Relevant bibliographies by topics / Surface slope

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Surface slope'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 19 October 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Surface slope"

1

Shen, Y., R. Lindenbergh, B. Hofland, and R. Kramer. "CHANGE ANALYSIS OF LASER SCANS OF LABORATORY ROCK SLOPES SUBJECT TO WAVE ATTACK TESTING." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W4 (September 13, 2017): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w4-139-2017.

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For better understanding how coastal structures with gentle slopes behave during high energy events, a wave attack experiment representing a storm of 3000 waves was performed in a flume facility. Two setups with different steepness of slope were compared under the same conditions. In order to quantify changes in the rock slopes after the wave attack, a terrestrial laser scanner was used to obtain 3D coordinates of the rock surface before and after each experiment. Next, through a series of processing steps, the point clouds were converted to a suitable 2D raster for change analysis. This allowed to estimate detailed and quantitative change information. The results indicate that the area around the artificial coast line, defined as the intersection between sloped surface and wave surface, is most strongly affected by wave attacks. As the distances from the sloped surface to the waves are shorter, changes for the mildly sloped surface, slope 1 (1 : 10), are distributed over a larger area compared to the changes for the more steeply sloped surface, slope 2 (1 : 5). The results of this experiment show that terrestrial laser scanning is an effective and feasible method for change analysis of rock slopes in a laboratory setting. Most striking results from a process point of view is that the transport direction of the rocks change between the two different slopes: from seaward transport for the steeper slope to landward transport for the milder slope.
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Kwon, Young-Hoo, Lonn Hutcheson, Jeffrey B. Casebolt, Joong-Hyun Ryu, and Kunal Singhal. "The Effects of Railroad Ballast Surface and Slope on Rearfoot Motion in Walking." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 28, no. 4 (August 2012): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.28.4.457.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of transversely sloped ballasted walking surface on gait and rearfoot motion (RFM) parameters. Motion analysis was performed with 20 healthy participants (15 male and 5 female) walking in six surface-slope conditions: two surfaces (solid and ballasted) by three slopes (0, 5, and 10 degrees). The gait parameters (walking velocity, step length, step rate, step width, stance time, and toe-out angle) showed significant surface effect (p= .004) and surface-slope interaction (p= .017). The RFM motion parameters (peak everted/inverted position, eversion/inversion velocity, and acceleration) revealed significant surface (p= .004) and slope (p= .024) effects. The ballasted conditions showed more cautious gait patterns with lower walk velocity, step length, and step rate and longer stance time. In the RFM parameters, the slope effect was more notable in the solid conditions due to the gait adaptations in the ballasted conditions. Ballast conditions showed reduced inversion and increased eversion and RFM range. The RFM data were comparable to other typical walking conditions but smaller than those from running.
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Zhu, Xiaoxiao, Sheng Nie, Cheng Wang, Xiaohuan Xi, Dong Li, Guoyuan Li, Pu Wang, Di Cao, and Xuebo Yang. "Estimating Terrain Slope from ICESat-2 Data in Forest Environments." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (October 11, 2020): 3300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203300.

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The global digital elevation measurement (DEM) products such as SRTM DEM and GDEM have been widely used for terrain slope retrieval in forests. However, the slope estimation accuracy is generally limited due to the DEMs’ low vertical accuracy over complex forest environments. The Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) mission shows excellent potential for slope estimation because of the high elevation accuracy and unique design of beam pairs. This study aimed to explore the possibility of ICESat-2 data for terrain slope retrieval in the United States forests. First, raw ICESat-2 data were processed to obtain accurate ground surfaces. Second, two different methods based on beam pairs were proposed to derive terrain slopes from the ground surfaces. Third, the estimated slopes were validated by airborne LiDAR-derived slopes and compared with SRTM-derived slopes and GDEM-derived slopes. Finally, we further explored the influence of surface topography and ground elevation error on slope estimation from ICESat-2 data. The results show that the ground surface can be accurately extracted from all scenarios of ICESat-2 data, even weak beams in the daytime, which provides the basis for terrain slope retrieval from ICESat-2 beam pairs. The estimated slope has a strong correlation with airborne LiDAR-derived slopes regardless of slope estimation methods, which demonstrates that the ICESat-2 data are appropriate for terrain slope estimation in complex forest environments. Compared with the method based on along- and across-track analysis (method 1), the method based on plane fitting of beam pairs (method 2) has a high estimation accuracy of terrain slopes, which indicates that method 2 is more suitable for slope estimation because it takes full advantage of more ground surface information. Additionally, the results also indicate that ICESat-2 performs much better than SRTM DEMs and GDEMs in estimating terrain slopes. Both ground elevation error and surface topography have a significant impact on terrain slope retrieval from ICESat-2 data, and ground surface extraction should be improved to ensure the accuracy of terrain slope retrieval over extremely complex environments. This study demonstrates for the first time that ICESat-2 has a strong capability in terrain slope retrieval. Additionally, this paper also provides effective solutions to accurately estimate terrain slopes from ICESat-2 data. The ICESat-2 slopes have many potential applications, including the generation of global slope products, the improvement of terrain slopes derived from the existing global DEM products, and the correction of vegetation biophysical parameters retrieved from space-borne LiDAR waveform data.
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Xie, Huan, Hong Tang, Wenjia Du, and Xiaohua Tong. "A Comparison of Surface Slopes Extracted from ICESat Waveform Data and High Resolution DEM." EPJ Web of Conferences 237 (2020): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023701001.

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Surface slope is an important topographic variable, accurate surface slope can support many research appliacations. Large footprint full waveform data has been used to estimate the surface slope and performes well. In this paper, surface slope within laser footprint is calculated using the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) full waveform data and a high resolution Digital Elevation Model (REMA, the Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica). A comparison is done between two extracted surface slopes, the results show that the slopes extracted from full waveform data are close to slopes extracted from DEM, and the width of waveform can be used to extract surface slope in moderately sloping surface.
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Tang, Hua, Zhenjun Wu, Ailan Che, Conghua Yuan, and Qin Deng. "Failure Mechanism of Rock Slopes under Different Seismic Excitation." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (February 20, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8866119.

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In earthquake-prone areas, special attention should be paid to the study of the seismic stability of rock slope. Particularly, it becomes much more complicated for the rock slopes with weak structural surfaces. In this study, numerical simulation and the shaking table test are carried out to analyze the influence of seismic excitation and structural surface in different directions on dynamic response of rock slope. Huaping slope with bedding structural surfaces and Lijiang slope with discontinuous structural surfaces besides Jinsha River in Yunnan Province are taken as research objects. The results of numerical simulation and the model test both show that discontinuous structure surface has influence on the propagation characteristics of seismic wavefield. For Huaping slope, the seismic wavefield responses repeatedly between the bedding structural surface and slope surface lead to the increase of the amplification effect. The maximum value of seismic acceleration appears on the empty surface where terrain changes. Horizontal motion plays a leading role in slope failure, and the amplification coefficient of horizontal seismic acceleration is about twice that of vertical seismic acceleration. The failure mode is integral sliding along the bedding structural surface. For Lijiang slope, seismic acceleration field affected by complex structural surface is superimposed repeatedly in local area. The maximum value of seismic acceleration appears in the local area near slope surface. And the dynamic response of slope is controlled by vertical and horizontal motion together. Under the seismic excitation with an intense of 0.336 g in X direction and Z direction, the amplification coefficients of seismic acceleration of Lijiang slope are 3.23 and 3.18, respectively. The vertical motion leads to the cracking of the weak structural surface. Then, Lijiang slope shows the toppling failure mode under the action of horizontal motion.
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Dixon, Philippe C., and David J. Pearsall. "Gait Dynamics on a Cross-Slope Walking Surface." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 26, no. 1 (February 2010): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.26.1.17.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of cross-slope on gait dynamics. Ten young adult males walked barefoot along an inclinable walkway. Ground reaction forces (GRFs), lower-limb joint kinematics, global pelvis orientation, functional leg-length, and joint reaction moments (JRMs) were measured. Statistical analyses revealed differences across limbs (up-slope [US] and down-slope [DS]) and inclinations (level; 0°; and cross-sloped, 6°). Adaptations included increases of nearly 300% in mediolateral GRFs (p< .001), functional shortening the US-limb and elongation of the DS-limb (p< .001), reduced step width (p= .024), asymmetrical changes in sagittal kinematics and JRM, and numerous pronounced coronal plane differences including increased US-hip adduction (and adductor moment) and decreased DS-hip adduction (and adductor moment). Data suggests that modest cross-slopes can induce substantial asymmetrical changes in gait dynamics and may represent a physical obstacle to populations with restricted mobility.
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Tang, Xiao Song, Ying Ren Zheng, and Hui Ming Tang. "Numerical Analysis on the Evolutionary Features of Deformation and Failure Modes of Slope." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.144.

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The failure of slope is a gradual accumulation process. Under the effect of many interior and exterior factors, some parts in the slope reach yield with the increase of stress; sliding surface forms gradually till complete transfixion; with the plastic strain continuous increases, overall failure happens on the slope. Traditional analysis method cannot display the mechanic conditions and the whole process of deformation, transfixion of sliding surfaces and failure. Meanwhile, FEM strength reduction can quantitatively show the deformation features and the process of occurrence and development of sliding surface. Based on the previous researches, the paper classifies slopes according to the features of rock and soil and the slope structure. Through analyzing the graphs of deformation and the nephograms of plastic strain under different reduction factors or safety factors, the researchers can directly find the deformation tendency of slopes and the whole process of the extension, transfixion and failure of sliding surface with the reduction of safety factor. So, the failure mechanism of slope can be found intuitively, which can provide effective basis for the prevention and governance of slopes.
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Li, Xun, Yujing Jiang, and Satoshi Sugimoto. "Research on the Influence of Spatial Dimensions on the Stability of Large-Scale Slopes under Heavy Rainfall." GeoHazards 5, no. 3 (July 18, 2024): 732–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geohazards5030037.

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In engineering practice, slope stability is commonly assessed using a two-dimensional (2D) analysis under the assumption of plane strain conditions. However, when dealing with the complex surface geometries of three-dimensional (3D) slopes, especially under short-term heavy rainfall conditions, relying solely on a 2D cross-sectional analysis may not always yield conservative results compared to 3D slope stability assessments. To investigate the applicability of using 2D cross-sections to represent 3D slopes, this study examines the influence of surface geometries on 3D slope stability. By varying the degree and frequency of surface undulations along a certain longitudinal length of the slope, as well as different variations in slope gradient, the impacts of these factors on the safety factor of 3D slopes under rainfall conditions are analyzed. The findings indicate that for 3D slopes with significant surface undulations and high-frequency variations, the safety factor is generally lower compared to that obtained from the 2D cross-sectional analysis. Furthermore, the variation in slope gradient has a more pronounced effect on the safety factor of 3D slopes compared to surface undulations, particularly when the slope gradients are larger than 50°. Therefore, the influence of spatial dimensions on the stability of slopes can be significant when dealing with complex surface geometries of 3D large-scale slopes. It is highly recommended to conduct both 3D and 2D analyses to ensure the accuracy of the slope stability analysis.
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Wen, Sen, Li Min Zhao, and Yu Qing Yuan. "Study on Slope Surface Shape of Homogeneous Soil Slope." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 1158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.1158.

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The research on slope is concentrated on stability analysis at present. Although there is little research on slope surface shape, it has important theoretical and practical significance. Based on guaranteeing the same earthwork, the shape of slope surfaces between single gradient slope surface and two-gradient slope surface whose lower part is steeper than upper part are compared. It’s concluded that (1) based on guaranteeing the same earthwork, two-gradient slope surface, whose lower part is steeper than upper part, is stabler than single gradient slope surface and when the lower part is vertical wall, the slope is stablest; (2) the height of vertical wall has a knee point, i.e. when more than this value ,the stability of slope decreases.
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MIYAZAKI, KATURA. "KNOTS THAT HAVE MORE THAN TWO ACCIDENTAL SLOPES." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 13, no. 06 (September 2004): 749–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216504003445.

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An accidental surface in the exterior of a knot in the 3-sphere is a closed essential surface for which there is an annulus in the knot exterior X connecting a loop in the surface and a nontrivial loop in ∂X, the peripheral torus of the knot. The isotopy class of the loop in ∂X is called an accidental slope; each accidental surface has a unique accidental slope. It is known that accidental slopes are integral or 1/0, and there is a knot with two accidental slopes 0 and 1/0. We show that for any integer m≥0, there is a hyperbolic knot which has m+1 accidental surfaces with accidental slopes 0,1,…,m.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surface slope"

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Dixon, Philippe. "Gait dynamics on a cross-slope walking surface." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112616.

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Though the biomechanics of level walking have been studied extensively, the adaptations required for cross-slope locomotion are still largely unknown despite being a common terrain characteristic. The goals of this thesis were to determine (1) ground reaction forces (GRF) and moments (GRM), (2) lower-limb kinematics, and (3) lower-limb joint reaction forces (JRF) and moments (JRM) during level and cross-slope walking. Statistical analyses were made across limbs (down-slope (DS) and up-slope (US)) and across slope condition (level (0°) and cross-slope (6°)) (2X2 ANOVA). Ten healthy male volunteers performed several barefoot walking trials. The lower-limbs responded asymmetrically to the cross-slope condition by substantially changing (1) the medio-lateral GRF, (2) the sagittal and frontal plane kinematics as well as step-width, and (3) the medio-lateral JRF and frontal plane JRM. The modest cross-slope induced important asymmetrical changes in locomotor patterns and may represent a substantial physical obstacle to populations with restricted mobility.
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Kwok, Sabastein Yih Feng. "Stochastic analysis of coupled surface and subsurface flow model in steep slopes for slope stability analysis /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2003. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202003%20KWOK.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-205). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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RIVA, ENEA. "Slope inequalities for fibred surfaces and fibreed threefolds." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/374266.

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Su una varieta algebrica fibrata si definesce un invariante relativo detto slope che ne specifica la natura. Per queste fibrazioni un ruolo importante è svolto del fibrato di Hodge e dagli invarianti geometrici delle fibre generiche. In particulare in questa tesi ci concentreremo su superfici e threefold fibrati su curve, dando un stima dal basso della slope che dipenda del rango unitario del fibrato di hodge e da: - indice di clifford cella curva generale, nel caso di superfici; -dal genere geometrico ($p_{g}$) della superficie generale nel caso di threefold. infine sfrutteremo i risultati ottenuti sui threefold per definere un upper bound del rango unitario $u_{f}$ in funzione di $p_{g}$ sotto l'ipotesi che il genere della curva base sia zero o uno.
On a fibred algebraic variety, is defined a relative invariant called slope which classifies the variety itself. For these fibration a main character is played by the Hodge bundle and by the geometric invariants of the general fibers. In particular in this thesis we focus on surfaces and threefolds fibred over curves, and we give a lower bound for the slope which depends on the unitary rank of the hodge bundle and on: -the clifford index of the general curve, in case of fibred surfaces; - the geometric genus ($p_{g}$) of the general surface, in case of threefolds. Finally we use these results on fibred threefolds to make a new upper bound for the unitary rank $u_{f}$ depending on $p_{g}$ under the hypothesis that the genus of the base curve is zero or one.
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Staples, James Mark. "Slope scale modeling of snow surface temperature in topographically complex terrain." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/staples/StaplesJ1208.pdf.

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In mountainous terrain, landscape can influences the thermal state of snow. Snow temperature and mass flux have been calculated using an energy balance model, Radtherm/RT, to account for the effects of topography and meteorological conditions. For a specific location, a terrain model is defined and contains a connected assemblage of elements or facets. Each element has a specified terrain type with assigned thermal properties. Meteorological data are applied, and a one dimensional energy balance is calculated for each element. This energy balance includes conduction, convection, radiation, and latent heat; however, the calculation of radiation is unique. Taking into account topography, global position, and time, the model is used to calculate incoming solar radiation for each element as well as reflected short wave radiation and the exchange of long wave radiation between terrain surfaces. Light detection and ranging topographic data with a one meter resolution were used to create separate models (on the order of 10 4 m2) for two slopes in southwest Montana. Meteorological data were collected at these two slopes as well as a third location having a relatively unobstructed view of the sky. The results for elements in different locations and under different meteorological conditions were compared. Readily available USGS topographic data with a 30 meter resolution were used to create a model (on the order of 10 6 m2) containing both slopes. For this model of a much larger scale, surface temperatures and mass flux were again calculated and compared with results for the slope scale models. Incoming long wave radiation from the atmosphere only was found to be critical input data for accurate temperature calculations. The set value for albedo also had a major effect. When suitable long wave data and good estimations of albedo were used, snow surface temperature was calculated with accuracies on the order of several degrees. Additionally, when surface hoar deposition and growth was observed and reasonable temperature results were achieved, calculated values of mass flux were consistently positive. In one instance, observed variations in surface hoar growth across a slope matched calculated variations in mass flux across the same slope.
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Tan, Ding. "Seismic slope safety : determination of critical slip surface using acceptability criteria." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439439.

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TAKEDA, Yasuo, 泰雄 竹田, Jun KATAOKA, 順. 片岡, Osamu IIDA, 修. 飯田, Tanafumi TANAKA, and 隆文 田中. "Slope failure in the rectilinear zone of hillsides." 名古屋大学農学部付属演習林, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8663.

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Hardenberg, Bon J. van. "A laboratory study of slope flow induced by a surface salt flux." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26415.

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The salt expulsion caused by the freezing of seawater and the drainage of brine from the ice creates a convectively mixed layer, which extends to the bottom in shallow coastal regions. This buoyancy flux at the surface was simulated in laboratory experiments by percolating salt water through a porous membrane into a tank. Shadowgraph images show that a down-slope flow is induced when the bottom of the tank is set at an angle. Velocity maxima in the slope flow, measured from the movement of injected dye ranged from 0.09 to 0.66 cm/s. Fluid densities were determined using thermistors and small-volume conductivity micro-cells developed for this purpose. For bottom slope angles between 2.2° and 5.5°, and at computed salt fluxes between 1.82★10⁻⁵ and 1.63★10⁻⁶ g/cm²/s, the salinity profiles showed slope flow depths between 7 and 17 mm with a rise in salinity of 0.24 to 0.92 ppt above those in the mixed layer. Entrainment at a density interface without shear, using this experimental arrangement, agreed closely with predicted results by Bo Pedersen. Using the entrainment model for a turbulent gravity current, entrainment factors computed from the data of the slope flow experiments were up to two orders of magnitude larger than those predicted for flows in a quiescent environment. This is contrary to visual evidence of the experiments or to Arctic field data, which indicate low rates of entrainment. This suggests that a different model is required to explain the interaction between such flows and the turbulent environment.
Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate
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Nearing, Mark A., Viktor O. Polyakov, Mary H. Nichols, Mariano Hernandez, Li Li, Ying Zhao, and Gerardo Armendariz. "Slope–velocity equilibrium and evolution of surface roughness on a stony hillslope." COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624932.

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Slope–velocity equilibrium is hypothesized as a state that evolves naturally over time due to the interaction between overland flow and surface morphology, wherein steeper areas develop a relative increase in physical and hydraulic roughness such that flow velocity is a unique function of overland flow rate independent of slope gradient. This study tests this hypothesis under controlled conditions. Artificial rainfall was applied to 2 m by 6 m plots at 5, 12, and 20 % slope gradients. A series of simulations were made with two replications for each treatment with measurements of runoff rate, velocity, rock cover, and surface roughness. Velocities measured at the end of each experiment were a unique function of discharge rates, independent of slope gradient or rainfall intensity. Physical surface roughness was greater at steeper slopes. The data clearly showed that there was no unique hydraulic coefficient for a given slope, surface condition, or rainfall rate, with hydraulic roughness greater at steeper slopes and lower intensities. This study supports the hypothesis of slope–velocity equilibrium, implying that use of hydraulic equations, such as Chezy and Manning, in hillslope-scale runoff models is problematic because the coefficients vary with both slope and rainfall intensity.
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Albataineh, Nermeen. "SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSIS USING 2D AND 3D METHODS." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1153719372.

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Cooperstein, Michael Stephen. "The effects of slope aspect on the formation of surface hoar and diurnally recrystalized near-surface faceted crystals." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/cooperstein/CoopersteinM0508.pdf.

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This research was conducted to determine if slope aspect played a role in the formation, size and shape of surface hoar and near-surface faceted crystals and on the meteorological variables that are known to result in the formation of these two weak layers. No studies have specifically studied the effects of slope aspect on the size and shape of these crystals nor the effects of slope aspect on the meteorological variables which are known to result in differences in temperature and vapor pressure gradients and ultimately result in the formation of two weak layers.
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Books on the topic "Surface slope"

1

Tremont, John D. Surface-transportation networks of the Alaskan North Slope. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska Outer Continental Shelf Region, 1987.

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Reimnitz, Erk. Are north slope surface alluvial fans pre-Holocene relicts? Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1998.

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Zipper, C. E. A surface mining simulator for application in steep slope topography. S.l: s.n, 1985.

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V, Gardner James, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Data on the geochemistry of surface sediments of the Ebro shelf and slope, northeastern Spain. [Denver, Colo.?]: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.

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Ratkovic-Vujic, M. The importance of protection the open casts from underground and surface water concerning slope stability aspects. S.l: s.n, 1985.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Hydrogeochemical investigations of historic mining districts, central western slope of Colorado, including influence on surface-water quality. [Reston, Va.?]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002.

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Schiechtl, Hugo M. Ground bioengineering techniques for slope protection and erosion control. Edited by Stern R and Barker D. H. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 1996.

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Cynthia, Rosenzweig, Rind David, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Global digital data sets of soil type, soil texture, surface slope, and other properties: Documentation of archived data tape. Washington DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1988.

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Baum, Rex L. Measurement of slope deformation using quadrilaterals: A description of a new method for measuring displacement at the boundaries of a landslide and strain and tilt at the surface of a landslide. Washington, DC: Dept. of the Interior, 1988.

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Baum, Rex L. Measurement of slope deformation using quadrilaterals: A description of a new method for measuring displacement at the boundaries of a landslide and strain and tilt at the surface of a landslide. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Surface slope"

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Ali Elbeblawi, Mostafa Mohamed, Hassan Ali Abdelhak Elsaghier, Mostafa Tantawy Mohamed Amin, and Wael Rashad Elrawy Abdellah. "Slope Stability." In Surface Mining Technology, 57–104. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3568-7_3.

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Hu, Caifeng, Feng Xiong, and Xiangkai Zhang. "The Dynamic Response Characteristics of the Slopes with Different Slope Morphology Under the Seismic Wave Action." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 391–403. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5814-2_35.

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AbstractThe seismic landslides are common natural hazards in the mountainous areas, and they can cause a large number of casualties and property losses directly. The dynamic response characteristics of slope under the action of the seismic wave are the primary problem in evaluating the slope seismic stability. In this paper, the research is carried out on the effects of slope angle, morphology, and seismic wave frequency on the slope dynamic responses. Firstly, the slopes with different shapes (straight, concave, and convex slopes) are modeled. Secondly, the slope acceleration amplification factors and shear strain increment are investigated and analyzed. Finally, the dynamic response mechanisms are revealed using the ray analysis method. The results show that the acceleration response of each part of the slope is different for different frequencies, and the value of the amplification factor at the slope surface center is greater than that at the slope top. Slope morphology has significant effects on the dynamic response of the slope, and the slope surface centroid amplification factors change with different slope morphology. Slope angle has prominent impacts on the slope dynamic responses; the amplification factor is greatest at the slope angle of 30°. This study deepens the understanding of the slope seismic dynamic responses, which is vital for predicting slope instability and disaster reduction.
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Gerscovich, D., and H. Costa. "Drainage and Surface Protection." In Handbook of Slope Stabilisation, 147–211. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07680-4_8.

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Arbanas, Željko, Josip Peranić, Vedran Jagodnik, Martina Vivoda Prodan, and Nina Čeh. "Remedial Measures Impact on Slope Stability and Landslide Occurrence in Small-Scale Slope Physical Model in 1 g Conditions." In Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, 197–220. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44296-4_9.

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AbstractPhysical modelling of landslides by analysing the behaviour of small-scale landslide models subjected to artificial rainfall can be divided into modelling under 1 g conditions and under increased acceleration (n times gravity) in a centrifuge. Physical modelling of landslide initiation began in 1970s in Japan on scaled natural slope models and after initial experiences with field and laboratory research, the small-scale landslide modelling has found a wide application around the world in different aspects of landslide investigations, analysing different types of landslides, different types of slope materials and landslide movements. The main task of landslide physical modelling is research of initiation, motion and accumulation of fast flow-like slides caused by infiltration of surface water or by shaking on a shaking table. Studies that have included landslide mitigation measures into small-scale physical models are rare and have not established correlations with a behaviour of on-site mitigation constructions. This paper discusses the behaviour of small-scale slope models supported by remedial measures under artificial rain in 1 g loading conditions. Models of slope built of different materials, with and without applied remedial measures (gravity retaining wall, gabion wall, pile wall) were exposed to identical intensities of artificial rainfall. The results of the simulations indicated that the slopes supported by remedial measures retained stability of the slope in the same conditions in which the sandy slope collapsed, as well as under significantly prolonged precipitations. At the end of the simulations, significantly higher rainfall intensities were applied to the supported slopes, exceeding the infiltration capacity of the slope material and affecting surface runout. The combination of surface erosion and saturation of superficial layer of a slope caused initiations of flow processes, while complete saturation of a slope when ground water level reached slope surface caused forming of a surface of rupture and consequently movements of the formed landslide body. The data obtained from the geodetic and geotechnical monitoring system enabled understanding of the overall process of rainfall infiltration and soil strength reduction to the development of the surface of rupture in a slope.
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Bromhead, Edward N. "Surface water in motion." In Reflections on Slope Stability Engineering, 112–28. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003428169-7.

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Li, Xu, Weiqin Liu, Jinxi Qin, Xiuxing Zhao, and Jie Chen. "Study on Strain Characteristics of Long Longitudinal Slope Asphalt Pavement Surface." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 421–30. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4355-1_39.

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AbstractTo study the changes in shear and tensile strains of asphalt pavement under vehicle moving loads on long longitudinal slopes, a structural model of asphalt pavement was established using Abaqus finite element calculation software. A single factor analysis was conducted on different slopes, driving speeds, temperatures, and braking coefficients. The calculation results show that the maximum shear strain increases with the increase of road slope, temperature, and braking coefficient, but decreases with the increase of driving speed; The maximum tensile strain increases with the increase of road slope, driving speed, and braking coefficient, but decreases with the increase of temperature. When the vehicle is driving smoothly, the maximum shear strain occurs at a distance of about 5cm from the road surface, and the maximum tensile strain occurs at a distance of 6cm from the road surface, both of which occur in the middle layer. In the design phase, targeted improvements can be made to the shear and tensile properties of the asphalt surface layer in the middle layer, in order to enhance the road performance of the asphalt surface layer in long and long longitudinal slopes. When the vehicle is braking, when the braking coefficient is high, the road surface will generate significant shear strain. In the design stage, it is necessary to improve the shear resistance of the upper layer of asphalt concrete in a targeted manner.
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Zapevalov, Alexander, Konstantin Pokazeev, and Tatiana Chaplina. "Statistical Distributions Sea Surface Slope." In Simulation of the Sea Surface for Remote Sensing, 21–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58752-9_2.

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Torri, Dino. "Slope, Aspect and Surface Storage." In Soil Erosion, Conservation, and Rehabilitation, 77–106. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003418177-5.

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Huang, Hu. "The Mild-Slope Equations." In Dynamics of Surface Waves in Coastal Waters, 53–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88831-4_4.

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Nabeshima, Y., and S. Kigoshi. "Surface holding conditions of reinforced slope and slope stability." In New Horizons in Earth Reinforcement, 585–89. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003416753-93.

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Conference papers on the topic "Surface slope"

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Sansal, Kaan, Volkan Kargin, and Ugur Zengin. "A Generic Ground Dynamics Model for Slope Landing Analysis." In Vertical Flight Society 72nd Annual Forum & Technology Display, 1–10. The Vertical Flight Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0072-2016-11495.

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This paper demonstrates a new approach for modeling and simulating landing gear systems. A generic ground dynamics model is developed in MATLAB-Simulink® environment and it is integrated to a non-linear 6-DOF helicopter model. Non-linear helicopter model is constructed in an in-house comprehensive analysis code, TAI Indigenous Rotorcraft Simulation (TIRS). Other than simulating the helicopter motion after touchdown, this model is also applicable for trimming the helicopter on ground, which is useful for determining landing and take-off capabilities of a helicopter on either a flat or a sloped surface. Slope landing and take-off analysis can be hard to simulate without a pilot in the loop simulation. However, trimming the aircraft for a specific maneuver can show whether the aircraft is controllable during this maneuver or not. In other words, this method can show whether the control ranges are adequate or not during the design stage, which is a troublesome task during preliminary design. Further, this model can be utilized to perform the slope landing mission task element (MTE) defined in ADS-33E-PRF. This paper presents the algorithms used for trimming the helicopter on a sloped surface, together with the dynamics of a generic landing gear. Trim and simulation results over a sloped surface are also provided.
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Abbas, Omran, Anas Chaaban, and Loïc Markley. "A Tunable Reflection Surface with Independently Variable Phase and Slope." In 2024 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and INC/USNC‐URSI Radio Science Meeting (AP-S/INC-USNC-URSI), 1581–82. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ap-s/inc-usnc-ursi52054.2024.10686923.

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Johnson, Joel T., Robert J. Burkholder, Joseph Gedney, Jakov Toporkov, Jeffrey Ouellette, and Shanka Wijesundara. "Simulations of Ocean Surface Bistatic Doppler Spectra with the Small Slope Approximation." In IGARSS 2024 - 2024 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 839–41. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss53475.2024.10642415.

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Hassan, M. S. K., and V. H. Loo. "Effect of Slope Geometries on 3D Slope Stability under the Influence of Infiltration." In The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar. AIJR Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.5.

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Rainfall-induced slope failure is the most common type of slope failure in Malaysia. Many studies have been carried out to assess the correlation of infiltration to 2D geometric features such as slope inclination. However, the relationship between infiltration and 3D slope geometric features has not yet been widely studied. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of varying slope geometries on slope stability with the influence of rainfall, and to compare the results of the 2D and 3D slope analysis. Seepage and slope stability analysis of homogenous slopes for normal, curved surface and turning corner slopes of varying angles were modelled using the numerical software PLAXIS LE. The 3D analysis demonstrated that multiple shallow failures spread across the sloped surface, which could not be captured by the 2D analysis. The failure modes are similar for the various geometric types of slopes. The results also indicate that the safety factor from the 3D analysis decreases more significantly with the rainfall duration as compared to the 2D analysis. This study changes the perception that a 2D analysis is more conservative than a 3D analysis, which is not always true.
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Caber, Paul. "An Interferometric Profiler for Rough Surfaces." In Surface Roughness and Scattering. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/surs.1992.stub2.

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Conventional optical methods of surface profiling are limited in the range of surface heights that can be accurately measured due to phase ambiguity errors on steep local slopes. Instruments that have been developed thus far to avoid the problems with local slope typically suffer from poor measurement height resolution and slow measurement speeds. Contact profilometers such as stylus-based instruments suffer from slow measurement speeds, especially when two-dimensional scans of the surface are required. Stylus tips can also scratch delicate surfaces during the course of the measurement. A new method of optical, non-contact profiling of rough surfaces is described that utilizes interferometric techniques as well as digital signal processing algorithms to produce fast, accurate, and repeatable three-dimensional surface profile measurements.
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Zhang, Jian. "Bonnet polishing high-slope aspheric surface." In 6th International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies (AOMATT 2012), edited by Li Yang, Eric Ruch, and Shengyi Li. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.978165.

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Dainty, J. C. "Experimental Measurements of Enhanced Backscattering and Related Effects from Randomly Rough Surfaces." In Surface Roughness and Scattering. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/surs.1992.stua2.

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Light scattering from randomly rough surfaces of relatively low root-mean-square (rms) slope and long correlation length (> λ) is well-understood, at least for moderate angles of incidence, in terms of physical optics (Kirchhoff) theory. However, until the past five years, there has been little experimental or theoretical work carried out on surfaces with a large rms slope for which multiple scattering occurs. One consequence of strong multiple scattering is the presence of an enhanced backscatter peak: this peak has a similar origin to that observed from strongly multiple scattering volume media, such as white paint, and analogous effects are observed in the propagation of light through turbulence in "double pass" geometries.
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Zhang, Haijie, and Jianguo Zhao. "Vision Based Surface Slope Estimation for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Perching." In ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2018-9210.

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Unmanned aerial vehicles are applied to many different fields such as surveillance, search, and monitoring. However, a critical issue for unmanned aerial vehicles is that they suffer from short flight time. To address this, perching becomes a new necessary capability for unmanned aerial vehicles. However, before perching on the desired surface, usually the orientation of the UAV needs to be adjusted to make the perching mechanism to firmly attach to the surface. In this paper, a vision algorithm is introduced to estimate the surface slope of the perching object. Equipped with a distance sensor and a monocular camera, the surface slopes in both X and Y directions can be estimated simultaneously. A bunch of experiments with different slope combinations are carried out. Combined with a Kalman Filter, the experiment results show this algorithm is much better compared with the previous algorithms especially when the main movement of the unmanned aerial vehicle is along the camera optical axis.
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Zhou, Fang-Xiao. "A constant slope surface and its application." In 2022 3rd International Conference on Geology, Mapping and Remote Sensing (ICGMRS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icgmrs55602.2022.9849334.

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Kumler, James J., and J. Brian Caldwell. "Measuring surface slope error on precision aspheres." In Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by James H. Burge, Oliver W. Faehnle, and Ray Williamson. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.753832.

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Reports on the topic "Surface slope"

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Shaw, Peter R., and Deborah K. Smith. Multiscale, Multisensor Analysis of Surface Slope Distributions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada310671.

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Ardalan, Hamed. Analysis of Landslides and Slopes Stabilized Using One Row of Piles. Deep Foundations Institute, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.37308/cpf-2012-land-1.

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The use of piles to stabilize active landslides or to prevent instability in currently stable slopes has become one of the most important innovative slope reinforcement techniques over the last few decades. Piles have been used successfully in many situations in order to stabilize slopes or to improve slope stability, and numerous methods have been developed for the analysis of piled slopes (Ito et al., 1981; Poulos, 1995; Chen and Poulos, 1997; Zeng and Liang, 2002; Won et al., 2005). The piles used in slope stabilization are usually subjected to lateral force through horizontal movements of the surrounding soil; hence they are considered to be passive piles. The interaction behavior between the piles and the soil is a complicated phenomenon due to its 3-dimensional nature and can be influenced by many factors, such as the characteristics of deformation and the strength parameters of both the pile and the soil. The interaction among piles installed in a slope is complex and depends on the pile and soil strength and stiffness properties, the length of the pile that is embedded in unstable (sliding) and stable soil layers, and the center-to-center pile spacing (S) in a row. Furthermore, the earth pressures applied to the piles are highly dependent upon the relative movement of the soil and the piles. The characterization of the problem of landslides and the use of piles to improve the stability of such slopes requires a better understanding of the integrated effect of laterally loaded pile behavior and the soil-pile-interaction above the sliding surface. Therefore, a representative model for the soil-pile interaction above the failure surface is required to reflect and describe the actual distribution of the mobilized soil driving force along that particular portion of the pile. In addition, the installation of a closely spaced pile row would create an interaction effect (group action) among adjacent piles not only below but also above the slip surface.
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Oliver, Amanda, Catherine Murphy, Edmund Howe, and John Vest. Comparing methods for estimating water surface elevation between gages in the Lower Mississippi River. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46915.

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Predicting a water surface elevation (WSElev) at a particular location has a wide range of applications like determining if a levee will overtop or how much a dike notch will increase water flow into a secondary channel. Five existing methods for predicting the water’s surface, (1) daily slope, (2) average slope, (3) River Analysis System (RAS) 1D, (4) RAS 2D, and (5) Adaptive Hydraulics modeling system (AdH), were used to predict the Mississippi River’s daily water surface from 10 October 2014 to 31 May 2016 at Friar’s Point, Greenville, and Natchez gages. The error, calculated as the model-predicted water surface minus the gage-observed water surface, was compared among the methods. The average slope method, using Helena and Fair Landing gages, and the daily slope method, using either Memphis and Helena or Helena and Arkansas City gages, most closely estimated the observed WSElev. The RAS 1D predictions for Friar Point and Greenville produced more accurate estimates than the RAS 2D model and were the only estimates that did not show a pattern of over- or underestimation. When the daily slope method was applied to gages that were farther apart (Memphis and Arkansas City, Arkansas City and Vicksburg, or Vicksburg and Knoxville), the error became greater than most RAS 1D and 2D predictions. The low error and simple calculations of the daily slope and average slope methods using gages <110 river miles apart make these methods useful for calculating current and historic conditions. The lack of over- or underestimation in the RAS 1D predictions (for locations away from the edges of the model area) make this method a better choice for predicting average WSElevs and a good choice for forecasting future WSElevs.
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Willingham, A. L., and T. M. Herriott. Photogrammetry-derived digital surface model and orthoimagery of Slope Mountain, North Slope, Alaska, June 2018. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/30419.

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Dinovitzer, Aaron. PR-214-154503-R01 Pipeline Strains Induced by Slope Movement. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011609.

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Pipeline integrity may be affected by the action of the external soil loads that can be generated by ground movements or slope failures and the structural integrity threat of these geotechnical failures is not well understood. The threat presented to a pipeline by a localized slope failure is not directly related to magnitude of the soil movement involved, but related to the stress and strains induced in the pipeline by the moving soil block. This project demonstrated and applied advanced pipe-soil interaction numerical modeling tools in the assessment of slope movements directed long the pipeline axis. The geotechnical hazard assessments completed in this project provide a conservative means of estimating the pipeline axial strain accumulation resulting from slope movements. These modeling results are presented such that an understanding of the influence of pipeline, slope and operational parameters on strain accumulation is demonstrated and the relative importance of each parameter is demonstrated. The relationship between surface expression of a geotechnical event and the subsurface parameters to facilitate conservative characterization of the event is defined. The data describing axial strain as a function of ground movement magnitude presented in this project may be compared to the axial strain capacity (resistance) engineering tools to evaluate the significance of slope movements on pipeline integrity.
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Blundell, S. User guide : the DEM Breakline and Differencing Analysis Tool—gridded elevation model analysis with a convenient graphical user interface. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45040.

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Gridded elevation models of the earth’s surface derived from airborne lidar data or other sources can provide qualitative and quantitative information about the terrain and its surface features through analysis of the local spatial variation in elevation. The DEM Breakline and Differencing Analysis Tool was developed to extract and display micro-terrain features and vegetative cover based on the numerical modeling of elevation discontinuities or breaklines (breaks-in-slope), slope, terrain ruggedness, local surface optima, and the local elevation difference between first surface and bare earth input models. Using numerical algorithms developed in-house at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Geospatial Research Laboratory, various parameters are calculated for each cell in the model matrix in an initial processing phase. The results are combined and thresholded by the user in different ways for display and analysis. A graphical user interface provides control of input models, processing, and display as color-mapped overlays. Output displays can be saved as images, and the overlay data can be saved as raster layers for input into geographic information systems for further analysis.
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Derby, Martin, and Mark Saunders. PR635-203904-R01 In-situ Instrumentation and Remote Sensing Methods for Slope Monitoring for Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012207.

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This research project will focus on a comparison of several in-situ methods and two remote sensing technologies, GBInSAR and InSAR. Geo-monuments and extensometers were used to measure the changes in surface movements (i.e., tension cracks) over time, and then compared to GBInSAR data for accuracy. This research project includes a comparison of spatial and in-situ monitoring systems that was performed on a steep slope with natural gas pipeline located in the Appalachian region of the United States. This report includes an integrated approach to characterize landside movement using the GBInSAR, InSAR, and in-situ methods for monitoring an active slope with an existing natural gas pipeline. The overall objective of the comparison research is to determine the reliability of the remote sensing methods compared with in-situ instrumentation for slope monitoring, that will ultimately reduce risk and increase pipeline infrastructure integrity. Related Webinar
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Turner, Benjamin. Guidance for Factoring Deep Foundation Structural Resistance for Landslide Stabilization and Excavation Support. Deep Foundations Institute, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37308/cpf-2017-land-1.

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Lateral support provided by deep foundations can be an effective means to stabilize existing and potential landslides, and deep foundations contribute to the stability of support-of-excavation systems. However, defining the structural resistance and implementing it in a slope stability analysis that satisfies LRFD requirements is a source of significant confusion and miscommunication among geotechnical and structural designers. This report explains the implications of applying (or not) structural resistance factors at various stages of the analysis. Furthermore, most commercial slope stability software offers the option to either use the user-input structural resistance without reducing it by the slope stability factor of safety (“Method A”) or to reduce the structural resistance by the stability factor of safety (“Method B”). Applying a structural resistance factor and/or using Method B will result in designs requiring more structural reinforcement; however, it is not necessarily the case that doing so will significantly improve reliability (i.e., decrease the probability of failure) of the slope. Three example cases are presented and analyzed probabilistically to demonstrate how reliability is influenced by the chosen method for factoring structural resistance, and the various scenarios for which this may or may not represent a tangible improvement in reliability from the slope Owner’s perspective. A recommended approach for factoring and implementing deep foundation structural resistance in slope stability analyses is described along with a simple example. After initial stability analyses are run without the deep foundations to define the critical surface geometry, p-y method lateral pile-soil interaction analyses are performed to identify the controlling strength limit state and corresponding mobilized shear resistance at the intersection of the deep foundation and critical slide surface. Because this mobilized resistance is limited by the factored shear and flexural strength of the foundation element, it represents a factored resistance, and inherently satisfies LRFD structural design requirements. This factored resistance is input back into the slope stability analyses using Method A such that no additional factoring is applied to the structural resistance; the stability analyses must then satisfy a minimum factor of safety, typically in the range of 1.3 to 1.5. The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications prescribe that the global stability factor of safety is interpreted as the reciprocal of the geotechnical resistance factor, and that the load factor for global stability is 1.0. Hence, the recommended approach satisfies structural and geotechnical LRFD requirements.
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Mosher, D. C., D. J. W. Piper, K. MacKillop, and K. Jarrett. Near surface geology of the Halibut Channel region of the SW Newfoundland Slope from GSC data holdings. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/261390.

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King, E. L., and G. V. Sonnichsen. Characterization of near-surface seismostratigraphy and features of Northeastern Grand Bank: sea level fluctuations, glaciation and slope stability. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/212607.

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