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Journal articles on the topic 'Surface freezing'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Stallbaumer-Cyr, Emily M., Melanie M. Derby, and Amy R. Betz. "Physical mechanisms for delaying condensation freezing on grooved and sintered wicking surfaces." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 7 (August 15, 2022): 071601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0105412.

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Heat pipes are passive heat transfer devices crucial for systems on spacecraft; however, they can freeze when exposed to extreme cold temperatures. The research on freezing mechanisms on wicked surfaces, such as those found in heat pipes, is limited. Surface characteristics, including surface topography, have been found to impact freezing. This work investigates freezing mechanisms on wicks during condensation freezing. Experiments were conducted in an environmental chamber at 22 °C and 60% relative humidity on three types of surfaces (i.e., plain copper, sintered heat pipe wicks, and grooved heat pipe wicks). The plain copper surface tended to freeze via ice bridging—consistent with other literature—before the grooved and sintered wicks at an average freezing time of 4.6 min with an average droplet diameter of 141.9 ± 58.1 μm at freezing. The grooved surface also froze via ice bridging but required, on average, almost double the length of time the plain copper surface took to freeze, 8.3 min with an average droplet diameter of 60.5 ± 27.9 μm at freezing. Bridges could not form between grooves, so initial freezing for each groove was stochastic. The sintered wick's surface could not propagate solely by ice bridging due to its topography, but also employed stochastic freezing and cascade freezing, which prompted more varied freezing times and an average of 10.9 min with an average droplet diameter of 97.4 ± 32.9 μm at freezing. The topography of the wicked surfaces influenced the location of droplet nucleation and, therefore, the ability for the droplet-to-droplet interaction during the freezing process.

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2

MAEDA, NOBUO, and VASSILI V. YAMINSKY. "EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS OF SURFACE FREEZING." International Journal of Modern Physics B 15, no. 23 (September 20, 2001): 3055–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979201007051.

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Capillary phase transitions and those induced by interfaces, like pre-melting, have been studied for decades. The related phenomenon of surface freezing has not been explored so extensively. We review experiments on surface freezing, those of long-chain n-alkanes in particular, and place the results within the wider thermodynamic framework of surface phase transitions. Surface freezing plays an important role in nucleation and crystallization of bulk long-chain n-alkanes. Implications for capillary melting and freezing of substances at nanoscales are discussed. Theoretical aspects of condensed capillary phase transitions will be reviewed separately.

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3

Motoyoshi, I. "Temporal freezing of surface properties." Journal of Vision 6, no. 6 (March 18, 2010): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/6.6.124.

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4

Heni, Martin, and Hartmut Löwen. "Surface Freezing on Patterned Substrates." Physical Review Letters 85, no. 17 (October 23, 2000): 3668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.85.3668.

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5

Baillie, C. F., and D. A. Johnston. "Freezing a fluid random surface." Physical Review D 48, no. 10 (November 15, 1993): 5025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.48.5025.

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6

Gang, O., B. M. Ocko, X. Z. Wu, E. B. Sirota, and M. Deutsch. "Surface freezing in chain molecules." Synchrotron Radiation News 12, no. 2 (March 1999): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08940889908260986.

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7

Wang, Zhongyi, Zhiwei Deng, Yanhua Wang, and Yi Yi. "Simulation Study on the Factors Affecting the Solidification of Liquid Droplets with Different Salinity on Cold Surfaces." Applied Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13020994.

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Salt spray splashing on the structural surfaces of ships is a common difficulty in polar navigation. In this paper, experiments are designed to study the variation in the growth peak of pure water droplets on the surface of a hydrophobic coating with a contact angle of 90°, and the numerical simulation method is verified according to the experiment. The variation in the growth peak calculated by the numerical simulation is consistent with the experiment, and the calculation error of the freezing time obtained by numerical simulation is less than 10% of that of the experiment. The freezing processes of droplets with salinity levels of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 10 μL on the surfaces of the hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and super hydrophobic plates are studied. The freezing time of the droplets is calculated, along with the effects of the wall temperature, surface contact angle, and salinity on the freezing time and freezing process of the droplets. The results show that the freezing time increased dramatically with increasing salinity. The influence of the contact angle and substrate temperature on the freezing process was also concentrated. All these results contribute to a better understanding of the icing mechanism on marine surfaces.

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8

Loganina, About the author: Valentina I. "Research of freezing kinetics of water drop on superhydrophobic coating surfaces." Vestnik MGSU, no. 4 (April 2019): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2019.4.435-441.

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Introduction. Anti-icing coatings are used to prevent icing of the building roofs and power transmission line poles. One of the characteristics of anti-icing properties of superhydrophobic surfaces is the delay in the crystallization of drops on such surfaces. A significant delay in the crystallization of water drops on superhydrophobic substrates is noted in the scientific and technical literature. However, it is recorded in a number of papers that the delay time of crystallization on hydrophilic substrates is longer than the corresponding values on superhydrophobic surfaces. In connection with the foregoing, the study of the freezing kinetics of a water drop on a superhydrophobic surface in order to assess its efficiency is a relevant scientific and technical problem. Materials and methods. To evaluate the kinetics of freezing a of water drop on a superhydrophobic surface, the following experiment is conducted. A drop of water is placed on the superhydrophobic surface of the mortar substrate, which is placed in a freezer at a temperature of –18 °C. Studies of the drop freezing dynamics on the surface are performed using a Testo 875-1 thermal imager. To create a superhydrophobic surface, an aerosil R 972 with density ρ = 2360 kg/m3, particle size of 16 nm and specific surface area Ssp = 12 000 m2/kg is used as a filler. A silicone resin SILRES® MSE 100 of 10 % concentration is used as a binder. The obtained solutions are deposited on the mortar substrates. The degree of hydrophobicity is assessed by the magnitude of the wetting angle (θ°). Results. Results of the studies of temperature distribution on the water drop surface indicate that the distribution is uneven. The process of drop freezing is multistage. In the initial period, there is a transfer of heat from the surface into the water drop. This stage is followed by the process of drop freezing which is manifested in the upward movement of the freezing front from the substrate. Conclusions. It is revealed that the temperature distribution on the surface of a water drop is uneven. When freezing, a water drop has a pointed top.

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9

Campañone, Laura A., Viviana O. Salvadori, and Rodolfo H. Mascheroni. "Food freezing with simultaneous surface dehydration: approximate prediction of freezing time." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 48, no. 6 (March 2005): 1205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.09.030.

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10

Modak, Viraj P., Barbara E. Wyslouzil, and Sherwin J. Singer. "Mechanism of surface freezing of alkanes." Journal of Chemical Physics 153, no. 22 (December 14, 2020): 224501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0031761.

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11

Tkachenko, Alexei V., and Yitzhak Rabin. "Theory of surface freezing of alkanes." Physical Review E 55, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.55.778.

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12

Gang, O., B. M. Ocko, X. Z. Wu, E. B. Sirota, and M. Deutsch. "Surface Freezing in Hydrated Alcohol Melts." Physical Review Letters 80, no. 6 (February 9, 1998): 1264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.80.1264.

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13

Zorick, Todd S., and Caroline Schooley. "Ultrarapid freezing on a diamond surface." Microscopy Research and Technique 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200112.

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14

Pontoni, Diego, Julia Haddad, Bridget M. Murphy, Sven Festersen, Oleg Konovalov, Benjamin M. Ocko, and Moshe Deutsch. "Surface Phases and Surface Freezing in an Ionic Liquid." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 123, no. 5 (January 15, 2019): 3058–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b00286.

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15

Prasad, Shishir, Laurie Hanne, and Ali Dhinojwala. "Surface Segregation in Polymer Blends Driven by Surface Freezing." Macromolecules 39, no. 22 (October 2006): 7467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma061266e.

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16

Groβberger, Sandra, Tobias Fey, and Geoffrey Lee. "Freezing kinetics of vacuum-induced surface directional freezing in a glass vial." Chemical Engineering Science 167 (August 2017): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2017.03.066.

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17

Zhang, Xiang-Xiong, and Min Chen. "Icephobicity of Functionalized Graphene Surfaces." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6731840.

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Manipulating the ice nucleation ability of liquid water by solid surface is of fundamental importance, especially in the design of icephobic surfaces. In this paper, the icephobicity of graphene surfaces functionalized by sodium ions, chloride ions, or methane molecules is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The icephobicity of the surface is evaluated by the freezing temperature. The freezing temperature on surface functionalized by methane molecules decreases at first and then increases as a function of the number groups, while the freezing temperature increases monotonically as a function of the number groups upon surfaces functionalized by sodium ions or chloride ions. The difference can be partially explained by the potential morphologies near the surfaces. Additionally, the validity of indicating the ice nucleation ability of water molecules using the number of six rings in the system is examined. Current study shows that the ice nucleation upon functionalized surfaces is inhibited when compared with smooth graphene substrate, which proves the feasibility of changing the icephobicity of the surfaces by functionalizing with certain ions or molecules.

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18

Hu, Anjie, Qiaowei Yuan, Kaiyue Guo, Zhenyu Wang, and Dong Liu. "3D Simulations of Freezing Characteristics of Double-Droplet Impact on Cold Surfaces with Different Wettability." Entropy 24, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 1650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24111650.

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In this work, the freezing characteristics of double-droplet impact on three typical wettability surfaces were investigated by coupling the solidification and melting VOF models. Different temperature conditions were adopted to study the influence of icing speed on droplet behavior. Simulation results show that the motion of the double-droplet impact is consistent with that of a single droplet in the early spreading stage but behaves differently in the retraction stage. The wetting area evolution during the impact-freezing process shows different tendency for hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces: Compared with single droplets, double droplets have a smaller wetting area factor on hydrophilic surfaces but a larger one on superhydrophobic surfaces. In addition, three typical impact results are observed for the double-droplet impact on a superhydrophobic cold surface: full rebound, adhesive avulsion, and full adhesion, which reflects the interaction of droplet merging and solidification during the impact freezing of the double droplet. These findings may deepen our understanding of the mechanism of impact freezing on a cold surface, it provides reference for the associated applications and technologies in icing/anti-icing.

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19

Allmendinger, Andrea, Yuen Li Butt, Raphael Mietzner, Felix Schmidt, Joerg Luemkemann, and Carmen Lema Martinez. "Controlling Ice Nucleation during Lyophilization: Process Optimization of Vacuum-Induced Surface Freezing." Processes 8, no. 10 (October 8, 2020): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8101263.

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Biopharmaceuticals are often lyophilized to improve their storage stability. Controlling ice nucleation during the freezing step of the lyophilization process is desired to increase homogeneity of product properties across a drug product batch and shorten the primary drying time. The present communication summarizes the process optimization of the freezing process when using vacuum-induced surface freezing to control ice nucleation, in particular for amorphous samples. We characterized freeze-dried samples for solid state properties, and compared these to uncontrolled nucleated samples using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein. Freezing parameters were optimized to obtain complete nucleation, adequate cake resistance during the subsequent lyophilization cycle, and elegant cakes. We highlight the challenges associated with vacuum-induced surface freezing and propose optimized freezing parameters to control ice nucleation, enabling manufacturing of amorphous samples.

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20

Chuvilin, E. M., N. S. Naletova, E. C. Miklyaeva, E. V. Kozlova, and A. Instanes. "Factors affecting spreadability and transportation of oil in regions of frozen ground." Polar Record 37, no. 202 (July 2001): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740002725x.

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AbstractThe physical behaviour of oil interacting with soils subjected to seasonal frost or permafrost was investigated. An experimental programme was carried out to investigate the transportation and spreading of oil on a frozen surface, and transportation and accumulation of oil into freezing or frozen soils. The results show that spreading of oil at the surface at air temperatures below freezing depends on oil composition, soil temperature, and the type of mineral surface. It was observed that an ice surface has the least spreading and the greatest wetting angle of the surfaces studied. The oil penetration into frozen soils depends on soil and oil composition and temperature conditions. It was observed, as expected, that oil accumulation in frozen soils decreases with increasing ice content in the pores. However, penetration of oil components is observed even in completely ice-saturated soils. Freezing of oil-saturated soils causes a redistribution of the oil components. In sandy soils, the oil concentrates in a thawed zone in front of the freezing front; in clay soils, the oil can accumulate in the frozen zone under certain temperature conditions. A summary of the influence of various factors affecting oil behaviour in frozen and freezing soils is presented based on the experimental data and published data from other authors.

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21

Zhang, Mingli, Guang Li, Dekai Wang, Weilin Ye, Zhixiong Zhou, Zhao Ma, and Kai Xia. "The Promotion Mechanism of Frozen Stagnant Water on the Sliding in the Loess Landslide Zone of Heifangtai." Geofluids 2021 (October 4, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9749011.

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Freeze-thaw cycles can significantly change the hydrologic and thermal state of slopes in cold regions and affect their stability. Landslides occur continuously in the slip area of seasonally frozen soil area during the freezing period. The freeze-thaw action and the difference in the characteristics of the underlying surface of the slope are important factors inducing landslides. Taking Heifangtai slope in Gansu Province as an example, the freezing-thawing characteristics of the slope surfaces under different underlying surface conditions were analyzed by field monitoring. A thermohydromechanical coupling model was established to reconstruct the frozen stagnant water process of the Heifangtai landslide zone, and the impact of freeze-thaw action on the loess landslide zone was studied. The results show that differences in the underlying surface led to different freezing-thawing characteristics between the unsaturated area and the groundwater overflow zone. During the freezing period, the soil freezing depth was greater, and the freezing duration was longer in the unsaturated area. The frozen stagnant water effect of the Heifangtai loess landslide zone is obvious. The maximum difference in the groundwater level between February and August could reach nearly 1 m. Meanwhile, the frozen stagnant water process of the Heifangtai landslide zone has a slip-promoting action on the slope. The factor of safety declined during the freezing period and increased during the thawing period. It reached a minimum of 1.42 in February.

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22

Wu, X. Z., B. M. Ocko, E. B. Sirota, S. K. Sinha, M. Deutsch, B. H. Cao, and M. W. Kim. "Surface Tension Measurements of Surface Freezing in Liquid Normal Alkanes." Science 261, no. 5124 (August 20, 1993): 1018–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.261.5124.1018.

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23

Ocko, B. M., X. Z. Wu, E. B. Sirota, S. K. Sinha, O. Gang, and M. Deutsch. "Surface freezing in chain molecules: Normal alkanes." Physical Review E 55, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 3164–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.55.3164.

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24

Grandner, S., and S. H. L. Klapp. "Surface-charge–induced freezing of colloidal suspensions." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 90, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 68004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/90/68004.

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25

Nattland, Detlef, Andrei Turchanin, and Werner Freyland. "Surface freezing transitions in liquid binary alloys." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 312-314 (October 2002): 464–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(02)01716-7.

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26

INABA, Hideo, Akihiko HORIBE, Naoto HARUKI, and Yoshio DOI. "608 Adhesive Intensity of Some Freezing Surface." Proceedings of Conference of Chugoku-Shikoku Branch 005.1 (2000): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecs.005.1.191.

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27

Tkachenko, Alexei V., and Yitzhak Rabin. "Fluctuation-Stabilized Surface Freezing of Chain Molecules." Physical Review Letters 76, no. 14 (April 1, 1996): 2527–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.76.2527.

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28

Sirota, E. B., X. Z. Wu, B. M. Ocko, and M. Deutsch. "What Drives the Surface Freezing in Alkanes?" Physical Review Letters 79, no. 3 (July 21, 1997): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.79.531.

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29

Kramer, Martin, Bernd Sennhenn, and Geoffrey Lee. "Freeze‐drying using vacuum‐induced surface freezing." Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 91, no. 2 (February 2002): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.10035.

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30

Li, Xianglong, Ze Zhang, Andrey Melnikov, Mingyi Zhang, Doudou Jin, and Jinbang Zhai. "Variation of Ground Surface Freezing/Thawing Index in China under the CMIP6 Warming Scenarios." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 14458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114458.

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As an important parameter in permafrost research, the annual ground surface freezing/thawing index is widely used in the variation of permafrost. In addition, it is also an important indicator in climatology, providing a large amount of theoretical basis for the assessment of climate change. Based on the ground surface temperature data recorded at 707 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2020, the ground surface freezing/thawing index in China were calculated. The results showed that over the past six decades, the thawing index has shown an upward trend, whereas the freezing index has shown a downward trend, and the trend is stronger around 2000. The results of the R/S-based analysis indicate that the freezing/thawing index will remain on a decreasing/increasing trend for some time to come. Based on the five warming scenarios published by Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), the spatial–temporal variation characteristics of the ground surface freezing/thawing index in China during 2020‒2100 was simulated. It was found that under SSP3‒7.0 and SSP5‒8.5 scenarios, the freezing/thawing index may be 0 °C-days in 2080 and 2070, respectively, which may imply that the ground surface freezing process in some regions of China may disappear.

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31

Diehl, K., M. Debertshäuser, O. Eppers, H. Schmithüsen, S. K. Mitra, and S. Borrmann. "Particle-area dependence of mineral dust in the immersion mode: investigations with freely suspended drops in an acoustic levitator." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 9 (May 20, 2014): 12887–930. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-12887-2014.

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Abstract. The heterogeneous freezing temperatures of supercooled drops were measured by using an acoustic levitator. This technique allows to freely suspending single drops in air without electrical charges thereby avoiding any electrical influences which may affect the freezing process. Heterogeneous nucleation caused by several mineral dust particles (montmorillonite, two types of illite) was investigated in the immersion mode. Drops of 1 \\unit{mm} in radius were monitored by a~video camera during cooling down to −28 °C to simulate the tropospheric temperature range. The surface temperature of the drops was remotely determined with an infra-red thermometer so that the onset of freezing was indicated. For comparisons, measurements with one particle type were additionally performed in the Mainz vertical wind tunnel with drops of 340 \\unit{{\\mu}m} radius freely suspended. The data were interpreted regarding the particle surfaces immersed in the drops. Immersion freezing was observed in a~temperature range between −13 and −26 °C in dependence of particle type and surface area per drop. The results were evaluated by applying two descriptions of heterogeneous freezing, the stochastic and the singular model.

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32

Beydoun, Hassan, Michael Polen, and Ryan C. Sullivan. "Effect of particle surface area on ice active site densities retrieved from droplet freezing spectra." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 20 (October 28, 2016): 13359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-13359-2016.

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Abstract. Heterogeneous ice nucleation remains one of the outstanding problems in cloud physics and atmospheric science. Experimental challenges in properly simulating particle-induced freezing processes under atmospherically relevant conditions have largely contributed to the absence of a well-established parameterization of immersion freezing properties. Here, we formulate an ice active, surface-site-based stochastic model of heterogeneous freezing with the unique feature of invoking a continuum assumption on the ice nucleating activity (contact angle) of an aerosol particle's surface that requires no assumptions about the size or number of active sites. The result is a particle-specific property g that defines a distribution of local ice nucleation rates. Upon integration, this yields a full freezing probability function for an ice nucleating particle. Current cold plate droplet freezing measurements provide a valuable and inexpensive resource for studying the freezing properties of many atmospheric aerosol systems. We apply our g framework to explain the observed dependence of the freezing temperature of droplets in a cold plate on the concentration of the particle species investigated. Normalizing to the total particle mass or surface area present to derive the commonly used ice nuclei active surface (INAS) density (ns) often cannot account for the effects of particle concentration, yet concentration is typically varied to span a wider measurable freezing temperature range. A method based on determining what is denoted an ice nucleating species' specific critical surface area is presented and explains the concentration dependence as a result of increasing the variability in ice nucleating active sites between droplets. By applying this method to experimental droplet freezing data from four different systems, we demonstrate its ability to interpret immersion freezing temperature spectra of droplets containing variable particle concentrations. It is shown that general active site density functions, such as the popular ns parameterization, cannot be reliably extrapolated below this critical surface area threshold to describe freezing curves for lower particle surface area concentrations. Freezing curves obtained below this threshold translate to higher ns values, while the ns values are essentially the same from curves obtained above the critical area threshold; ns should remain the same for a system as concentration is varied. However, we can successfully predict the lower concentration freezing curves, which are more atmospherically relevant, through a process of random sampling from g distributions obtained from high particle concentration data. Our analysis is applied to cold plate freezing measurements of droplets containing variable concentrations of particles from NX illite minerals, MCC cellulose, and commercial Snomax bacterial particles. Parameterizations that can predict the temporal evolution of the frozen fraction of cloud droplets in larger atmospheric models are also derived from this new framework.

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Krupska, T. V., V. V. Turov, M. D. Tsapko, J. Skubyshevskaya-Ziemba, and B. Charmas. "Properties of composite systems based on suspensions of lactobacillus and silica." SURFACE 14(29) (December 30, 2022): 176–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2022.14.176.

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Low-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy and DSC methods were used to study the hydration process of Lactobacillus, the influence of a weakly polar organic environment on it, and the encapsulation of cells with silica and the possibility of penetration of such an active substance as trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA) into them. It is shown that the spectral parameters of water in concentrated cell suspensions of Lactobacillus significantly depend on the concentration of the suspensions, which is probably related to the possibility of forming a stable cell gel, which can be encapsulated by silica particles both in the air environment and in the environment without its destruction chloroform with the addition of trifluoroacetic acid. There are two maxima corresponding to R = 2 and 20-100 nm on the distribution curves of the radii of clusters of unfreezing water. The contribution to the distribution of the second maximum increases with increasing water concentration. On the DSC-thermograms of lactobacilli, the value of the thermal effect related to the amount of bound water is much smaller than the thermal effect of ice melting, which is due to the presence of a significant amount of non-freezing water.

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34

Johansen, Tor Arne, Per Digranes, Mark van Schaack, and Ida Lønne. "Seismic mapping and modeling of near‐surface sediments in polar areas." GEOPHYSICS 68, no. 2 (March 2003): 566–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1567226.

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A knowledge of permafrost conditions is important for planning the foundation of buildings and engineering activities at high latitudes and for geological mapping of sediment thicknesses and architecture. The freezing of sediments is known to greatly affect their seismic velocities. In polar regions the actual velocities of the upper sediments may therefore potentially reveal water saturation and extent of freezing. We apply various strategies for modeling seismic velocities and reflectivity properties of unconsolidated granular materials as a function of water saturation and freezing conditions. The modeling results are used to interpret a set of high‐resolution seismic data collected from a glaciomarine delta at Spitsbergen, the Norwegian Arctic, where the upper subsurface sediments are assumed to be in transition from unfrozen to frozen along a transect landward from the delta front. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to study pore‐fluid freezing from such data. Our study indicates that the P‐ and S‐wave velocities may increase as much as 80–90% when fully, or almost fully, water‐saturated unconsolidated sediments freeze. Since a small amount of frozen water in the voids of a porous rock can lead to large velocity increases, the freezing of sediments reduces seismic resolution; thus, the optimum resolution is obtained at locations where the sediments appear unfrozen. The reflectivity from boundaries separating sediments of slightly different porosity may depend more strongly on the actual saturation rather than changes in granular characteristics. For fully water‐saturated sediments, the P‐wave reflectivity decreases sharply with freezing, while the reflectivity becomes less affected as the water saturation is lowered. Thus, a combination of velocity and reflectivity information may reveal saturation and freezing conditions.

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35

Hu, Xiang Dong, Luo Yu Zhang, and Yan Guang Han. "An Analytical Solution to Temperature Distribution of Single-Row-Piped Freezing with Different Pipe Surface Temperatures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.478.

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Artificial ground freezing method is now widely used in many kinds of municipal projects. The existing formulas to calculate the temperature field distribution of single-row piped freezing are all based on the conditions that the temperature of all freezing pipes are equivalent. In this paper, analytical solution to steady-state temperature field of single-row piped freezing with different adjacent pipe surface temperatures was derived based on thermal potential superposition method. And discussions are made to analyze the influence of temperature difference between adjacent pipes and freezing time on temperature distribution of frozen soil.

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36

Sato, Takashi, Kazuo Konagai, Takaaki Ikeda, and Hiroaki Nishi. "Effect of surface layer freeze to soil-pile interaction." MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926505001.

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To assess earthquake resistance of new or existing structures and predict earthquake damage of structures, it is important to properly evaluate the response of the structure at the time of the earthquake. In cold regions however, where the ground can freeze in winter, the dynamic soil-foundation interaction can change with the change in the density and stiffness of the frozen side soil. This paper examines in a quantitative manner, the influence of freezing of ground on the dynamic soil grouped piles interaction., It is shown herein that the grouped piles in the frozen ground tend to follow the motion of the ground over a wider range of frequency. Furthermore, it is shown that even when the freezing depth is much thinner than the characteristic length of piles determined by the stiffness ratio of the ground and the group pile, the pile cap stiffness at the time of freezing becomes noticeably large. It is confirmed that the freezing of the ground can greatly affect the interaction between the ground and the piles.

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37

Yu, Jian You, Xiao Bin Han, Peng He, Zi Peng Wang, and Jian Ying Yu. "Preparation and Properties of Formic Acid Intercalated Mg-Al Layered Double Hydroxides Deicing Additive." Materials Science Forum 1035 (June 22, 2021): 966–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.966.

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Formic acid intercalated Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (Mg-Al Fo-LDH) was prepared by calcination reduction intercalation assembly technology. The structure of the deicing additive was characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The freezing point of aqueous solution with different quality of deicing additive and the surface freezing point and adhesion of asphalt mixture were tested. The results show that formic acid ion has been intercalated into the interlayer of Mg-Al layered double hydroxide by FTIR and XRD patterns. The freezing point of 5wt% Mg-Al Fo-LDH aqueous solution reaches -9.32 °C, while the surface freezing point of the asphalt mixture mixed with 5wt% Mg-Al Fo-LDH is -6.5°C. At -8 °C, the adhesion force of the surface ice layer is 78.4N, and after the asphalt mixture is soaked in water, the surface freezing point and adhesion force of the ice layer do not change.

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38

Regis, Francesco, Andrea Arsiccio, Erwan Bourlès, Bernadette Scutellà, and Roberto Pisano. "Surface Treatment of Glass Vials for Lyophilization: Implications for Vacuum-Induced Surface Freezing." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13111766.

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Freeze-drying is commonly used to increase the shelf-life of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Freezing represents a crucial phase in the freeze-drying process, as it determines both cycle efficiency and product quality. For this reason, different strategies have been developed to allow for a better control of freezing, among them, the so-called vacuum-induced surface freezing (VISF), which makes it possible to trigger nucleation at the same time in all the vials being processed. We studied the effect of different vial types, characterized by the presence of hydrophilic (sulfate treatment) or hydrophobic (siliconization and TopLyo Si–O–C–H layer) inner coatings, on the application of VISF. We observed that hydrophobic coatings promoted boiling and blow-up phenomena, resulting in unacceptable aesthetic defects in the final product. In contrast, hydrophilic coatings increased the risk of fogging (i.e., the undesired creeping of the product upward along the inner vial surface). We also found that the addition of a surfactant (Tween 80) to the formulation suppressed boiling in hydrophobic-coated vials, but it enhanced the formation of bubbles. This undesired bubbling events induced by the surfactant could, however, be eliminated by a degassing step prior to the application of VISF. Overall, the combination of degasification and surfactant addition seems to be a promising strategy for the successful induction of nucleation by VISF in hydrophobic vials.

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Bai, Ruiqiang, Yuanming Lai, Zhemin You, and Jingge Ren. "Simulation of heat–water–mechanics process in a freezing soil under stepwise freezing." Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 31, no. 1 (January 2020): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppp.2028.

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40

Jeong, Chan Ho, and Seong Hyuk Lee. "Condensation Frosting Characteristics of SAM-Coated Nanostructured Superhydrophobic Surface." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 26, no. 01 (March 2018): 1850008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132518500086.

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The present study aims to experimentally investigate the condensation frosting characteristics of the SAM-coated superhydrophobic surfaces under various environmental conditions. The extensive experiments were carried out under the well-controlled conditions with the surface temperature ranging from [Formula: see text]C to [Formula: see text]C, the relative humidity of 60%, and the air temperature of 24[Formula: see text]C. The dynamics of condensation frosting was analyzed from the captured images by using CMOS camera. From the results, it was found that even if the substrate remained at a subfreezing temperature, the spontaneous freezing of supercooled condensates did not occur because of the free energy barrier of ice embryo at the interface of the substrate-supercooled droplet. The onset of condensate freezing was also triggered by probabilistic ice nucleation. In particular, the delay of the onset time of freezing was found for the nanostructured superhydrophobic surface and substantially dependent on the coolant temperature. Moreover, it observed the presence of an inter-droplet ice bridging between a frozen droplet and neighboring supercooled droplets.

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41

Lee Teck Sian, Yeu Yee Lee, Chong Kok Hing, and Charlie Sia Chin Voon. "A CFD Analysis of Core Temperature for Different Durian Paste Packages Layouts during Air-Blast Freezing." CFD Letters 15, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.15.1.116.

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Food freezing is a process of crystallising the water particles inside the food and turning it into ice. One of the rapid freezing techniques is known as air-blast freezing. It is a process that rapidly freezes products from chilled or ambient temperature to their desired temperature instantly. SOLIDWORKS Flow Simulation is utilised in this project to analyse the core temperature change for five different durian paste package layouts during the air-blast freezing. There are L1 horizontally single stacked, L2 horizontally double stacked, L3 vertically stacked, L4 fin-like stacked without gaps and L5 fin-like stacked with 3.925 mm gaps. All layouts have a fixed number of 90 durian paste packages per run to ensure consistent and accurate results. These combinations have an initial body temperature of 26°C and were simulated for 240 minutes under an air temperature of -30°C. According to the simulation results, L5 achieved the fastest freezing speed among all five layouts, with a core temperature of 26°C dropping to -20°C in 90 minutes, followed by L3 in 140 minutes, L1 in 150 minutes. Moreover, L5 gives a more evenly distributed temperature around all surfaces with a maximum core temperature after 240 minutes of freezing as it has a higher total surface area to volume ratio, which results in more surface area exposure to cool air. Therefore, L5 fin like-stacked with gaps in between has shown to have more uniform and consistent freezing and advantage in terms of freezing speed.

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42

Gou, Yujun, Jia Han, Yida Li, Yi Qin, Qingan Li, and Xiaohui Zhong. "Research on Anti-Icing Performance of Graphene Photothermal Superhydrophobic Surface for Wind Turbine Blades." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010408.

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In this study, graphene is used as a photothermal material, which is added to the SiO2 superhydrophobic solution treated with fluorine silane, and then sprayed on the copper plate surface to prepare a new type of photothermal superhydrophobic surface with contact angles up to 160.5° and 159.8°. Under the conditions of natural convection, the effects of photothermal superhydrophobic surfaces on droplet condensation, freezing, and frost growth are investigated in different environments. The results show that the photothermal superhydrophobic surface can not only delay the freezing of surface droplets, prolong the freezing time of droplets, and reduce the thickness of the frost layer, but also allow for the rapid removal of droplets under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. If the droplet is irradiated by an infrared laser emitter while the cooling system is still turned on, the internal temperature of the droplet will always be higher than the crystallization temperature under the illumination intensity of 2 W/cm2, and the droplets will not freeze. With the extension of irradiation time, the droplet will evaporate, and the volume of the droplet will decrease. On the basis of summarizing and evaluating the study on the anti-icing performance of superhydrophobic surfaces and the properties of photothermal materials, a new research direction regarding the anti-icing of fan blade surfaces was established. This kind of surface combines the photothermal capabilities of light absorption materials with the micro- and nanostructure of the superhydrophobic surface to improve the anti-icing capability of wind turbine blade surfaces in difficult conditions.

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Wu, X. Z., B. M. Ocko, M. Deutsch, E. B. Sirota, and S. K. Sinha. "Surface freezing and surface-phase behaviors in binary mixtures of alkanes." Physica B: Condensed Matter 221, no. 1-4 (April 1996): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(95)00936-1.

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44

Hartmann, Susan, Heike Wex, Tina Clauss, Stefanie Augustin-Bauditz, Dennis Niedermeier, Michael Rösch, and Frank Stratmann. "Immersion Freezing of Kaolinite: Scaling with Particle Surface Area." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 73, no. 1 (December 21, 2015): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-15-0057.1.

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Abstract This study presents an analysis showing that the freezing probability of kaolinite particles from Fluka scales exponentially with particle surface area for different atmospherically relevant particle sizes. Immersion freezing experiments were performed at the Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator (LACIS). Size-selected kaolinite particles with mobility diameters of 300, 700, and 1000 nm were analyzed with one particle per droplet. First, it is demonstrated that immersion freezing is independent of the droplet volume. Using the mobility analyzer technique for size selection involves the presence of multiply charged particles in the quasi-monodisperse aerosol, which are larger than singly charged particles. The fractions of these were determined using cloud droplet activation measurements. The development of a multiple charge correction method has proven to be essential for deriving ice fractions and other quantities for measurements in which the here-applied method of size selection is used. When accounting for multiply charged particles (electric charge itself does not matter), both a time-independent and a time-dependent description of the freezing process can reproduce the measurements over the range of examined particle sizes. Hence, either a temperature-dependent surface site density or a single contact angle distribution was sufficient to parameterize the freezing behavior. From a comparison with earlier studies using kaolinite samples from the same provider, it is concluded that the neglect of multiply charged particles and, to a lesser extent, the effect of time can cause a significant overestimation of the ice nucleation site density of one order of magnitude, which translates into a temperature bias of 5–6 K.

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45

Cai, Wantong, Guoping Cen, and Haifu Wang. "Fracture Surface Fractal Characteristics of Alkali-Slag Concrete under Freeze-Thaw Cycles." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1689893.

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Fractal theory is introduced in fracture surface research of alkali-slag concrete (ASC) under freeze-thaw cycles; crack distribution of ASC fracture surface and freeze-thaw damage zone were calculated. Through fractal analysis of ASC sample fracture surfaces, relevance between section fractal dimension and fracture toughness and relationship between material composition and section fractal dimension are clarified. Results show that the specimen’s cracks before freeze-thaw extend along force direction gently, and there are more twists and turns after freezing and thawing; the fractal dimension D also grows from 1.10 to 1.33. SEM internal microcracks’ D of ASC internal microstructure after freezing and thawing is 1.37; 0 to 300 times ASC fractal dimension under freezing and thawing is between 2.10 and 2.23; with freeze-thaw times increasing, ASC fracture toughness decreases and fractal dimension increases, the fractal dimension and fracture toughness have a good linear relationship, and the fractal dimension can reflect the toughening effect of ASC. It is very feasible to evaluate ASC fracture behaviour under freezing and thawing with the fractal theory. Fractal dimension generally increases with activator solution-slag (A/S for short) or slag content. The greater the amount of A/S or slag content, the lower the dimension.

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46

Landolt, Scott D., Andrew Gaydos, Daniel Porter, Stephanie DiVito, Darcy Jacobson, Andrew J. Schwartz, Gregory Thompson, and Joshua Lave. "Inferring the Presence of Freezing Drizzle Using Archived Data from the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37, no. 12 (December 2020): 2239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-20-0098.1.

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AbstractIn its current form, the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) provides automated precipitation type reports of rain, snow, and freezing rain. Unknown precipitation can also be reported when the system recognizes precipitation is occurring but cannot classify it. A new method has been developed that can reprocess the raw ASOS 1-min-observation (OMO) data to infer the presence of freezing drizzle. This freezing drizzle derivation algorithm (FDDA) was designed to identify past freezing drizzle events that could be used for aviation product development and evaluation (e.g., Doppler radar hydrometeor classification algorithms, and improved numerical modeling methods) and impact studies that utilize archived datasets [e.g., National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigations of transportation accidents in which freezing drizzle may have played a role]. Ten years of archived OMO data (2005–14) from all ASOS sites across the conterminous United States were reprocessed using the FDDA. Aviation routine weather reports (METARs) from human-augmented ASOS observations were used to evaluate and quantify the FDDA’s ability to infer freezing drizzle conditions. Advantages and drawbacks to the method are discussed. This method is not intended to be used as a real-time situational awareness tool for detecting freezing drizzle conditions at the ASOS but rather to determine periods for which freezing drizzle may have impacted transportation, with an emphasis on aviation, and to highlight the need for improved observations from the ASOS.

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47

WHARTON, D. A., and I. M. BROWN. "Cold-Tolerance Mechanisms of the Antarctic Nematode Panagrolaimus Davidi." Journal of Experimental Biology 155, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 629–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.155.1.629.

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When free of surface water in air or liquid paraffin, the antarctic nematode Panagrolaimus davidi is freezing intolerant but avoids freezing by supercooling. Survival of long-term exposure is enhanced by sub-zero temperatures compared with controls maintained at 99% relative humidity and 15°C. In water the nematodes are seeded by exogenous ice nucleation and a proportion are freezing tolerant. Ice formation appears to be restricted to the pseudocbel. The degree of freezing tolerance is dependent upon the age of the culture and its thermal history. P. davidi is freezing tolerant when exposed to sub-zero temperatures in water and freezing intolerant when free of surface water and able to supercool. These two strategies are not mutually exclusive as they are often thought to be in arthropods.

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48

Watanabe, Kunio, Tetsuya Kito, Tomomi Wake, and Masaru Sakai. "Freezing experiments on unsaturated sand, loam and silt loam." Annals of Glaciology 52, no. 58 (2011): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756411797252220.

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AbstarctEstimating soil-water flow during ground freezing is important for understanding factors affecting spring farming, soil microbial activity below the frozen soil, and permafrost thawing behavior. In this study, we performed a column freezing experiment using three different unsaturated soils (sand, loam and silt loam) to obtain a detailed dataset of temperature, water-content and pressure-head change under freezing conditions. The liquid water content and pressure head in the three soils decreased with decreasing temperature. Three soil temperature stages were found: unfrozen, stagnating near 0˚C and frozen. The temperature and duration of the stagnation stage differed among the soil types. The changes in liquid water content and pressure head during the freezing process were highly dependent on the soil-water retention curve. Water flowed through the frozen area in silt loam and sand, but no water flux was observed in the frozen loam. The freezing soil columns tended to contain more liquid water than estimated from retention curves measured at room temperature, especially at the early stage of freezing.

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49

Abdelmonem, Ahmed, Ellen H. G. Backus, Nadine Hoffmann, M. Alejandra Sánchez, Jenée D. Cyran, Alexei Kiselev, and Mischa Bonn. "Surface-charge-induced orientation of interfacial water suppresses heterogeneous ice nucleation on <i>α</i>-alumina (0001)." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 12 (June 29, 2017): 7827–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7827-2017.

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Abstract. Surface charge is one of the surface properties of atmospheric aerosols, which has been linked to heterogeneous ice nucleation and hence cloud formation, microphysics, and optical properties. Despite the importance of surface charge for ice nucleation, many questions remain on the molecular-level mechanisms at work. Here, we combine droplet-freezing assay studies with vibrational sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy to correlate interfacial water structure to surface nucleation strength. We study immersion freezing of aqueous solutions of various pHs on the atmospherically relevant aluminum oxide α-Al2O3 (0001) surface using an isolated droplet on the surface. The high-pH solutions freeze at temperatures higher than that of the low-pH solution, while the neutral pH has the highest freezing temperature. On the molecular level, the SFG spectrum of the interfacial water changes substantially upon freezing. At all pHs, crystallization leads to a reduction of intensity of the 3400 cm−1 water resonance, while the 3200 cm−1 intensity drops for low pH but increases for neutral and high pHs. We find that charge-induced surface templating suppresses nucleation, irrespective of the sign of the surface charge. Heterogeneous nucleation is most efficient for the nominally neutral surface.

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Schindel, L., and R. Driftmyer. "Surface cooling by transpiration of a freezing liquid." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 6, no. 1 (January 1992): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.332.

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