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Journal articles on the topic 'Surface measure'

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Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Cook, Robert F. "Crack propagation thresholds: A measure of surface energy." Journal of Materials Research 1, no. 6 (December 1986): 852–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1986.0852.

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Crack propagation thresholds in brittle materials are explained by consideration of the work done by the applied loading and that needed to create new surfaces as a crack propagates. The threshold mechanical energy release rate is shown to be a measure of the equilibrium surface energy of the material, dependent on the chemical environment. For applied loadings greater than those needed to maintain equilibrium the surface energy term introduces nonlinearities into the crack propagation characteristics. Any surface force or lattice trapping behavior at the crack tip will not influence the observed threshold provided the crack tip remains invariant on crack extension. A simple indentation/strength technique is demonstrated that permits the surface energy in the equilibrium state to be estimated. The technique is applied to the propagation of cracks in sapphire and the surface energy in water estimated as 1.42 J m−2, suggesting that the surfaces in water are stabilized by interactions stronger than van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonding alone.

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2

Franses, Elias I., Osman A. Basaran, and Chien-Hsiang Chang. "Techniques to measure dynamic surface tension." Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science 1, no. 2 (April 1996): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0294(96)80018-5.

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3

Yu, Wu-yang. "Isotropic dual p-surface area measure." Journal of Shanghai University (English Edition) 14, no. 6 (December 2010): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11741-010-0674-1.

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4

Cho, Yong-Chan, and Young-Suk Song. "Application of Laser Distance Measurer to measure ground surface displacement in slopes." Journal of the Korean Geosynthetic Society 13, no. 1 (March 30, 2014): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12814/jkgss.2014.13.1.023.

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5

Seewig, Jörg, Matthias Eifler, Dorothee Hüser, and Rudolf Meeß. "RkRk material measure." tm - Technisches Messen 86, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 478–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2019-0091.

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AbstractThe standard ISO 13565-2 defines the Rk parameters for the functional characterisation of technical surfaces. So far, no particular material measures for the calibration of these parameters have been defined in the international standardization. For the application and the functional behaviour of technical surfaces the Rk parameters however have a critical significance, so there is a demand by the industry to calibrate these parameters as they are increasingly applied for the quality assessment of workpieces. In the present paper, a proposal for suitable material measures is presented. An algorithm is described, which transforms the data of a real measured profile in a way that the exact defined parameters of Rk, Rpk and Rvk are equated. The material measures geometry corresponds to its later application and the target parameters are almost freely selectable. The approach for transforming surface profile data with the aid of the Abbott curve is introduced generically, solves an inverse problem and considers the influences from the manufacturing and measuring process. The designed material measure is manufactured with the aid of ultra-precision turning. In matters of the aspired industrial application, comparison measurements are carried out in order to examine the practical abilities of the material measure and the repeatability of the approach is proven.

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6

Okada, Saburo, Masaaki Imade, and Hidekazu Miyauchi. "Development of Simultaneous Measurement of 3-D Shapes and Normal Vectors for Specular Objects." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 11, no. 2 (April 20, 1999): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1999.p0112.

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Our research institute developed and built an experimental optical measurement system for specular objects able to simultaneously measure 3-D shapes and normal vectors of surfaces to measure shapes of objects with mirror-finished surfaces and to restore original shapes accurately by inputting measured values in CG and CAD systems. A semiconductor laser spotlight is irradiated on the measured surface vertically or obliquely. Space coordinates of rays reflected on the surface are instantaneously measured at 2 different points in space using optical position sensors rotating at a constant speed. The 3-D coordinates and normal vectors of the reflection point are obtained geometrically. A performance evaluation using a metallic semisphere with a mirror-finished surface showed that the system simultaneously measured 3-D displacement and normal vectors of specular curved surfaces of any angles up to 20 degrees, with maximum error of several degrees in normal vectors and several millimeters in surface shape. The developed system may restore higher quality curved surfaces than conventionally because it reconstitutes curved surfaces using both measured 3-D shape data and normal vector data.

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7

Snizhko, Bohdan M. "Surface measures associated with a non-invariant measure in a finite-dimensional space." System research and information technologies, no. 4 (December 23, 2019): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/srit.2308-8893.2019.4.12.

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8

Hodgson, Graham, Martin Passmore, Andrew Garmory, and Adrian Gaylard. "An Objective Measure for Automotive Surface Contamination." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 11, no. 5 (April 3, 2018): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0727.

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9

BUZZI, JÉRÔME. "surface diffeomorphisms with no maximal entropy measure." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 34, no. 6 (July 5, 2013): 1770–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/etds.2013.25.

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10

Travaillot, Thomas, Søren Dohn, Anja Boisen, and Fabien Amiot. "Imaging interferometry to measure surface rotation field." Applied Optics 52, no. 18 (June 19, 2013): 4360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.52.004360.

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11

Nordström, Michael, and Niklas Järvstråt. "An appearance-based measure of surface defects." International Journal of Material Forming 2, no. 2 (February 3, 2009): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-009-0393-0.

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12

Kniat, Aleksander. "The Quick Measure of a Nurbs Surface Curvature for Accurate Triangular Meshing." Polish Maritime Research 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2014-0017.

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Abstract NURBS surfaces are the most widely used surfaces for three-dimensional models in CAD/ CAE programs. When a model for FEM calculation is prepared with a CAD program it is inevitable to mesh it finally. There are many algorithms for meshing planar regions. Some of them may be used for meshing surfaces but it is necessary to take the curvature of the surface under consideration to avoid poor quality mesh. The mesh must be denser in the curved regions of the surface. In this paper, instead of analysing a surface curvature, the method to assess how close is a mesh triangle to the surface to which its vertices belong, is presented. The distance between a mesh triangle and a parallel tangent plane through a point on a surface is the measure of the triangle quality. Finding the surface point whose projection is located inside the mesh triangle and which is the tangency point to the plane parallel to this triangle is an optimization problem. Mathematical description of the problem and the algorithm to find its solution are also presented in the paper.

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13

Bak, Jong-Guk, David McMichael, James Vance, and Stephen Wainger. "Fourier Transforms of Surface Area Measure on Convex Surfaces in R 3." American Journal of Mathematics 111, no. 4 (August 1989): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2374816.

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14

Naor, Assaf. "The surface measure and cone measure on the sphere of $\ell _p^n$." Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 359, no. 3 (September 11, 2006): 1045–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9947-06-03939-0.

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15

SENGUPTA, AMBAR N. "SEWING YANG–MILLS MEASURES FOR NON-TRIVIAL BUNDLES." Infinite Dimensional Analysis, Quantum Probability and Related Topics 06, supp01 (September 2003): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219025703001250.

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For a closed surface Σ obtained by pasting together two surfaces Σ1 and Σ2 along their boundary components, it is proven that the Yang–Mills measure for a bundle of specified topology over the closed surface Σ results from a "convolution" of the corresponding measures for the surfaces Σ1 and Σ2.

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16

Li, Yan, Wen Ju Zhao, and Zhen Hua Zhou. "A Map Complexity Measure Based on Contact Surface." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 1994–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.1994.

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This paper defined the full connect map and contact surface, and proposed a new map complexity measure, and compared with measurement methods based on Hamming distance and relative Hamming distance. We further research on the relationship between the complexity measure and the map connectivity. The complexity measures based on Hamming distance and contact surface are applicable to full connectivity map, and the new measurement can reflects the difficulty of the pathfinding algorithm more accurately, especially in a higher complexity.

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17

Li, De Xin, and Zhao Xu Hu. "Research on Laser Measuring Instrument for Tunnel Surface." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.585.

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A laser instrument is designed to measure tunnel surface, which use a laser distance measure component as measuring sensor. The surface of the tunnel shape and the outline of the object can be measured by the instrument which can rotate around two axes mutually perpendicular. The measure data is processed and the graphic of the surface shape is generated. The hardware structure and composition of the instrument are analyzed, the hardware circuit is designed and components are chosen. Hardware control software and data process procedure are designed. The actual surface can be measured to draw out the 3D graphics. The advantages of this instrument are verified that has stable performance, quick measuring and convenient to use in practices.

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18

Yu, De Ping, Yoke San Wong, and Geok Soon Hong. "Automatic Surface Characterization for Micro-Structured Surfaces Fabricated by Fast Tool Servo Diamond Turning." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.534.

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Fast tool servo diamond turning is a promising machining method for precision and complex micro-structured surfaces with spatial wavelength above tens of microns. It is crucial to measure and characterize the micro-structured surfaces to sub-micrometer form accuracy. The general purpose measurement instruments are not able to evaluate the true form accuracy between the measured surface and designed surface. Therefore, in this paper an automatic surface characterization method is proposed to evaluate the form accuracy for micro-structured surfaces. The fabricated surfaces can be measured by any high-resolution measurement instruments. After the surface measurement, an iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm is modified to align the measured surfaces to the designed surfaces with the form error evenly distributed over the whole surface. After alignment, the designed surface height corresponding to each measured point is calculated to form the areal error map. 3D surface parameters are chosen and calculated from the error map to characterize the surface form error. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed surface characterization method.

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19

HOLLOWAY, S., and G. R. DARLING. "CAN WE "MEASURE" A POTENTIAL ENERGY SURFACE FOR A GAS-SURFACE SYSTEM?" Surface Review and Letters 01, no. 01 (June 1994): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x9400014x.

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One of the prime motivations for performing experimental studies of dynamical processes at the gas-solid interface is to increase our understanding of the microscopic forces that govern the molecular motion. In this review we examine the links between scattering and adsorption probabilities and potential energy surfaces that have been obtained from all electron total energy calculations. To make the link it is necessary to perform large scale molecular simulations. Examples are presented for two different sorts of processes giving rise to dissociative adsorption: one in which a molecular state occurs and the other being direct dissociation. We comment on the state-of-the-art potential energy calculations and show that there are still some problems in calculating the absolute energetics of dissociation but that it may be possible to calculate reliable reaction paths and topologies.

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20

Ziemer, William. "The nonhomogeneous minimal surface equation involving a measure." Pacific Journal of Mathematics 167, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/pjm.1995.167.183.

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21

Dunkl, Charles F., and Donald E. Ramirez. "Computing hyperelliptic integrals for surface measure of ellipsoids." ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software 20, no. 4 (December 1994): 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/198429.198430.

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22

Khuri, A. I. "A Measure of Rotatability for Response-Surface Designs." Technometrics 30, no. 1 (February 1988): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1988.10488327.

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23

Peet, F. G., and T. S. Sahota. "Surface Curvature as a Measure of Image Texture." IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence PAMI-7, no. 6 (November 1985): 734–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpami.1985.4767733.

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24

Hansen, Charles M. "New simple method to measure polymer surface tension." Pigment & Resin Technology 27, no. 6 (December 1998): 374–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03699429810246962.

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25

APPLEGATE, RAYMOND A., RAUL NUNEZ, HOWARD C. HOWLAND, JAN BUETTNER, and HOWARD C. HOWLAND. "How Accurately Can Videokeratographic Systems Measure Surface Elevation?" Optometry and Vision Science 72, no. 11 (November 1995): 785–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199511000-00003.

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26

Tsai, Du-Ming, Ming-Chun Chen, Wei-Chen Li, and Wei-Yao Chiu. "A fast regularity measure for surface defect detection." Machine Vision and Applications 23, no. 5 (January 4, 2012): 869–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00138-011-0403-3.

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27

Guangxue, Gao, Wang Huayu, and Liu Ming. "Using Haralick method to measure wood surface roughness." Journal of Northeast Forestry University 6, no. 1 (March 1995): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02843220.

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28

June Ho Yi and D. M. Chelberg. "An invariant performance measure for surface reconstruction using the volume between two surfaces." IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans 28, no. 5 (1998): 601–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3468.709605.

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29

Fisco, Nicholas, and Halil Sezen. "COMPARISON OF SURFACE MACROTEXTURE MEASUREMENT METHODS." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 19, Supplement_1 (January 9, 2014): S153—S160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.802732.

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Recent advances in technology allowed for the use of laser-based systems that can directly measure macrotexture properties of various surfaces. Volumetric or sand patch method has historically been used as the main technique for measuring macrotexture. Different available methods do not all measure the same surface properties and often generate different measurements. Thus, it is crucial to determine the most suitable method for measuring surface macrotexture. This paper investigates mean profile depth measurements from three laser based macrotexture measuring devices, including a laser profiler, a laser texture scanner and a circular texture meter. The results are compared with mean texture depth obtained from volumetric sand patch tests. Experiments were conducted to measure macrotexture of 26 laboratory specimens, which included asphalt and Portland cement concrete samples of various type and finish, as well as other common manufactured textured samples. Based on the evaluation of experimental data collected in this study, relationships are recommended to predict standard macrotexture using the mean profile depth data measured by a laser equipment or scanner.

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30

D’Asaro, Eric. "Surface Wave Measurements from Subsurface Floats." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 4 (April 2015): 816–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00180.1.

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AbstractPressure gradient measurements on a subsurface Lagrangian float are used to measure the spectrum of surface waves for 100 days of measurements at Ocean Weather Station Papa. Along Lagrangian trajectories of surface waves, the pressure is constant and the vertical pressure gradient fluctuations equal the Eulerian fluctuations at the mean float depth to second order in wave height. Measurement of the pressure difference between the top and the bottom of the float can thus be used to measure the waves. Corrections for the wave decay with depth, for the vertical motion of the float, for the finite sampling interval, and for the sampling noise (among others) are necessary to obtain accurate results. With these corrections, scalar spectra accurately match those from a nearby Waverider buoy for significant wave heights greater than about 3 m. For smaller wave heights, noise in the pressure measurements biases the float spectral measurements. Significant wave height is measured with an rms error of 0.37 m over the measured range of 1–9 m. This demonstrates that Lagrangian floats accurately follow the Lagrangian trajectories of surface waves. More detailed and quieter measurements of float motion could likely measure directional wave spectra from below the surface. Similar methods could be used to infer surface wave properties from other subsurface vehicles.

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31

Wang, Feng-Kun, Hong-Ya Yue, Xiao-Wei Fan, and Zhi-Gang Liu. "Surface tension and viscosity measurement with surface laser light scattering method." Thermal Science 17, no. 5 (2013): 1467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci1305467w.

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Measurement of thermal properties is an important topic in the thermophysics. With the developing of laser technology, laser detection technologies can be used for thermal properties measurement. Based on the laser light scattering theory and light heterodyne detection principle, an experimental system by the surface laser light scattering is developed to measure the liquid surface tension and viscosity simultaneously. The maximal experimental errors of the measured surface tension and viscosity are less than 0.5% and 4.73%, respectively.

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32

SIDOROVA, NADEZDA A. "THE SMOLYANOV SURFACE MEASURE ON TRAJECTORIES IN A RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLD." Infinite Dimensional Analysis, Quantum Probability and Related Topics 07, no. 03 (September 2004): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219025704001712.

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It has been shown in Refs. 2–6 that two natural definitions of surface measures, on the space of continuous paths in a compact Riemannian manifold embedded into ℝn, introduced in the paper by Smolyanov1 are equivalent; this means that there exists a natural object — the surface measure, which we call the Smolyanov surface measure. Moreover, it has been shown2–6 that this surface measure is equivalent to the Wiener measure and the corresponding density has been found. But the known proof of the equivalence of the two definitions of the surface measure is rather nonexplicit; in fact the densities of the measures corresponding to the two different definitions were found independently and only a posteriori it was discovered that those densities coincided. Our aim is to give a direct proof of this fact. We introduce a more restrictive definition of the surface measure as the weak limit of a standard Brownian motion in ℝn conditioned to be in the tubular ε-neighborhood of the manifold at times 0=t0<t1<⋯<tn-1<tn= 1 as both ε and the diameter of the partition tend to zero. Letting ε and then the diameter of the partition tend to zero and vice versa, we arrive at the two definitions above. We prove the existence of the Smolyanov surface measure using our definition, show that this measure is equivalent to the law of a Brownian motion on the manifold, and compute the corresponding density in terms of the curvature of the manifold. As a special case of this, we again obtain the results of Refs. 2–6.

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33

Kim, Kyeong Suk, Dong Pyo Hong, Man Yong Choi, Hyun Chul Jung, Dong Soo Kim, Sung Won La, and Ho Seob Chang. "Surface Roughness Pattern Measurement of Tensile Specimen by Using Digital Holography." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 4387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.4387.

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The objective of this paper is measurement of the surface roughness of tensile specimens under different tensile speed. In the test, the tensile specimens were loaded by tensile testing machine. The roughness of the surfaces was measured by digital holographic interferometric system (DHI). From the results, it was confirmed that DHI could measure the roughness of the various types of the specimen surface. In this paper, as the tensile speed was faster, the roughness of specimen surface was smaller.

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34

Akman, Murat. "On the absolute continuity of p-harmonic measure and surface measure in Reifenberg flat domains." Pacific Journal of Mathematics 286, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/pjm.2017.286.25.

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35

Du, Yong, Jie-Hua Zhao, and Paul Ho. "An Optical Method for Measuring the Two-Dimensional Surface Curvatures of Electronic Packages During Thermal Cycling." Journal of Electronic Packaging 123, no. 3 (March 21, 2000): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1347987.

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An optical method was developed to measure the two-dimensional (2D) surface curvatures of electronic packages by employing four laser beams. Each laser beam measures the slopes of the surface at the incident point along two perpendicular directions. By combining four pairs of slopes, the 2D surface curvatures of the package can be calculated. The surface warpage of an underfilled flip-chip package during thermal cycling was measured by this method and the result was verified by finite element analysis (FEA). Both experimental and FEA results show that the surface warpage is almost a linear function of temperature between 25°C and 150°C for the measured package.

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36

Hu, Tingzhi, Muzheng Xiao, Xicheng Wang, Chao Wang, Zhijing Zhang, and Kiyoshi Takamasu. "High-Precision Aspheric Surface Measurement Using Scanning Deflectometry: Three-Dimensional Error Analysis and Experiments." International Journal of Automation Technology 11, no. 5 (August 30, 2017): 728–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2017.p0728.

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Interferometers are widely used to measure large aspheric surfaces because of their high accuracy and high efficiency. However, they cannot be used for aspheric surfaces with large curvature and asphericity. In this paper, we propose a method for measuring aspheric surfaces using scanning deflectometry with an autocollimator. A rotary stage is used to enlarge the measurement range of the autocollimator, so that aspheric surfaces with large slope changes can be measured. Three-dimensional error analysis is performed. We use an autocollimator with a measurement range of 21500 μrad (4500 arcsec) to measure a spherical surface with a curvature radius of 400 mm to perform the experiment. Experimental results showed that the average root-mean-square error was approximately 100 nm.

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37

Meiarashi, Seishi. "Porous Elastic Road Surface as Urban Highway Noise Measure." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1880, no. 1 (January 2004): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1880-18.

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38

Naor, A. "Projecting the surface measure of the sphere of ℓpn." Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincare (B) Probability and Statistics 39, no. 2 (April 2003): 241–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0246-0203(02)00008-0.

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39

Kshirsagar, AnantM, and Joanna Chung-inCheng. "A NEW MEASURE OF ROTATABILITY OF RESPONSE SURFACE DESIGNS." Australian Journal of Statistics 38, no. 1 (April 1996): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.1996.tb00366.x.

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40

Inglefield, C. E. "Microwave modulated photoluminescence used to measure surface recombination velocities." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 16, no. 4 (July 1998): 2328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.590170.

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41

Bastien, Fabienne A., Keivan G. Stassun, Gibor Basri, and Joshua Pepper. "A GRANULATION “FLICKER”-BASED MEASURE OF STELLAR SURFACE GRAVITY." Astrophysical Journal 818, no. 1 (February 5, 2016): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/0004-637x/818/1/43.

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42

Cacou, Crina, Robin Richards, and Duncan Angus McGrouther. "Potential of Surface Laser Scanning to Measure Facial Movement." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 99, no. 4 (April 1997): 982–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199704000-00008.

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43

Tsai, Du-Ming, I.-Yung Chiang, and Ya-Hui Tsai. "A Shift-Tolerant Dissimilarity Measure for Surface Defect Detection." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 8, no. 1 (February 2012): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tii.2011.2166797.

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44

Zhao, Kang, Qing Wang, Yajing Yan, Junqiang Wang, Kui Zhao, Shuai Cao, and Yongjun Zhang. "Geological Structural Surface Evaluation Model Based on Unascertained Measure." Geofluids 2019 (December 9, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3547384.

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The surrounding rock structure plane survey is the basis for mine geological structure evaluation and stability of surrounding rock. On the basis of the unascertained measurement theory and scanline method, the surrounding rock stability of the underground geological structure plane in Lingbao Luoshan Gold Mine is evaluated. First, according to the structural plane five grading standards, the 9 single-index measure functions are constructed. Second, the information entropy is used to determine the weight of each indicator. Accordingly, a multi-index comprehensive measure evaluation vector is established. Finally, the confidence level is used to determine the structural plane stability level. Results show that surrounding rock grades of middle sections of R1, R2, and R3 are Grades III, IV, and IV in Lingbao Luoshan Gold Mine, respectively. The evaluation grade is consistent with the actual situation of the mine, and strengthening the surrounding rock support for the middle sections of R2 and R3 is necessary. According to engineering practice, the evaluation model of the underground structure of metal mines established in this study has a practical value.

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45

Naruse, Makoto, Takashi Yatsui, Wataru Nomura, Tadashi Kawazoe, Masaki Aida, and Motoichi Ohtsu. "Multiscale Surface Roughness Measure for Dressed-Photon-Phonon Etching." IEICE Proceeding Series 2 (March 17, 2014): 499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.15248/proc.2.499.

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46

Lee, Sang-Wook, Haruyuki Kinoshita, Hiroyuki Noji, Teruo Fujii, and Takatoki Yamamoto. "Biomolecular Nano-Flow-Sensor to Measure Near-Surface Flow." Nanoscale Research Letters 5, no. 2 (November 14, 2009): 296–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11671-009-9479-3.

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47

Francini, F., E. Pampaloni, and G. Innocenti. "Optical sensor to measure the velocity of a surface." Optics & Laser Technology 25, no. 2 (April 1993): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-3992(93)90103-m.

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48

Silva, L., O. R. P. Bellon, and K. L. Boyer. "Multiview range image registration using the surface interpenetration measure." Image and Vision Computing 25, no. 1 (January 2007): 114–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imavis.2005.12.005.

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49

Yoshida, Ichiro, Yuichi Okazaki, Noriyuki Kato, Nobuyuki Tanaka, and Kozo Miyamoto. "Development and Evaluation of New Material Measure with Chirp Form for Surface Texture Instruments." International Journal of Automation Technology 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2018): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2018.p0097.

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This study designs and develops a new material measure with a chirp form. Material measures are measurement standards for calibration, verification, and inspection. Since material measures are essential for ensuring the traceability of surface texture instruments, we have been developing a manufacturing system to provide them. ISO 5436-1:2000 contains material measures with sinusoidal wave forms, random wave forms, triangular wave forms, trapezoidal wave forms, cusp forms, rectangular forms, etc. However, ISO 5436-1:2000 does not contain a material measure with a chirp (sweep) form. Therefore, we propose a material measure with a chirp form. Chirp signals are frequently used for various analyses in the fields of mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, physics, and others. The primary purpose of the proposed material measure with a chirp form is to rapidly and simply examine the characteristics and capabilities of implemented Gaussian filters. We designed the surface form of the material measure as a logarithmic chirp form to maximize the utility of the primary purpose in this study. The wavelength of the manufactured chirp form varies logarithmically in the lateral (x) direction. This paper presents the following five points: 1) the design and development of the material measure with a chirp form, 2) the application of the proposed material measure to the examination of the attenuation characteristics of implemented Gaussian filters, 3) the application of the proposed material measure to obtain the deformation of the roughness form due to the implemented Gaussian filters, 4) the application of the proposed material measure to specify the algorithm of the implemented Gaussian filters, and 5) the possibility of another application of the material measure with a chirp form.

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Thiagarajah, Jay R., Yuanlin Song, Nico Derichs, and A. S. Verkman. "Airway surface liquid depth imaged by surface laser reflectance microscopy." Journal of General Physiology 136, no. 3 (August 16, 2010): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201010490.

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The thin layer of liquid at the surface of airway epithelium, the airway surface liquid (ASL), is important in normal airway physiology and in the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis. At present, the best method to measure ASL depth involves scanning confocal microscopy after staining with an aqueous-phase fluorescent dye. We describe here a simple, noninvasive imaging method to measure ASL depth by reflectance imaging of an epithelial mucosa in which the surface is illuminated at a 45-degree angle by an elongated 13-µm wide rectangular beam produced by a 670-nm micro-focus laser. The principle of the method is that air–liquid, liquid–liquid, and liquid–cell interfaces produce distinct specular or diffuse reflections that can be imaged to give a micron-resolution replica of the mucosal surface. The method was validated using fluid layers of specified thicknesses and applied to measure ASL depth in cell cultures and ex vivo fragments of pig trachea. In addition, the method was adapted to measure transepithelial fluid transport from the dynamics of fluid layer depth. Compared with confocal imaging, ASL depth measurement by surface laser reflectance microscopy does not require dye staining or costly instrumentation, and can potentially be adapted for in vivo measurements using fiberoptics.

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