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Books on the topic 'Surface normale'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 February 2024

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1

Némethi, András. Normal Surface Singularities. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06753-2.

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2

Angel, Abbud-Madrid, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Ignition and combustion characteristics of pure bulk metals: Normal-gravity test results : 32nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, January 10-13, 1994/Reno, NV. Washington, D.C: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1994.

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3

Pahlawan, Rafid. Surface following and detection of the normal to a surface-application to ultrasonic-based pork carcass grading. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1996.

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4

Fröhlich, Steffen. Coulomb Frames in the Normal Bundle of Surfaces in Euclidean Spaces. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29846-2.

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5

Fröhlich, Steffen. Coulomb Frames in the Normal Bundle of Surfaces in Euclidean Spaces: Topics from Differential Geometry and Geometric Analysis of Surfaces. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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6

Branch, M. C. Ignition and combustion of bulk metals at normal, elevated, and reduced gravity: Annual technical report, NASA grant no. NAG-3-1685. Boulder, CO: Center for Combustion Research, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1995.

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7

1944-, Le Potier Joseph, Verdier Jean Louis, and Ecole normale supérieure (France), eds. Module des fibrés stables sur les courbes algébriques: Notes de l'Ecole normale supérieure, printemps, 1983. Boston: Birkhäuser, 1985.

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8

Volovik, Mihail, I. Dolgov, and Natal'ya Muravina. THERMOGRAPHY SCREENING DISORDERS AND INJURIES OF PERIPHERAL NERVES Thermography Atlas. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/textbook_61b1a3def1e114.93523951.

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Medical thermography is a non-invasive non-contact diagnostic method that allows to measure thermal radiation and visualize its distribution on the human body surface. The proposed atlas of thermograms is dedicated to the thermography diagnostic of disorders and injuries of peripheral nerves. Diagnostic criteria itself are based on the changes of normal temperature distribution in the area which is innervated by the disfunction nerve. All cases of pathology confirmed by reference methods and clinical data. The edition can be useful for neurologists, neurosurgeons, rehabilitation specialists, physiotherapists who treat the patients with the peripheral nerve pathology
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9

Tooze, Jennifer Anne. Cell surface and molecular expression of immunoregulatory determinants on B-Cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells and their putative normal lineage counterparts. Uxbridge: Brunel University, 1993.

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10

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Interim report entitled Computational and theoretical analysis of free surface flow in a thin liquid film under zero and normal gravity. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.

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11

Watson, Paul John. The function of the paraspinal muscles in chronic low back pain patients: A comparison of surface electromyography in normal, healthy control group and an evaluation of the effects of a pain management programme. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1995.

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12

Némethi, András. Normal Surface Singularities. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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13

Palmer, Evan M., and Philip J. Kellman. The Aperture Capture Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0102.

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Perception of object shape is typically accurate and robust, even when objects move behind occluding surfaces, thus fragmenting their visible regions across space and over time. However, when an object is seen moving behind an occluding surface with only two misaligned apertures, a striking perceptual illusion occurs. The object appears distorted in the same direction as the offset of the apertures. This “aperture capture illusion” reveals the limits of spatiotemporal object formation and gives clues as to how the human visual system perceives dynamically occluded objects under normal circumstances. These concepts as well as related factors are explored in this chapter.
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14

Curry, Nicola, and Raza Alikhan. Normal platelet function. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0281.

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The platelet is a small (2–4 µm in diameter), discoid, anucleate cell that circulates in the blood. In health, it plays a vital role in haemostasis, and in disease it contributes to disorders of bleeding and thrombosis. Platelets are produced from the surface of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, under tight homeostatic control regulated by the cytokine thrombopoietin. Platelets have a lifespan of approximately 7–10 days, and usually circulate in the blood stream in a quiescent state. Intact, undamaged vessel walls help to maintain platelets in this inactive state by releasing nitric oxide, which acts both to dilate the vessel wall and to inhibit platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. After trauma to the blood vessel wall, platelets are activated and, acting in concert with the endothelium and coagulation factors, form a stable clot. This chapter addresses platelet structure and function, and the response of platelets to vessel injury.
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15

Gignac, William, and Matteo Ruggiero. Local Dynamics of Non-Invertible Maps near Normal Surface Singularities. American Mathematical Society, 2021.

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16

Electron liquid theory of normal metals. Commack [N.Y.]: Nova Science Publishers, 1988.

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17

Girgrah, Nigel. Characterization of surface antigen CD44 on astrocytes in normal and diseased brain. 1993.

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18

Raleigh, Thomas. On Silhouettes, Surfaces, and Sorensen. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198722304.003.0010.

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Sorensen (2008) argued that when we see a silhouetted object, the part of the object that we see is its back surface. I argue against this claim and in favour of the thesis that the part of a silhouetted object that we see is its edge/edges. I provide a general ‘Parts Perception Principle’ (PPP) for determining which part/parts of a seen object are seen and show that it both provides the intuitively correct answers in cases of normal seeing and also that it favours the edge theory over the back-side-theory in cases of seeing silhouetted objects. I also briefly compare and contrast cases in which a subject can see part of a camouflaged object.
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19

Coulomb Frames In The Normal Bundle Of Surfaces In Euclidean Spaces Topics From Differential Geometry And Geometric Analysis Of Surfaces. Springer, 2012.

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20

Rubinstein, Hyam J. Normal Surfaces and Decision Problems in 3- Manifolds (Cbms Regional Conference Series in Mathematic). Amer Mathematical Society, 2008.

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21

Module des fibrés stables sur les courbes algébriques: Notes de l'Ecole normale supérieure, printemps. Boston: Birkhäuser, 1985.

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22

Mann, Peter. Near-Equilibrium Oscillations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0012.

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In this chapter, the theory of near-equilibrium oscillations is developed and normal mode analysis is performed. This topic requires a little bit of linear algebra when dealing with matrices, as well as an understanding of differential equations. The chapter explores small perturbations (small nudges or tiny shifts) to a stable equilibrium point in configuration space and introduces the characteristic equation. Interdisciplinary examples are then investigated, including a surface science example in which the bond frequencies of surface adsorbates are calculated, an example in which the motion of atoms in a triatomic molecule is examined and an example in which the molecular physics of atomic force microscopy is analysed. The properties of the eigenvalue problem for small oscillations are also investigated.
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23

Riley, Nicholas D., and A. Hashemi–Nejad. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: surgical management. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.013024.

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♦ Approximately 10% of juvenile idiopathic arthritis cases will require a surgical procedure♦ Non-operative management aims to prevent deformity, promote normal growth, and maintain function♦ Perioperative problems must be anticipated and managed appropriately♦ Deformity may be treated by soft tissue release and/or osteotomy♦ Synovectomy may be useful if the articular surface is well-preserved♦ Arthrodesis is rarely indicated except in the wrist/hand♦ Arthroplasty is successful in restoring function.
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24

Verdier, Jean-Louis, and Joseph Le Potier. Module Des Fibr'Es Stables Sur Les Courbes Alg'Ebriques: Notes De L'Ecole Normale Superieure, Printemps (Progress in Mathematics, Vol 54). Birkhauser, 1985.

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25

Ferrari, Patrik L., and Herbert Spohn. Random matrices and Laplacian growth. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.39.

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This article reviews the theory of random matrices with eigenvalues distributed in the complex plane and more general ‘beta ensembles’ (logarithmic gases in 2D). It first considers two ensembles of random matrices with complex eigenvalues: ensemble C of general complex matrices and ensemble N of normal matrices. In particular, it describes the Dyson gas picture for ensembles of matrices with general complex eigenvalues distributed on the plane. It then presents some general exact relations for correlation functions valid for any values of N and β before analysing the distribution and correlations of the eigenvalues in the large N limit. Using the technique of boundary value problems in two dimensions and elements of the potential theory, the article demonstrates that the finite-time blow-up (a cusp–like singularity) of the Laplacian growth with zero surface tension is a critical point of the normal and complex matrix models.
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26

Escudier, Marcel. Oblique shockwaves and expansion fans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719878.003.0012.

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External supersonic gas flow in which changes in the fluid and flow properties are brought about by direction change is analysed in this chapter. In addition, it is shown that flow over a corner between two flat surfaces resulted in an oblique shockwave if the angle between the two surfaces is less than 180° (a concave corner). The analysis of flow through an oblique shockwave is based upon the superposition of the flowfield for a normal shock onto a uniform flow parallel to the shock. It is also shown that both weak and strong oblique shocks can occur. For an angle in excess of 180° (a convex corner), the flow is turned through an isentropic Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan. Analysis of a Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan starts from consideration of an infinitesimal flow deflection through a Mach wave.
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27

Escudier, Marcel. Compressible fluid flow. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719878.003.0011.

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Compressible-gas flow through convergent and convergent-divergent nozzles is analysed in this chapter based upon the conservation laws for mass, momentum, and energy, together with considerations of thermodynamics. It is shown that in both cases the key parameter in describing the flow is the Mach number, which is used to distinguish between subsonic and supersonic flow. So that significant results can be achieved, the flowing fluid is treated as a perfect gas, and the flow as one dimensional. Flow through a convergent nozzle and the choking limitation is discussed. Flow through a normal shockwave, which is an important feature of supersonic flow, is also analysed. No account is taken of surface friction or heat transfer, and the flow upstream and downstream of a shockwave is treated as isentropic. In addition, the conditions are discussed under which a shockwave arises in compressible flow through a convergent-divergent nozzle.
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28

Krishnamurti, T. N., H. S. Bedi, and V. M. Hardiker. An Introduction to Global Spectral Modeling. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094732.001.0001.

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This book is an indispensable guide to the methods used by nearly all major weather forecast centers in the United States, England, Japan, India, France, and Australia. Designed for senior-level undergraduates and first-year graduate students, the book provides an introduction to global spectral modeling. It begins with an introduction to elementary finite-difference methods and moves on towards the gradual description of sophisticated dynamical and physical models in spherical coordinates. Topics include computational aspects of the spectral transform method, the planetary boundary layer physics, the physics of precipitation processes in large-scale models, the radiative transfer including effects of diagnostic clouds and diurnal cycle, the surface energy balance over land and ocean, and the treatment of mountains. The discussion of model initialization includes the treatment of normal modes and physical processes, and the concluding chapter covers the spectral energetics as a diagnostic tool for model evaluation.
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29

Beeson, Pélagie M., and Kindle Rising. Acquired Dysgraphias: Mechanisms of Writing. Edited by Anastasia M. Raymer and Leslie J. Gonzalez Rothi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199772391.013.13.

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Acquired dysgraphia refers to disorders of spelling or writing due to neurological damage in individuals with normal premorbid literacy skills. Dysgraphia can result from the disruption of central cognitive processes that also support spoken language and reading, so that spelling impairments frequently co-occur with aphasia and acquired alexia. The ability to produce written words can also be affected by damage to peripheral processes necessary to plan and execute the appropriate hand movements for letter generation or typing. In this chapter, we review the cognitive processes that support spelling and writing, and the characteristic dysgraphia syndromes that reflect differential impairment to specific central and peripheral components. We also review assessment procedures for writing and spelling that are structured to clarify the status of component processes and to guide rehabilitation planning. Treatment procedures and sequences are described with a focus on lexical-semantic, phonological, and interactive treatments. The nature and treatment of dysgraphia are illustrated by case examples of global dysgraphia, phonological dysgraphia, and surface dysgraphia.
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30

Henriksen, Niels Engholm, and Flemming Yssing Hansen. Bimolecular Reactions, Transition-State Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses an approximate approach—transition-state theory—to the calculation of rate constants for bimolecular reactions. A reaction coordinate is identified from a normal-mode coordinate analysis of the activated complex, that is, the supermolecule on the saddle-point of the potential energy surface. Motion along this coordinate is treated by classical mechanics and recrossings of the saddle point from the product to the reactant side are neglected, leading to the result of conventional transition-state theory expressed in terms of relevant partition functions. Various alternative derivations are presented. Corrections that incorporate quantum mechanical tunnelling along the reaction coordinate are described. Tunnelling through an Eckart barrier is discussed and the approximate Wigner tunnelling correction factor is derived in the limit of a small degree of tunnelling. It concludes with applications of transition-state theory to, for example, the F + H2 reaction, and comparisons with results based on quasi-classical mechanics as well as exact quantum mechanics.
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31

Burda, Zdzislaw, and Jerzy Jurkiewicz. Phase transitions. Edited by Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik, and Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.14.

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This article considers phase transitions in matrix models that are invariant under a symmetry group as well as those that occur in some matrix ensembles with preferred basis, like the Anderson transition. It first reviews the results for the simplest model with a nontrivial set of phases, the one-matrix Hermitian model with polynomial potential. It then presents a view of the several solutions of the saddle point equation. It also describes circular models and their Cayley transform to Hermitian models, along with fixed trace models. A brief overview of models with normal, chiral, Wishart, and rectangular matrices is provided. The article concludes with a discussion of the curious single-ring theorem, the successful use of multi-matrix models in describing phase transitions of classical statistical models on fluctuating two-dimensional surfaces, and the delocalization transition for the Anderson, Hatano-Nelson, and Euclidean random matrix models.
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32

Rigo, Fausto, Covadonga Fernández-Golfín, and Bruno Pinamonti. Dilated cardiomyopathy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0043.

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Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by a globally dilated and dysfunctioning left ventricle (LV). Therefore, echocardiographic diagnostic criteria for DCM are a LV end-diastolic diameter greater than 117% predicted value corrected for age and body surface area and a LV ejection fraction less than 45% (and/or fractional shortening less than 25%). Usually, the LV is also characterized by a normal or mildly increased wall thickness with eccentric hypertrophy and increased mass, a spherical geometry (the so-called LV remodelling), a dyssynchronous contraction (typically with left bundle branch block), and diastolic dysfunction with elevated LV filling pressure. Other typical echocardiographic features of DCM include functional mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, right ventricular dysfunction, atrial dilatation, and secondary pulmonary hypertension. Several echocardiographic parameters, measured both at baseline and at follow-up, are valuable for prognostic stratification of DCM patients. Furthermore, re-evaluation of echocardiographic parameters during the disease course under optimal medical therapy is valuable for tailoring medical treatment and confirming indications for invasive treatments at follow-up. The stress echo can play a pivotal role in the different phases of DCM helping us in stratifying the prognosis of these patients. Finally, familial screening is an important tool for early diagnosis of DCM in asymptomatic patients.
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33

Joyce, Rosemary A. Breaking Bodies and Biographies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190614812.003.0002.

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Figurines made in Honduras between 900 and 400 BCE established connections among persons through fragmentation, partibility, and enchainment. These figurines were made in two distinct sizes, both miniaturized. Their miniaturization requires concentrated attention to worked surfaces that reveal, on close examination, fine detail, requiring handling and rotation. Larger figurines are rarely recovered intact, often forming assemblages of heads or bodies that imply the dispersal of a partible body. Smaller figurines pierced for suspension as pendants normally are completely intact. They differ in their range of subjects, including both animals and the human subjects typical of the larger figurines. The small figurine pendants were likely to have been objects worn as part of costume. They thus can also be seen as fragmented, separated from the human bodies of which they once formed prosthetic extensions. Together, the larger and smaller figurines create social relations through their miniaturization, focusing attention, and partibility, creating connections.
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34

Svrakic, Dragan M., and Mirjana Divac Jovanovic. The Fragmented Personality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190884574.001.0001.

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This book pioneers a new model of personality disorder primarily intended to serve mental health professionals, those already in practice and equally those in training. In contrast to the static concepts of mental normalcy and pathology, the presented nosology is dynamic (accounts for the reversibility of mental functioning) and personalized, context- and time sensitive. In a 3D diagnostic cylinder, the coordinates cross match the person’s common level of mental functioning (vertical diagnosis) with his or her behavior style (horizontal diagnosis) at a point in space and a unit of time, giving the clinician precise milestones to monitor changes in diagnosis and progress in therapy. The central problem with persons suffering from personality disorder does not rest in their extreme behaviors but rather underneath the surface, in the fragmented substrate of personality (a core deficit sine qua non shared by all individual variants), while extreme behaviors merely represent variable compensatory strategies. Based on this model, mechanism-based treatments are outlined: reconstructive interpersonal psychotherapy (a novel, integrative, transtheoretical approach which relies on psychoanalytic and humanist traditions) and mechanism-based pharmacotherapy of neurobiological vulnerabilities associated with excessive temperament traits.
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35

McDougall, Jason J., and Joel A. Vilensky. The innervation of the joint and its role in osteoarthritis pain. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0007.

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Diarthrodial joints possess an extensive network of sensory and sympathetic nerve fibres whose physiological functions are varied and complex. Nerves are primarily located in the synovium but also innervate the subchondral bone, the outer third of menisci, and the superficial surface of tendons and ligaments. Large-diameter, myelinated neurons are involved in joint position sense while small-diameter neurons with thin or no myelin typically sense pain. The small-diameter nerves in conjunction with sympathetic fibres control synovial blood flow and maintain joint homeostasis. In patients with osteoarthritis (OA), the sensory nerves become sensitized and increase their firing rate in response to normal movement. This peripheral sensitization is mediated by numerous algogenic agents released into the OA knee including neuropeptides, eicosanoids, and proteinases. A portion of joint afferents fire in the absence of mechanical stimuli and encode pain at rest. Interestingly, the firing rate of joint afferents does not correlate with OA severity, indicating that pain is a poor predictor of joint pathology. Evidence is accumulating to suggest that a subpopulation of OA patients who are unresponsive to classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be suffering from neuropathic pain in which there is damage to the joint nerves themselves. Better understanding of the biology of joint nerves could help in the development of patient-targeted therapies to alleviate OA pain and inflammation.
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36

Soghier, Lamia, Katherine Pham, and Sara Rooney, eds. Reference Range Values for Pediatric Care. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581108545.

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Here’s the one place to look for normal values and related need-to-know data! Now you no longer have to search through multiple resources for reference ranges and other critical values you need to optimize patient assessment and management. The new Reference Range Values for Pediatric Care brings all the most vital range data - plus diverse clinical evaluation and calculation tools - all together in one concise, compact handbook. Indispensable pediatric reference ranges - right at your fingertips Custom-designed for today’s busy practitioners, this quick-access resource provides commonly used ranges and values spanning birth through adolescence. Data needed for management of preterm newborns and other neonates is highlighted throughout. Look here for practice-focused help with: - Blood pressure ranges - Body surface area calculation - Bone age metrics - Hematology values - Cerebrospinal fluid values - Lymphocyte subset counts - Clinical chemistry ranges - Thyroid function - Umbilical vein and artery catheterization measurements - Caloric intake values - And more! Also includes assessment and management tools you’ll use again and again Save time and simplify clinical problem-solving with a full set of easy-to-use tools from the AAP and other authoritative sources: - APGAR and Ballard newborn screening - Growth charts - Metric conversion tables - Pain scales - Blood pressure nomograms - Hyperbilirubinemia nomograms - Enternal formulas - GIR calculators - AAP immunization schedules - AAP periodicity schedule Drug administration and monitoring guidelines The handbook includes must-know basics on commonly used antibiotics and antiseizure medications - complete with recommended dosages and serum target levels.
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37

Raghunathan, Karthik, and Andrew Shaw. Crystalloids in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0057.

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‘Crystalloid’ refers to solutions of crystalline substances that can pass through a semipermeable membrane and are distributed widely in body fluid compartments. The conventional Starling model predicts transvascular exchange based on the net balance of opposing hydrostatic and oncotic forces. Based on this model, colloids might be considered superior resuscitative fluids. However, observations of fluid behaviour during critical illness are not consistent with such predictions. Large randomized controlled studies have consistently found that colloids offer no survival advantage relative to crystalloids in critically-ill patients. A revised Starling model describes a central role for the endothelial glycocalyx in determining fluid disposition. This model supports crystalloid utilization in most critical care settings where the endothelial surface layer is disrupted and lower capillary pressures (hypovolaemia) make volume expansion with crystalloids effective, since transvascular filtration decreases, intravascular retention increases and clearance is significantly reduced. There are important negative consequences of both inadequate and excessive crystalloid resuscitation. Precise dosing may be titrated based on functional measures of preload responsiveness like pulse pressure variation or responses to manoeuvres such as passive leg raising. Crystalloids have variable electrolyte concentrations, volumes of distribution, and, consequently variable effects on plasma pH. Choosing balanced crystalloid solutions for resuscitation may be potentially advantageous versus ‘normal’ (isotonic, 0.9%) saline solutions. When used as the primary fluid for resuscitation, saline solutions may have adverse effects in critically-ill patients secondary to a reduction in the strong ion difference and hyperchloraemic, metabolic acidosis. Significant negative effects on immune and renal function may result as well.
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38

Henriksen, Niels E., and Flemming Y. Hansen. Theories of Molecular Reaction Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.001.0001.

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This book deals with a central topic at the interface of chemistry and physics—the understanding of how the transformation of matter takes place at the atomic level. Building on the laws of physics, the book focuses on the theoretical framework for predicting the outcome of chemical reactions. The style is highly systematic with attention to basic concepts and clarity of presentation. Molecular reaction dynamics is about the detailed atomic-level description of chemical reactions. Based on quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics or, as an approximation, classical mechanics, the dynamics of uni- and bimolecular elementary reactions are described. The first part of the book is on gas-phase dynamics and it features a detailed presentation of reaction cross-sections and their relation to a quasi-classical as well as a quantum mechanical description of the reaction dynamics on a potential energy surface. Direct approaches to the calculation of the rate constant that bypasses the detailed state-to-state reaction cross-sections are presented, including transition-state theory, which plays an important role in practice. The second part gives a comprehensive discussion of basic theories of reaction dynamics in condensed phases, including Kramers and Grote–Hynes theory for dynamical solvent effects. Examples and end-of-chapter problems are included in order to illustrate the theory and its connection to chemical problems. The book has ten appendices with useful details, for example, on adiabatic and non-adiabatic electron-nuclear dynamics, statistical mechanics including the Boltzmann distribution, quantum mechanics, stochastic dynamics and various coordinate transformations including normal-mode and Jacobi coordinates.
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39

Escudier, Marcel. Introduction to Engineering Fluid Mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719878.001.0001.

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Turbojet and turbofan engines, rocket motors, road vehicles, aircraft, pumps, compressors, and turbines are examples of machines which require a knowledge of fluid mechanics for their design. The aim of this undergraduate-level textbook is to introduce the physical concepts and conservation laws which underlie the subject of fluid mechanics and show how they can be applied to practical engineering problems. The first ten chapters are concerned with fluid properties, dimensional analysis, the pressure variation in a fluid at rest (hydrostatics) and the associated forces on submerged surfaces, the relationship between pressure and velocity in the absence of viscosity, and fluid flow through straight pipes and bends. The examples used to illustrate the application of this introductory material include the calculation of rocket-motor thrust, jet-engine thrust, the reaction force required to restrain a pipe bend or junction, and the power generated by a hydraulic turbine. Compressible-gas flow is then dealt with, including flow through nozzles, normal and oblique shock waves, centred expansion fans, pipe flow with friction or wall heating, and flow through axial-flow turbomachinery blading. The fundamental Navier-Stokes equations are then derived from first principles, and examples given of their application to pipe and channel flows and to boundary layers. The final chapter is concerned with turbulent flow. Throughout the book the importance of dimensions and dimensional analysis is stressed. A historical perspective is provided by an appendix which gives brief biographical information about those engineers and scientists whose names are associated with key developments in fluid mechanics.
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40

Jadoul, Michel, Laura Labriola, and Eric Goffin. Viral infections in patients on dialysis. Edited by Jonathan Himmelfarb. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0271.

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From the early days of hemodialysis, viral hepatitis has been recognized as common in dialyzed patients.The prevalence and incidence of HBV infection have decreased markedly over the last decades in HD units. Still, the infectivity of HBV is very high. Vaccinating HD patients, preferably prior to starting dialysis, together with the strict application of hygienic precautions and adequate screening of blood donors remains required, together with the segregation of infective (HBV+) patients in a separate dialysis ward. The level of aminotransferases is markedly lower in HD patients than in the general population: any level above the normal range should thus trigger the suspicion of acute hepatitis (viral or not). The treatment of HBV infection in HD patients is rarely required, unless they are scheduled for a kidney transplant.Screening for HCV infection usually relies on a modern ELISA test. The prevalence and incidence of HCV infection in HD patients has also decreased substantially but remains higher than in the general population. The risk of post-transfusional HCV is currently extremely low, at least in western countries. The actual application of basic hygienic precautions is crucial if nosocomial transmission of HCV is to be prevented. These include optimal hand hygiene practices (hydroalcoholic solution use before contact with patient and after gloves withdrawal), the systematic wearing of gloves, to be changed between patients/stations, an adequate separation of the clean and contaminated items and circuits within the HD unit, and regular cleaning/disinfection of potentially contaminated surfaces. The necessity and usefulness to isolate HCV positive patients in a separate dialysis ward has not been demonstrated and is not recommended by current KDIGO guidelines. The field of the treatment of HCV infection is changing rapidly with many orally active drugs, some of which can be used even in dialysis patients.
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41

Xue, Yongkang, Yaoming Ma, and Qian Li. Land–Climate Interaction Over the Tibetan Plateau. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.592.

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The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the largest and highest plateau on Earth. Due to its elevation, it receives much more downward shortwave radiation than other areas, which results in very strong diurnal and seasonal changes of the surface energy components and other meteorological variables, such as surface temperature and the convective atmospheric boundary layer. With such unique land process conditions on a distinct geomorphic unit, the TP has been identified as having the strongest land/atmosphere interactions in the mid-latitudes.Three major TP land/atmosphere interaction issues are presented in this article: (1) Scientists have long been aware of the role of the TP in atmospheric circulation. The view that the TP’s thermal and dynamic forcing drives the Asian monsoon has been prevalent in the literature for decades. In addition to the TP’s topographic effect, diagnostic and modeling studies have shown that the TP provides a huge, elevated heat source to the middle troposphere, and that the sensible heat pump plays a major role in the regional climate and in the formation of the Asian monsoon. Recent modeling studies, however, suggest that the south and west slopes of the Himalayas produce a strong monsoon by insulating warm and moist tropical air from the cold and dry extratropics, so the TP heat source cannot be considered as a factor for driving the Indian monsoon. The climate models’ shortcomings have been speculated to cause the discrepancies/controversies in the modeling results in this aspect. (2) The TP snow cover and Asian monsoon relationship is considered as another hot topic in TP land/atmosphere interaction studies and was proposed as early as 1884. Using ground measurements and remote sensing data available since the 1970s, a number of studies have confirmed the empirical relationship between TP snow cover and the Asian monsoon, albeit sometimes with different signs. Sensitivity studies using numerical modeling have also demonstrated the effects of snow on the monsoon but were normally tested with specified extreme snow cover conditions. There are also controversies regarding the possible mechanisms through which snow affects the monsoon. Currently, snow is no longer a factor in the statistic prediction model for the Indian monsoon prediction in the Indian Meteorological Department. These controversial issues indicate the necessity of having measurements that are more comprehensive over the TP to better understand the nature of the TP land/atmosphere interactions and evaluate the model-produced results. (3) The TP is one of the major areas in China greatly affected by land degradation due to both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. Preliminary modeling studies have been conducted to assess its possible impact on climate and regional hydrology. Assessments using global and regional models with more realistic TP land degradation data are imperative.Due to high elevation and harsh climate conditions, measurements over the TP used to be sparse. Fortunately, since the 1990s, state-of-the-art observational long-term station networks in the TP and neighboring regions have been established. Four large field experiments since 1996, among many observational activities, are presented in this article. These experiments should greatly help further research on TP land/atmosphere interactions.
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42

Kucharski, Fred, and Muhammad Adnan Abid. Interannual Variability of the Indian Monsoon and Its Link to ENSO. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.615.

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The interannual variability of Indian summer monsoon is probably one of the most intensively studied phenomena in the research area of climate variability. This is because even relatively small variations of about 10% to 20% from the mean rainfall may have dramatic consequences for regional agricultural production. Forecasting such variations months in advance could help agricultural planning substantially. Unfortunately, a perfect forecast of Indian monsoon variations, like any other regional climate variations, is impossible in a long-term prediction (that is, more than 2 weeks or so in advance). The reason is that part of the atmospheric variations influencing the monsoon have an inherent predictability limit of about 2 weeks. Therefore, such predictions will always be probabilistic, and only likelihoods of droughts, excessive rains, or normal conditions may be provided. However, even such probabilistic information may still be useful for agricultural planning. In research regarding interannual Indian monsoon rainfall variations, the main focus is therefore to identify the remaining predictable component and to estimate what fraction of the total variation this component accounts for. It turns out that slowly varying (with respect to atmospheric intrinsic variability) sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) provide the dominant part of the predictable component of Indian monsoon variability. Of the predictable part arising from SSTs, it is the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) that provides the main part. This is not to say that other forcings may be neglected. Other forcings that have been identified are, for example, SST patterns in the Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and parts of the Pacific Ocean different from the traditional ENSO region, and springtime snow depth in the Himalayas, as well as aerosols. These other forcings may interact constructively or destructively with the ENSO impact and thus enhance or reduce the ENSO-induced predictable signal. This may result in decade-long changes in the connection between ENSO and the Indian monsoon. The physical mechanism for the connection between ENSO and the Indian monsoon may be understood as large-scale adjustment of atmospheric heatings and circulations to the ENSO-induced SST variations. These adjustments modify the Walker circulation and connect the rising/sinking motion in the central-eastern Pacific during a warm/cold ENSO event with sinking/rising motion in the Indian region, leading to reduced/increased rainfall.
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43

T. Wave Phenomena. Courier Dover Publications, 2014.

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