Relevant bibliographies by topics / Surface fluxes

Academic literature on the topic 'Surface fluxes'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Surface fluxes"

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Costa, Vladimir Santos da, and Afonso De Moraes Paiva. "THE IMPACT OF SURFACE HEAT FLUXES ON THE SIMULATION OF THE BRAZIL CURRENT." Revista Brasileira de Geofísica 31, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/rbgf.v31i2.296.

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ABSTRACT. The impact of different formulations of surface heat fluxes (no fluxes, climatological fluxes, restoring of SST towards climatology, climatological fluxes plus SST restoring, and model-computed fluxes via bulk formulas) on the modeling of the Brazil Current is investigated in numerical simulations performed with the Regional Ocean Model (ROMS). While mechanical forcing may be dominant, it is shown that correct upper ocean currents and thermal structure can only be obtained when heat fluxes are implemented, even in regions of strong horizontal advection, and that some form of feedback of the ocean state upon the fluxes is also a necessary condition. This results are of particular importance for ocean modeling developed having operational oceanography in view. Keywords: Brazil Current, surface heat flux, numerical modeling. RESUMO. O impacto de diferentes formulações dos fluxos de calor em superfície (sem fluxos, fluxos climatológicos, relaxamento de TSM para climatologia, fluxos climatológicos mais relaxamento de TSM e fluxos calculados pelo modelo com “bulk formulas”) sobre a modelagem da Corrente do Brasil é investigado em simulações numéricas com o Regional Ocean Model (ROMS). Apesar da forçante mecânica ser dominante, mostra-se que uma correta representação de correntes e da estrutura térmica nas camadas superiores do oceano somente são possíveis quando fluxos de calor são implementados e que algum tipo de retroalimentação da TSM sobre os fluxos é também necessária. Estes resultados são particularmente importantes na modelagem voltada para a oceanografia operacional. Palavras-chave: Corrente do Brasil, fluxos superficial de calor, modelagem numérica.
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Su, Z., H. Pelgrum, and M. Menenti. "Aggregation effects of surface heterogeneity in land surface processes." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 3, no. 4 (December 31, 1999): 549–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-3-549-1999.

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Abstract. In order to investigate the aggregation effects of surface heterogeneity in land surface processes we have adapted a theory of aggregation. Two strategies have been adopted: 1) Aggregation of radiative fluxes. The aggregated radiative fluxes are used to derive input parameters that are then used to calculate the aerodynamic fluxes at different aggregation levels. This is equivalent to observing the same area at different resolutions using a certain remote sensor, and then calculating the aerodynamic fluxes correspondingly. 2) Aggregation of aerodynamic fluxes calculated at the original observation scale to different aggregation levels. A case study has been conducted to identify the effects of aggregation on areal estimates of sensible and latent heat fluxes. The length scales of surface variables in heterogeneous landscapes are estimated by means of wavelet analysis.
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Mahrt, L. "Grid-Averaged Surface Fluxes." Monthly Weather Review 115, no. 8 (August 1987): 1550–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<1550:gasf>2.0.co;2.

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Martin, Eric, and Yves Lejeune. "Turbulent fluxes above the snow surface." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500014774.

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Measurements of sensible- and latent-heat fluxes under stable conditions are rare. In order to obtain indirect measurements of turbulent fluxes, meteorological data measured at the Col de Porte laboratory (1320 m a.s.l, France) under very stable conditions (cold, clear night with low wind) are used. The radiative fluxes are measured, the conduction within the snowpack is calculated using the snow modelCrocusand the turbulent fluxes are determined as a residual term of the surface-energy balance equation. These data were used to fit a new parameterization of the turbulent fluxes for the snow model. The turbulent fluxes are increased as compared to the theory.Crocuswas also applied to the data from the LEADEX92 experiment and the turbulent fluxes calculated by the model were compared to the fluxes measured using sonic anemometers/thermometers on the site.
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Martin, Eric, and Yves Lejeune. "Turbulent fluxes above the snow surface." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog26-1-179-183.

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Measurements of sensible- and latent-heat fluxes under stable conditions are rare. In order to obtain indirect measurements of turbulent fluxes, meteorological data measured at the Col de Porte laboratory (1320 m a.s.l, France) under very stable conditions (cold, clear night with low wind) are used. The radiative fluxes are measured, the conduction within the snowpack is calculated using the snow model Crocus and the turbulent fluxes are determined as a residual term of the surface-energy balance equation. These data were used to fit a new parameterization of the turbulent fluxes for the snow model. The turbulent fluxes are increased as compared to the theory. Crocus was also applied to the data from the LEADEX92 experiment and the turbulent fluxes calculated by the model were compared to the fluxes measured using sonic anemometers/thermometers on the site.
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Xin, X., and Q. Liu. "The two-layer surface energy balance parameterization scheme (TSEBPS) for estimation of land surface heat fluxes." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 6 (November 4, 2009): 6795–832. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-6795-2009.

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Abstract. A Two-layer Surface Energy Balance Parameterization Scheme (TSEBPS) is proposed for the estimation of surface heat fluxes using thermal infrared (TIR) data over sparsely vegetated surfaces. TSEBPS is based on the theory of the classical two-layer energy balance model, as well as a set of new formulations derived from assumption of the energy balance at limiting cases. Two experimental data sets are used to assess the reliabilities of TSEBPS. Based on these case studies, TSEBPS has proven to be capable of estimating heat fluxes at vegetation surfaces with acceptable accuracy. The uncertainties in the estimated heat fluxes are comparable to in-situ measurement uncertainties.
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Xin, X., and Q. Liu. "The Two-layer Surface Energy Balance Parameterization Scheme (TSEBPS) for estimation of land surface heat fluxes." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 3 (March 12, 2010): 491–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-491-2010.

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Abstract. A Two-layer Surface Energy Balance Parameterization Scheme (TSEBPS) is proposed for the estimation of surface heat fluxes using Thermal Infrared (TIR) data over sparsely vegetated surfaces. TSEBPS is based on the theory of the classical two-layer energy balance model, as well as a set of new formulations derived from assumption of the energy balance at limiting cases. Two experimental data sets are used to assess the reliabilities of TSEBPS. Based on these case studies, TSEBPS has proven to be capable of estimating heat fluxes at vegetation surfaces with acceptable accuracy. The uncertainties in the estimated heat fluxes are comparable to in-situ measurement uncertainties.
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Egger, Joseph, Klaus-Peter Hoinka, and Thomas Spengler. "Aspects of Potential Vorticity Fluxes: Climatology and Impermeability." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 72, no. 8 (August 1, 2015): 3257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-14-0196.1.

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Abstract Some aspects of the dynamics of generalized potential vorticity (PV) density P = ω ⋅ ∇χ are discussed with the main emphasis on P fluxes, where ωa is absolute vorticity and χ is a scalar. The impermeability theorem claims that there is no net P flux across a χ surface. Various forms of the flux are presented that mostly cross χ surfaces. As these fluxes are as dynamically relevant as the one chosen for the theorem, P fluxes through a surface element are inherently multivalued and there is no best choice on physical grounds. Nevertheless, the net P flux is unique for closed surfaces. This point is illustrated by P integrals over the volume between the earth’s surface and an isentropic surface. Reanalysis data are used to present mean advective and some nonadvective P fluxes for χ = θ in height coordinates. The extratropical tropopause appears to be supported by advective P fluxes. A satisfactorily closed P budget cannot, however, be presented.
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Kleidon, Axel, and Maik Renner. "An explanation for the different climate sensitivities of land and ocean surfaces based on the diurnal cycle." Earth System Dynamics 8, no. 3 (September 25, 2017): 849–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-849-2017.

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Abstract. Observations and climate model simulations consistently show a higher climate sensitivity of land surfaces compared to ocean surfaces. Here we show that this difference in temperature sensitivity can be explained by the different means by which the diurnal variation in solar radiation is buffered. While ocean surfaces buffer the diurnal variations by heat storage changes below the surface, land surfaces buffer it mostly by heat storage changes above the surface in the lower atmosphere that are reflected in the diurnal growth of a convective boundary layer. Storage changes below the surface allow the ocean surface–atmosphere system to maintain turbulent fluxes over day and night, while the land surface–atmosphere system maintains turbulent fluxes only during the daytime hours, when the surface is heated by absorption of solar radiation. This shorter duration of turbulent fluxes on land results in a greater sensitivity of the land surface–atmosphere system to changes in the greenhouse forcing because nighttime temperatures are shaped by radiative exchange only, which are more sensitive to changes in greenhouse forcing. We use a simple, analytic energy balance model of the surface–atmosphere system in which turbulent fluxes are constrained by the maximum power limit to estimate the effects of these different means to buffer the diurnal cycle on the resulting temperature sensitivities. The model predicts that land surfaces have a 50 % greater climate sensitivity than ocean surfaces, and that the nighttime temperatures on land increase about twice as much as daytime temperatures because of the absence of turbulent fluxes at night. Both predictions compare very well with observations and CMIP5 climate model simulations. Hence, the greater climate sensitivity of land surfaces can be explained by its buffering of diurnal variations in solar radiation in the lower atmosphere.
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Fraser, A., P. I. Palmer, L. Feng, H. Boesch, A. Cogan, R. Parker, E. J. Dlugokencky, et al. "Estimating regional methane surface fluxes: the relative importance of surface and GOSAT mole fraction measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 12 (December 3, 2012): 30989–1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-30989-2012.

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Abstract. We use an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), together with the GEOS-Chem chemistry transport model, to estimate regional monthly methane (CH4) fluxes for the period June 2009–December 2010 using proxy dry-air column-averaged mole fractions of methane (XCH4) from GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite) and/or NOAA ESRL (Earth System Research Laboratory) and CSIRO GASLAB (Global Atmospheric Sampling Laboratory) CH4 surface mole fraction measurements. Global posterior estimates using GOSAT and/or surface measurements are between 510–516 Tg yr−1, which is less than, though within the uncertainty of, the prior global flux of 529 &amp;pm; 25 Tg yr−1. We find larger differences between regional prior and posterior fluxes, with the largest changes (75 Tg yr−1) occurring in Temperate Eurasia. In non-boreal regions the error reductions for inversions using the GOSAT data are at least three times larger (up to 45%) than if only surface data are assimilated, a reflection of the greater spatial coverage of GOSAT, with the two exceptions of latitudes > 60° associated with a data filter and over Europe where the surface network adequately describes fluxes on our model spatial and temporal grid. We use CarbonTracker and GEOS-Chem XCO2 model output to investigate model error on quantifying proxy GOSAT XCH4 (involving model XCO2) and inferring methane flux estimates from surface mole fraction data and show similar resulting fluxes, with differences reflecting initial differences in the proxy value. Using a series of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) we characterize the posterior flux error introduced by non-uniform atmospheric sampling by GOSAT. We show that clear-sky measurements can theoretically reproduce fluxes within 5% of true values, with the exception of South Africa and Tropical South America where, due to a large seasonal cycle in the number of measurements because of clouds and aerosols, fluxes are within 17% and 19% of true fluxes, respectively. We evaluate our posterior methane fluxes by incorporating them into GEOS-Chem and sampling the model at the location and time of independent surface CH4 measurements from the AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment) network and column XCH4 measurements from TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observing Network). The posterior fluxes modestly improve the model agreement with AGAGE and TCCON data relative to prior fluxes, with the correlation coefficients (r2) increasing by a mean of 0.04 (range: −0.17, 0.23) and the biases decreasing by a mean of 0.4 ppb (range: −8.9, 8.4 ppb).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surface fluxes"

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Bryant, Anna C. "Parameterizing surface fluxes in the Arctic." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA397342.

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Thesis (M.S. in Meteorology and Physical Oceanography) Naval Postgraduate School, Sept. 2001.
Thesis advisor: Guest, Peter S. "September 2001." Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-64). Also available in print.
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Panin, Gennadij N., Gerd Tetzlaff, Armin Raabe, Hans-Jürgen Schönfeldt, and A. E. Nasonov. "Inhomogeneity of the land surface and the parameterization of surface fluxes." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-213104.

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Modem measurement methods ofthe surface turbulent fluxes (STF) of heat, moisture and momentum in the near surface atmospheric layer by the eddy correlation method and their calculation, relay on the validity of the similarity theory of Monin-Obukhov, which requests stationarity and horizontal homogeneity. Experimental data taken at specially selected sites allowed to develop this concept. Recently performed experiments, purposely conducted in non-ideal conditions showed an underestimation ofthe STF values. To systematise this effect it is suggested to parameterize such underestimation as the influence of inhomogeneity and nonstationarity of the landscape and the atmosphere around the point of observation. This scheme might prove to be useful for the design of new validation experiments in non-ideal terrain
Modeme Meßmethoden zur Erfassung der turbulenten Oberflächenflüsse für fühlbare und latente Wärme sowie Impuls mit Hilfe der Eddy-Korrelations-Methode basieren für die bodennahe Grenzschicht auf der Monin-Obukhov-Turbulenztheorie, die stationäre und horizontal homogene Verhältnisse voraussetzt. Über speziell ausgewählten Oberflächen wurde dieses Konzept häufig mit Erfolg überprüft. Experimente jedoch, die gezielt unter inhomogenen Verhältnissen durchgeführt werden, zeigen oft eine Unterschätzung der turbulenten Oberflächenflüsse. Es wird vorgeschlagen, diese Unterschätzungen als einen Einfluß inhomogener Umbegungsbedingungen und instationärer atmosphärischer Prozesse zu interpretieren und zu systematisieren. Dieses Schema kann dazu beitragen, eine neue Art von Validierungsexperimenten unter natürlichen Verhältnissen einer inhomogenen Umgebung zu entwerfen
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Panin, Gennadij N., Gerd Tetzlaff, Armin Raabe, Hans-Jürgen Schönfeldt, and A. E. Nasonov. "Inhomogeneity of the land surface and the parameterization of surface fluxes." Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen des Leipziger Instituts für Meteorologie ; 4 = Meteorologische Arbeiten aus Leipzig ; 2 (1996), S. 204-215, 1996. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15066.

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Modem measurement methods ofthe surface turbulent fluxes (STF) of heat, moisture and momentum in the near surface atmospheric layer by the eddy correlation method and their calculation, relay on the validity of the similarity theory of Monin-Obukhov, which requests stationarity and horizontal homogeneity. Experimental data taken at specially selected sites allowed to develop this concept. Recently performed experiments, purposely conducted in non-ideal conditions showed an underestimation ofthe STF values. To systematise this effect it is suggested to parameterize such underestimation as the influence of inhomogeneity and nonstationarity of the landscape and the atmosphere around the point of observation. This scheme might prove to be useful for the design of new validation experiments in non-ideal terrain.
Modeme Meßmethoden zur Erfassung der turbulenten Oberflächenflüsse für fühlbare und latente Wärme sowie Impuls mit Hilfe der Eddy-Korrelations-Methode basieren für die bodennahe Grenzschicht auf der Monin-Obukhov-Turbulenztheorie, die stationäre und horizontal homogene Verhältnisse voraussetzt. Über speziell ausgewählten Oberflächen wurde dieses Konzept häufig mit Erfolg überprüft. Experimente jedoch, die gezielt unter inhomogenen Verhältnissen durchgeführt werden, zeigen oft eine Unterschätzung der turbulenten Oberflächenflüsse. Es wird vorgeschlagen, diese Unterschätzungen als einen Einfluß inhomogener Umbegungsbedingungen und instationärer atmosphärischer Prozesse zu interpretieren und zu systematisieren. Dieses Schema kann dazu beitragen, eine neue Art von Validierungsexperimenten unter natürlichen Verhältnissen einer inhomogenen Umgebung zu entwerfen.
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Santoso, Edi. "Surface fluxes and vertical profiles in the radix layer." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0028/NQ38975.pdf.

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Bateni, Sayed Mohyeddin. "Estimation of turbulent surface heat fluxes using sequences of remotely sensed land surface temperature." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66850.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 330-366).
Fluxes of heat and moisture at the land-surface play a significant role in the climate system. These fluxes interact with the overlying atmosphere and influence the characteristics of the planetary boundary layer (e.g. temperature and water vapor content), ultimately influencing the presence and growth of low level clouds and precipitation. Nevertheless, there is currently no network of in situ sensors that can map these fluxes globally. Recently a number of studies have focused on the estimation of surface energy flux components based on the assimilation of land surface temperature (LST) within a variational data assimilation (VDA) framework. This study provides the theoretical basis for why sequences of LST contain the necessary information to estimate surface fluxes with minimal reliance on ancillary data and empirical parameterizations. Furthermore this study addresses one of the main drawbacks of the existing VDA models. They use the simple force-restore equation for soil heat diffusion as a physical constraint. The force-restore equation provides a simplified description of the LST dynamics. Also, its performance is highly affected by the specification of a deep ground temperature. These shortcomings cause significant errors in the diurnal dynamics of heat diffusion in the soil and ultimately the retrieval of components of surface energy balance. This study advances the VDA scheme by using the full heat diffusion equation as a constraint in lieu of the forcerestore approximation. The new VDA scheme is tested over several experimental field sites. The results show that inclusion of the heat diffusion equation decreases the phase error associated with the ground heat flux diurnal cycle, and improves surface heat flux estimation. The VDA scheme is further advanced by incorporating model uncertainty in order to account for measurement and model errors. Tests indicate that the VDA scheme with model uncertainty captures measurement errors as well as structural model errors. In order to provide coupled estimates of surface heat fluxes and vegetation dynamics, remotely sensed LST and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation are assimilated into a surface energy balance and a vegetation dynamics model. The application of the assimilation over West Africa shows that the scheme provides reliable estimates of important vegetation dynamics parameters that are required for understanding the role of plant phenology on surface energy balance and vice-versa.
by Sayed Mohyeddin Bateni.
Ph.D.
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Snelgrove, Kenneth Ross. "Implications of Lateral Flow Generation on Land-Surface Scheme Fluxes." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/865.

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This thesis details the development and calibration of a model created by coupling a land surface simulation model named CLASS with a hydrologic model named WATFLOOD. The resulting model, known as WatCLASS, is able to serve as a lower boundary for an atmospheric model. In addition, WatCLASS can act independently of an atmospheric model to simulate fluxes of energy and moisture from the land surface including streamflow. These flux outputs are generated based on conservation equations for both heat and moisture ensuring result continuity. WatCLASS has been tested over both the data rich BOREAS domains at fine scales and the large but data poor domain of the Mackenzie River at coarse scale. The results, while encouraging, point to errors in the model physics related primarily to soil moisture transport in partially frozen soils and permafrost. Now that a fully coupled model has been developed, there is a need for continued research by refining model processes and test WatCLASS's robustness using new datasets that are beginning to emerge. Hydrologic models provide a mechanism for the improvement of atmospheric simulation though two important mechanisms. First, atmospheric inputs to the land surface, such as rainfall and temperature, are transformed by vegetation and soil systems into outputs of energy and mass. One of these mass outputs, which have been routinely measured with a high degree of accuracy, is streamflow. Through the use of hydrologic simulations, inputs from atmospheric models may be transformed to streamflow to assess reliability of precipitation and temperature. In this situation, hydrologic models act in an analogous way to a large rain gauge whose surface area is that of a watershed. WatCLASS has been shown to be able to fulfill this task by simulating streamflow from atmospheric forcing data over multi-year simulation periods and the large domains necessary to allow integration with limited area atmospheric models. A second, more important, role exists for hydrologic models within atmospheric simulations. The earth's surface acts as a boundary condition for the atmosphere. Besides the output of streamflow, which is not often considered in atmospheric modeling, the earth's surface also outputs fluxes of energy in the form of evaporation, known as latent heat and near surface heating, known as sensible heat. By simulating streamflow and hence soil moisture over the land surface, hydrologic models, when properly enabled with both energy and water balance capabilities, can influence the apportioning of the relative quantities of latent and sensible heat flux that are required by atmospheric models. WatCLASS has shown that by improving streamflow simulations, evaporation amounts are reduced by approximately 70% (1271mm to 740mm) during a three year simulation period in the BOREAS northern old black spruce site (NSA-OBS) as compared to the use of CLASS alone. To create a model that can act both as a lower boundary for the atmosphere and a hydrologic model, two choices are available. This model can be constructed from scratch with all the caveats and problems associated with proving a new model and having it accepted by the atmospheric community. An alternate mechanism, more likely to be successfully implemented, was chosen for the development of WatCLASS. Here, two proven and well tested models, WATFLOOD and CLASS, were coupled in a phased integration strategy that allowed development to proceed on model components independently. The ultimate goal of this implementation strategy, a fully coupled atmospheric - land surface - hydrologic model, was developed for MC2-CLASS-WATFLOOD. Initial testing of this model, over the Saguenay region of Quebec, has yet to show that adding WATFLOOD to CLASS produces significant impacts on atmospheric simulation. It is suspected, that this is due to the short term nature of the weather simulation that is dominated by initial conditions imposed on the atmospheric model during the data assimilation cycle. To model the hydrologic system, using the domain of an atmospheric model, requires that methods be developed to characterize land surface forms that influence hydrologic response. Methods, such as GRU (Grouped Response Unit) developed for WATFLOOD, need to be extended to taken advantage of alternate data forms, such as soil and topography, in a way that allows parameters to be selected a priori. Use of GIS (Geographical Information System) and large data bases to assist in development of these relationships has been started here. Some success in creating DEMs, (Digital Elevation Model) which are able to reproduce watershed areas, was achieved. These methods build on existing software implementations to include lake boundaries information as a topographic data source. Other data needs of hydrologic models will build on relationships between land cover, soil, and topography to assist in establishing grouping of these variables required to determine hydrologic similarity. This final aspect of the research is currently in its infancy but provides a platform from which to explore for future initiatives. Original contributions of this thesis are centered on the addition of a lateral flow generation mechanism within a land surface scheme. This addition has shown a positive impact on flux returns to the atmosphere when compared to measured values and also provide increased realism to the model since measured streamflow is reproduced. These contributions have been encapsulated into a computer model known as WatCLASS, which together with the implementation plan, as presented, should lead to future atmospheric simulation improvements.
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Franks, Stewart William. "The representation of land surface - atmosphere fluxes for atmospheric modelling." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387430.

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Song, Shaojie Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Quantifying mercury surface fluxes by combining atmospheric observations and models." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107107.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Atmospheric Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 115-134).
Mercury (Hg) is a critical environmental concern. Although an important component of its biogeochemical cycle, large uncertainties still exist in the estimates of surface fluxes of mercury. Three projects presented in this thesis improve our understanding of mercury surface fluxes at different spatial scales by combining atmospheric observations and models. First, a global scale inverse model study uses observations at multiple ground-based stations and simulations from a three-dimensional chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to obtain a total mercury emission of about 5.8 Gg yr-¹, in which the ocean contributes about a half. The global terrestrial ecosystem is found to be neither a net source nor a net sink of Hg⁰ (gaseous elemental mercury). The optimized Asian anthropogenic emissions (0.7-1.8 Gg yr-¹) are very likely higher than bottom-up estimates, implying missing sources, higher activity levels, and/or lower control efficiencies in these inventories. Optimizing two physicochemical ocean parameters improves the model's ability in reproducing the seasonal pattern of observed Hg⁰. The inversion also suggests that the legacy mercury releases tend to reside in the terrestrial system rather than in the ocean. Second, the comparison of nested grid GEOS-Chem model simulations with aircraft observations support results from the global inversion, and further suggests that the Northwest Atlantic Ocean is a net source of Hg⁰, with high evasion fluxes in summer (related to the high precipitation rates and deposition fluxes of oxidized mercury), whereas the terrestrial ecosystem in the eastern United States is likely a net sink of Hg⁰ during summer. Third, a one-dimensional chemical transport model is built and used to simulate the mercury diurnal variabilities observed at Dome Concordia on the Antarctic plateau. The model simulation best reproducing the Hg⁰ observations shows that in summer mercury is rapidly cycled between the shallow atmospheric boundary layer and the surface snowpack. A two-step bromine initiated scheme oxidizes Hg⁰ Oxidized mercury is deposited, photoreduced in the surface snow, and reemitted as Hg⁰ back into the atmosphere.
by Shaojie Song.
Ph. D. in Atmospheric Chemistry
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Carlson, Benjamin Richards. "Development of a Passive Surface Flux Meter to estimate spatially distributed nutrient mass fluxes." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2013. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2452.

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Due to recent changes in agricultural practices the nutrient load in our waterways has increased causing eutrophication and hypoxia. Many legislative actions have taken place because of this problem, including the Clean Water Act of 1972 (CWA), and many different nutrient reduction plans. The CWA governs that impaired waterways must be monitored to meet total maximum daily loads (TMDL) for each watershed. TMDL's must be assessed using data collected over a period of time so that reduction techniques can be administered. TMDL assessments are usually conducted by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) through many different monitoring programs. The USGS programs include collecting streamflow and nutrient concentration data and using the information to estimate nutrient loads. Generally, grab sampling is the method of choice for concentrations. Grab samples do not accurately assess the total load as generally only 6-8 samples can be collected over a year due to financial and logistical constraints, while concentrations vary within a span of hours and days. Research applications involve the use of automated sensors (e.g., ISCO) that allow for more frequent sampling in order to overcome this issue but are expensive to purchase and maintain. Thus the development of an inexpensive, passive sampler would be of much interest in estimating load. The Passive Surface Flux Meter (PSFM), an integrative sampler that estimates the total solute load over a storm event, is such an alternative. The PSFM is composed of two sorbents one to collect the contaminant of choice and another to determine the flow through the device. Ion-exchange resin was used to collect nitrates, while Granular Activated Carbon dosed with a suite of alcohols were used to determine flow through the sampler. This thesis sets forth the fundamental theories behind the PSFM, and investigates its ability to measure nutrient fluxes in the field. In-situ deployments within Clear Creek watershed in Iowa were conducted using a modification of the PSFM design by Boland (2011). There was a strong linear relationship between the loads estimated by the PSFM, and "true" load based on USGS stream gage data, and Nitratax sensor data. This implies that the device could be calibrated to work in the field. However, it was determined that the design underestimated the true load in the stream by 29%. This was attributed to the nonlinear relationship between the external velocity and the flow through the sampler, which weighted the results towards the high flow events. To overcome this constraint, a new design is proposed in which flow through the sampler varies linearly with the transient head at the inlet. Flume experiments done under different flow depths proved that linearity conditions were satisfied. Using the results from the laboratory experiments recommendations were made for design of an in-situ deployment of the new design.
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Padowski, Julie C. "Direct measurement of water and solute mass fluxes using a passive surface water flux meter." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013283.

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Books on the topic "Surface fluxes"

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Geernaert, G. L., and W. L. Plant, eds. Surface Waves and Fluxes. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2069-9.

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Geernaert, G. L., and W. L. Plant, eds. Surface Waves and Fluxes. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0627-3.

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L, Geernaert G., and Plant William J, eds. Surface waves and fluxes. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990.

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Kanemasu, Edward T. Measuring surface fluxes in CAPE. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1992.

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Weller, Robert A. Surface conditions and air-sea fluxes. [s.l: CCCO-JSC Ocean Observing System Development Panel, 1993.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Earth Sciences and Resources., ed. Material fluxes on the surface of the earth. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1994.

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Lofgren, Brent Melvin. Seasonal climatology of surface energy fluxes on the Great Lakes. Ann Arbor, Mich: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Research Laboratories, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, 1999.

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W, Lindsay R., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Surface turbulent fluxes over pack ice inferred from TOVS observations. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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A, Smith Eric, MacPherson J. Ian, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. A comparison of surface sensible and latent heat fluxes for maircraft and surface measurements in FIFE 1987. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1990.

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O, Rosenberry D., LaBaugh J. W, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Field techniques for estimating water fluxes between surface water and ground water. Reston, Va: U.S. Geological Survey, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Surface fluxes"

1

Pinker, Rachel T. "Surface Radiative Fluxes." In Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing, 806–15. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36699-9_199.

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Moncrieff, John. "Surface Turbulent Fluxes." In Vegetation, Water, Humans and the Climate, 173–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18948-7_15.

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Geernaert, G. L. "Introduction." In Surface Waves and Fluxes, 1–6. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2069-9_1.

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Brown, Robert A. "Surface Fluxes and Remote Sensing of Air-Sea Interactions." In Surface Waves and Fluxes, 7–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2069-9_2.

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Goroch, Andreas K. "Satellite Remote Sensing Systems." In Surface Waves and Fluxes, 29–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2069-9_3.

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Shaw, W. J. "Theory and Scaling of Lower Atmospheric Turbulence." In Surface Waves and Fluxes, 63–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2069-9_4.

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Geernaert, G. L. "Bulk Parameterizations for the Wind Stress and Heat Fluxes." In Surface Waves and Fluxes, 91–172. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2069-9_5.

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Fairall, C. W., J. B. Edson, and M. A. Miller. "Heat Fluxes, Whitecaps, and Sea Spray." In Surface Waves and Fluxes, 173–208. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2069-9_6.

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Donelan, M. A., and W. H. Hui. "Mechanics of Ocean Surface Waves." In Surface Waves and Fluxes, 209–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2069-9_7.

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Smith, Jerome A. "Modulation of Short Wind Waves by Long Waves." In Surface Waves and Fluxes, 247–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2069-9_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Surface fluxes"

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Desjardins, Raymond L., John I. MacPherson, P. H. Schuepp, and P. Caramori. "Large-area estimates of surface fluxes." In Orlando '90, 16-20 April, edited by James A. Smith. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.21396.

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Toll, David L., Jared K. Entin, and Paul R. Houser. "Land surface heterogeneity on surface energy and water fluxes." In International Symposium on Remote Sensing, edited by Manfred Owe and Guido D'Urso. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.454209.

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Sullivan, Pamela, Hang Wen, Xi Zhang, Sharon A. Billings, Rachel Keen, Jesse B. Nippert, and Li Li. "NEAR SURFACE STRUCTURE GOVERNS DEEP WEATHERING FLUXES." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-354704.

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Gulev, S. K., S. A. Josey, M. Bourassa, Lars-Anders Breivik, M. F. Cronin, Chris Fairall, Sarah Gille, et al. "Surface Energy, CO2 Fluxes and Sea Ice." In OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society. European Space Agency, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/oceanobs09.pp.19.

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Li, Junye, Kan Zhou, and Wei Li. "Subcooled Flow Boiling on Micro-Porous Structured Copper Surface in a Vertical Mini-Gap Channel." In ASME 2019 6th International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2019-3934.

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Abstract An experimental investigation of subcooled flow boiling in a large width-to-height-ratio, one-sided heating rectangular mini-gap channel was conducted with deionized water as the working fluid. The super-hydrophobicity micro-porous structured copper surface was utilized in the experiments. High speed flow visualization was conducted to illustrate the effects of heat flux and mass rate on the heat transfer coefficient and flow pattern on the surfaces. The mass fluxes were in the range of 200–500 kg/m2s, the wall heat fluxes were spanned from 40–400 kW/m2. With increments of imposed heat flux, the slopes of boiling curves for superhydrophobic micro-porous copper surfaces increased rapidly, indicating the Onset of Nucleate Boiling. Heat transfer characteristics were discussed with variation of heat fluxes and mass fluxes, the trends of which were analyzed with the aid of high speed flow visualization.
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Babanin, Alexander V., and Jason McConochie. "Wind Measurements Near the Surface of Waves." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10146.

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Wind-over-wave in situ measurements are typically conducted in two different fashions: either by means of wave-riding buoys, or by placing anemometers well elevated above the surface. Routinely, concept of the constant-flux layer is invoked to convert one into another as necessary. In the paper, comparisons of mean wind speeds and wind-momentum fluxes are conducted, based on measurements throughout the wave boundary layer, including wave-follower measurements very near the surface. Significant deviations from the constant-flux expectations are found. Near the surface, the fluxes are less than those obtained by extrapolation within the logarithmic-layer assumption, and the mean wind speeds are correspondingly larger. Such results have significant implications for modelling the wind-generated waves and for calibrations of remotely sensed surface wind conditions.
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Dusek, K., and V. Nahlik. "Comparison of commonly used fluxes aggression on copper surface." In 2012 35th International Spring Seminar on Electronics Technology (ISSE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isse.2012.6273137.

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Schmugge, Thomas J. "ASTER observations for the monitoring of land surface fluxes." In SPIE's 1996 International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, edited by Marija S. Scholl and Bjorn F. Andresen. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.255178.

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Belyaev, M., N. Zubarev, and O. Zubareva. "Conical structures on the surface of a liquid with surface ionic conductivity: the space charge effect." In 8th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56761/efre2022.c1-p-019702.

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Conical structures arising on the surface of a liquid with surface conductivity in an electric field are considered taking into account the influence of space charge of particles emanating from the cone apex. It is demonstrated that the field distribution problem admits an exact self-similar solution corresponding to the Taylor scaling law. This solution allows us to determine the relation between the total electric current flowing through the cone and the cone and space-charge region half-angles. The structure of this relation is quite sophisticated; it changes essentially with changing the permittivity of a liquid and the mobility of carriers.
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Mitraka, Zina, Stavros Stagakis, Giannis Lantzanakis, Nektarios Chrysoulakis, Christian Feigenwinter, and Sue Grimmond. "High spatial and temporal resolution Land Surface Temperature for surface energy fluxes estimation." In 2019 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jurse.2019.8808951.

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Reports on the topic "Surface fluxes"

1

Mahrt, Larry. Surface Fluxes under Weak Wind Conditions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada438299.

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Mahrt, Larry. Surface Fluxes under Weak Wind Conditions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada629061.

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Mahrt, Larry. Surface Fluxes under Weak Wind Conditions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada630222.

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Stull, R. B. A convective drag theory for surface fluxes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10112431.

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Mahrt, Larry. Surface Fluxes in Under Weak Wind Conditions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada624682.

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Mahrt, Larry. Improving the Bulk Formula for Sea-Surface Fluxes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada531976.

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Mahrt, Larry. Improving the Bulk Formula for Sea-Surface Fluxes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada532955.

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Mahrt, Larry. Improving the Bulk Formula for Sea-Surface Fluxes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada538852.

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Kirkham, Randy R. Comparison of surface energy fluxes with satellite-derived surface energy flux estimates from a shrub-steppe. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10135371.

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Andreas, Edgar L. Sea Spray Effects on Surface Heat and Moisture Fluxes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada630853.

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