Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Surface homogenization'

The better understanding of the behavior of emulsions and suspensions is important in many applications. In general, emulsions allow the delivery of insoluble agents to be uniformly distributed in a more efficient way. At the same time suspensions of rigid particles are used as “smart materialsâ€� as their properties can be changed by the interaction with a magnetic or electric field. In the first part of the talk we consider a periodic emulsion formed by two Newtonian fluids in which one fluid is dispersed under the form of droplets of arbitrary shape, in the presence of surface tension. We assume the droplets have fixed centers of mass and are only allowed to rotate. We are interested in the time-dependent, dilute case when the characteristic size of the droplets aε, of arbitrary shape, is much smaller than the period length ε. We obtain a Brinkman type of fluid flow for the critical size aε = O(ε3) as a replacement of the Stokes flow of the emulsion. Additionally, using Mosco convergence and semigroup theory we extend the convergence to the parabolic case. For the case when the droplets convect with the flow, it can be shown again using Mosco-convergence that, as the size of the droplets converges to zero faster than the distance between the droplets, the emulsion behaves in the limit like the continuous phase and no “strangeâ€� term appears. Moreover, we determine the rate of convergence of the velocity field for the emulsion to that of the velocity for the one fluid problem in both the H1 and L2 norms. Additionally, a second order approximation is determined in terms of the bulk and surface polarization tensors for the cases of uniform and non-uniform surface tension. The second part of the talk is devoted to the study of MR fluids. We consider a suspension of rigid magnetizable particles in a non-conducting, viscous fluid with an applied external magnetic field. Thus, we use the quasi-static Maxwell equations coupled with the Stokes equations to capture the magnetorheological effect. We upscale using two scale asymptotic expansions to obtain the effective equations consisting of a coupled nonlinear system in a connected phase domain as well as the new constitutive laws. The proposed model generalizes the model of Rosenweig by coupling the velocity of the fluid and the magnetic field intensity. Using the finite element method we compute the effective coefficients for the MR fluid. We analyze the resulting MR model for Poiseuille and Couette flows and compare with experimental data for validation.

This thesis is devoted to the study of some homogenization problems with applications in lubrication theory. It consists of an introduction, five research papers (I–V) and a complementary appendix.Homogenization is a mathematical theory for studying differential equations with rapidly oscillating coefficients. Many important problems in physics with one or several microscopic scales give rise to this kind of equations, whence the need for methods that enable an efficient treatment of such problems. To this end several mathematical techniques have been devised. The main homogenization method used in this thesis is called multiscale convergence. It is a notion of weak convergence in  Lp spaces which is designed to take oscillations into account. In paper II we extend some previously obtained results in multiscale convergence that enable us to homogenize a nonlinear problem with a finite number of microscopic scales. The main idea in the proof is closely related to a decomposition of vector fields due to Hermann Weyl. The Weyl decomposition is further explored in paper III.Lubrication theory is devoted to the study of fluid flows in thin domains. More generally, tribology is the science of bodies in relative motion interacting through a mechanical contact. An important aspect of tribology is to explain the principles of friction, lubrication and wear. The mathematical foundations of lubrication theory are given by the Navier–Stokes equation which describes the motion of a viscous fluid. In thin domains several simplifications are possible, as shown in the introduction of this thesis. The resulting equation is named after Osborne Reynolds and is much simpler to analyze than the Navier--Stokes equation.The Reynolds equation is widely used by engineers today. For extremely thin films, it is well-known that the surface micro-topography is an important factor in hydrodynamic performance. Hence it is important to understand the influence of surface roughness with small characteristic wavelengths upon the solution of the Reynolds equation. Since the 1980s such problems have been increasingly studied by homogenization theory. The idea is to replace the original equation with a homogenized equation where the roughness effects are “averaged out”. One problem consists of finding an algorithm for computing the solution of the homogenized equation. Another problem consists of showing, on introducing the appropriate mathematical definitions, that the homogenized equation is the correct method of averaging. Papers I, II, IV and V investigate the effects of surface roughness by homogenization techniques in various situations of hydrodynamic lubrication. To compare the homogenized solution with the solution of the deterministic Reynolds equation, some numerical examples are also included.
Godkänd; 2011; 20110408 (johfab); DISPUTATION Ämnesområde: Matematik/Mathematics Opponent: Professor Guy Bayada, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA-LYON), Lyon, France, Ordförande: Professor Lars-Erik Persson, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Tisdag den 7 juni 2011, kl 10.00 Plats: D2214/15, Luleå tekniska universitet

La compréhension du comportement macroscopique d'un matériau à partir de la donnée de ses constituants à l'échelle microscopique a toujours été le Saint Graal en science des matériaux dans la mesure où elle fournit les éléments essentiels à la prédiction de la résistance d'une structure et au développement de matériaux aux propriétés innovantes. Si la théorie de l'homogénéisation constitue un cadre théorique établi pour prédire la réponse effective d'une vaste classe de comportements matériaux, elle ne permet pas à l'heure actuelle de prédire les propriétés effectives en rupture fragile. S'attaquer à cette question suppose de tirer profit des caractéristiques uniques de la rupture fragile qui est (i) un problème d'évolution dissipatif, (ii) localisé en pointe de fissure et (iii) relié à un problème de structure. Dans ce travail, nous proposons un formalisme théorique fondé sur une approche perturbative de la mécanique de la rupture afin de (i) modéliser la propagation de fissure dans les milieux désordonnés de grande taille. L'implémentation numérique de ce modèle nous permet (ii) d'étudier en détail les mécanismes dissipatifs mis en jeu en pointe de fissure lorsqu'une fissure interagit avec des hétérogénéités. Leur contribution au renforcement du matériau à l'échelle macroscopique est finalement (iii) estimée à partir de la résolution du problème de structure à l'aide d'outils empruntés à la physique statistique. Les apports théoriques et numériques de la thèse sont finalement confrontés aux résultats d'expériences de fissuration de polymères hétérogènes imprimés 3D, extraits d'outils de corrélation d'image
Being able to predict the macroscopic response of a material from the knowledge of its constituent at a microscopic or mesoscopic scale has always been the Holy Grail pursued by material science, for it provides building bricks for the understanding of complex structures as well as for the development of tailor-made optimized materials. The homogenization theory constitutes nowadays a well-established theoretical framework to estimate the overall response of composite materials for a broad range of mechanical behaviors. Such a framework is still lacking for brittle fracture, which is a dissipative evolution problem that (ii) localizes at the crack tip and (iii) is related to a structural one. In this work, we propose a theoretical framework based on a perturbative approach of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics to model (i) crack propagation in large-scale disordered materials as well (ii) the dissipative processes involved at the crack tip during the interaction of a crack with material heterogeneities. Their ultimate contribution to the macroscopic toughness of the composite is (iii) estimated from the resolution of the structural problem using an approach inspired by statistical physics. The theoretical and numerical inputs presented in the thesis are finally compared to experimental measurements of crack propagation in 3D-printed heterogeneous polymers obtained through digital image correlation

Les Surfaces à Haute Impédance (SHI) ont été largement étudiées pour améliorer toutes sortes de performances des antennes, comme le gain, le facteur de qualité, les formes et dimensions. L'objectif de cette thèse est de modéliser les structures de SHI et de caractériser leurs performances en vue de futures applications aux antennes.Après une brève introduction aux structures SHI et une étude de quelques modèles analytiques fréquemment traités dans la littérature, deux nouvelles méthodes numériques sont proposées pour calculer l'impédance de surface de structures SHI. Ces deux méthodes (dites " méthode du flux de Poynting " et " méthode / ") sont validées sur des structures symétriques, puis mises en service sur des structures de SHI asymétriques. Elles sont également validées par comparaison de résultats analytiques, numériques et expérimentaux.Nous présentons ensuite un modèle équivalent basé sur l'idée de remplacer les structures hétérogènes de SHI par une surface homogène, caractérisée par son impédance surfacique. Ce modèle nous permet d'avoir une prédiction avec un temps de calcul et une occupation de mémoire PC largement réduits.

Le dioxyde d'uranium irradié (UO2), combustible nucléaire des réacteurs à eau pressurisée, contient deux populations de cavités saturées par des gaz de fission : i. des cavités intergranulaires plutôt lenticulaires, dont la taille varie de quelques dizaines à plusieurs centaines de nanomètres, ii. des cavités intragranulaires plutôt sphériques, dont la taille est de l'ordre du nanomètre. Des travaux récents ont montré qu'il existe un effet de surface à l'échelle des cavités nanométriques qui modifie le comportement élastique effectif du combustible. Ce travail vise à proposer un modèle micromécanique analytique capable de tenir compte de cette microstructure hétérogène ainsi que de l'effet de surface afin de décrire le comportement élastique macroscopique de l'UO2 irradié. La démarche mise en oeuvre est fondée sur une modélisation multi-échelles et s'appuie sur des techniques d'homogénéisation en mécanique des matériaux. L'UO2 irradié est décrit comme un matériau poreux contenant des nanocavités sphériques (cavités intragranulaires) et sphéroïdales (cavités intergranulaires), sous pression et orientées aléatoirement. L'effet de surface présent à l'échelle nanométrique est pris en compte via un modèle d'interface imparfaite cohérente entre la matrice et les cavités. Un modèle original fondé sur l'approche par motifs morphologiques représentatifs a été développé afin de décrire le comportement élastique effectif de ce milieu hétérogène. Le modèle analytique proposé repose sur des hypothèses simplificatrices dont la pertinence est évaluée à partir de simulations numériques par éléments finis qui s'appuient sur une formulation spécifique afin de tenir compte de la présence d'interfaces imparfaites cohérentes
The irradiated uranium dioxide (UO2), which is the nuclear fuel of pressurized water reactors, contains two populations of cavities saturated by fission gaz: i. intergranular cavities almost lenticular in shape whose size ranges between few tens to several hundred nanometers, ii. intragranular cavities, almost spherical in shape whose size is of the order of the nanometer. Recent studies have shown the existence of a surface effect at the scale of nanometric cavities, which influences the effective elastic behavior of the nuclear fuel. In this work, an analytical micromechanical model, which is able to take into account this heterogeneous microstructure and the surface effect at the nanometric scale, is proposed to describe the macroscopic behavior of the irradiated UO2. The approach is based on a multiscale modeling and homogenization techniques in mechanics of materials. The irradiated UO2 is described as a porous media, which contains pressurized spherical nanocavities (intragranular cavities) and randomly oriented pressurized spheroidal cavities (intergranular cavities). The surface effect is taken into account with imperfect coherent interfaces between the matrix and the cavities. A novel model based on the morphologically representative pattern approach has been developed to describe the effective elastic behavior of this heterogeneous medium. The proposed model relies on assumptions whose relevance is evaluated with finite element simulations which require a specific formulation to take into account the imperfect coherent interfaces

Le palier hydrodynamique est une solution de guidage en rotation particulièrement appréciée pour ses caractéristiques d’amortissement à hautes vitesses de rotation. Cependant les performances des machines tournantes lubrifiées par un film fluide sont impactées par des effets non linéaires difficiles à analyser. La prédiction du comportement du système par la simulation nécessite une modélisation avancée de l’écoulement de lubrifiant dans le palier hydrodynamique. Enfin, l’état de surface semble avoir un impact important sur l’écoulement du fluide lubrifiant, lui-même agissant sur les caractéristiques statiques et dynamiques des parties tournantes. Cette étude vise à améliorer les modèles numériques liés à l’impact de l’état de surface des paliers hydrodynamiques sur la dynamique de ligne d’arbre. La méthode d’homogénéisation multi-échelles a été utilisée à cet effet dans un algorithme multi-physiques pour décrire l’interaction entre la structure flexible en rotation et les films fluides des supports de lubrification. Différents modèles ont été utilisés pour prendre en compte la présence de zone de rupture de film lubrifiant. Des méthodologies non-linéaires fréquentielles ont été mises en place afin de permettre l’étude paramétrique des solutions périodiques d’un tel système et de leur stabilité. Afin de confronter ce modèle complexe à la réalité, un banc d’essai miniature a également été conçu. Différents échantillons présentant des états de surface modifiés par ablation à l’aide de LASER femto-seconde ont été testés. L’étude expérimentale a permis de vérifier certaines tendances prévues par la simulation. Des améliorations des performances des paliers hydrodynamiques par rapport aux vibrations auto-entretenues du système ont été démontrées pour certaines textures. En revanche toutes les améliorations ne sont pas prédites par les algorithmes d’homogénéisation multi-échelles. La présence de recirculation dans les aspérités du motif a été mise en évidence à partir de la résolution locale des équations de Navier-Stokes. Ce résultat participe à la remise en question des hypothèses classiques utilisées en texturation, et peut justifier les améliorations obtenues expérimentalement avec les paliers texturés
The hydrodynamic bearing provides good damping properties in rotating machineries. However, the performances of rotor-bearings systems are highly impacted by nonlinear effects that are difficult to analyze. The rotordynamics prediction requires advanced models for the flow in the bearings. The surface of the bearings seems to have a strong impact on the lubricant flow, acting on the static and dynamic properties of the rotating parts. This study aims to enhance the simulation of the bearings’ surface state effect on the motion of the rotating shaft. The flexible shaft interacts with textured hydrodynamic bearings. Multi-scales homogenization is used in a multi-physics algorithm in order to describe the fluid-structure interaction. Different models are used to account for the cavitation phenomenon in the bearings. Nonlinear harmonic methods allow efficient parametric studies of periodic solutions as well as their stability. Moreover, a test rig has been designed to compare predictions to real measurements. Several textured shaft samples modified with femto-seconds LASER surface texturing are tested. In most cases the experimental study showed similar results than the simulation. Enhancements of the vibration behaviors of the rotor-bearing system have been revealed for certain texturing patterns. The self-excited vibration, also known as "oil whirl" phenomenon, is stabilized on a wide rotating frequency range. However, the simulation tool does not predict well the enhancements that are observed. Vortices in surface texturing patterns have been revealed numerically with Navier-Stokes equation resolution. These results are opposed to the classical lubrication hypothesis. It is also a possible explanation of the enhancements that are experimentally measured with textured bearings

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)
This thesis is concerned with the theoretical and practical development of a surface-based mapping algorithm for reliable and robust localization and mapping in prior unknown and unstructured environments. A surface-based map consists of a set of compressed surfaces, processed and represented without geometrical modelling. Each surface in the surface-based map represents an object in the environment. The ability to represent the exact shapes of objects via individual surfaces during the mapping process makes the surface-based mapping algorithm valuable in a number of navigation applications, such as mapping of prior unknown indoor and outdoor unstructured environments, target tracking, path planning and collision avoidance. The ability to unify representations of the same object taken from different viewpoints into a single surface makes the algorithm capable of working in multi-robot mapping applications. A surface-based map of the environment is build incrementally by acquiring the 3D range image of the scene, extracting the objects' surfaces from the 3D range image, aligning the set of extracted surfaces relative to the map and unifying the aligned set of surfaces with surfaces in the map. In the surface unification process the surfaces representing the same object are unified to make a single surface. The thesis introduces the following new methods which are used in the surface-based mapping algorithm: the extraction of surfaces from 3D range images based on a scanned surface continuity check; homogenization of the representation of the non-homogenously sampled surfaces; the alignment of the surface set relative to a large set of surfaces based on surface-based alignment algorithm; evaluating the correspondence between two surfaces based on the overlap area between surfaces; unification of the two surfaces belonging to the same object; and surface unification for a large set of surfaces. The theoretical contributions of this thesis are demonstrated with a series of practical implementations in different outdoor environments.

Cette thèse traite de la diffusion par des surfaces rugueuses monodimensionnelles. Les surfaces présentant des petites échelles de variations nécessitent une discrétisation fine pour représenter les effets de diffusion sur le champ diffracté, ce qui augmente les coûts numériques. Deux aspects sont considérés : la réduction de la taille du problème en construisant une condition aux limiteséquivalente traduisant les effets des variations rapides et la réduction du nombre d’itérations nécessaires pour résoudre le système linéaire issu de la méthode des moments par une méthode basée sur les sous-espaces de Krylov. En ce qui concerne la réduction de la taille du problème, une technique d’homogénéisation est utilisée pour transformer la condition aux limites posée sur lasurface rugueuse par des paramètres effectifs. Ces paramètres sont déterminés par des problèmes auxiliaires qui tiennent compte des échelles fines de la surface. Dans le cas de surfaces parfaitement métalliques, la procédure est appliquée en polarisation Transverse Magnétique (TM) et Transverse Électrique (TE). Une impédance équivalente de Léontovich d’ordre 1 est déduite.Le procédure est automatique et les ordres supérieurs sont dérivés pour la polarisation TM. La procédure d’homogénéisation est aussi appliquée pour des interfaces rugueuses séparant deux milieux diélectriques. En ce qui concerne la réduction du nombre d’itérations, un préconditionneur, basé sur des considérations physiques, est construit à partir des modes de Floquet. Bien que le préconditionneur soit initialement élaboré pour des surfaces périodiques, nous montrons qu’il est aussi efficace pour des surfaces tronquées éclairées par une onde plane. L’efficacité des deux aspects présentés dans cette thèse est numériquement illustrée pour des configurations d’intérêt
This work is about the scattering by monodimensional rough surfaces. Surfaces presenting small scales of variations need a very refined mesh to finally capture the scattering field behaviour what increases the computational cost. Two aspects are considered : the reduction of the problemsize through an effective boundary condition incorporating the effect of rapid variations and the reduction of the number of iterations to solve the linear system arising from method of moments by a method based on Krylov subspace. Firstly, an homogenization process is used to convert the boundary condition on the rough interface into effective parameters. These parameters are determined by the solutions of auxiliary problems which involve the detailed profile of the interface. In the case of perfectly metallic surfaces, the process is applied to the E- and H-polarization and an Leontovich impedance of order 1 is deduced. The process is automatic and higher orders are derived for E-polarization. The homogenization process is also applied to dielectric rough interfaces. Secondly, a physically-based preconditioner is built with Floquet’s modes. Although the preconditioner has been designed for periodical surfaces, it was shown to be efficient in the case of truncated surfaces illuminated by a plane wave. The efficiency of both aspects is numerically illustrated for some configurations of interest

Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering) Naval Postgreaduate School, June 2004.
Thesis Advisor (s): Terry R. McNelley. "June 2004." Includes bibliographic references (p. 53-54). Also available in print.

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O desgaste do dente, que se manifesta com uma grande variedade de graus ou níveis, é uma das anomalias dentárias comumente encontradas em diversas populações. A modelagem computacional do problema de contato oclusal pode ajudar na compreensão das interações entre os dentes, que gera concentrações de tensões. A abordagem utilizada para simular o contato entre as superfícies ásperas, dadas as funções de densidade de probabilidade das alturas das asperezas, consiste em discretizá-las em vários intervalos, de modo que cada um deles represente uma aspereza principal. As deformações das asperezas principais são analisadas e, utilizando técnicas de homogeneização, é possível estabelecer a relação entre as respostas que ocorrem em microescala e as respostas esperadas na macroescala. Neste trabalho, foi criada uma rotina para geração numérica de superfícies, um script acoplado ao programa de elementos finitos, Abaqus, para análise dos microcontatos, e, finalmente, um código para o procedimento de homogeneização e análise paramétrica das medidas de rugosidade. Na estimativa da dureza superficial, verificou-se que a curvatura média das asperezas exerce maior influência. Os parâmetros que mais influenciam nas forças e áreas de contato são o coeficiente de achatamento (kurtosis), cujo aumento leva ao decaimento dessas grandezas, seguido da rugosidade média quadrática, que, por sua vez, tem uma relação diretamente proporcional com a carga e consequentemente com a área de contato.
Tooth wear, which manifests with a great variety of degrees or levels, is one of the dental abnormalities commonly found in different populations. The computational modelling of the occlusal contact problem can help the comprehension of any interaction between teeth generating stress concentration. The approach used in this work to simulate contact between rough surfaces, given the probability density functions of asperities, consists in discretizing them in several intervals, so that each one represents a main asperity. The deformations of the main asperities are analyzed and, using homogenization techniques, it is possible to developed the relationship among the responses occurred in micro-scale and the predicted responses in macro-scale. In this work a routine has been established for numerical generation of surfaces, a script as well as has been coupled to the finite element program Abaqus, for analysis of the micro-contacts, and, finally, a code for homogenization and parametric analysis of the roughness measure. In the estimate of the surface hardness it was found that the mean curvature of the asperities exerts the largest influence. The parameters that influence the forces and contact areas are the flattening coefficient (kurtosis), which when increases leads to decay of these greatness, followed by the mean square roughness, which, in turn, has a direct proportional relationship with the strength and consequently with the contact area.

Tails, fins, scales, and surface coatings are used by organisms for various tasks, including locomotion. Since millions of years of evolution have passed, we expect that the design of surface structures is optimal for the tasks of the organism. These structures serve as an inspiration in this thesis to identify new mechanisms for flow control. There are two general categories of fluid-structure-interaction mechanisms. The first is active interaction, where an organism actively moves parts of the body or its entire body in order to modify the surrounding flow field (e.g., birds flapping their wings). The second is passive interaction, where appendages or surface textures are not actively controlled by the organism and hence no energy is spent (e.g., feathers passively moving in the surrounding flow). Our aim is to find new passive mechanisms that interact with surrounding fluids in favourable ways; for example, to increase lift and to decrease drag. In the first part of this work, we investigate a simple model of an appendage (splitter plate) behind a bluff body (circular cylinder or sphere). If the plate is sufficiently short and there is a recirculation region behind the body, the straight position of the appendage becomes unstable, similar to how a straight vertical position of an inverted pendulum is unstable under gravity. We explain and characterize this instability using computations, experiments and a reduced-order model. The consequences of this instability are reorientation (turn) of the body and passive dispersion (drift with respect to the directionof the gravity). The observed mechanism could serve as a means to enhance locomotion and dispersion for various motile animals and non-motile seeds. In the second part of this thesis, we look into effective models of porous and poroelastic materials. We use the method of homogenization via multi-scale expansion to model a poroelastic medium with a continuum field. In particular, we derive boundary conditions for the velocity and the pressure at the interface between the free fluid and the porous or poroelastic material. The results obtained using the derived boundary conditions are then validated with respect to direct numerical simulations (DNS) in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional settings. The continuum model – coupled with the necessary boundary conditions – gives accurate predictions for both the flow field and the displacement field when compared to DNS.
Många djur använder sig av fjäll, päls, hår eller fjädrar för att öka sin förmåga att förflytta sig i luft eller vatten. Eftersom djuren har genomgått miljontals år av evolution, kan man förvänta sig att ytstrukturernas form är optimala för organismens uppgifter. Dessa strukturer tjänar som inspiration i denna avhandling för att identifiera nya mekanismer för manipulering av strömning. Samverkan mellan fluider och strukturer (så kallad fluid-struktur-interaktion) kan delas upp i två kategorier. Den första typen av samverkan är aktiv, vilket innebär att en organism aktivt rör hela eller delar av sin kropp för att manipulera det omgivande strömningsfältet (till exempel fåglar som flaxar sina vingar). Den andra typen är passiv samverkan, där organismer har utväxter (svansar, fjärdar, etc.) eller ytbeläggningar som de inte aktivt har kontroll över och som således inte förbrukar någon energi. Ett exempel är fjädrar som passivt rör sig i det omgivande flödet. Vårt mål är att hitta nya passiva mekanismer som växelverkar med den omgivande fluiden på ett fördelaktigt sätt, exempelvis genom att öka lyftkraften eller minska luftmotståndet. I den första delen av detta arbete undersöker vi en enkel modell för en utväxt (i form av en platta) bakom en cirkulär cylinder eller sfär. Om plattan är tillräckligt kort och om det finns ett vak bakom kroppen kommer det upprätta läget av plattan att vara instabilt. Denna instabilitet är i princip samma som uppstår då man försöker balansera en penna på fingret. Vi förklarar den bakomliggande mekanismen av denna instabilitet genom numeriska beräkningar, experiment och en enkel modell med tre frihetsgrader. Konsekvenserna av denna instabilitet är en omorientering (rotation) av kroppen och en sidledsförflyttning av kroppen i förhållande till tyngdkraftens riktning. Denna mekanism kan användas djur och frön för att öka deras förmåga att förflytta eller sprida sig i vatten eller luft. I den andra delen av avhandlingen studerar vi modeller av porösa och elastiska material. Vi använder en mångskalig metod för att modellera det poroelastiska materialet som ett kontinuum. Vi härleder randvillkor för både hastighetsfältet och trycket på gränssnittet mellan den fria fluiden och det poroelastiska materialet. Resultaten som erhållits med de härledda randvillkoren valideras sedan genom direkta numeriska simuleringar (DNS) för både två- och tredimensionella fall. Kontinuumsmodellen av materialet kopplad genom randvillkoren till den fria strömmande fluiden predikterar strömnings- och förskjutningsfält noggrant i jämförelse med DNS.

Les propriétés émulsifiantes et interfaciales des protéines du lait de chamelle ont été étudiées seules, en mélange ou dans leur environnement naturel (dans le lactosérum sérum, sous forme de caséinates ou directement dans le lait de chamelle). L’impact de certaines conditions physico-chimiques a été étudié, notamment l’impact du pH, du traitements thermiques, de la concentration et de l’homogénéisation hautes pressions, afin de comprendre le rôle de chacune des dénaturations appliquées et leur impact sur les propriétés émulsifiantes. Cette étude a été réalisée en parallèle sur le lait de vache, dans des conditions identiques. Les principaux résultats suggèrent que le lait de chamelle est plus émulsifiant que le lait de vache quelle que soit la température du traitement, cependant, la stabilité des émulsions préparées par le lait de vache non traité est plus importante. L’effet d’homogénéisation hautes pressions permet d’avoir des émulsions très stables comparées au lait de vache. Les effets du pH et de la température sur les fractions caséinique et sérique du lait de chamelle influencent significativement leurs comportements à l’interface huile-eau et leurs pouvoirs à créer des émulsions. Le recouvrement protéique des caséinates de sodium de lait de chamelle à la surface des gouttelettes d’huile augmente en fonction du pH (de 3,0 à 9,0) et ceci quelle que soit la température de traitement appliqué (entre 25°C et 95°C). Ce comportement vis-à-vis le pH est conséquent d’une dénaturation et une perte de la structure micellaire des caséinates de sodium à l’interface huile-eau en facilitant ainsi leurs adhésions et adsorption à l’interface. Cependant, la fraction sérique du lait de chamelle a exprimé une activité émulsifiante importante à pH acide contrairement à la fraction des caséinates de sodium ainsi qu’une meilleure stabilité émulsifiante des gouttelettes crées. Le lactosérum du lait de chamelle est moins sensible à l’effet de la température que le lactosérum du lait bovin riche en β-lactoglobuline (plus sensible au traitement thermique). Ces aspects sont dus à la petite taille moléculaire des protéines sériques relative à la taille des caséines ce qui leurs permet de s’adsorber rapidement et efficacement à l’interface des gouttelettes huileuses et de former un film viscoélastique stable tout autour. Des réarrangements structuraux de l’α-lactalbumine cameline (purifiée) ainsi que des répulsions électrostatiques entre les gouttelettes d’huile stabilisées par ces protéines sont les deux facteurs clés pour expliquer l'effet de la variation du pH et du traitement thermique. Les propriétés de surface de l’α-lactalbumine cameline sont significativement améliorées à la suite des traitements thermiques élevés (95°C) ce qui maintiennent des propriétés émulsifiantes potentielles. Quant à la β-caséine purifiée, son activité émulsifiante est plus importante pour le lait de chamelle que le lait de vache. Une structure micellaire des β-caséines se forment à partir de la concentration micellaire critique (CMC) qui maintient une structure compacte proche du pH 6,0 et se relâche à pH alcalin ou les forces électrostatiques sont maximales. Le comportement rhéologique des émulsions est non-newtonien où la viscosité est plus importante à faible vitesse de cisaillement. Elle dépend fortement de la valeur du pH appliqué. Ainsi, les émulsions stabilisées à pH acide sont les plus visqueuses indépendamment de la température du traitement thermique appliquée pour la plupart des fractions étudiées. (...)
The emulsifying and interfacial properties of camel milk proteins were studied alone, in mixture or in their natural environment (in serum whey, as caseinates or directly in camel milk). The impact of certain physico-chemical conditions was studied, the impact of pH, heat treatment, concentration and homogenization at high pressures. This study was carried out in parallel on cow's milk, under identical conditions. The main results suggest that camel milk is more emulsifying than cow's milk regardless of the processing temperature, however, the stability of emulsions prepared by cow's milk is more important. The homogenizing effect at high pressures allows very stable emulsions compared to cow's milk. The effect of pH and temperature on the caseinic and serum fractions of camel milk is very significant on their behaviour at the oil-water interface and their ability to create emulsions. The coating of oil droplets by sodium caseinates protein of camel milk increases with incrising pH (from 3.0 to 9.0) regardless of the heat treatment (between 25°C and 95°C). This behaviour is the result of denaturation and loss of the micellar structure of sodium caseins at the oil-water interface, thus facilitating their adhesions and adsorption at the interface. However, the whey fraction of camel milk expressed significant emulsifying activity at acid pH as opposed to the sodium caseinate fraction and better emulsifying stability of the created oil droplets. Camel milk whey proteins are found to be less sensitive to the effect of temperature in emulsion creation than bovine milk whey (richer in β-lactoglobulin which are more sensitive to heat treatment). These aspects are due to the small molecular size of serum proteins relative to casein size, which allows them to adsorb quickly and efficiently at the interface of oil droplets and form a stable viscoelastic film all around which suggest that camel milk is more emulsifying active than cow's milk regardless of the processing temperature, however, the stability of emulsions prepared by cow's milk is found to be more important. The homogenizing effect at high pressures allows very stable emulsions compared to cow's milk. The main factor governing the stability of camel milk α-lactalbumin emulsions is its conformational flexibility at the oil-water interface. Structural rearrangements of camel milk α-lactalbumin as well as electrostatic repulsions between oil droplets stabilized by these proteins are the two key factors to explain the effect of pH variation and heat treatment. The surface properties of α-lactalbumin from camel milk are significantly improved after high heat treatments (95°C) which maintain potential emulsifying properties. As for the purified β-casein, its emulsifying activity is more important for camel milk than cow's milk. A micellar structure of caseins is formed from the critical micellar concentration (CMC) which maintains a compact structure close to pH 6.0 and is released at alkaline pH where electrostatic forces are at their highest. This induced a high stability of emulsions at pH 9.0 as well as a better emulsifying activity of β-caseins. The rheological behaviour of emulsions is non-Newtonian where viscosity is higher at low shear rates which depends strongly on the applied pH. Thus, stabilized emulsions at acid pH are the most viscous regardless of the heat treatment temperature applied for most of the studied fractions. This is mainly due to hydrophobic interactions between proteins of the different fractions and to high cohesion forces between larger droplets. However, the viscosity of emulsions stabilized by the protein fractions of cow's milk is often more viscous than camel milk as a result of their higher emulsifying stability. (...)

We consider mathematical modeling of thin film flow between two rough surfaces which are in relative motion. For example such flows take place in different kinds of bearings and gears when a lubricant is used to reduce friction and wear between the surfaces. The mathematical foundations of lubrication theory is given by the Navier--Stokes equation, which describes the motion of viscous fluids. In thin domains several approximations are possible which lead to the so called Reynolds equation. This equation is crucial to describe the pressure in the lubricant film. When the pressure is found it is possible to predict vorous important physical quantities such as friction (stresses on the bounding surfaces), load carrying capacity and velocity field. In hydrodynamic lubrication the effect of surface roughness is not negligible, because in practical situations the amplitude of the surface roughness are of the same order as the film thickness. Moreover, a perfectly smooth surface does not exist in reality due to imperfections in the manufacturing process. Therefore, any realistic lubrication model should account for the effects of surface roughness. This implies that the mathematical modeling leads to partial differential equations with coefficients that will oscillate rapidly in space and time. A direct numerical computation is therefore very difficult, since an extremely dense mesh is needed to resolve the oscillations due to the surface roughness. A natural approach is to do some type of averaging. In this PhD thesis we use and develop modern homogenization theory to be able to handle the questions above. Especially, we use, develop and apply the method based on the multiple scale expansions and two-scale convergence. The thesis is based on five papers (A-E), with an appendix to paper A, and an extensive introduction, which puts these publications in a larger context. In Paper A the connection between the Stokes equation and the Reynolds equation is investigated. More precisely, the asymptotic behavior as both the film thickness  and wavelength  of the roughness tend to zero is analyzed and described. Three different limit equations are derived. Time-dependent equations of Reynolds type are obtained in all three cases (Stokes roughness, Reynolds roughness and high frequency roughness regime). In paper C we extend the work done in Paper A where we compare the roughness regimes by numeric computations for the stationary case. In paper B we present a mathematical model that takes into account cavitation, surfaces roughness and compressibility of the fluid. We compute the homogenized coefficients in the case of unidirectional roughness.In the paper D we derive a mathematical model of thin film flow between two close rough surfaces, which takes into account cavitation, surface roughness and pressure dependent density. Moreover, we use two-scale convergence to homogenize the model. Finally, in paper E we prove the existence of solutions to a frequently used mathematical model of thin film flow, which takes cavitation into account.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.03 – технічна електрохімія (161 – хімічні технології та інженерія). ‒ Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2020. Об’єкт дослідження ‒ електрохімічні та хімічні процеси на міжфазовій межі та в оксидному шарі при формуванні гетерооксидних покриттів на сплавах алюмінію і титану. Предмет дослідження – механізм процесу поверхневої обробки сплавів алюмінію та титану у лужних розчинах електролітів, технологічні параметри плазмо-електролітного оксидування, склад, структура та функціональні властивості гетерооксидних покриттів. Дисертацію присвячено розробці наукових засад технології плазмо-електролітного формування гетерооксидних покриттів заданого складу і функціональних властивостей на сплавах алюмінію (титану) для екотехнологій. Висунуто та експериментально доведено гіпотези щодо гомогенізації поверхні багатокомпонентних сплавів алюмінію (титану) та формування заданого рельєфу оксидної матриці плазмо-електролітним оксидуванням у лужних розчинах дифосфатів та формування міцноадгезованих гетерооксидних покриттів із широким спектром функціональних властивостей на сплавах алюмінію (титану), що реалізацується в одному технологічному процесі плазмо-електролітним оксидуванням у лужних розчинах дифосфатів за присутності сполук металів-допантів. За результатами комплексного дослідження плазмо-електролітного оксидування багатокомпонентних сплавів запропоновано нову парадигму інженерії поверхні, за якою в одному технологічному процесі проводять гомогенізацію поверхні оброблюваних матеріалів із мінімізацією вмісту їх легувальних елементів, утворення наперед заданої топографії монооксидної матриці Al₂O₃ (TiO₂) та одночасною інкорпорацією цільових допувальних компонентів. Запропоновано використання комплексних електролітів на основі дифосфатів лужних металів для прискорення електрохімічного розчинення, зв’язування та видалення легувальних елементів із поверхневих шарів багатокомпонентних сплавів алюмінію (титану), встановлено шляхи керування гомогенізацією поверхні та доведено, що ПЕО в розчині 0,5–1,0 моль/дм³ K₄P₂O₇ за густини струму 5–7 А/дм² дозволяє зменшити вміст легувальних елементів у поверхневих шарах в 4–5 разів та сформувати розвинену оксидну матрицю металу-носія, що склало підґрунтя для розробки узагальненої технологічної схеми процесу. Запропоновано стратегію синтезу гетерооксидних покриттів плазмо-електролітним оксидуванням легованих сплавів алюмінію (титану) з формуванням в одному процесі оксидної матриці металу-носія та інкорпорації оксидів металів-допантів; доведено, що співвідношення компонентів електроліту впливає на вміст допанта, морфологію та топографію поверхні гетерооксидного покриття. З використанням диференціальних залежностей dU/dt–U для опису кінетичних закономірностей та встановлення стадійності процесу плазмо-електролітного оксидування сплавів різного хімічного складу доведено, що відмінність кута нахилу таких залежностей на початкових ділянках ПЕО зумовлена формуванням оксидів різної природи, а домінанта реакцій розчинення компонентів сплаву над реакціями формування оксидів з високим питомим опором обумовлює появу плато на залежності dU/dt–U, протяжність якого відбиває формування гетерооксидного шару. Обґрунтовано концепцію інкорпорації оксидів Mn та Co до складу покриттів і доведено, що в лужних електролітах на основі дифосфатів при додаванні солей металів-допантів в режимі "спадаючої потужності" з варіюванням густини струму формуються гетерооксидні покриття Al₂O₃·MnOₓ із вмістом мангану до 36,0 ат.% та Al₂O₃·CoOᵧ із вмістом кобальту до 24,0 ат.%, що дозволило визначити оптимальні умови синтезу. Підтверджено утворення в запропонованих режимах матриці металу-носія із фазовою структурою корунду, в яку інкорпоровані оксиди металів-допантів змінної валентності. Встановлено, що значне зростання мікротвердості для системи Al | Al₂O₃ CoOᵧ зумовлено не тільки утворенням α-Al₂O₃ в каналах пробою, а і формуванням структури сапфіру CoAl₂O₄ за рахунок хімічного заміщення і доведено, що термообробка гетерооксидних покриттів при температурах 300–500°С зумовлює зміну співвідношення оксидних форм допувальних компонентів при збереженні високих показників мікротвердості. Встановлено, що одностадійна плазмо-електролітна обробка поршня двигуна КамАЗ-740 у розчинах дифосфату з додаванням манганатів (VII) та солей кобальту (ІІ) дозволяє сформувати рівномірні міцноадгезовані каталітичні і теплозахисні гетерооксидні покриття оксидами мангану та кобальту, високу активність яких доведено в робочому процесі каталітичного горіння палива. Знайшли подальший розвиток уявлення про систему чинників впливу на склад, морфологію, топографію та структуру гетерооксидних покриттів на легованих сплавах алюмінію (титану) і залежність функціональних властивостей оксидних шарів від режиму формування та складу поверхні. Практичне значення одержаних результатів полягає в розробці варіативних технологічних схем плазмо-електролітної обробки багатокомпонентних сплавів алюмінію (титану) у розчинах дифосфатів із мінімізацією вмісту легувальних елементів у поверхневих шарах та формуванням гетерооксидних покриттів з підвищеним вмістом активних компонентів й заданими функціональними властивостями. Тестуванням розроблених покриттів на випробувальних стендах кафедри двигунів внутрішнього згоряння НТУ "ХПІ" встановлено зменшення викидів оксидів азоту й вуглецю та підвищення паливної економічності двигунів за рахунок внутрішньоциліндрового каталізу. Результатами випробувань гетерооксидних покриттів у Харківському науково-дослідному експертно-криміналістичному центрі МВС України встановлено їх підвищену корозійну стійкість та механічну міцність, що дозволило рекомендувати одержані матеріали для захисту від корозійного руйнування та підвищення механічної міцності капсюлей-детонаторів, які використовуються для проведення вибухових робіт. Підвищені механічні властивості та висока адгезійна міцність оксидних покриттів до основного металу підтверджено випробуваннями на АТ "УКРНДІХІММАШ". Теоретичні матеріали та практичні результати дослідження використано в освітньому процесі Національного аерокосмічного університету ім. М.Є. Жуковського "Харківський авіаційний інститут" при підготовці фахівців за спеціальністю "Теплоенергетика" та Військового інституту танкових військ НТУ «ХПІ» при підготовці курсантів за спеціальностями "Забезпечення військ (сил)" та "Озброєння та військова техніка". Науково-технічна новизна розробок підтверджується 7-ма патентами України та патентом Респубілки Казакстан, частина з яких відзначена дипломами Всеармійського конкурсу "Кращий винахід року", а саме: патент України № 116176 "Спосіб зниження токсичності газових викидів двигунів внутрішнього згоряння" (диплом I ступеня у номінації "Автомобільна техніка", 2017 рік); патент України № 117765 "Спосіб обробки поршнів двигунів внутрішнього згоряння" (диплом II ступеня у номінації "Автомобільна техніка", 2018 рік); патент України № 135696 "Поршень двигуна внутрішнього згоряння з каталітичним термостійким покриттям" (диплом "За оригінальність технічного рішення", 2019 рік).
Dissertation for the Degree of the Doctor of Engineering Sciences in the Specialty of 05.17.03 – technical Electrochemistry (161 – Chemical Technology and Engineering). – National Technical University "Kharkіv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkіv, 2020. The object of research is chemical and electrochemical processes in the volume of electrolyte, oxide coating and interface in the formation of heteroxide coatings on aluminum and titanium alloys. The subject of research is the mechanism of the surface treatment of aluminum and titanium alloys in alkaline solutions of electrolytes, technological parameters of plasma-electrolyte oxidation, composition, structure and functional properties of heteroxide coatings. The thesis is devoted to the development of scientific bases of plasma-electrolytic formation of heterooxide coatings of a given composition and functional properties on aluminum (titanium) alloys for ecotechnologies. Hypotheses were generated and experimentally proved concerning the homogenization of the surface of aluminum (titanium) multicomponent alloys and the formation of a given relief of the oxide matrix by plasma-electrolyte oxidation in alkaline solutions of diphosphates and the formation of strongly adhesed heteroxide coatings with a wide range of functional properties on aluminium (titanium) alloys by executing plasma-electrolytic oxidation in alkaline solutions of diphosphates with the presence of dopant metal compounds in one technological process. As a result of a comprehensive study of plasma-electrolytic oxidation of multicomponent alloys, a new paradigm of surface engineering is proposed, according to which in one technological process the surface of processed materials is homogenized with minimization of their alloying components, formation of predefined topography of Al₂O₃ (TiO₂) monoxide matrix and simultaneous incorporation of target alloying components. The use of complex electrolytes based on alkali metal diphosphates for acceleration of electrochemical dissolution, binding and removal of alloying components from the surface layers of multicomponent aluminum (titanium) alloys is proposed, ways to control surface homogenization are established and it is proved that PEO 1.0 in 0.5 mol/L K₄P₂O₇ solution at a current density of 5–7 A/dm² allows to reduce the content of alloying components in the surface layers by 4–5 times and to form developed oxide matrix of the metal-carrier, which became the basis for the development of a generalized flow chart. It is proposed to use a strategy for the synthesis of heteroxide coatings by plasma-electrolyte oxidation of alloyed aluminum (titanium) alloys with the formation of the oxide matrix of the metal-carrier and the incorporation of oxides of metal-dopants in one process; it is proved that the ratio of electrolyte components affects the content of dopant, morphology and topography of the heteroxide coating surface. With the use of differential dependences dU/dt–U in order to describe the kinetic laws and establish the stages of the process of plasma-electrolytic oxidation of alloys of different chemical composition, it is proved that the difference in the slope of such dependences at the initial sites of PEO is due to the formation of oxides of different nature, and the dominant of dissolution reactions of alloys components over the reaction of oxide formation with high resistivity cause the appearance of a plateau on the dU / dt – U dependence, the length of which reflects the formation of a heteroxide layer. The conception of incorporation of Mn and Co oxides into the coatings was substantiated and it is proved that in alkaline electrolytes, which are based on diphosphates, with the addition of metal-dopant salts in the mode of "decreasing power" with variation of current density heteroxide oxide coatings Al₂O₃·MnOₓ with manganese content up to 36 % and Al₂O₃·CoOᵧ with cobalt content up to 24.0 %, are formed that allowed to determine the optimal synthesis conditions. The formation of matrix of metal-carrier in proposed modes with a phase structure of corundum, in which oxides of dopant metals of variable valence are incorporated, is confirmed. It is established that a significant increase in microhardness for the system Al | Al₂O₃·CoOᵧ is caused not only by the formation of α-Al₂O₃ in breakdown paths, but also by the formation of the structure of CoAl₂O₄ sapphire due to chemical substitution and it is proved that heat treatment of heteroxide coatings at temperatures of 300–500 °C causes a change in the ratio of oxide forms of alloying components while maintaining high microhardness values. It is established that one-stage plasma-electrolyte treatment of the KamAZ-740 engine piston in diphosphate solutions with the addition of manganates (VII) and cobalt (II) salts allows to form uniform strongly adhered catalytic and heat-protective heteroxide coatings by oxides of manganese and cobalt, high activity of which was proved in the process of catalytic fuel combustion. The idea of the system of factors influencing the composition, morphology, topography and structure of heteroxide coatings on alloyed aluminum (titanium) alloys and the dependence of the functional properties of oxide layers on the mode of formation and surface composition was further developed. The practical significance of the obtained results lies in the development of variable technological schemes of plasma-electrolyte treatment of multicomponent aluminum (titanium) alloys in diphosphate solutions with minimization of alloying components in surface layers and formation of heteroxide coatings with high content of active components and given functional properties. Testing of the developed coatings on the test benches of the Department of Internal Combustion Engines of NTU "KhPI" revealed a reduction in emissions of nitrogen and carbon oxides and increase in fuel efficiency of engines due to internal cylinder catalysis. The results of tests of heteroxide coatings in the Kharkiv Scientific Research Forensic Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine established their increased corrosion resistance and mechanical strength, which allowed to recommend the obtained materials to protect against corrosion damage and increase the mechanical strength of detonator caps used for blasting. Increased mechanical properties and high adhesive strength of oxide coatings to the base metal were confirmed by tests at JSC "UKRNDIHIMMASH". Theoretical materials and practical results of the research were used in the educational process of the National Aerospace University named after M.E. Zhukovsky "Kharkiv Aviation Institute" in the training of specialists in the specialty "Thermal power" and the Military Institute of Armored Forces of NTU "KhPI" in the training of cadets in the specialties "Provision of troops (forces)" and "Armament and military equipment". The scientific and technical novelty of the developments is confirmed by 7 patents of Ukraine, some of which were awarded diplomas of the All-Army competition "Best Invention of the Year", namely: patent of Ukraine # 116176 "Method of reducing toxicity of gaseous emissions from internal combustion engines" (first-degree diploma certificate in nomination "Automotive Equipment", 2017); patent of Ukraine # 117765 "Method of processing pistons of internal combustion engines" (second-degree diploma certificate in nomination "Automotive Equipment", 2018); patent of Ukraine # 135696 "Piston of an internal combustion engine with a catalytic heat-resistant coating" (diploma certificate "For the originality of the technical solution", 2019).

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.03 ‒ технічна електрохімія (161 – хімічні технології та інженерія). ‒ Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2020. Дисертацію присвячено розробці наукових засад технології плазмо-електролітного формування гетерооксидних покриттів заданого складу і функціональних властивостей на сплавах Al (Ti) для екотехнологій. Висунуто та експериментально доведено гіпотези щодо гомогенізації поверхні багатокомпонентних сплавів та формування заданого рельєфу оксидної матриці плазмо-електролітним оксидуванням в лужних розчинах дифосфатів та формування міцноадгезованих гетерооксидних покриттів із широким спектром функціональних властивостей за присутності сполук металів-допантів. З використанням диференціальних залежностей dU/dt–U описано кінетичні закономірності та встановлено стадійність процесу ПЕО сплавів різного хімічного складу. Встановлено, що використання розчинів дифосфатів дозволяє зменшити вміст легувальних елементів у поверхневих шарах в 4–5 разів та сформувати розвинену оксидну матрицю металу-носія. Доведено, що в лужних електролітах при додаванні солей металів-допантів в режимі "спадаючої потужності" з варіюванням густини струму формуються гетерооксидні покриття із Ѡ(Mn) до 36,0 ат. % та з Ѡ(Co) до 24,0 ат. %, що дозволило визначити оптимальні умови синтезу. Підтверджено утворення в запропонованих режимах матриці металу-носія, в яку інкорпоровані оксиди металів-допантів змінної валентності. Доведено, що термообробка гетерооксидних покриттів при температурах до 600°С зумовлює зміну співвідношення оксидних форм допувальних компонентів при збереженні високих показників мікротвердості. Встановлено, що одностадійна плазмо-електролітна обробка поршня двигуна КамАЗ-740 у розроблених електролітах та режимах дозволяє сформувати рівномірні міцноадгезовані каталітичні і теплозахисні гетерооксидні покриття оксидами мангану та кобальту, активність яких доведено в робочому процесі каталітичного горіння палива. Розроблено варіативні схеми плазмо-електролітної обробки багатокомпонентних сплавів Al (Ti) з підвищеним вмістом активних компонентів й заданими функціональними властивостями. За результатами комплексу експериментальних досліджень та тестувань властивостей покриттів в модельних середовищах й технологічних умовах визначено перспективні області застосування одержаних матеріалів.
Thesis for scientific degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences in the Specialty of 05.17.03 – Technical Electrochemistry (161 – Chemical Technology and Engineering). – National Technical University "Kharkіv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkіv, 2020. The thesis is devoted to the development of scientific bases of plasma-electrolytic formation of heterooxide coatings of a given composition and functional properties on Al (Ti) alloys for ecotechnologies. Hypotheses were generated and experimentally proved concerning the homogenization of the surface of aluminum (titanium) multicomponent alloys and the formation of a given relief of the oxide matrix by plasma-electrolyte oxidation in alkaline solutions of diphosphates and the formation of strongly adhesed heteroxide coatings with a wide range of functional properties on aluminium (titanium) alloys by executing plasma-electrolytic oxidation in alkaline solutions of diphosphates with the presence of dopant metal compounds in one technological process. With the use of differential dependences dU/dt–U in order to describe the kinetic laws and establish the stages of the process of plasma-electrolytic oxidation of alloys of different chemical composition. It found that the use of complex electrolytes based on alkali metal allows to reduce the content of alloying components in the surface layers by 4–5 times and to form developed oxide matrix of the metal-carrier. It proved that in the mode of "decreasing power" with variation of current density heteroxide oxide coatings with Ѡ(Mn) up 36.0 аt. % and with Ѡ(Co) up 24.0 аt. %, that allowed to determine the optimal synthesis conditions. The formation of matrix of metal-carrier in proposed modes, in which oxides of dopant metals of variable valence are incorporated, is confirmed. It is proved that heat treatment of heteroxide coatings at temperatures up 600°C causes a change in the ratio of oxide forms of alloying components while maintaining high microhardness values. It is established that one-stage plasma-electrolyte treatment of the KamAZ-740 engine piston in in developed electrolytes and modes allows to form uniform strongly adhered catalytic and heat-protective heteroxide coatings by oxides of manganese and cobalt, high activity of which was proved in the process of catalytic fuel combustion. The variation schemes of of plasma-electrolytic treatment of multicomponent Al (Ti) alloys with the increased content of active components and the set functional properties were suggested. The perspective areas of the application of the obtained materials according to the results of experimental researches and tests of properties in model environments and technological conditions are determined.

La modélisation des matériaux nano-renforcés nécessite de prendre en compte l’effet de taille induit par les phénomènes locaux à l’interface entre la nanoinclusion et la matrice. Cet effet de taille est interprété par une augmentation du rapport interface/volume et peut être pris en compte en introduisant une élasticité surfacique à l’interface. Alors que de nombreux travaux ont été développés du point de vue analytique, peu de contributions ont trait à la description numérique et à la mise en œuvre de cette élasticité surfacique dans la méthode des éléments finis (FEM). Nos études visent à développer des outils numériques efficaces basés sur la FEM pour la modélisation de nanocomposites. Dans un premier temps, nous évaluons les deux stratégies numériques existantes, à savoir l’approche XFEM et l’approche des éléments d’interface, dans la reproduction de l’effet de taille dans le processus d’homogénéisation. Deuxièmement, sur la base d’un test de performance des trois types de formulations d’E-FEM dans le cas de discontinuités faibles, nous proposons une formulation améliorée de SKON permettant d’intégrer l’effet d’une interface cohérente. Enfin, la modélisation numérique du comportement non linéaire des nanocomposites est étudiée. Lors de la première étape, une loi élastoplastique de type von Mises avec durcissement linéaire isotrope est considérée pour le volume, tandis que l’interface est considérée comme élastique linéaire
The modelization of nano-reinforced material requires to take into account the size effect caused by the local phenomena at the interface between the nano-inclusion and the matrix. This size effect is interpreted through an increase in the ratio interface/volume and can be taken into account by introducing a surface elasticity at the interface. Whereas a lot of works have been developed from the analytical point of view, few contributions are related to numerical description and implementation of such surface elasticity in Finite Element Method (FEM). Our studies aim to develop efficient numerical tools based on FEM for the modeling of nanocomposites. Firstly, we evaluate the two existent numerical strategies namely the XFEM approach and the Interface element approach in reproducing the size effect in the homogenization process. Secondly, based on a performance test on the three types of formulations of E-FEM for the case of weak discontinuity, we propose an enhanced SKON formulation allowing to incorporate the effect of a coherent interface. Finally, the numerical modeling on the nonlinear behavior of nanocomposites is investigated. In the first step, a von Mises type elastoplastic law with linear isotropic hardening is considered for the bulk while the interface is considered as linear elastic

L’ajout de charges dans les élastomères, en particulier les nano-silices dans les silicones, améliore sensiblement les propriétés mécaniques (rigidité, dissipation, contrainte à rupture,...). En contrepartie, cela introduit dans le comportement mécanique des dépendances et des non-linéarités absentes dans la matrice pure. Le lien entre la microstructure complexe du matériau et ses propriétés mécaniques macroscopiques n’est pas encore clairement établi. C’est pourquoi, nous commençons par construire un modèle stochastique décrivant la réponse mécanique linéaire des élastomères renforcés. Ce modèle est basé sur le concept de ponts vitreux. La microstructure représentative du matériau est formée par une distribution d’orientations et de longueurs de ponts, i.e. de régions de chaînes polymères confinées entre agrégats. Localement, la réponse mécanique du pont peut être vitreuse ou caoutchoutique selon le confinement, la température et l’amplitude de déformation. Les propriétés mécaniques macroscopiques de la distribution sont calculées par une méthode d’homogénéisation auto-cohérente. Pour chaque matériau, la distribution de ponts peut être identifiée à partir des mesures expérimentales du renforcement mécanique en régime linéaire.Le modèle stochastique nous permet aussi d’élucider l’origine physique de l’équivalence température-pression mise en évidence sur la rigidité. Alors que la température engendre la disparition des ponts vitreux (adoucissement), nous montrons que la pression, elle, en crée de nouveaux (rigidification). Le concept de ponts vitreux nous permet alors d’établir une nouvelle loi d’équivalence température-pression pour les élastomères renforcés. En outre, nous montrons que cette théorie décrit aussi, en première approximation, les propriétés mécaniques non-linéaires (effet Payne) de nos matériaux. Pour finir, nous mettons en œuvre dans un code de calcul éléments finis, un modèle de comportement macroscopique à base physique. Bien que le cadre thermodynamique soit classique, les valeurs des paramètres matériaux sont issues de surfaces de réponses qui sont identifiées à partir du modèle stochastique
The addition of fillers into a polymer matrix, such as nano-silica into silicone rubbers, brings an outstanding enhancement in the mechanical properties (stiffness, hysteresis, ultimate strength,...). In return, many dependencies or nonlinearities appear in the mechanical behaviour which do not exist in the pure rubber. The relation between the microstructure and the macroscopic mechanical properties is not yet clearly understood.Thus, we start with the development of a stochastic model describing the linear mechanical response of filled rubbers. This model is based on the glassy bridges theory. The typical microstructure of the system is composed by a bridges lengths and orientations distribution, i.e. confined polymer chains between aggregates. The local mechanical response of a single bridge can be glassy or rubbery depending on the confinement degree, the temperature and the strain amplitude. The macroscopic mechanical properties of the distribution are calculated by the mean of a self-consistent homogenization. For all our materials, the bridges distribution has been identified based on the linear mechanical reinforcement measurements.The stochastic model also provides the physical origin of the pressure-temperature superposition highlighted on the stiffness. The temperature makes the glassy bridges disappear (softening) while the pressure creates new ones (hardening). The glassy bridges theory allows us to suggest a new pressure-temperature superposition law for filled elastomers.Then, we show that the theory is also capable, to a first approximation, to describe the nonlinear mechanical properties (Payne effect) of our samples. Finally, we implement the constitutive equations of a macroscopique behaviour into a finite element software. Although the thermodynamical framework is standard, the material parameters are given by responses surfaces which are identified based on the stochastic model

La communauté des métamatériaux est entrée en effervescence depuis la publication de deux articles de Science en 2006 par Pendry et Leonhardt dans lesquels il est proposé de réaliser des systèmes exotiques tels que les capes d’invisibilité par transformation d’espace. En effet, l’invariance de forme des équations de Maxwell permet une équivalence entre géométrie déformée et présence d’un matériau aux propriétés particulières. Depuis, de nombreux exemples expérimentaux ont montré la faisabilité de tels systèmes transformés. L’invariance de forme se retrouve également dans d’autres phénomènes physiques et les transformations d’espace ont par ailleurs été appliquées à plusieurs disciplines telles que l’acoustique, l’élasto-dynamique ou la propagation d’ondes de surface. Nous présentons ici les transformations d’espace appliquées à l’équation de la chaleur. Au cours de notre étude, nous nous intéressons aux transformations menant aux capes d’invisibilité thermiques et aux concentrateurs thermiques. Ces systèmes sont constitués de matériaux anisotropes et hétérogènes ce qui les rend difficile à réaliser. Nous utilisons donc la théorie de l’homogénéisation à deux échelles qui permet d’approcher le comportement de ces systèmes par une alternance de couches de matériaux isotropes. Nous suivons une démarche systématique d’évaluation quantitative des performances de nos systèmes approchés dans une optique d’une ingénierie à haut niveau de métamatériaux thermiques. Un modèle de tapis thermique à 50 couches est proposé dont les résultats expérimentaux sont attendus
The metamaterials community has been heavily excited since the publication of two articles by Pendry and Leonhardt in 2006 in which exotic devices such as invisibility cloaks are proposed to be implemented by space transformation. Indeed, the form invariance of the Maxwell equations allow for an equivalence between a deformed geometry and a material with specific properties. Since then, several experimental studies have shown the feasibility of such transformed devices. The form invariance is also found in other physical domains such and the space transformations were applied to mulitphyscial phenomena such acoustic wave propagation, elasto-dynamic wave and surface wave propagation. We present in this work the space transformation applied to the heat equation. Throughout our study, we focus on the transformations leading to thermal invisibility cloaks and thermal concentrators. Those transformed devices are made of anisotropic heterogeneous materials which make them difficult to practically design. Therefore, we make use of the two-scale homogenization theory allowing to approach the behavior of those devices with an alternate set of isotropic materials. We systematically try to evaluate quantitatively the performance of our approximate devices by defining an effectiveness criterion to achieve high level of mthermal metamaterials engineering. We present a the end a model of a 50-layer carpet cloak whose first results are to be expected

碩士
大葉大學
生物產業科技學系
98
Nanoemulsion droplets size is in the range of 10-100 nm. Nanoemulsion was stable and easily absorbed through skin due to its miniaturized size. High pressure homogenization may be applicable to manufacture nanoemulsion products by providing great energy in a short time with a homogeneous flow to decrease particle size. In this study, the effects of oil (2-6%, w/w), surfactant (3-7%, w/w), and the homogenization pressure (70-130 MPa) on the particle size of emulsion were investigated using response surface methodology (RSM) with 3-factor-3-level Box-Behnken design. Based on the analysis of canonical, the effect of the number of passes of homogenization on particle size to obtain emulsion with low particle size and high stability was determined.Then, glabridin was added to the nanoemulsion as a functional ingredient, and effectiveness of the product was evaluated. Results showed that a good nanoemulsion was obtained by mixing oil 3.65% with emulsifier 5.3% and then homogenized at 129 MPa. The actual minimum particle size (58 nm) was closed to the predicted value (40.4 nm). Homogenization pressure was the key factor affecting particle size from the analysis of variance for joint test (p < 0.005). The particle size was proportionally reduced as the pressure increased. Moreover, the number of passes of homogenization could also affect the particle size, and stable particle size at about 28 nm was resulted after 3 passes of homogenization. Glabridin had a high DPPH radical scavenging activity (80%) of 1 mg/mL. Activity of tyrosinase was inhibited by 80% using 1 μg/mL of glabridin. The nanoemulsion containing glabridin retained tyrosinase inhibitory activity even after high pressure homogenization. The cumulative amount (0.086 g/mL) for the product was better than that that of non-high pressure homogenization (0.057 mg/mL) after transdermal diffusion for 24 hours. Furthermore, the glabridin nanoemulsion did not cause any irritation or allergy during the safety and stability test. In conclusion, this study showed that an optimal condition was developed for the preparation of a stable nanoemulsion, and glabridin is a highly valuable active ingredient for whitening the skin. Results also showed that the miniaturized particle of this product could be absorbed without irritation and allergy through skin while providing an effective high value skin care.

The direct chill (DC) casting technique to produce billets for extrusion and ingots for rollingwas developed in the 1930s. The principle, which is still valid, is a two-stage cooling with a primary cooling at a mould surface followed by water spraying directly on the surface. Improvements of this technique have mainly focused on changes to the primary cooling, where a water-cooled metal mould has been replaced by different techniques to minimize cooling at this stage. The drive for development comes from the extrusion industry, which can increase the productivity and quality of extruded profiles by improving the billet surface appearance and structure. Hot top casting supported by airflow against the casting surface during the primary cooling is currently the standard procedure to achieve acceptable billet surfaces. The goal is to minimize the depth of the surface segregation zone, which is the governing factor for the appearance of different phases in the surface region. Billet surface quality is evaluated by quantifying surface appearance, segregation zone thickness, and  occurrence of large Mg2Si and β-particles near the surface. The β-Al5FeSi intermetallic phase and coarse Mg2Si particles have negative effects on extrudability and workability of 6xxx Al alloys billets. To achieve extruded products with a high surface quality the as-cast billets are  heat-treated before extrusion. During heat treatment the undesired intermetallic particles, i.e., β-AlFeSi platelets are transformed to rounded α-Al(FeMn)Si intermetallic phases. In this  research the formation of the surface segregation for smooth defect-free surfaces in both as-cast and homogenized billets was studied. In addition, the surfaces with defects such as wavy, spot and vertical drag defects were investigated and possible mechanisms for initiation of those defects were explained. Moreover, for a better understanding of the homogenization process in-situ studies of the heat treatment of 6082, 6005, 6060 and 6063 Al alloys were carried out by using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Based on the observations, an explanation of the probable mechanisms taking place during transformation from β-to α-phase was presented.

Vid tidpunkten för disputationen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 5 manuskript, delarbete 6 inskickat och delarbete 7 inskickat.

At the time of the doctoral defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 5 manuscript, paper 6 submitted, paper 7 submitted.

碩士
國立成功大學
材料科學及工程學系碩博士班
101
With the development of the micro-machining process technology, manufacturing regular micro structures on surface with a high precision is feasible. While analyzing hydrodynamic lubrication effects induced by surface roughness, it requires enormous calculation time and tremendous memory space, in order to build extremely dense meshes. In some worse situations, the meshes cannot even be built. To solve the problem, averaging techniques have been developed recently. Flow factor and homogenization are the most famous averaging techniques in Tribology. Flow factor used to be a well-known method because of its characteristic to deal with random surface that cannot be dealt by homogenization. Compared to the flow factor, homogenization is based on much rigorous theories mainly deduced from reasonable boundary setting. Thus, homogenization is much more reliable than flow factor. In order to make homogenization easier to use, this paper modified the original homogenized Reynolds Equation by using curve fitting techniques and Mohr’s circle theory, which simplifies the solution process significantly. It should be noted that this is the first time curve fitting techniques have been used in homogenization. Also, some discussions about the relationship between load and several parameters of texture such as orientation, aspect ratio and density are included in this article.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and its onset is highly incident in the lungs, with very low long-term survival rates. Chemotherapy plays a significant role for lung cancer treatment, and pulmonary delivery may be a potential route for anticancer drug delivery to treat lung tumors. Coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) is a poorly-water soluble compound that is being investigated for the treatment of carcinomas. In this work, we hypothesize that formulations of CoQ10 may be developed for pulmonary delivery with a satisfactory pharmacokinetic profile that will have the potential to improve a pharmacodynamic response when treating lung malignancies. The formulation design was to use a vibrating-mesh nebulizer to aerosolize aqueous dispersions of CoQ₁₀ stabilized by phospholipids physiologically found in the lungs. In the first study, a method was developed to measure the surface tension of liquids, a physicochemical property that has been shown to influence the aerosol output characteristics from vibrating-mesh nebulizers. Subsequently, this method was used, together with analysis of particle size distribution, zeta potential, and rheology, to further evaluate the factors influencing the capability of this nebulizer system to continuously and steadily aerosolize formulations of CoQ₁₀ prepared with high pressure homogenization. The aerosolization profile (nebulization performance and in vitro drug deposition of nebulized droplets) of formulations prepared with soybean lecithin, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC) were evaluated. The rheological behavior of these dispersions was found to be the factor that may be indicative of the aerosolization output profile. Finally, the pulmonary deposition and systemic distribution of CoQ₁₀ prepared as DMPC, DPPC, and DSPC dispersions were investigated in vivo in mice. It was found that high drug amounts were deposited and retained in the mouse lungs for at least 48 hours post nebulization. Systemic distribution was not observed and deposition in the nasal cavity occurred at a lower scale than in the lungs. This body of work provides evidence that CoQ₁₀ may be successfully formulated as dispersions to be aerosolized using vibrating-mesh nebulizers and achieve high drug deposition in the lungs during inhalation.