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Academic literature on the topic 'Surface salinity'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Surface salinity"

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Lago, Véronique, Susan E. Wijffels, Paul J. Durack, John A. Church, Nathaniel L. Bindoff, and Simon J. Marsland. "Simulating the Role of Surface Forcing on Observed Multidecadal Upper-Ocean Salinity Changes." Journal of Climate 29, no. 15 (July 18, 2016): 5575–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0519.1.

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Abstract The ocean’s surface salinity field has changed over the observed record, driven by an intensification of the water cycle in response to global warming. However, the origin and causes of the coincident subsurface salinity changes are not fully understood. The relationship between imposed surface salinity and temperature changes and their corresponding subsurface changes is investigated using idealized ocean model experiments. The ocean’s surface has warmed by about 0.5°C (50 yr)−1 while the surface salinity pattern has amplified by about 8% per 50 years. The idealized experiments are constructed for a 50-yr period, allowing a qualitative comparison to the observed salinity and temperature changes previously reported. The comparison suggests that changes in both modeled surface salinity and temperature are required to replicate the three-dimensional pattern of observed salinity change. The results also show that the effects of surface changes in temperature and salinity act linearly on the changes in subsurface salinity. Surface salinity pattern amplification appears to be the leading driver of subsurface salinity change on depth surfaces; however, surface warming is also required to replicate the observed patterns of change on density surfaces. This is the result of isopycnal migration modified by the ocean surface warming, which produces significant salinity changes on density surfaces.
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Atkinson, Larry. "Surface Salinity, Visualization, CD-ROMs." Oceanography 8, no. 2 (1995): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.1995.20.

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Kalangi, Patrice NI, Kawilarang WA Masengi, Masamitsu Iwata, Fransisco PT Pangalila, and Ixchel F. Mandagi. "PROFIL SALINITAS DAN SUHU DI TELUK MANADO PADA HARI-HARI HUJAN DAN TIDAK HUJAN." JURNAL PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN TROPIS 8, no. 3 (December 12, 2012): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jpkt.8.3.2012.2443.

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Pengukuran salinitas dan suhu perairan dilakukan pada hari-hari hujan dan tidak hujan di dua tempat di perairan Teluk Manado, yang memiliki lima sungai utama di pinggirannya, untuk menyelidiki profil vertikal dari salinitas dan suhu, serta ketebalan air tawar. Profil salinitas dan suhu perairan pada hari yang sama di kedua tempat adalah mirip. Pada hari-hari hujan, salinitas rata-rata lapisan permukaan perairan adalah 33,9 lebih rendah 0,3 dibandingkan pada hari-hari tidak hujan. Salinitas permukaan ini setara dengan ketebalan lapisan air tawar sebesar 0,45 m. di lapisan permukaan, profil suhu cukup mirip. Akan tetapi, pada lapisan yang lebih dalam, suhu berosilasi pada fase yang berbeda dengan bertambahnya kedalaman. Kata kunci: ketebalan lapisan air tawar, termoklin, Bunaken. Salinity and temperature measurements were carried out on rainy days and non rainy days in two locations in Manado Bay, which is the outlet of fresh water masses from five main rivers, to investigate vertical profiles of salinity and temperature, and the thickness of the fresh water layer. Same day salinity and temperature profiles in both places is similar. On rainy days, the average salinity in the surface layer was 33.9, 0.3 lower than that of non rainy days. The surface salinity is equivalent to the thickness of the freshwater layer thickness of 0.45 m. In the surface layer, the temperature profile is quite similar. However, in the deeper layers, the temperature oscillates at different phases according to the increasing depths. Keywords: freshwater thickness, thermocline, Bunaken.
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Bryan, Frank, and Scott Bachman. "Isohaline Salinity Budget of the North Atlantic Salinity Maximum." Journal of Physical Oceanography 45, no. 3 (March 2015): 724–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-14-0172.1.

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AbstractIn this study, the salinity budget of the North Atlantic subtropical salinity maximum region for control volumes bounded by isohaline surfaces is analyzed. The authors provide closed budgets based on output from a high-resolution numerical simulation and partial budgets based on analyses of observational climatologies of hydrography and surface fluxes. With this choice of control volume, advection is eliminated from the instantaneous volume-integrated salt budget, and time-mean advection is eliminated from the budget evaluated from time-averaged data. In this way, the role of irreversible mixing processes in the maintenance and variability of the salinity maximum are more readily revealed. By carrying out the analysis with both near-instantaneous and time-averaged model output, the role of mesoscale eddies in stirring and mixing for this water mass is determined. This study finds that the small-scale mixing acting on enhanced gradients generated by the mesoscale eddies is approximately equal to that acting on the large-scale gradients estimated from climatological-mean conditions. The isohaline salinity budget can be related to water mass transformation rates associated with surface forcing and mixing processes in a straightforward manner. The authors find that the surface net evaporation in the North Atlantic salinity maximum region accounts for a transformation of 7 Sverdrups (Sv; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) of water across the 37-psu isohaline outcrop into the salinity maximum in the simulation, whereas the estimate based on climatological observations is 9 to 10 Sv.
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Song, Y. Tony, Tong Lee, Jae-Hong Moon, Tangdong Qu, and Simon Yueh. "Modeling skin-layer salinity with an extended surface-salinity layer." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 120, no. 2 (February 2015): 1079–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014jc010346.

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Kalangi, Patrice NI, Anselun Mandagi, Kawilarang WA Masengi, Alfret Luasunaung, Fransisco PT Pangalila, and Masamitsu Iwata. "SEBARAN SUHU DAN SALINITAS DI TELUK MANADO." JURNAL PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN TROPIS 9, no. 2 (August 1, 2013): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jpkt.9.2.2013.4179.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan sebaran suhu dan salinitas di Teluk Manado, Sulawesi Utara. Pengukuran suhu dan salinitas secara vertikal dilakukan di delapan tempat di teluk. Profil vertikal suhu dan salinitas memperlihatkan keberadaan pelapisan kolom air. Secara horizontal, kontur suhu dan salinitas di permukaan memiliki dua “kolam” massa air, yakni kolam yang bersuhu tinggi tapi bersalinitas rendah di bagian timur teluk dan kolam yang bersuhu rendah tapi bersalinitas tinggi di bagian barat teluk. Pada lapisan dalam, kontur suhu dan salinitas cenderung sejajar dengan garis pantai bagian timur. Kata kunci: suhu, salinitas, air sungai, Teluk Manado. The objective of this research is to describe temperature and salinity distribution in Manado Bay, North Sulawesi. The vertical measurements of temperature and salinity were done at eight locations in the bay. The vertical profiles of temperature and salinity shows the existence of water column stratification. Horizontally, temperature and salinity contours of the surface layer have two pools, i.e. a pool of high temperature but low salinity in the eastern part of the bay and a pool of low temperature but high salinity in the western part of bay. In a deeper layer, the contours of temperature and salinity tend to be parallel to eastern coastline. Keywords: temperature, salinity, river discharge, Manado Bay.
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Reverdin, G., S. Morisset, J. Boutin, N. Martin, M. Sena-Martins, F. Gaillard, P. Blouch, et al. "Validation of Salinity Data from Surface Drifters." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 4 (April 1, 2014): 967–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00158.1.

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Abstract Salinity measurements from 119 surface drifters in 2007–12 were assessed; 80% [Surface Velocity Program with a barometer with a salinity sensor (SVP-BS)] and 75% [SVP with salinity (SVP-S)] of the salinity data were found to be usable, after editing out some spikes. Sudden salinity jumps are found in drifter salinity records that are not always associated with temperature jumps, in particular in the wet tropics. A method is proposed to decide whether and how to correct those jumps, and the uncertainty in the correction applied. Northeast of South America, in a region influenced by the Amazon plume and fresh coastal water, drifter salinity is very variable, but a comparison with data from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity satellite suggests that this variability is usually reasonable. The drifter salinity accuracy is then explored based on comparisons with data from Argo floats and from thermosalinographs (TSGs) of ships of opportunity. SVP-S/SVP-BS drifter records do not usually present significant biases within the first 6 months, but afterward biases sometimes need to be corrected (altogether, 16% of the SVP-BS records). Biases start earlier after 3 months for drifters not protected by antifouling paint. For the few drifters for which large corrections were applied to portions of the record, the accuracy cannot be proven to be better than 0.1 psu, and it cannot be proven to be better than 0.5 psu for data in the largest variability area off northeast South America. Elsewhere, after excluding portions of the records with suspicious salinity jumps or when large corrections were applied, the comparisons rule out average biases in individual drifter salinity record larger than 0.02 psu (midlatitudes) and 0.05 psu (tropics).
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Gordon, Arnold, Claudia Giulivi, Julius Busecke, and Frederick Bingham. "Differences Among Subtropical Surface Salinity Patterns." Oceanography 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2015.02.

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Kao, Hsun-Ying, Gary Lagerloef, Tong Lee, Oleg Melnichenko, Thomas Meissner, and Peter Hacker. "Assessment of Aquarius Sea Surface Salinity." Remote Sensing 10, no. 9 (August 22, 2018): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs10091341.

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Aquarius was the first NASA satellite to observe the sea surface salinity (SSS) over the global ocean. The mission successfully collected data from 25 August 2011 to 7 June 2015. The Aquarius project released its final version (Version-5) of the SSS data product in December 2017. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the validation results from the Aquarius Validation Data System (AVDS) and other statistical methods, and to provide a general view of the Aquarius SSS quality to the users. The results demonstrate that Aquarius has met the mission target measurement accuracy requirement of 0.2 psu on monthly averages on 150 km scale. From the triple point analysis using Aquarius, in situ field and Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) products, the root mean square errors of Aquarius Level-2 and Level-3 data are estimated to be 0.17 psu and 0.13 psu, respectively. It is important that caution should be exercised when using Aquarius salinity data in areas with high radio frequency interference (RFI) and heavy rainfall, close to the coast lines where leakage of land signals may significantly affect the quality of the SSS data, and at high-latitude oceans where the L-band radiometer has poor sensitivity to SSS.
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Lagerloef, Gary. "Satellite mission monitors ocean surface salinity." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 93, no. 25 (June 19, 2012): 233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012eo250001.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surface salinity"

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Tonin, Hemerson E., and hemer tonin@flinders edu au. "Atmospheric freshwater sources for eastern Pacific surface salinity." Flinders University. Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences, 2006. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20061031.080144.

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The remarkable salinity difference between the upper Pacific and Atlantic Oceans is often explained through net export of water vapour across Central America. To investigate this mechanism a study of salinity signals in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean current system was made looking at responses to fresh water input from two sources (local versus remote - Atlantic Ocean) as well as a combination of the two. Statistical analyses (Empirical Orthogonal Functions, Single Value Decomposition and Wavelet analysis) were used to split the main sources of the atmospheric freshwater input into local and remote contributions and to quantify both contributions. The remote source was assumed to have been transported over Central America from the Atlantic Ocean as an atmospheric freshwater flux, whereas the local source originated in the Pacific Ocean itself. The analysis suggests that 74% of the total variance in precipitation over the tropical eastern Pacific is due to water vapour transport from the Atlantic. It also demonstrates strong influence of ENSO events, with maximum correlation at a two months time lag. During La Ni�a periods the precipitation variance is more closely related to water vapour transport across Central America (the remote source), while during El Ni�o periods it is more closely related to the water vapour transport by Southerly winds along the west coast of South America (the local source). The current and temperature fields provided by the Modular Ocean Model (version 2) were used to study the changes in the salinity field when freshwater was added to or removed from the model. ECMWF ERA-40 data taken from the ECMWF data server was used to determine the atmospheric flux of freshwater at the ocean surface, in the form of evaporation minus precipitation (E-P). The Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) computed from temperature and salinity fields determines to what depth the salinity's dilution/concentration takes place for every grid point. Each MLD was calculated from the results of the previous time step, and the water column was considered well mixed from the surface to this depth. The statistical relationships were used to reconstruct the precipitation over the tropical eastern Pacific. A numerical ocean model, which uses currents and temperature from a global ocean model and is forced by precipitation, was used to study the ocean's response to either the remote or the local source acting in isolation. Through time lag correlation analysis of the sea surface salinity anomalies produced by the variation in the reconstructed precipitation fields, it is found that the anomaly signals of salinity propagate westward along the Equator at a rate of approximately 0.25 m.s-1 (6.1 degrees per month).
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Sabia, Roberto. "Sea surface salinity retrieval error budget within the esa soil moisture and ocean salinity mission." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/30542.

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L’oceanografia per satèl•lit ha esdevingut una integració consolidada de les tècniques convencionals de monitorització in situ dels oceans. Un coneixement precís dels processos oceanogràfics i de la seva interacció és fonamental per tal d’entendre el sistema climàtic. En aquest context, els camps de salinitat mesurats regularment constituiran directament una ajuda per a la caracterització de les variacions de la circulació oceànica global. La salinitat s’utilitza en models oceanogràfics predictius, pero a hores d’ara no és possible mesurar-la directament i de forma global. La missió Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) (en català, humitat del sòl i salinitat de l’oceà) de l’Agència Espacial Europea pretén omplir aquest buit mitjançant la implementació d’un satèl•lit capaç de proveir aquesta informació sinòpticament i regular. Un nou instrument, el Microwave Imaging Radiometer by Aperture Synthesis (MIRAS) (en català, radiòmetre d’observació per microones per síntesi d’obertura), ha estat desenvolupat per tal d’observar la salinitat de la superfície del mar (SSS) als oceans a través de l’adquisició d’imatges de la radiació de microones emesa al voltant de la freqüència de 1.4 GHz (banda L). SMOS portarà el primer radiòmetre orbital, d’òrbita polar, interferomètric 2D i es llençarà a principis de 2009. Així com a qualsevol altra estimació de paràmetres geofísics per teledetecció, la recuperació de la salinitat és un problema invers que implica la minimització d’una funció de cost. Per tal d’assegurar una estimació fiable d’aquesta variable, la resta de paràmetres que afecten a la temperatura de brillantor mesurada s’ha de tenir en compte, filtrar o quantificar. El producte recuperat seran doncs els mapes de salinitat per a cada passada del satèl•lit sobre la Terra. El requeriment de precisió proposat per a la missió és de 0.1 ‰ després de fer el promig en finestres espaciotemporals de 10 dies i de 20x20. En aquesta tesi de doctorat, diversos estudis s’han dut a terme per a la determinació del balanç d’error de la salinitat de l’oceà en el marc de la missió SMOS. Les motivacions de la missió, les condicions de mesura i els conceptes bàsics de radiometria per microones es descriuen conjuntament amb les principals característiques de la recuperació de la salinitat. Els aspectes de la recuperació de la salinitat que tenen una influència crítica en el procés d’inversió són: • El biaix depenent de l’escena en les mesures simulades, • La sensibilitat radiomètrica (soroll termal) i la precisió radiomètrica, • La definició de la modelització directa banda L • Dades auxiliars, temperatura de la superfície del mar (SST) i velocitat del vent, incerteses, • Restriccions en la funció de cost, particularment en el terme de salinitat, i • Promig espacio-temporal adequat. Un concepte emergeix directament de l’enunciat del problema de recuperació de la salinitat: diferents ajustos de l’algoritme de minimització donen resultats diferents i això s’ha de tenir en compte. Basant-se en aquesta consideració, la determinació del balanç d’error s’ha aproximat progressivament tot avaluant l’extensió de l’impacte de les diferents variables, així com la parametrització en termes d’error de salinitat. S’ha estudiat l’impacte de diverses dades auxiliars provinents de fonts diferents sobre l’error SSS final. Això permet tenir una primera impressió de l’error quantitatiu que pot esperar-se en les mesures reals futures, mentre que, en un altre estudi, s’ha investigat la possibilitat d’utilitzar senyals derivats de la reflectometria per tal de corregir les incerteses de l’estat del mar en el context SMOS. El nucli d’aquest treball el constitueix el Balanç d’Error SSS total. S’han identificat de forma consistent les fonts d’error i s’han analitzat els efectes corresponents en termes de l’error SSS mig en diferents configuracions d’algoritmes. Per una altra banda, es mostren els resultats d’un estudi de la variabilitat horitzontal de la salinitat, dut a terme utilitzant dades d’entrada amb una resolució espacial variable creixent. Això hauria de permetre confirmar la capacitat de la SSS recuperada per tal reproduir característiques oceanogràfiques mesoscàliques. Els principals resultats i consideracions derivats d’aquest estudi contribuiran a la definició de les bases de l’algoritme de recuperació de la salinitat.
Satellite oceanography has become a consolidated integration of conventional in situ monitoring of the oceans. Accurate knowledge of the oceanographic processes and their interaction is crucial for the understanding of the climate system. In this framework, routinely-measured salinity fields will directly aid in characterizing the variations of the global ocean circulation. Salinity is used in predictive oceanographic models, but no capability exists to date to measure it directly and globally. The European Space Agency’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission aims at filling this gap through the implementation of a satellite that has the potential to provide synoptically and routinely this information. A novel instrument, the Microwave Imaging Radiometer by Aperture Synthesis, has been developed to observe the sea surface salinity (SSS) over the oceans by capturing images of the emitted microwave radiation around the frequency of 1.4 GHz (L-band). SMOS will carry the first-ever, polar-orbiting, space-borne, 2-D interferometric radiometer and will be launched in early 2009. Like whatsoever remotely-sensed geophysical parameter estimation, the retrieval of salinity is an inverse problem that involves the minimization of a cost function. In order to ensure a reliable estimation of this variable, all the other parameters affecting the measured brightness temperature will have to be taken into account, filtered or quantified. The overall retrieved product will thus be salinity maps in a single satellite overpass over the Earth. The proposed accuracy requirement for the mission is specified as 0.1 ‰ after averaging in a 10-day and 2ºx2º spatio-temporal boxes. In this Ph.D. Thesis several studies have been performed towards the determination of an ocean salinity error budget within the SMOS mission. The motivations of the mission, the rationale of the measurements and the basic concepts of microwave radiometry have been described along with the salinity retrieval main features. The salinity retrieval issues whose influence is critical in the inversion procedure are: • Scene-dependent bias in the simulated measurements, • Radiometric sensitivity (thermal noise) and radiometric accuracy, • L-band forward modeling definition, • Auxiliary data, sea surface temperature (SST) and wind speed, uncertainties, • Constraints in the cost function, especially on salinity term, and • Adequate spatio-temporal averaging. A straightforward concept stems from the statement of the salinity retrieval problem: different tuning and setting of the minimization algorithm lead to different results, and complete awareness of that should be assumed. Based on this consideration, the error budget determination has been progressively approached by evaluating the extent of the impact of different variables and parameterizations in terms of salinity error. The impact of several multi-sources auxiliary data on the final SSS error has been addressed. This gives a first feeling of the quantitative error that should be expected in real upcoming measurements, whilst, in another study, the potential use of reflectometry-derived signals to correct for sea state uncertainty in the SMOS context has been investigated. The core of the work concerned the overall SSS Error Budget. The error sources are consistently binned and the corresponding effects in terms of the averaged SSS error have been addressed in different algorithm configurations. Furthermore, the results of a salinity horizontal variability study, performed by using input data at increasingly variable spatial resolution, are shown. This should assess the capability of retrieved SSS to reproduce mesoscale oceanographic features. Main results and insights deriving from these studies will contribute to the definition of the salinity retrieval algorithm baseline.
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Talone, Marco. "Contributrion to the improvement of the soil moisture and ocean salinity (SMOS) sea surface salinity retrieval algorithm." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/48633.

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The European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite was launched on November, 2, 2009 from the Russian cosmodrome of Plesetsk. Its objective is to globally and regularly collect measurements of soil moistre and Sea Surface Salinity (SSS). To do that, a pioneering instru- ment has been developed: the Microwave Imaging Radiometer by Aperture Synthesis (MIRAS), the rst space-borne, 2-D interferometric radiometer ever built; it operates at L-band, with a central frequency of 1.4135 GHz, and consists of 69 antennas arranged in a Y shape array. MIRAS' output are brightness temperature maps, from which SSS can be derived through an iterative algorithm, and using auxiliary information. For each overpass of the satellite an SSS map is produced, with an estimated accuracy of 1 psu (rmse). According to the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) the mission requirement is instead speci ed as 0.1 psu after av- eraging in a 10-day and 2 2 spatio-temporal boxes. In previuos works ((Sabia et al., 2010), or more extensively in Dr. Sabia's Ph.D. thesis (Sabia, 2008)) the main error sources in retrieving SSS from SMOS measurements were determined as: 1. Scene-dependent bias in the simulated measurements, 2. L-band forward modeling de nition, 3. Radiometric sensitivity and accuracy, 4. Constraints in the cost function, and 5. Spatio-temporal averaging. This Ph.D. thesis, is an attempt of reducing part of the aforementioned errors (the relative to the one-overpass SSS (1 - 4)) by a more sophisticated data processing. Firstly, quasi-realistic brightness temperatures have been simulated using the SMOS End-to-end Performance Simulator (SEPS) in its full mode and an ocean model, as provider for geophysical parameters. Using this data set the External Brightness Temperature Calibration technique has been tested to mitigate the scene-dependent bias, while the error introduced by inaccuracies in the L-band forward models has been accounted for by the application of the External Sea Surface Salinity Calibration. Apart from simulated brightness temperatures, both External Brightness Temperature Calibration and External Sea Surface Salinity Calibration have been tested using real synthetic-aperture brightness temperatures, collected by the Helsinki University of Technology HUT-2D radiometer during the SMOS Calibration and Validation Rehearsal Campaign in August 2007 and ten days of data acquired by the SMOS satellite between July 10 and 19, 2010. Finally, a study of the cost function used to derive SSS has been performed: the correlation between measurement mis ts has been estimated and the e ect of including it in the processing have been assessed. As an outcome of a 3-month internship at the Laboratoire LOCEAN in Paris, France, a theoretical review of the e ect of the rain on the very top SSS vertical pro le has been carried out and is presented as Appendix.
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Hejazin, Yazan Henry. "A Microwave Radiometer Roughness Correction Algorithm For Sea Surface Salinity Retrieval." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5294.

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The Aquarius/SAC-D is an Earth Science remote sensing satellite mission to measure global Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) that is sponsored by the NASA and the Argentine Space Agency (CONAE). The prime remote sensor is the Aquarius (AQ) L-band radiometer/scatterometer, which measures the L-band emitted blackbody radiation (brightness temperature) from the ocean. The brightness temperature at L-band is proportional to the ocean salinity as well as a number of physical parameters including ocean surface wind speed. The salinity retrieval algorithm make corrections for all other parameters before retrieving salinity, and the greatest of these is the increased brightness temperature due to roughness caused by surface wind speed. This thesis presents an independent approach for the AQ roughness correction, which is derived using simultaneous measurements from the CONAE Microwave Radiometer (MWR). When the wind blows over the ocean's surface, the brightness temperature is increased because of the ocean wave surface roughness. The MWR provides a semi-empirical approach by measuring the excess ocean emissivity at 36.5 GHz and then applying radiative transfer theory (improved ocean surface emissivity model) to translate this to the AQ 1.4 GHz frequency (L-band). The theoretical basis of the MWR algorithm is described and empirical results are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness in reducing the salinity measurement error due to surface roughness.
ID: 031001312; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Linwood Jones.; Title from PDF title page (viewed March 25, 2013).; Thesis (M.S.E.E.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-44).
M.S.E.E.
Masters
Electrical Engineering and Computing
Engineering and Computer Science
Electrical Engineering
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Sommer, Anna. "Salinité de surface dans le gyre subtropical de l'Atlantique Nord (SPURS/SMOS/Mercator)." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066436/document.

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Ce travail a porté sur la variabilité de la salinité de surface (SSS) de l'océan dans le gyre subtropical Nord Atlantique. J'ai étudié la variabilité saisonnière de la SSS en lien avec les flux d'eau douce échangés avec l'atmosphère et la circulation océanique à méso échelle, au cours de plus de deux ans, d'août 2012 à décembre 2014. Les produits issus de la mission satellitaire soil moisture and ocean salinity (SMOS) corrigés de biais systématiques aux grandes échelles ont été testés et utilisés pour restituer la variabilité méso-échelle de SSS. Nous avons de surcroit utilisé les simulations numériques à haute résolution PSY2V4R2-R4 de Mercator. Les champs issus de SMOS et des simulations ont été comparés aux données in situ de bouées dérivantes et de thermosalinographes recueillies pendant l'expérience SPURS, avec des résultats satisfaisants, en particulier en hiver, et des écarts-type de différences typiques de l'ordre de 0.15 pss. Le flux d’eau douce échangé avec l’atmosphère est le terme dominant dans le bilan saisonnier de la SSS. Ce sont des termes associés à la dynamique océanique qui le compensent partiellement. En particulier, l’entrainement des eaux sous-jacentes contribue fortement en début d’hiver. Il agit d’ordinaire à réduire la SSS, à l’exception de la région au sud du maximum de SSS, où c’est au contraire une augmentation qu’il induit. L’advection est une seconde contribution importante à la variabilité de la SSS. Elle transfert ainsi vers le nord les eaux ‘salinisées’ plus au sud dans la région du maximum de perte d’eau douce vers l’atmosphère. La contribution d'advection est fortement dépend du type de données utilisées et leur résolution spatiale
The focus of this work is on sea surface salinity (SSS) variability in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. We study seasonal SSS variability and its link to the atmospheric freshwater flux at the ocean surface and to ocean dynamics at meso-scales for the period August 2012 – December 2014. The products from the soil moisture and ocean salinity (SMOS) satellite mission corrected from large scale systematic errors are tested and used to retrieve meso-scale salinity features. Furthermore, the PSY2V4R2-R4 simulation produced by Mercator with a high spatial resolution is also used. The comparison of corrected SMOS SSS data and Mercator simulation with drifter's in situ and TSG measurements from the SPURS experiment shows a reasonable agreement with RMS differences on the order of 0.15 pss.The freshwater seasonal flux is the leading term in the SSS seasonal budget. To balance its effect the ocean dynamics strongly contribute. The entrainment of deeper water is strong during the winter time. It usually acts to lower SSS, except in the south of the SSS–max region where it contributes to increase salinity. Advection is the second important component responsible for the SSS variability. It transfers further north the salty water from the evaporation maximum region. The contribution of advertion term is strongly dependent on the type of data used and their spatial resolution
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6

Goodkin, Nathalie Fairbank. "Geochemistry of slow-growing corals : reconstructing sea surface temperature, salinity and the North Atlantic Oscillation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40969.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Chemical Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2007.
Includes bibliographical references.
A 225-year old coral from the south shore of Bermuda (64°W, 320N) provides a record of decadal-to-centennial scale climate variability. The coral was collected live, and sub-annual density bands seen in x-radiographs delineate cold and warm seasons allowing for precise dating. Coral skeletons incorporate strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) in relative proportions inversely to the sea surface temperature (SST) in which the skeleton is secreted. [Delta]180 of the coral skeleton changes based on both temperature and the [delta]180 of sea water ([delta]Ow), and 6Ow is proportional to sea surface salinity (SSS). Understanding long-term climate variability requires the reconstruction of key climate parameters, such as sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity, in records extending beyond the relatively short instrumental period. The high accretion rates, longevity, and skeletal growth bands found in coral skeletons make them an ideal resource for well-dated, seasonal climate reconstructions. Growing between 2 and 6 mm/year and reaching more than im in length, slow-growing corals provide multi-century records from one colony. Additionally, unlike the fast growing (10-20 mm/year) species Porites, slow-growing species are generally found in both tropical and sub-tropical locations greatly expanding the geographical location of these records. A high resolution record (HRR, ~11 samples per year) was drilled for the entire length of the coral record (218 years). Samples were split and Sr/Ca, [delta]180, and [delta]13C were measured for each sample. Sr/Ca was used to reconstruct winter time and mean-annual SST. Oxygen isotopic measurements were used to determine directional salinity changes, in conjunction with Sr/Ca based SST reconstructions.
(cont.) Winter-time and mean annual SSTs show SSTs -1.5 'C colder during the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA) relative to today. Simultaneously, SSS is fresher during that time. Sr/Ca based climate reconstructions from coral skeletons have been met with some skepticism because some reconstructions show temperature changes back in time that are 2-4 times greater than the reconstructions of other marine proxies. In this study, we show that when using bulk-sampled, slow-growing corals, two steps are critical to producing accurate reconstructions: 1) incorporating growth rate into multi-variant regressions with SST and Sr/Ca and 2) using multiple colonies that grew at the same time with varying average growth rates and Sr/Ca. Application of these novel methods over the period of the instrumental record from Hydrostation S (monthly since 1954, 32°10'N, 64°30'W) reduces the root mean square of the residuals between the reconstructed SST and the instrumental SST by as much as 1.52'C to 0.460C for three coral colonies. Winter-time SSTs at Bermuda are correlated to phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), a meridional oscillation in atmospheric mass. Much uncertainty remains about the relationship between the NAO and the ocean, and one critical outstanding question is whether anthropogenic changes are perturbing the system. Using winter Sr/Ca as a proxy for temperature, we show strong coherence to the NAO at multi-decadal and inter-annual frequencies. These coral records show significant changes in variance in the NAO during the late 20th century compared to the cooler LIA, but limited changes in the mean phase (positive or negative) of the NAO, implying that climate change may be pushing the NAO to extremes but not to a new mean position.
by Nathalie Fairbank Goodkin.
Ph.D.
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7

Udoh, Tinuola H. "Productivity enhancement in a combined controlled salinity water and bio-surfactant injection projects." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=238375.

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Nurhati, Intan Suci. "Coral records of central tropical Pacific sea-surface temperature and salinity variability over the 20th century." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34775.

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Accurate forecasts of future regional temperature and rainfall patterns in many regions largely depend on characterizing anthropogenic trends in tropical Pacific climate. However, strong interannual to decadal-scale tropical Pacific climate variability, combined with sparse spatial and temporal coverage of instrumental climate datasets in this region, have obscured potential anthropogenic climate signals in the tropical Pacific. In this dissertation, I present sea-surface temperature (SST) and salinity proxy records that span over the 20th century using living corals from several islands in the central tropical Pacific. I reconstruct the SST proxy records via coral Sr/Ca, that are combined with coral oxygen isotopic (d18O) records to quantify changes in seawater d18O (hereafter d18Osw) as a proxy for salinity. Chapter 2 investigates the spatial and temporal character of SST and d18Osw-based salinity trends in the central tropical Pacific from 1972-1998, as revealed by corals from Palmyra (6ºN, 162ºW), Fanning (4ºN, 159ºW) and Christmas (2ºN, 157ºW) Islands. The late 20th century SST proxy records exhibit warming trends that are larger towards the equator, in line with a weakening of equatorial Pacific upwelling over this period. Freshening trends revealed by the salinity proxy records are larger at those sites most affected by the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), suggesting a strengthening and/or an equatorward shift of the ITCZ. Taken together, the late 20th century SST and salinity proxy records document warming and freshening trends that are consistent with a trend towards a weakened tropical Pacific zonal SST gradient under continued anthropogenic forcing. Chapter 3 characterizes the signatures of natural and anthropogenic variability in central tropical Pacific SST and d18Osw-based salinity over the course of 20th century using century-long coral proxy records from Palmyra. On interannual timescales, the SST proxy record from Palmyra tracks El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability. The salinity proxy record tracks eastern Pacific-centered ENSO events but is poorly correlated to central Pacific-centered ENSO events - the result of profound differences in precipitation and ocean advection that occur during the two types of ENSO. On decadal timescales, the coral SST proxy record is significantly correlated to the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), suggesting that strong dynamical links exist between the central tropical Pacific and the North Pacific. The salinity proxy record is significantly correlated to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), but poorly correlated to the NPGO, suggesting that, as was the case with ENSO, these two modes of Pacific decadal climate variability have unique impacts on equatorial precipitation and ocean advection. However, the most striking feature of the salinity proxy record is a prominent late 20th century freshening trend that is likely related to anthropogenic climate change. Taken together, the coral data provide key constraints on tropical Pacific climate trends, and when used in combination with model simulations of 21st century climate, can be used to improve projections of regional climate in areas affected by tropical Pacific climate variability.
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Cakiroglu, Ayse Idil. "Salinity Inference In Inland Turkish Shallow Lakes On Paleoecology Using Sub-fossil Cladocera." Phd thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615450/index.pdf.

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In the current study, sub-fossil Cladocera collected from the surface sediment of 44 shallow lakes spanning over five latitudes from north to south of Turkey using snap-shot methodology revealed strong impact of salinity on cladoceran community structure. To see the whole picture, sediment cores collected from six of the lakes and long-term monitoring data from two of the lakes were also investigated. Contemporary cladocerans and sub-fossil assemblages were compared to reveal that their responses to salinity changes were highly similar. This lead us to use sub-fossil cladocerans and salinity data from water column together while generating the calibration data set using ordination techniques. Salinity transfer function models were developed utilising weighted averaging techniques. The developed salinity transfer function was applied to cladocera assemblages from dated sediment cores. Hindcasting of the salinity inference model was performed using monitoring data and the reconstructed salinities from two central Anatolian lakes and reflected good linear correlation with the known lake salinity history. This thesis has confirmed that sub-fossil Cladocera is a valuable indicator of historical salinity change and marker for the monitoring of lakes. For the first time, the lake environmental variables and sub-fossil cladoceran species composition from the surface sediments of Turkish shallow lakes were studied and a salinity transfer function was developed to elucidate past salinity change. The approach of the current study has been proven to be reliable while interpreting past salinity conditions. Since monitoring programmes are scarce in Turkey, paleolimnological analyses would be beneficial especially when defining effective restoration strategies.
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Tzortzi, Eleni. "Sea surface salinity in the Atlantic Ocean from the SMOS mission and its relation to freshwater fluxes." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/377301/.

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Spatially dense sea surface salinity (SSS) measurements have recently begun to be made from space through the ESA SMOS mission. In this PhD, the sub-annual to interannual SSS distribution and variability is characterized, and its relationship with surface freshwater fluxes, i.e. Evaporation minus Precipitation (E-P) and river outflow (R) is investigated. Given its link to the Meridional Overturning Circulation, the focus is on the Tropical/ Subtropical Atlantic, which encompasses the dynamically different E-dominated Subtropics and P-dominated Tropics. The global and Atlantic SSS variability on different time scales and controlling processes are reviewed, including a description of how SSS is remotely sensed by satellites. The research initially examines the Tropical Atlantic SSS variability using the first year (2010) of SMOS data. This reveals that the variability in 2010 is dominated by eastern/western basin SSS regions ("poles") close to the major Amazon/Orinoco and Congo/Niger rivers. The poles show seasonal ranges up to 6.5 pss and out-of-phase by 6 months seasonal cycles that largely compensate each other, playing a key role in the Tropical Atlantic salinity budget. The growing SMOS record also reveals new aspects of the interannual variability of the SSS seasonal cycle during 2010-2012 and its phase-relationship with E, P, and R. It also shows that the E/W poles' seasonal compensation holds at multi-annual time scales. Next, a novel analysis of the spatio-temporal characteristic scales of SSS from SMOS over the Tropical/Subtropical Atlantic basin is presented. By examining how quickly consistent SSS changes evolve, regions with time persistent and, likewise, spatially homogeneous SSS variations, on sub-annual to interannual time scales, are identified. The spatial scales of SSS in the region are anisotropic, and persist for up to 3-4 months over most of the basin. Determination of SSS time and space scales of variability also provides insights into the controlling mechanisms of SSS. Finally, focusing on the freshwater forcing term of the salt budget equation, E-P is estimated from satellite SSS variations to explore whether and where SMOS can capture the main characteristics of E-P distribution in the region.
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Books on the topic "Surface salinity"

1

Dowgiallo, Michael J. Chesapeake Bay surface salinities, 1951-88. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, 1989.

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Liebermann, Timothy D. User's manual for estimation of dissolved-solids concentrations and loads in surface water. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987.

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Lieberman, Timothy D. User's manual for estimation of dissolved-solids concentrations and loads in surface water. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987.

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Fernandez, Mario. Surface-water hydrology and salinity of the Anclote River estuary, Florida. Tallahassee, Fla: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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Fernandez, Mario. Surface-water hydrology and salinity of the Anclote River estuary, Florida. Tallahassee, Fla: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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Fernandez, Mario. Surface-water hydrology and salinity of the Anclote River estuary, Florida. Tallahassee, Fla: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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Fernandez, Mario. Surface-water hydrology and salinity of the Anclote River estuary, Florida. Tallahassee, Fla: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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Fernandez, Mario. Surface-water hydrology and salinity of the Anclote River estuary, Florida. Tallahassee, Fla: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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Böhnecke, Günther. Temperature, salinity and density of the surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean. New Delhi: Published for the Division of Ocean Sciences, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., by Amerind Pub. Co., 1991.

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Wang, John D. Application of FTLOADDS to simulate flow, salinity, and surface-water stage in the southern Everglades, Florida. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Surface salinity"

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Lagerloef, Gary. "Sea Surface Salinity." In Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing, 747–54. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36699-9_165.

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Marghany, Maged, Mazlan Hashim, and Arthur P. Cracknell. "Modelling Sea Surface Salinity from MODIS Satellite Data." In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2010, 545–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12156-2_41.

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Supply, Alexandre, Jacqueline Boutin, Gilles Reverdin, Jean-Luc Vergely, and Hugo Bellenger. "Variability of Satellite Sea Surface Salinity Under Rainfall." In Advances in Global Change Research, 1155–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35798-6_34.

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Hadji, Fatiha, Imen Guasmi, and Larbi Djabri. "Suitability of Surface Water from Mouillah Wadi of Algeria for Irrigation Purposes." In Developments in Soil Salinity Assessment and Reclamation, 723–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5684-7_47.

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Edenhofer, J., J. Haucke, and G. H. Schmitz. "Comprehensive analytical modeling of transient phreatic surface in arid regions." In Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants, 511–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1858-3_54.

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Walesby, K. T., and B. Ward. "The Impact of Near-Surface Salinity Structure on SMOS Retrievals." In Springer Earth System Sciences, 75–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16952-1_5.

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Paterne, Martine, Jean-Claude Duplessy, Laurent Labeyrie, and Maurice Arnold. "North Atlantic Sea Surface Salinity, Ice Melting and Abrupt Climatic Changes." In Ice in the Climate System, 623–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85016-5_35.

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Dedah, Sidina ould. "Wind, surface water temperature, surface salinity and pollution in the area of the Banc d’Arguin, Mauritania." In Ecological Studies in the Coastal Waters of Mauritania, 9–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1986-3_2.

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Rahi, Khayyun Amtair, and Todd Halihan. "Surface Water Salinity of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Shatt al-Arab Rivers." In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth, 309–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57570-0_13.

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Font, J., A. Camps, and J. Ballabrera-Poy. "Microwave Aperture Synthesis Radiometry: Paving the Path for Sea Surface Salinity Measurement from Space." In Remote Sensing of the European Seas, 223–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6772-3_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Surface salinity"

1

Stocker, Erich F., and Chester Koblinsky. "Sea-surface salinity: the missing measurement." In International Symposium on Remote Sensing, edited by Hiroyuki Fujisada, Joan B. Lurie, Michelle L. Aten, and Konradin Weber. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.463041.

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Jian, Chen, Zhang Ren, Wang Luhua, and Wang Gongjie. "Performance evaluation of SMOS sea surface salinity observations in retrieving salinity profiles." In The International Conference on Remote Sensing,Environment and Transportation Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/rsete.2013.164.

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Fore, A., S. Yueh, W. Tang, and A. Hayashi. "The JPL Smap Sea Surface Salinity Algorithm." In IGARSS 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2019.8898359.

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Hördt, A., and M. Bücker. "The Salinity Dependence of Spectral Induced Polarization Studied with an Extended Model of Membrane Polarization." In Near Surface Geoscience 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20131413.

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Jie Zhu, Xiangkun Zhang, Hao Liu, and Yongjun Cai. "Surface scattering and emission models for ocean surface salinity remote sensing." In IGARSS 2014 - 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2014.6947474.

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Li, Hongping, Xiao Han, Changjun Li, and Hong Zhao. "A new SMOS sea surface salinity retrieval method." In 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2017.8127769.

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Martinez, Justino, Carolina Gabarro, Estrella Olmedo, Veronica Gonzalez-Gambau, Cristina Gonzalez-Haro, Antonio Turiel, Roberto Sabia, Wenquing Tang, and Simon Yueh. "Arctic Sea Surface Salinity Retrieval from Smos Measures." In IGARSS 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2019.8898773.

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Zine, S., J. Boutin, J. Font, C. Gabarro, M. Talone, N. Reul, J. Tenerelli, P. Waldteufel, F. Petitcolin, and J. L. Vergely. "SMOS sea surface salinity prototype processor: Algorithm validation." In 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2007.4423714.

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Dinnat, Emmanuel P., Paolo de Matthaeis, and David M. Le Vine. "Sun glint and sea surface salinity remote sensing." In 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2007.4423052.

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Ebuchi, Naoto, and Hiroto Abe. "Evaluation of sea surface salinity observed by Aquarius." In IGARSS 2012 - 2012 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2012.6352300.

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Reports on the topic "Surface salinity"

1

Plueddemann, Albert, Benjamin Pietro, and Emerson Hasbrouck. The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS): NTAS-19 Mooring Turnaround Cruise Report Cruise On Board RV Ronald H. Brown October 14 - November 1, 2020. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/27012.

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The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air–sea interaction on interannual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15°N, 51°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations will be used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the NTAS-18 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-19 mooring at the same site. Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 160 m of the mooring line were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, salinity and velocity. Deep ocean temperature and salinity are measured at approximately 38 m above the bottom. The mooring turnaround was done on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Ship Ronald H. Brown, Cruise RB-20-06, by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The cruise took place between 14 October and 1 November 2020. The NTAS-19 mooring was deployed on 22 October, with an anchor position of about 14° 49.48° N, 51° 00.96° W in 4985 m of water. A 31-hour intercomparison period followed, during which satellite telemetry data from the NTAS-19 buoy and the ship’s meteorological sensors were monitored. The NTAS-18 buoy, which had gone adrift on 28 April 2020, was recovered on 20 October near 13° 41.96° N, 58° 38.67° W. This report describes these operations, as well as other work done on the cruise and some of the pre-cruise buoy preparations.
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Bigorre, Sebastien P., Benjamin Pietro, Alejandra Gubler, Francesca Search, Emerson Hasbrouck, Sergio Pezoa, and Robert A. Weller. Stratus 17 Seventeenth Setting of the Stratus Ocean Reference Station Cruise on Board RV Cabo de Hornos April 3 - 16, 2018 Valparaiso - Valparaiso, Chile. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/27245.

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The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide ongoing climate-quality records of surface meteorology, air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum, and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with past cruises that have come between October and May. This cruise was conducted on the Chilean research vessel Cabo de Hornos. During the 2018 cruise on the Cabo de Hornos to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities were the recovery of the previous (Stratus 16) WHOI surface mooring, deployment of the new Stratus 17 WHOI surface mooring, in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation installed on the ship, CTD casts near the moorings. The Stratus 17 had parted from its anchor site on January 4 2018, so its recovery was done in two separate operations: first the drifting buoy with mooring line under it, then the bottom part still attached to the anchor. Surface drifters and ARGO floats were also launched along the track.
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Beck, Aaron. RiverOceanPlastic: Land-ocean transfer of plastic debris in the North Atlantic, Cruise No. AL534/2, 05 March – 26 March 2020, Malaga (Spain) – Kiel (Germany). GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al534-2.

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Cruise AL534/2 is part of a multi-disciplinary research initiative as part of the JPI Oceans project HOTMIC and sought to investigate the origin, transport and fate of plastic debris from estuaries to the oceanic garbage patches. The main focus of the cruise was on the horizontal transfer of plastic debris from major European rivers into shelf regions and on the processes that mediate this transport. Stations were originally chosen to target the outflows of major European rivers along the western Europe coast between Malaga (Spain) and Kiel (Germany), although some modifications were made in response to inclement weather. In total, 16 stations were sampled along the cruise track. The sampling scheme was similar for most stations, and included: 1) a CTD cast to collect water column salinity and temperature profiles, and discrete samples between surface and seafloor, 2) sediment sampling with Van Veen grab and mini-multi corer (mini-MUC), 3) suspended particle and plankton sampling using a towed Bongo net and vertical WP3 net, and 4) surface neusten sampling using a catamaran trawl. At a subset of stations with deep water, suspended particles were collected using in situ pumps deployed on a cable. During transit between stations, surface water samples were collected from the ship’s underway seawater supply, and during calm weather, floating litter was counted by visual survey teams. The samples and data collected on cruise AL534/2 will be used to determine the: (1) abundance of plastic debris in surface waters, as well as the composition of polymer types, originating in major European estuaries and transported through coastal waters, (2) abundance and composition of microplastics (MP) in the water column at different depths from the sea surface to the seafloor including the sediment, (3) abundance and composition of plastic debris in pelagic and benthic organisms (invertebrates), (4) abundance and identity of biofoulers (bacteria, protozoans and metazoans) on the surface of plastic debris from different water depths, (5) identification of chemical compounds (“additives”) in the plastic debris and in water samples.
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4

Surface-water hydrology and salinity of the Anclote River estuary, Florida. US Geological Survey, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri894046.

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5

Salinity in surface water in the Red River of the North basin, northeastern North Dakota. US Geological Survey, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri954082.

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