Journal articles: 'Surface homogenization'

1

Mohammadi, P., L. P. Liu, P. Sharma, and R. V. Kukta. "Surface energy, elasticity and the homogenization of rough surfaces." Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 61, no. 2 (February 2013): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2012.10.010.

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Ye, Aiqian, Skelte G. Anema, and Harjinder Singh. "Changes in the surface protein of the fat globules during homogenization and heat treatment of concentrated milk." Journal of Dairy Research 75, no. 3 (July 14, 2008): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029908003464.

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The changes in milk fat globules and fat globule surface proteins of both low-preheated and high-preheated concentrated milks, which were homogenized at low or high pressure, were examined. The average fat globule size decreased with increasing homogenization pressure. The total surface protein (mg m−2) of concentrated milk increased after homogenization, the extent of the increase being dependent on the temperature and the pressure of homogenization, as well as on the preheat treatment. The concentrates obtained from high-preheated milks had higher surface protein concentration than the concentrates obtained from low-preheated milks after homogenization. Concentrated milks heat treated at 79°C either before or after homogenization had greater amounts of fat globule surface protein than concentrated milks heat treated at 50 or 65°C. This was attributed to the association of whey protein with the native MFGM (milk fat globule membrane) proteins and the adsorbed skim milk proteins. Also, at the same homogenization temperature and pressure, the amount of whey protein on the fat globule surface of the concentrated milk that was heated after homogenization was greater than that of the concentrated milk that was heated before homogenization. The amounts of the major native MFGM proteins did not change during homogenization, indicating that the skim milk proteins did not displace the native MFGM proteins but adsorbed on to the newly formed surface.

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McCrae, Catharina H., David Hirst, Andrew J. R. Law, and D. Donald Muir. "Heat stability of homogenized milk: role of interfacial protein." Journal of Dairy Research 61, no. 4 (November 1994): 507–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900028430.

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SummaryThe role of interfacial protein in determining the heat stability of recombined milk was investigated by removing serum protein prior to homogenization and reincorporating it after homogenization. In addition, the surface protein composition of recombined fat globules was probed by analyses of protein load and by quantification of the individual surface protein components using FPLC. In the absence of serum protein, substantially more casein was bound to the fat surface during homogenization. Despite this, the detrimental effect of homogenization on heat stability did not occur when serum protein had been removed from the system. Reincorporation of serum protein after homogenization caused the heat coagulation time–pH profile to revert to a form very similar to that observed without removing serum protein from the system. Thus, adsorption of serum protein did not affect heat stability. It is more likely that heat-induced interactions of serum protein with surface-adsorbed casein promoted heat coagulation. Fat surface area rather than casein load affected these interfacial protein-protein interactions during heating.

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Alberti, Giovanni, and Antonio DeSimone. "Wetting of rough surfaces: a homogenization approach." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 461, no. 2053 (January 8, 2005): 79–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2004.1364.

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The contact angle of a drop in equilibrium on a solid is strongly affected by the roughness of the surface on which it rests. We study the roughness–induced enhancement of the hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties of a solid surface through homogenization theory. By relying on a variational formulation of the problem, we show that the macroscopic contact angle is associated with the solution of two cell problems, giving the minimal energy per unit macroscopic area for a transition layer between the rough solid surface and a liquid or vapour phase. Our results are valid for both chemically heterogeneous and homogeneous surfaces. In the latter case, a very transparent structure emerges from the variational approach: the classical laws of Wenzel and Cassie–Baxter give bounds for the optimal energy, and configurations of minimal energy are those leading to the smallest macroscopic contact angle in the hydrophobic case, to the largest one in the hydrophilic case.

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SOLCI, MARGHERITA. "HOMOGENIZATION OF ENERGIES DEFINED ON PAIRS SET-FUNCTION." Communications in Contemporary Mathematics 11, no. 03 (June 2009): 459–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219199709003442.

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In the present work, we deal with the problem of the asymptotic behavior of a sequence of non-homogeneous energies depending on a pair set-function of the form [Formula: see text] with u ∈ H1(Ω), E regular open set and the energy densities f and φ both 1-periodic in the first variable; this leads, in the Γ-limit, to a problem of homogenization. We prove a Γ-convergence result for the sequence {Fε}, showing that there is no interaction between the homogenized bulk and surface energy density; that is, even though the effect of the bulk and surface energies are at the same energy scale, oscillations in the bulk term can be neglected close to the surfaces ∂*E and S(u), where surface oscillations are dominant.

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Kang, Ho Jin, Shin Ho Kang, and Yong Kook Shin. "Prediction of Homogenization Efficiency using Response Surface Methodology." Journal of Milk Science and Biotechnology 35, no. 3 (September 2017): 202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22424/jmsb.2017.35.3.202.

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7

Hergarten, Stefan, and Horst J. Neugebauer. "homogenization of Manning's Formula for modeling surface runoff." Geophysical Research Letters 24, no. 8 (April 15, 1997): 877–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97gl00756.

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8

Duncan, Andrew B. "Homogenization of Lateral Diffusion on a Random Surface." Multiscale Modeling & Simulation 13, no. 4 (January 2015): 1478–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/140951436.

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Wang, Kuan-Wen, Shu-Ru Chung, and Tsong-Pyng Perng. "Surface segregation and homogenization of Pd70Ag30 alloy nanoparticles." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 422, no. 1-2 (September 2006): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.12.009.

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10

Si, Peng, Chuanjun Luo, and Min Wang. "Homogenization of Surface Pressure Data in Tianjin, China." Journal of Meteorological Research 33, no. 6 (December 2019): 1131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13351-019-9043-8.

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11

Chen, Wei, Pi Zhi Zhao, Yu Li Zhou, and Yan Feng Pan. "Effects of Homogenization Conditions on the Microstructures of Twin-Roll Cast Foil Stock of AA8021 Aluminum Alloy." Materials Science Forum 877 (November 2016): 296–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.877.296.

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AA8021 aluminum alloy twin-roll cast strips with 7mm gauge were rolled to 3.8mm gauge sheets and given homogenization, further rolled into 0.55mm gauge foil stocks with intermediate annealing. This paper investigated the influence of homogenization conditions on microstructures of foil stocks in detail. The results show that, for the foil stock made from the sheet without homogenization, the grain structure is partially recrystallized. While the grain structure of foil stock made from the sheet with medium temperature homogenization is fully recrystallized, but it is coarse near sheet surface. However, foil stock made from the sheet with high temperature homogenization has fine and uniform recrystallized grain structures. The differences of grain structures among these three kinds of foil stocks can be understood by the variation in solid solution content of Fe, Si, Mn and distribution of intermetallic compounds. The optimized homogenization condition was adopted by our plant to produce foil stock, and its grain structure was fine and uniform. The surface quality of final aluminum foil rolled from the foil stock could meet high grade requirements of customers.

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12

Bonnivard, Matthieu, Anne-Laure Dalibard, and David Gérard-Varet. "Computation of the effective slip of rough hydrophobic surfaces via homogenization." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 24, no. 11 (August 6, 2014): 2259–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202514500201.

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We present a quantitative analysis of the effect of rough hydrophobic surfaces on viscous Newtonian flows. We use a model introduced by Ybert and coauthors in [Achieving large with superhydrophobic surfaces: Scaling laws for generic geometries, Phys. Fluids 19 (2007) 123601], in which the rough surface is replaced by a flat plane with alternating small areas of slip and no-slip. We investigate the averaged slip generated at the boundary, depending on the ratio between these areas. This problem reduces to the homogenization of a nonlocal system, involving the Dirichlet to Neumann map of the Stokes operator, in a domain with small holes. Pondering on the works of Allaire [Homogenization of the Navier–Stokes equations in open sets perforated with tiny holes. I. Abstract framework, a volume distribution of holes, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 113 (1990) 209–259; Homogenization of the Navier–Stokes equations in open sets perforated with tiny holes. II. Noncritical sizes of the holes for a volume distribution and a surface distribution of holes, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 113 (1990) 261–298]. We compute accurate scaling laws of the averaged slip for various types of roughness (riblets, patches). Numerical computations complete and confirm the analysis.

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13

Zsíros, László, and József Gábor Kovács. "Surface Homogeneity of Injection Molded Parts." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 62, no. 4 (July 9, 2018): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.12128.

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In this paper we are presenting a novel method for color inhomogeneity evaluation. We proved that this method has a higher than 95 % linear correlation coefficient if results are correlated with human visual evaluations.We applied this evaluation method to analyze the homogenization in the injection molding process, therefore we measured the homogenization properties of various solid phase masterbatches on injection molded parts. We tested the effects of the processing parameters of injection molding and analyzed various dynamic and static mixers as well. We have also measured the influence of the mold surface texture on the sensation of inhomogeneities on the part surface.We have carried out our tests on an injection grade ABS material using various masterbatches. The method was based on the digitization of the molded flat specimens. The images of these specimens were evaluated with an own developed formula using the CIELAB color space resulting high correlation with human visual inspections.

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14

Marsan, A. L., and D. Dutta. "Construction of a Surface Model and Layered Manufacturing Data From 3D Homogenization Output." Journal of Mechanical Design 118, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826901.

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A homogenization method has been recently developed to optimize the topology of a structure. This method will suggest a structural topology, but the results will be in finite element form. Most engineering applications, however, require smooth structures, whether the faces of the structures be planar or curved. Given the topology of a three-dimensional structure as suggested by the homogenization method, an algorithm is developed to interpret the structure and generate a smooth, manufacturable surface representation of the structure. Structures designed by the homogenization method can be quite complex and traditional manufacturing technique may not be well suited for constructing them. Layered manufacturing is adopted for producing such structures and it is shown how to generate the necessary data for this novel manufacturing technique from the surface model of the structure. Some steps of the algorithm require designer inputs. Examples are given which demonstrates this algorithm.

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15

Möschwitzer, Jan, and Rainer H. Müller. "New Method for the Effective Production of Ultrafine Drug Nanocrystals." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 3145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.480.

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Particle size reduction, particularly nanonization, is a non-specific, universal approach to improve the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. The decreased particle size of drug nanocrystals leads to a distinct increase in surface area. Due to the increased surface area the rate of dissolution will be proportionally raised, leading to a better absorption of the poorly soluble drug. Various technologies for the production of drug nanocrystals are known, e.g., pearl milling (Nanocrystal™ technology, élan/Nanosystems), high pressure homogenization in water (DissoCubes®, SkyePharma) or alternatively in non-aqueous media or water-reduced media (Nanopure®, PharmaSol Berlin). A first combinative technology (precipitation followed by high pressure homogenization) is known as NANOEDGE™ technology (Baxter). Relatively long milling times, high numbers of homogenization cycles or solvent residues are typical drawbacks of the existing technologies. In order to overcome the limitations of the existing technologies a new combination method was developed for the production of ultra-fine submicron suspensions. The method involves an evaporation step to provide a solvent-free modified starting material followed by high pressure homogenization to produce ultra-fine drug nanocrystals. In this study it could be shown that modified hydrocortisone acetate was particularly suitable to be further processed by high pressure homogenization. In comparison to jet-milled hydrocortisone acetate powder the high pressure homogenization of spray-dried hydrocortisone acetate powder resulted in much more homogeneously dispersed nanosuspensions. By using co-processed, spray-dried material (9 : 1 drug/poloxamer 188 ratio) the required number of homogenization cycles to obtain nanosuspensions was distinctly reduced. In case of the modified material only 1 homogenization cycle at 1500 bar was sufficient to obtain a particle size smaller than that after 20 homogenization cycles using the jet-milled drug powder. The obtained nanosuspensions have shown excellent long-term storage stability.

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16

Sun, Ruofan, Dan Liu, Benyue Zhang, Hao Lai, and Shuming Wen. "Homogenization phenomena of surface components of fluorite and calcite." Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing 57, no. 1 (December 20, 2020): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37190/ppmp/131828.

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17

Slonosky, V. C., P. D. Jones, and T. D. Davies. "Homogenization Techniques for European Monthly Mean Surface Pressure Series." Journal of Climate 12, no. 8 (August 1999): 2658–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2658:htfemm>2.0.co;2.

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18

Waseem, A., İ. Temizer, J. Kato, and K. Terada. "Homogenization-based design of surface textures in hydrodynamic lubrication." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 108, no. 12 (April 27, 2016): 1427–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.5256.

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19

Braides, Andrea, and Andrey Piatnitski. "Homogenization of surface and length energies for spin systems." Journal of Functional Analysis 264, no. 6 (March 2013): 1296–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfa.2013.01.004.

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20

Diebels, S., H. Steeb, and T. Ebinger. "Volume and Surface Based Homogenization Procedures for Cosserat Continua." PAMM 3, no. 1 (December 2003): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.200310405.

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21

Hsiao, Cheng Hsin, Sen Tian Kao, and Wen Jauh Chen. "Homogenization and Extrudability of 5056 Aluminum Alloy Billet." Key Engineering Materials 801 (May 2019): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.801.233.

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Through a series of homogenization and extrusion experiments, the extrusion efficacy of 5056 seamless tubes is improved. Although better extrusion practice was apparent with better homogenization parameters for 5056 alloy, a little over-burning structure and phenomena were found on and in the surface and segregation zone of homogenized billet. The extrudability is worse than theoretical level with no aluminum and magnesium oxide particles on the billet surface. Additional, another quality problem in this study is the segregation zone in 5056 larger billets. The over-heat structure was smoothly flowed into the seamless tube by indirect extrusion, and that makes surface bubbles.

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22

FABRICIUS, JOHN, AFONSO TSANDZANA, and PETER WALL. "Homogenization of a compressible cavitation model." European Journal of Applied Mathematics 26, no. 3 (March 6, 2015): 383–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956792515000078.

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We develop a mathematical model in hydrodynamic lubrication that takes into account three phenomena: cavitation, surface roughness and compressibility of the fluid. Like the classical Reynolds equation, the model is mass preserving. We compute the homogenized coefficients in the case of unidirectional roughness. A one-dimensional problem is also solved explicitly.

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23

BRAIDES, ANDREA, and MARGHERITA SOLCI. "INTERFACIAL ENERGIES ON PENROSE LATTICES." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 21, no. 05 (May 2011): 1193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202511005295.

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In this paper we prove a homogenization theorem for interfacial discrete energies defined on an a-periodic Penrose tiling in ℝ2. A general result on the homogenization of surface energies cannot be directly adapted to this case; the existence of the limit interfacial energy is therefore proved by showing some refined "quasi-periodic" properties of the tilings.

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24

Liu, Yi, Pierre Gilormini, and Pedro Ponte Castañeda. "Homogenization estimates for texture evolution in halite." Tectonophysics 406, no. 3-4 (September 2005): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.06.007.

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25

Krupska, T. V., V. M. Gun'ko, I. S. Protsak, I. I. Gerashchenko, A. P. Golovan, N. Yu Klymenko, V. V. Turov, and M. T. Kartel. "Properties of composite systems based on polymethylsiloxane and silica in the water environment." Surface 12(27) (December 30, 2020): 100–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2020.12.100.

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The formation of a composite system based on equal amounts of hydrophobic, porous polymethylsiloxane and hydrophilic nanosilicon A-300 was studied. It is shown that during the formation of a composite system the specific surface of the material is significantly reduced, which is due to the close contact between hydrophobic and hydrophilic particles. When water is added to the composite system, in the process of homogenization under conditions of dosed mechanical loading, the effect of nanocoagulation is manifested – the formation of nanosized particles of hydrated silica inside the polymethylsiloxane matrix, recorded on TEM microphotographs. When measuring the value of the interfacial energy of PMS and PMS/A-300 composite by low-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy, it was found that the effect of nanocoagulation is manifested in a decrease (compared to the original PMS) energy of water interaction with the surface of the composite obtained under small mechanical conditions. its growth when using high mechanical loads. In the process, the binding of water in heterogeneous systems containing PMS, pyrogenic nanosilica (A-300), water and surfactants – decamethoxine (DMT) was studied. Composite systems were created using metered mechanical loads. It is shown that when filling the interparticle gaps of PMS by the method of hydrosealing, the interphase energy of water in the interparticle gaps of hydrophobic PMS with the same hydration is twice the interfacial energy of water in hydrophilic silica A-300. This is due to the smaller linear dimensions of the interparticle gaps in PMS compared to A-300. In the composite system, A-300/PMS/DMT/H2O there are non-additive growth of binding energy of water, which is probably due to the formation, under the influence of mechanical stress in the presence of water, microheterogeneous areas consisting mainly of hydrophobic and hydrophilic components (microcoagulation). Thus, with the help of mechanical loads, you can control the adsorption properties of composite systems and create new materials with unique adsorption properties.

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26

White, Carleton S. "Homogenization of the Soil Surface Following Fire in Semiarid Grasslands." Rangeland Ecology & Management 64, no. 4 (July 2011): 414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/rem-d-11-00003.1.

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27

Santugini-Repiquet, Kévin. "Homogenization of ferromagnetic multilayers in the presence of surface energies." ESAIM: Control, Optimisation and Calculus of Variations 13, no. 2 (April 2007): 305–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cocv:2007010.

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28

Wan, Hui, Xiaolan L. Wang, and Val R. Swail. "Homogenization and Trend Analysis of Canadian Near-Surface Wind Speeds." Journal of Climate 23, no. 5 (March 1, 2010): 1209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3200.1.

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Abstract Near-surface wind speeds recorded at 117 stations in Canada for the period from 1953 to 2006 were analyzed in this study. First, metadata and a logarithmic wind profile were used to adjust hourly wind speeds measured at nonstandard anemometer heights to the standard 10-m level. Monthly mean near-surface wind speed series were then derived and subjected to a statistical homogeneity test, with homogeneous monthly mean geostrophic wind (geowind) speed series being used as reference series. Homogenized monthly mean near-surface wind speed series were obtained by adjusting all significant mean shifts, using the results of the statistical test and modeling along with all available metadata, and were used to assess the long-term trends. This study shows that station relocation and anemometer height change are the main causes for discontinuities in the near-surface wind speed series, followed by instrumentation problems or changes, and observing environment changes. It also shows that the effects of artificial mean shifts on the results of trend analysis are remarkable, and that the homogenized near-surface wind speed series show good spatial consistency of trends, which are in agreement with long-term trends estimated from independent datasets, such as surface winds in the United States and cyclone activity indices and ocean wave heights in the region. These indicate success in the homogenization of the wind data. During the period analyzed, the homogenized near-surface wind speed series show significant decreases throughout western Canada and most parts of southern Canada (except the Maritimes) in all seasons, with significant increases in the central Canadian Arctic in all seasons and in the Maritimes in spring and autumn.

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29

Almqvist, Andreas, Dag Lukkassen, Annette Meidell, and Peter Wall. "New concepts of homogenization applied in rough surface hydrodynamic lubrication." International Journal of Engineering Science 45, no. 1 (January 2007): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijengsci.2006.09.005.

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Galbraith, Peter S., Pierre Larouche, and Carla Caverhill. "A Sea-Surface Temperature Homogenization Blend for the Northwest Atlantic." Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 47, no. 4 (May 14, 2021): 554–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07038992.2021.1924645.

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31

Rohde, Alexander, Jens Andre Hammerl, Bernd Appel, Ralf Dieckmann, and Sascha Al Dahouk. "Sampling and Homogenization Strategies Significantly Influence the Detection of Foodborne Pathogens in Meat." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/145437.

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Efficient preparation of food samples, comprising sampling and homogenization, for microbiological testing is an essential, yet largely neglected, component of foodstuff control.Salmonella entericaspiked chicken breasts were used as a surface contamination model whereas salami and meat paste acted as models of inner-matrix contamination. A systematic comparison of different homogenization approaches, namely, stomaching, sonication, and milling by FastPrep-24 or SpeedMill, revealed that for surface contamination a broad range of sample pretreatment steps is applicable and loss of culturability due to the homogenization procedure is marginal. In contrast, for inner-matrix contamination long treatments up to 8 min are required and only FastPrep-24 as a large-volume milling device produced consistently good recovery rates. In addition, sampling of different regions of the spiked sausages showed that pathogens are not necessarily homogenously distributed throughout the entire matrix. Instead, in meat paste the core region contained considerably more pathogens compared to the rim, whereas in the salamis the distribution was more even with an increased concentration within the intermediate region of the sausages. Our results indicate that sampling and homogenization as integral parts of food microbiology and monitoring deserve more attention to further improve food safety.

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Huss, Matthias, Andreas Bauder, and Martin Funk. "Homogenization of long-term mass-balance time series." Annals of Glaciology 50, no. 50 (2009): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756409787769627.

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AbstractThe re-analysis of long-term mass-balance time series is important to provide bias-corrected mass-balance data for climate-change impact studies. A method to homogenize time series of comprehensive mass-balance monitoring programmes is presented and applied to the nearly 50 year mass-balance records of Griesgletscher and Silvrettagletscher, Switzerland. Using a distributed mass-balance model in daily resolution we correct the mass-balance data for varying observation dates. Direct point measurements are combined with independent geodetic mass changes, a prerequisite for a thorough homogenization of mass-balance records. Differences between mass balance evaluated in the hydrological year or according to the measurement period and the stratigraphic system are analysed and may be up to ±0.5mw.e. a−1. Cumulative mass balance of both glaciers based on the glaciological method generally agrees well with geodetic mass change on the investigated glaciers. However, for Silvretta-gletscher a significant bias of +0.37mw.e. a−1 has been detected and corrected for since 1994.

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Chaoyang, Chaoyang, Guangjie Guangjie, Lingfei Lingfei, Fei Fei, and Lin Lin. "Effect of Two-Stage Homogenization Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AA2060 Alloy." Crystals 11, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11010040.

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The microstructure evolution of AA2060 Al alloy containing Li during two-stage homogenization treatment was investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), mechanical properties and Vickers micro-hardness test methods. The results demonstrate that severe precipitation of θ(Al2Cu) and S(Al2CuMg) phase existed in the as-cast alloy, especially in the center position. Cu elements were concentrated at grain boundary and gradually decreased from the boundary to the interior. Numerous eutectic phases of θ(Al2Cu) and S (Al2CuMg) containing Zn and Ag elements were segregated at grain boundaries. The overheating temperature of the as-cast alloy is 497 °C. After two-stage homogenization treatment, the θ(Al2Cu) and S (Al2CuMg) in the surface, middle and center positions were completely dissolved into the matrix, thus achieved uniform homogenization effect. Moreover, water cooling could prevent the precipitation after homogenization, which provided good performance of the studied alloy. The optimum two-stage homogenization treatment of AA2060 alloy was 460 °C/4 h + 490 °C/2 4 h. The homogenization kinetic analysis was discussed as well.

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Blinzler, Brina J., Ragnar Larsson, Karolina Gaska, and Roland Kádár. "A Mechanics Based Surface Image Interpretation Method for Multifunctional Nanocomposites." Nanomaterials 9, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9111578.

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Graphene nanosheets and thicker graphite nanoplatelets are being used as reinforcement in polymeric materials to improve the material properties or induce new functional properties. By improving dispersion, de-agglomerating the particles, and ensuring the desired orientation of the nano-structures in the matrix, the microstructure can be tailored to obtain specific material properties. A novel surface image assisted modeling framework is proposed to understand functional properties of the graphene enhanced polymer. The effective thermal and mechanical responses are assessed based on computational homogenization. For the mechanical response, the 2-D nanoplatelets are modeled as internal interfaces that store energy for membrane actions. The effective thermal response is obtained similarly, where 2-D nanoplatelets are represented using regions of high conductivity. Using the homogenization simulation, macroscopic stiffness properties and thermal conductivity properties are modeled and then compared to the experimental data. The proposed surface image assisted modeling yields reasonable effective mechanical and thermal properties, where the Kapitza effect plays an important part in effective thermal properties.

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Zhang, Fan, Qing Yang, Hao Bian, Shaokun Wang, Minjing Li, Xun Hou, and Feng Chen. "Fabrication of a Chalcogenide Glass Microlens Array for Infrared Laser Beam Homogenization." Materials 14, no. 20 (October 10, 2021): 5952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14205952.

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Infrared (IR) microlens arrays (MLA) have attracted increasing interest for use in infrared micro-optical devices and systems. However, the beam homogenization of IR laser light is relatively difficult to achieve because most materials absorb strongly in the IR wavelength band. In this paper, we present a new method for the application of double-sided quasi-periodic chalcogenide glass (ChG) MLAs to infrared laser homogenization systems. These are non-regular arrays of closely spaced MLAs. The double-sided MLAs were successfully prepared on the ChG surface using a single-pulse femtosecond laser-assisted chemical etching technique and a precision glass molding technique. More than two million close-packed microlenses on the ChG surface were successfully fabricated within 200 min. By taking advantage of ChG’s good optical performance and transmittance (60%) in the infrared wavelength band (1~11 μm), the homogenization of the IR beam was successfully achieved using the ChG quasi-periodic MLA.

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36

Griso, Georges, Larysa Khilkova, Julia Orlik, and Olena Sivak. "Homogenization of Perforated Elastic Structures." Journal of Elasticity 141, no. 2 (June 5, 2020): 181–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10659-020-09781-w.

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Abstract The paper is dedicated to the asymptotic behavior of $\varepsilon$ ε -periodically perforated elastic (3-dimensional, plate-like or beam-like) structures as $\varepsilon \to 0$ ε → 0 . In case of plate-like or beam-like structures the asymptotic reduction of dimension from $3D$ 3 D to $2D$ 2 D or $1D$ 1 D respectively takes place. An example of the structure under consideration can be obtained by a periodic repetition of an elementary “flattened” ball or cylinder for plate-like or beam-like structures in such a way that the contact surface between two neighboring balls/cylinders has a non-zero measure. Since the domain occupied by the structure might have a non-Lipschitz boundary, the classical homogenization approach based on the extension cannot be used. Therefore, for obtaining Korn’s inequalities, which are used for the derivation of a priori estimates, we use the approach based on interpolation. In case of plate-like and beam-like structures the proof of Korn’s inequalities is based on the displacement decomposition for a plate or a beam, respectively. In order to pass to the limit as $\varepsilon \to 0$ ε → 0 we use the periodic unfolding method.

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Somer, Deniz D., D. Peric, Eduardo Alberto de Souza Neto, and Wulf G. Dettmer. "Yield surfaces of heterogeneous media with debonded inclusions." Engineering Computations 32, no. 6 (August 3, 2015): 1802–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-10-2014-0208.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present knowledge in estimating yield surfaces of heterogeneous media by use of homogenization, especially where the macroscopic behaviour is driven by weak interfaces between phase constituents. Design/methodology/approach – A computational homogenization procedure is used to determine the yield surface of a Representative Volume Element (RVE) that contains a fully debonded inclusion embedded within ideally plastic matrix, whereby the interface is modelled by a Coulomb type friction law. Findings – The macroscopic behaviour of the RVE is shown to coincide an RVE with a hole for expanding loads, whereas for compressive loads, it was shown to approach an RVE with a fully bonded inclusion. Originality/value – The present paper builds on Gurson’s work in estimating macroscopic yield surfaces of heterogeneous materials. The work is novel in the sense that there had been no previous publications discussing influence of weak interfaces on yield surfaces.

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Zhang, Yang, Peter H. Stone, and Amy Solomon. "The Role of Boundary Layer Processes in Limiting PV Homogenization." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 66, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 1612–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jas2914.1.

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Abstract A β-plane multilevel quasigeostrophic channel model with interactive static stability and a simplified parameterization of atmospheric boundary layer physics is used to study the role of different boundary layer processes in eddy equilibration and their relative effect in maintaining the strong boundary layer potential vorticity (PV) gradient. The model results show that vertical thermal diffusion, along with the surface heat exchange, is primarily responsible for limiting PV homogenization by baroclinic eddies in the boundary layer. Under fixed SST boundary conditions, these two processes act as the source of the mean flow baroclinicity in the lower levels and result in stronger eddy heat fluxes. Reducing surface friction alone does not result in efficient elimination of the boundary layer PV gradient, but the equilibrium state temperature gradient is still largely influenced by surface friction and its response to changes in surface friction is not monotonic. In the regime of strong surface friction, with reduced poleward eddy heat flux, a strong temperature gradient is still retained. When the surface friction is sufficiently weak along with the stronger zonal wind, the critical level at the center of the jet drops below the surface. As a result, in the lower levels, the eddy heat flux forcing on the mean flow moves away from the center of the jet and the equilibrium state varies only slightly with the strength of the vertical momentum diffusion in the boundary layer.

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Djordjevic, Sanela, Nebojsa Cekic, Tanja Isailovic, Jela Milic, Gordana Vuleta, Miodrag Lazic, and Snezana Savic. "Nanoemulsions produced with varied type of emulsifier and oil content: An influence of formulation and process parameters on the characteristics and physical stability." Chemical Industry 67, no. 5 (2013): 795–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120905005d.

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The aim of the present study was to prepare oil-in-water nanoemulsions stabilized with a novel natural alkyl polyglucoside surfactant and to compare them with corresponding lecithin/polysorbate 80 - based nanoemulsions in terms of physicochemical properties and physical stability. Nanoemulsions were prepared by high pressure homogenization, using 20, 30 and 40% (w/w) medium chain triglyceride as oil phase, and 4, 6 and 8% (w/w) lecithin/polysorbate 80 mixture (1/1) or caprylyl/capryl glucoside as emulsifiers. The influence of emulsifier type, emulsifier concentration and oil content was investigated with respect to changes in particle size, particle size distribution, surface charge and physical stability. The influence of production parameters (number of homogenization cycles, type of homogenization process, homogenization pressure) on particle size was also investigated. Analysis was performed by photon correlation spectroscopy, laser diffraction, zeta potential, pH and electrical conductivity measurements. All formulations produced revealed a small droplet size ranging from 147 to 228 nm and a very narrow size distribution (polydispersity index range 0,072-0,124). Zeta potentials were about -20 mV and -50 mV for nanoemulsions stabilized with lecithin/polysorbate 80 and caprylyl/capryl glucoside, respectively. The results obtained during the stability studies (6 months at 25?C and 1 month at 40?C) indicated that nanoemulsion stability was influenced by their composition. Acquired results also suggested the most appropriate production parameters: 9 homogenization cycles, homogenization pressure of 500 bar and discontinuous process of homogenization.

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Huang, Luyao, Lingyun Zhang, Ruifen Li, and Peng Liang. "Formulation and optimization of astaxanthin nanoemulsions with marine phospholipids derived from large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) roe." Italian Journal of Food Science 33, no. 3 (September 9, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/ijfs.v33i3.2029.

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The aim of this work was to investigate the emulsifying capacity of marine phospholipids derived from large yellow croaker roe (LYCRPLs). Initially, conditions for preparing astaxanthin (1% w/w) nanoemulsions with LYCRPLs were optimized based on single-factor experiments, including homogenization pressure, homogenization cycle, emulsifier concentration and corn oil concentration via the response surface methodology. The optimal homogenization pressure was 60 MPa, the optimal number of homogenization cycles was nine, the optimal emulsifier concentration was 4.7%, and the optimal oil concentration was 20%. Under these conditions, the stability, particle size and polydispersity index of nanoemulsions were 0.018 ± 0.0016, 247 ± 4.5 nm and 0.215±0.019, respectively. The droplets of nanoemulsions were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, which revealed that all the droplets were more or less spherical and nonaggregated. In addition, the storage experiments indicated that the nanoemulsions were stable at different temperatures. Therefore, LYCRPLs could be explored as carriers for the delivery of insoluble bioactive compounds in the food industry.

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Xie, Fengying, Tian Zhao, Hongchen Wan, Miao Li, Lina Sun, Zhongjiang Wang, and Shuang Zhang. "Structural and Physicochemical Characteristics of Rice Bran Dietary Fiber by Cellulase and High-Pressure Homogenization." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (March 27, 2019): 1270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071270.

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The present paper aims to study the effect of cellulase hydrolysis and high-pressure homogenization on the structural and physicochemical properties of rice bran dietary fiber (RB-DF). Scanning electron microscopy showed that cellulase treatment led to the formation of a porous structure on RB-DF surface. High-pressure homogenization affected the laminated microstructure of RB-DF, leading to the formation of an irregular and loose surface structure. X-ray diffraction demonstrated that joint processing destroyed the amorphous hemicellulose and cellulose regions, and changed the crystallinity of RB-DF, albeit with a minor impact on the crystalline region of cellulose. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that combined processing promoted dissociation of some glycosidic bonds in fiber structure, exposing the hydroxyl groups in cellulose, thus improving their ability to bind water molecules. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a significant decrease in the thermal decomposition temperature of RB-DF (p <0.05) as well as a decrease in thermal stability after combined processing. Cellulase hydrolysis and high-pressure homogenization treatment did not improve their oil holding capacity, but significantly increased water holding capacity, swelling capability, and cation exchange capacity of RB-DF. Thus, enzymatic hydrolysis and high-pressure homogenization treatment can change the structure of RB-DF, exposing a large number of hydrophilic groups and enhancing hydration, obtaining uniform RB-DF particle.

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Wang, Dan, Zhili Hu, Gang Peng, and Yajun Yin. "Surface Energy of Curved Surface Based on Lennard-Jones Potential." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030686.

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Although various phenomena have confirmed that surface geometry has an impact on surface energy at micro/nano scales, determining the surface energy on micro/nano curved surfaces remains a challenge. In this paper, based on Lennard-Jones (L-J) pair potential, we study the geometrical effect on surface energy with the homogenization hypothesis. The surface energy is expressed as a function of local principle curvatures. The accuracy of curvature-based surface energy is confirmed by comparing surface energy on flat surface with experimental results. Furthermore, the surface energy for spherical geometry is investigated and verified by the numerical experiment with errors within 5%. The results show that (i) the surface energy will decrease on a convex surface and increase on a concave surface with the increasing of scales, and tend to the value on flat surface; (ii) the effect of curvatures will be obvious and exceed 5% when spherical radius becomes smaller than 5 nm; (iii) the surface energy varies with curvatures on sinusoidal surfaces, and the normalized surface energy relates with the ratio of wave height to wavelength. The curvature-based surface energy offers new insights into the geometrical and scales effect at micro/nano scales, which provides a theoretical direction for designing NEMS/MEMS.

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Chammas, R., O. Abraham, P. Cote, H. A. Pedersen, and J. F. Semblat. "Characterization of Heterogeneous Soils Using Surface Waves: Homogenization and Numerical Modeling." International Journal of Geomechanics 3, no. 1 (September 2003): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1532-3641(2003)3:1(55).

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Sokolov, Alexander Pavlovich, Vitaliy Nikolaevich Schetinin, and Mikhail Yurievich Kozlov. "Surface Finite Element for Imperfect Interface Modeling in Elastic Properties Homogenization." Key Engineering Materials 833 (March 2020): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.833.101.

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The paper presents a mathematical model of a finite element for modeling imperfect interface conditions for two contacting surfaces. The element is used in the numerical implementation of the Asymptotic Averaging Method (AAM) for the determination of effective elastic properties of composite materials under investigation. Numerical experiments are carried out to calculate the elastic properties taking into account the adhesion layer using a displacements field jump condition at the phase boundary. Results are compared with adhesion modeling using an additional bulk phase.

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Shastin, V. I., and S. K. Kargapol’tsev. "Laser Modification: Increasing the Wear Resistance of Friction Surfaces." Key Engineering Materials 836 (March 2020): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.836.104.

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The article deals with topical issues of studying the physical, mechanical and tribological parameters of the surface layer of machine parts subjected to laser processing. Various options for modifying mating surfaces are evaluated and analyzed. The data of microstructural analysis and indicators of wear resistance are presented. A theoretical model of the wear of heat-strengthened surfaces is proposed, explaining the mechanism for increasing their wear resistance as a result of homogenization of the microstructure of a special surface layer with increased bearing capacity. It is experimentally confirmed that the greatest wear resistance is observed in friction units during mutual modification of mating surfaces.

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Rahali, Y., VA Eremeyev, and JF Ganghoffer. "Surface effects of network materials based on strain gradient homogenized media." Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids 25, no. 2 (October 4, 2019): 389–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1081286519877684.

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The asymptotic homogenization of periodic network materials modeled as beam networks is pursued in this contribution, accounting for surface effects arising from the presence of a thin coating on the surface of the structural beam elements of the network. Cauchy and second gradient effective continua are considered and enhanced by the consideration of surface effects. The asymptotic homogenization technique is here extended to account for the additional surface properties, which emerge in the asymptotic expansion of the effective stress and hyperstress tensors versus the small scale parameters and the additional small parameters related to surface effects. Based on the elaboration of small dimensionless parameters of geometrical or mechanical nature reflecting the different length scales, we construct different models in which the importance of surface effects is dictated by specific choice of the scaling relations between the introduced small parameters. The effective moduli reflect the introduced surface properties. We show in particular that surface effects may become dominant for specific choices of the scaling laws of the introduced small parameters. Examples of networks are given for each class of the considered effective constitutive models to illustrate the proposed general framework.

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Pérez-Ràfols, Francesc, Roland Larsson, Staffan Lundström, Peter Wall, and Andreas Almqvist. "A stochastic two-scale model for pressure-driven flow between rough surfaces." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 472, no. 2190 (June 2016): 20160069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0069.

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Seal surface topography typically consists of global-scale geometric features as well as local-scale roughness details and homogenization-based approaches are, therefore, readily applied. These provide for resolving the global scale (large domain) with a relatively coarse mesh, while resolving the local scale (small domain) in high detail. As the total flow decreases, however, the flow pattern becomes tortuous and this requires a larger local-scale domain to obtain a converged solution. Therefore, a classical homogenization-based approach might not be feasible for simulation of very small flows. In order to study small flows, a model allowing feasibly-sized local domains, for really small flow rates, is developed. Realization was made possible by coupling the two scales with a stochastic element. Results from numerical experiments, show that the present model is in better agreement with the direct deterministic one than the conventional homogenization type of model, both quantitatively in terms of flow rate and qualitatively in reflecting the flow pattern.

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de Boer, Gregory, and Andreas Almqvist. "On the Two-Scale Modelling of Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication in Tilted-Pad Bearings." Lubricants 6, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants6030078.

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A two-scale method for modelling the Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL) of tilted-pad bearings is derived and a range of solutions are presented. The method is developed from previous publications and is based on the Heterogeneous Multiscale Methods (HMM). It facilitates, by means of homogenization, incorporating the effects of surface topography in the analysis of tilted-pad bearings. New to this article is the investigation of three-dimensional bearings, including the effects of both ideal and real surface topographies, micro-cavitation, and the metamodeling procedure used in coupling the problem scales. Solutions for smooth bearing surfaces, and under pure hydrodynamic operating conditions, obtained with the present two-scale EHL model, demonstrate equivalence to those obtained from well-established homogenization methods. Solutions obtained for elastohydrodynamic operating conditions, show a dependency of the solution to the pad thickness and load capacity of the bearing. More precisely, the response for the real surface topography was found to be stiffer in comparison to the ideal. Micro-scale results demonstrate periodicity of the flow and surface topography and this is consistent with the requirements of the HMM. The means of selecting micro-scale simulations based on intermediate macro-scale solutions, in the metamodeling approach, was developed for larger dimensionality and subsequent calibration. An analysis of the present metamodeling approach indicates improved performance in comparison to previous studies.

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Sena, Cristyana P., Renata S. Silva, Luciana A. Junqueira, Daniel D. F. Perreira, Patricia M. Albuquerque, Ariane Mendonça Kluczkovski, Tatiane P. Souza, Edgar A. Sanches, Amr M. Bakry, and Pedro H. Campelo. "Ultrasound-Assisted Preparation of Brazil Nut Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by Arabic Gum." Journal of Food Engineering and Technology 8, no. 1 (June 15, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jfet.2019.8.1.1.

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The objective of this work is to evaluate the stability of Brazil nut oil emulsions with gum Arabic using ultrasound-assisted homogenization. The emulsions were prepared in a completely randomized design varying the time (2 and 4 min) and the ultrasound power (30 and 40%). The physicochemical properties of the emulsions (pH, conductivity, turbidity, zeta potential, surface tension, rheology and optical microscopy) were evaluated after the homogenization process and 4 hours later. The results showed that more energetic homogenization processes (longer duration and higher ultrasound power) favored the physicochemical properties, keeping the emulsions more stable. Thus, Brazil nut oil emulsions prepared with ultrasound-assisted showed good physic-chemical characteristics that can guarantee good emulsion stability during spray drying, guaranteeing efficiency and protection of the physical and chemical properties of the Brazil nut oil.

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Flores, Zoila, Diego San-Martin, Tatiana Beldarraín-Iznaga, Javier Leiva-Vega, and Ricardo Villalobos-Carvajal. "Effect of Homogenization Method and Carvacrol Content on Microstructural and Physical Properties of Chitosan-Based Films." Foods 10, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10010141.

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The use of EOs nanoemulsion to develop active edible films offers a new way to modify transport properties and to release active compounds while improving mechanical resistance, transparency, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to study the influence of homogenization conditions and carvacrol content on the microstructure and physical properties of edible nanoemulsified chitosan films. Film-forming emulsions (FFE) were prepared with chitosan (1.5%), Tween 80 (0.5%), and carvacrol (0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0%); two homogenization methods were used (rotor-stator and rotor-stator followed by high-pressure homogenization). Film internal and surface microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and film physical properties, such as mechanical, optical, and water barrier, were evaluated. Results showed that the high-pressure homogenization method promoted a significant change on film microstructure, leading to improved properties. Carvacrol droplets were smaller and homogeneously distributed in the film when 0.5% (v/v) carvacrol was incorporated (1:1 Tween 80: carvacrol ratio). As a consequence, emulsified films obtained at high pressure were less opaque, had greater elongation, and had a lower permeability to water vapor than those obtained by the rotor-stator method. Therefore, high-pressure homogenization is a good method to obtain edible emulsified films with desirable properties for food preservation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Surface homogenization'

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