dimensional hydraulic modeling was also used to demonstrate that an increase of depth at a single scour hole, such as the one downstream from Hickman near River Mile 925, is unlikely to cause reach-wide degradation.
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Droby, Samir, Michael Wisniewski, Ron Porat, and Dumitru Macarisin. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Tritrophic Interactions in Postharvest Biocontrol Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7594390.bard.

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To elucidate the role of ROS in the tri-trophic interactions in postharvest biocontrol systems a detailed molecular and biochemical investigation was undertaken. The application of the yeast biocontrol agent Metschnikowia fructicola, microarray analysis was performed on grapefruit surface wounds using an Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip. the data indicated that 1007 putative unigenes showed significant expression changes following wounding and yeast application relative to wounded controls. The expression of the genes encoding Respiratory burst oxidase (Rbo), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK), G-proteins, chitinase (CHI), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS) and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL). In contrast, three genes, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were down-regulated in grapefruit peel tissue treated with yeast cells. The yeast antagonists, Metschnikowia fructicola (strain 277) and Candida oleophila (strain 182) generate relatively high levels of super oxide anion (O2−) following its interaction with wounded fruit surface. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy we observed that the application of M. fructicola and C. oleophila into citrus and apple fruit wounds correlated with an increase in H2O2 accumulation in host tissue. The present data, together with our earlier discovery of the importance of H₂O₂ production in the defense response of citrus flavedo to postharvest pathogens, indicate that the yeast-induced oxidative response in fruit exocarp may be associated with the ability of specific yeast species to serve as biocontrol agents for the management of postharvest diseases. Effect of ROS on yeast cells was also studied. Pretreatment of the yeast, Candida oleophila, with 5 mM H₂O₂ for 30 min (sublethal) increased yeast tolerance to subsequent lethal levels of oxidative stress (50 mM H₂O₂), high temperature (40 °C), and low pH (pH 4). Suppression subtractive hybridization analysis was used to identify genes expressed in yeast in response to sublethal oxidative stress. Transcript levels were confirmed using semi quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Seven antioxidant genes were up regulated. Pretreatment of the yeast antagonist Candida oleophila with glycine betaine (GB) increases oxidative stress tolerance in the microenvironment of apple wounds. ROS production is greater when yeast antagonists used as biocontrol agents are applied in the wounds. Compared to untreated control yeast cells, GB-treated cells recovered from the oxidative stress environment of apple wounds exhibited less accumulation of ROS and lower levels of oxidative damage to cellular proteins and lipids. Additionally, GB-treated yeast exhibited greater biocontrol activity against Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea, and faster growth in wounds of apple fruits compared to untreated yeast. The expression of major antioxidant genes, including peroxisomal catalase, peroxiredoxin TSA1, and glutathione peroxidase was elevated in the yeast by GB treatment. A mild heat shock (HS) pretreatment (30 min at 40 1C) improved the tolerance of M. fructicola to subsequent high temperature (45 1C, 20–30 min) and oxidative stress (0.4 mol-¹) hydrogen peroxide, 20–60 min). HS-treated yeast cells showed less accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than non-treated cells in response to both stresses. Additionally, HS-treated yeast exhibited significantly greater (P≥0.0001) biocontrol activity against Penicillium expansum and a significantly faster (Po0.0001) growth rate in wounds of apple fruits stored at 25 1C compared with the performance of untreated yeast cells. Transcription of a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (TPS1) was up regulated in response to HS and trehalose content also increased.
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