Relevant bibliographies by topics / Surface elevations

Academic literature on the topic 'Surface elevations'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Surface elevations"

1

Jezek, Kenneth C. "Surface elevation and velocity changes on the south-central Greenland ice sheet: 1980–2011." Journal of Glaciology 58, no. 212 (2012): 1201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012jog12j031.

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AbstractWe extend through 2011 an ice-sheet elevation and surface velocity record across three measurement networks established in south-central Greenland by The Ohio State University in 1980/81. Surface parameters are derived from repeat GPS in situ observations, elevations measured by airborne laser altimetry and by the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat). Elevations at the western network steadily rose early in the record by 0.10 ± 0.02 m a-1, but an eastward-progressing thinning trend began in the mid-1990s followed by a ~1m elevation drop at all stations from 2005 to 2011. Measurements weakly suggest a surface velocity increase at the western cluster from 1980 to 2005. At the central network, elevations rose by 0.08 ± 0.02 m a-1 through 2005 and surface speed increased by 0.5–0.7 m a-1. Surface elevations at the central network remained nearly constant thereafter. Thickening occurred at the southern ice divide by 0.05 ± 0.02 m a-1, while east of the divide the ice sheet thinned with increasing rate from the divide, likely because of decreasing accumulation rate trends and drawdown into rapidly retreating coastal glaciers. Our most recent data show that thinning rates are slowing at several sites just east of the divide and that the elevation at the divide continues to increase.
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Dixon, Lester S., and Belinda A. Sullivan. "Selecting Terminal Water Surface Elevations." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 112, no. 5 (May 1986): 428–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1986)112:5(428).

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3

Molnar, Peter, and Lina C. Pérez-Angel. "Constraints on the paleoelevation history of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia from its palynological record." Geosphere 17, no. 4 (June 21, 2021): 1333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02328.1.

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Abstract We attempted to make an objective assessment of whether fossil pollen assemblages from the Sabana de Bogotá require surface uplift of ~2000 m since 6–3 Ma, as has been argued. We relied on recently published elevation ranges of plants for which fossil pollen has been found in sites 2000–2500 m high in the Sabana de Bogotá. The elevation ranges of fossil plants do not overlap, suggesting that those ranges may be too narrow. By weighting these elevation ranges by percentages of corresponding fossil pollen and summing them, we estimated probability density functions for past elevations. These probability distributions of past elevations overlap present-day elevations and therefore do not require surface uplift since deposition of the pollen. Fossil pollen assemblages include pollen from some plant taxa for which we do not know present-day elevation ranges, and therefore, with a more complete knowledge of elevation distributions, tighter constraints on elevations should be obtainable. The elevation of the oldest assemblage, from Tequendama, which lies at the southern edge of the Sabana de Bogotá and is thought to date from 16 to 6 Ma, is least well constrained. Although our analysis permits no change in elevation since the pollen was deposited, we consider 1000–2000 m of elevation gain since 15 Ma to be likely and consistent with an outward growth of the Eastern Cordillera.
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Bidschadler, R. A., and P. L. Vornberger. "Detailed elevation map of Ice Stream C, Antarctica, using satellite imagery and airborne radar." Annals of Glaciology 20 (1994): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1994aog20-1-327-335.

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Surface elevations collected by airborne radar arc interpolated between flight lines using Landsat I'M image data to produce a detailed digital elevation model of a part of Ice Stream C, West Antarctica. The photodinometric method developed is general and allows the derivation of surface elevation along any line parallel to the solar illumination from a single known elevation on that line. Accuracies of the derived elevations are improved with additional elevation control that permits an empirical determination of parameters in the photoclinometric equation accounting for albedo and atmospheric scattering. Elevation errors increase approximately linearly with the integration distance. An explicit relationship is derived that shows the image brightness is insensitive to the cross-Sun component of small surface slopes typical of ice sheets. The greatest impediment to the accuracy of this technique is the radiance resolution of the sensor which limits the signal-to-noise ratio of the image data and can mask variations in albedo that are falsely converted to variations in surface slope.
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Bidschadler, R. A., and P. L. Vornberger. "Detailed elevation map of Ice Stream C, Antarctica, using satellite imagery and airborne radar." Annals of Glaciology 20 (1994): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500016645.

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Surface elevations collected by airborne radar arc interpolated between flight lines using Landsat I'M image data to produce a detailed digital elevation model of a part of Ice Stream C, West Antarctica. The photodinometric method developed is general and allows the derivation of surface elevation along any line parallel to the solar illumination from a single known elevation on that line. Accuracies of the derived elevations are improved with additional elevation control that permits an empirical determination of parameters in the photoclinometric equation accounting for albedo and atmospheric scattering. Elevation errors increase approximately linearly with the integration distance. An explicit relationship is derived that shows the image brightness is insensitive to the cross-Sun component of small surface slopes typical of ice sheets. The greatest impediment to the accuracy of this technique is the radiance resolution of the sensor which limits the signal-to-noise ratio of the image data and can mask variations in albedo that are falsely converted to variations in surface slope.
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Tang, Jiale, Xincan Lan, Yuanyuan Lian, Fang Zhao, and Tianqi Li. "Estimation of Urban–Rural Land Surface Temperature Difference at Different Elevations in the Qinling–Daba Mountains Using MODIS and the Random Forest Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18 (September 11, 2022): 11442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811442.

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Land surface temperature (LST) variations are very complex in mountainous areas owing to highly heterogeneous terrain and varied environment, which complicates the surface urban heat island (SUHI) in mountain cities. Previous studies on the urban heat island (UHI) effect mostly focus on the flat terrain areas; there are few studies on the UHI effect in mountainous areas, especially on the influence of elevation on the SUHI effect. To determine the SUHI in the Qinling–Daba mountains (China), MODIS LST data were first preprocessed and converted to the same elevations (1500 m, 2000 m, 2500 m, 3000 m, and 3500 m) using a digital elevation model and the random forest method. Then, the average LSTs in urban land, rural land, and cultivated land were calculated separately based on the ranges of the invariable urban, rural, and cultivated areas during 2010–2018, and the urban, rural, and cultivated land LST difference were estimated for the same elevations. Results showed that the accuracy of LST estimated using the random forest method is very high (R2 ≥ 0.9) at elevations of 1500 m, 2000 m, 2500 m, 3000 m and 3500 m. The difference in urban, rural, and cultivated lands’ LST has a trend of decrease with increasing elevation, meaning that the SUHI weakens at higher elevations. The average LST of urban areas is 0.52–0.59 °C (0.42–0.57 °C) higher than that of rural and cultivated areas at an elevation of 1500 m (2000 m). The average LST of urban areas is 0.10–1.25 °C lower than that of rural and cultivated areas at elevations of 2500 m, 3000 m, and 3500 m, indicating absence of the SUHI at those elevations.
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Minocha, Rakesh, Alexandra R. Contosta, Gregory B. Lawrence, Ravinder K. Kohli, Subhash C. Minocha, and Stephanie Long. "Changes in Soil Chemistry and Foliar Metabolism of Himalayan Cedar (Cedrus deodara) and Himalayan Spruce (Picea smithiana) along an Elevational Gradient at Kufri, HP, India: The Potential Roles of Regional Pollution and Localized Grazing." Forests 12, no. 4 (March 28, 2021): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040400.

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We investigated changes in soil chemistry and foliar metabolism of Himalayan cedar [Cedrus deodara (Roxb. Ex Lamb.) G.Don] and Himalayan spruce [Picea smithiana (Wall.) Boiss] trees along a steep elevational gradient in the lower Himalayan Mountains at Kufri, Himachal Pradesh (HP), India. The foliar and soil samples were collected from four locations along a 300 m elevational gradient at ridge, high-, mid-, and low-elevation sites within the forested Shimla Water Catchment Wildlife Sanctuary that provides water for the city of Shimla, HP,. Observations at the time of sampling revealed that the high-elevation site was being heavily grazed. Soils collected at the four sites showed differences in soil chemistry along the gradient. Surface soils (top 10 cm) at the high-elevation site had the highest concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, organic matter, and effective cation exchange capacity, possibly caused by grazing. Mineral soils were slightly acidic at all sites except the mid-elevation site, which was extremely acidic in the upper mineral soil. Similar to surface soil chemistry, foliar metabolism was also comparatively unique for high elevation. In Himalayan cedar foliage, higher concentrations of soluble proteins, polyamines, amino acids, and potassium were observed at the high-elevation site as compared to the ridge, mid and low elevations. No major differences were observed in the metabolic profiles of cedar between the ridge and low elevation ranges. Spruce foliage was sampled only from the ridge and low elevations and its metabolic profiles suggested healthier conditions at the low elevation. The results of the study demonstrate the impact of the interplay between local and regional drivers of forest health on cedar and spruce trees in a forested catchment that acts as a water source for downstream communities.
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Levinsen, J. F., I. M. Howat, and C. C. Tscherning. "Improving maps of ice-sheet surface elevation change using combined laser altimeter and stereoscopic elevation model data." Journal of Glaciology 59, no. 215 (2013): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013jog12j114.

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AbstractWe combine the complementary characteristics of laser altimeter data and stereoscopic digital elevation models (DEMs) to construct high-resolution (∼100 m) maps of surface elevations and elevation changes over rapidly changing outlet glaciers in Greenland. Measurements from spaceborne and airborne laser altimeters have relatively low errors but are spatially limited to the ground tracks, while DEMs have larger errors but provide spatially continuous surfaces. The principle of our method is to fit the DEM surface to the altimeter point clouds in time and space to minimize the DEM errors and use that surface to extrapolate elevations away from altimeter flight lines. This reduces the DEM registration errors and fills the gap between the altimeter paths. We use data from ICESat and ATM as well as SPOT 5 DEMs from 2007 and 2008 and apply them to the outlet glaciers Jakobshavn Isbræ (JI) and Kangerdlugssuaq (KL). We find that the main trunks of JI and KL lowered at rates of 30–35 and 7–20 m a−1,respectively. The rates decreased inland. The corresponding errors were 0.3–5.2 m a−1for JI and 0.3–5.1 m a−1for KL, with errors increasing proportionally with distance from the altimeter paths.
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Lee, W. L., Y. Gu, K. N. Liou, L. R. Leung, and H. H. Hsu. "A global model simulation for 3-D radiative transfer impact on surface hydrology over Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 22 (December 15, 2014): 31603–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-31603-2014.

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Abstract. We investigate 3-D mountain effects on solar flux distributions and their impact on surface hydrology over the Western United States, specifically the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada using CCSM4 (CAM4/CLM4) global model with a 0.23° × 0.31° resolution for simulations over 6 years. In 3-D radiative transfer parameterization, we have updated surface topography data from a resolution of 1 km to 90 m to improve parameterization accuracy. In addition, we have also modified the upward-flux deviation [3-D − PP (plane-parallel)] adjustment to ensure that energy balance at the surface is conserved in global climate simulations based on 3-D radiation parameterization. We show that deviations of the net surface fluxes are not only affected by 3-D mountains, but also influenced by feedbacks of cloud and snow in association with the long-term simulations. Deviations in sensible heat and surface temperature generally follow the patterns of net surface solar flux. The monthly snow water equivalent (SWE) deviations show an increase in lower elevations due to reduced snowmelt, leading to a reduction in cumulative runoff. Over higher elevation areas, negative SWE deviations are found because of increased solar radiation available at the surface. Simulated precipitation increases for lower elevations, while decreases for higher elevations with a minimum in April. Liquid runoff significantly decreases in higher elevations after April due to reduced SWE and precipitation.
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Nieto-Reyes, Alicia. "On the Non-Gaussianity of Sea Surface Elevations." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091303.

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The sea surface elevations are generally stated as non-Gaussian processes in the current literature, being considered Gaussian for short periods of relatively low wave heights. The objective here is to study the evolution of the distribution of the sea surface elevation from Gaussian to non-Gaussian as the period of time in which the associated time series is recorded increases. To do this, an empirical study based on the measurements of the buoys in the US coast downloaded at a casual day is performed. This study results in rejecting the null hypothesis of Gaussianity in below 25% of the cases for short periods of time and in over 95% of the cases for long periods of time. The analysis pursued relates to a recent one by the author in which the heights of sea waves are proved to be non-Gaussian. It is similar in that the Gaussianity of the process is studied as a whole and not just of its one-dimensional marginal, as it is common in the literature. It differs, however, in that the analysis of the sea surface elevations is harder from a statistical point of view, as the one-dimensional marginals can be Gaussian, which is observed throughout the study and in that a longitudinal study is performed here.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surface elevations"

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Hobbs, Kenneth Frank. "The visualisation and rendering of digital elevation data." Thesis, University of East London, 2000. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3592/.

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The thesis addresses a longstanding cartographic problem, of how to visualise the Earth's surface relief in an effective and meaningful way. The problem is narrowed to relief defined by digital elevation data and visualised as a static, orthographic representation. It is approached in three steps: firstly research focuses on determining the most useful form of graphical representation to be pursued; secondly the theoretical basis of computer visualisation is investigated through a three-model framework, prompting a number of directions where solutions might be developed; and thirdly the development and engineering of a system is reported which models and renders widely available elevation data, and which provides flexibility in its input variables. The developed system is then applied to specific cases of relief visualisation, and new graphical forms are developed. The investigation of past and current approaches to relief representation, and a review of computer-graphic rendering of simpler geometrically defined objects, have revealed some limitations in commonly used relief visualisation systems, but have established the simulation of light and shade as still the most promising line of development. Analysis of the component variables of surface visualisation and rendering has led to the visualisation paradigm of three parametric models - of elevation, illumination and reflectance. Some attractive qualities, including widespread availability, of the contour elevation model have been identified, and a system has been developed which reconstructs surfaces from this data structure in a more effective way than typical current approaches. The system is also designed to support more complex illumination and surface reflectance models than the somewhat simplistic scenarios commonly available. The thesis reports the application of the system to generate surfaces from contour data, and experimentation with multiple coloured light sources and varying degrees of surface specularity. Evaluation of system implementation, and of the qualities of a representative set of graphical products, is addressed through six design criteria within a context defined by a typical mapping application. This has led to conclusions that the system and the new graphical forms have a number of virtues, including close fidelity with the source data, and significant improvements in visualisation.
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Olsson, Magnus, and Erika Granström. "Optimal control of wave energy buoy by predicting surface elevation." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för teknikvetenskap (SCI), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297762.

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Wave energy is an energy source of great interest due to it being the most concentrated form of renewable energy. A profitable method for wave energy extraction is however yet to be found and this project aims to contribute to the progress. A method for making short-term predictions of the ocean surface elevation has been suggested for improved efficiency and such a method is presented here. The project is carried out in two dimensions on the numeric platform MATLAB. Simulations of a Wave Energy Converter show that the power output seems to increase when the developed prediction method is utilized.
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Wright, Samantha C. "Understanding the mechanisms behind surface elevation loss in ditched marshes." Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12682.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you.
Loss of surface elevation makes salt marshes more susceptible to impacts from accelerated sea level rise, such as vegetation drowning, die-off, and conversion of marsh to open water. The ultimate degradation of the salt marsh system is disastrous with ramifications ranging from loss of critical habitat to loss of an important buffer for coastal communities from storm surges. Effectively, a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms driving surface elevation loss in anthropogenically altered and degraded marshes is key to engineering successful marsh restoration projects, in an effort to reverse this trend. This study aims to achieve that goal in an area of a northern Massachusetts salt marsh with high man-made ditch density, through comparison of the hydrologic, sedimentary, and vegetative conditions to a non-ditched, reference portion of salt marsh. It was hypothesized that a decrease in subsurface hydroperiod through increased drainage, characteristic of areas of high ditch density, would allow for increased oxygen diffusion into the subsurface causing belowground decomposition rates to increase. This ultimately would lead to a reduction in organic matter, and without compensation from an inorganic sediment supply, marsh subsidence would occur. Water table levels, belowground biomass, bulk density data, and percent organic content data all supported this hypothesis, but direct analysis of the belowground litterbag component of this study did not demonstrate significant differences in decomposition rates between the ditched and non-ditched sites. Further study of belowground conditions, resulted in a live root turnover rate about twenty percent slower in the ditched marsh than in the non-ditched marsh. This suggests that turnover rates, not decomposition rates, may ultimately be the mechanism behind surface elevation loss in ditched marshes.
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Nguyen, Van sinh. "3 D Modeling of elevation surfaces from voxel structured point clouds extracted from seismic cubes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4069/document.

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Dans cette thèse, nous présentons des méthodes pour construire une surface géologique optimal à partir d’une quantité énorme de points 3D extraits de cubes sismiques. Appliquer le processus à l’ensemble des points induit un risque important de contraction de la surface de sorte que l’extraction de la frontière initiale est une étape importante permettant une simplification à l’intérieur de la surface. La forme globale de la surface sera alors mieux respectée pour la reconstruction de la surface triangulaire finale. Nos propositions sont basées sur la régularité des données qui permet, même si des données sont manquantes, d’obtenir facilement les informations de voisinage. Tout d’abord, nous présentons une nouvelle méthode pour extraire et simplifier la frontière d’une surface d’élévation définie par un ensemble de voxels dans un grand volume 3D où des données sont manquantes. Deuxièmement, une méthode pour simplifier la surface à l’intérieur de sa frontière est présentée. Elle comprend une étape de simplification grossière optionnelle suivie par une étape plus fine basée sur l’étude des courbures. Nous tenons également compte du fait que la densité de données doit changer graduellement afin de recevoir à la dernière étape d’une surface triangulée avec de meilleurs triangles. Troisièmement, nous avons proposé une nouvelle méthode rapide pour trianguler la surface après simplification
Reconstructing surfaces with data coming from an automatic acquisition technique always entails the problem of mass of data. This implies that the usual processes cannot be applied directly. Therefore, it leads to a mandatory data reduction process. An effective algorithm for a rapid processing while keeping the original model is a valuable tool for constructing an optimal surface and managing the complex data.In this dissertation, we present methods for building an optimal geological surface from a huge amount of 3D points extracted from seismic cubes. Applying the process to the whole set of points induces an important risk of surface shrinking so that the initial boundary extraction is an important step permitting a simplification inside the surface. The global surface shape will then be better kept for the reconstruction of the final triangular surface. Our proposals are based on the regularity of data which permits, even if data are missing, to easily obtain the neighboring information. Firstly, we present a new method to extract and simplify the boundary of an elevation surface given as voxels in a large 3D volume having the characteristics to be sparse. Secondly, a method for simplifying the surface inside its boundary is presented with a rough optional simplification step followed by a finer one based on curvatures. We also keep into consideration that the density of data must gradually change in order to receive in the last step a triangulated surface with better triangles. Thirdly, we have proposed a new and fast method for triangulating the surface after simplification
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Adams, Ralph S. "Evapotranspiration and surface conductance for a high elevation, grass covered forest clearcut." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28882.

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Evapotranspiration from a forest clearcut was measured over two growing seasons as part of a larger study of the microclimate of forest clearcuts and microclimate modification by site preparation. Pinegrass is the dominant species on clearcuts in the dry southern interior and is the major competitor with coniferous seedlings. This paper examines the water use of a pinegrass dominated clearcut and the response of surface conductance to environmental variables. Evapotranspiration was derived from eddy correlation measurements of sensible heat flux and measurements of net radiation and soil heat flux. 419 hours of daytime energy balance data from the summers of 1987 and 1988 were analyzed. A rearranged form of the Penman-Monteith equation was used to calculate hourly mean surface conductances for the clearcut. Leaf area measurements were used to calculate stomatal conductance from surface conductances. Stomatal conductance was modelled using boundary-line and non-linear optimization techniques. The most successful model (R² = 0.71) was obtained using non-linear optimization with stomatal conductance as a non-linear function of saturation deficit at the leaf surface (D₀) and solar irradiance. D₀ was calculated from measured evapotranspiration and surface conductance. Response of stomata to saturation deficit would be expected to be better correlated to D₀ than D measured at a reference height above the canopy. Stomatal conductance was also modelled as a function of D (measured at 1.3 m) and solar irradiance. The resulting model (R² = 0.50) was poor compared to that based on D₀. Saturation deficit and temperature were found to be highly correlated both at 1.3 m above the canopy and at the leaf surface. Use of air temperature in the conductance model caused R² to decrease. No relationship between stomatal conductance and volumetric soil water content was found. Hourly evapotranspiration rates calculated using modelled surface conductances agreed well with measured rates.(R² = 0.89). Evapotranspiration was also modelled using the Priestley-Taylor approach. The mean hourly a for all daylight data was found to be 0.81. This simple model was found to give comparable results to the stomatal conductance based model (R² = 0.85).
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Foy, Norah. "Changes in surface elevation and extent of the Kaskawulsh Glacier, Yukon Territory." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28408.

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Between 1977 and 2007, the Kaskawulsh Glacier underwent an overall decrease in volume of between 2.76 km3 water equivalent (we) and 4.60 km3 we, and a decrease in area of 2.27%. Volume losses are consistent with changes observed at most glaciers in the Yukon/Alaska region which are thinning and/or retreating (Arendt et al. 2006; Chen et al. 2006a; Larsen et al. 2007; Molnia 2007). The rate of volume change over the periods 1977-1995 and 1995-2007 remained constant at -0.52 km3 yr-1 we, while between 2000 and 2007 the glacier gained volume at a rate of 1.04 km3 yr-1 we. Gains in the recent 2000-2007 period result from prominent thickening in the accumulation area above 1989 m (+16.9 m) and minor thickening in the ablation area (+0.5 m). The observed thickening pattern is similar to patterns observed in Greenland (Chen et al. 2006b; Johannessen et al. 2005; Luthcke et al. 2008b), Antarctica (Davis et al. 2005), the Karakoram Himalaya (Hewitt 2005), New Zealand (Chinn 1999; Hooker and Fitzharris 1999), Scandinavia (Bamber et al. 2004; Chinn et al. 2005, Nesje et al. 2000), and Alaska (Arendt et al. 2008; Muskett et al. 2(03). Between 1956 and 2007, the glacier terminus retreated by an average of 655 m (13 m yr-1). No scaling ratio between terminus retreat and volume change could be established for the Kaskawulsh Glacier for the period 1977-2007.
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Wong, Benjamin. "Effect of precipitation and winds on sea surface elevation and storm surges." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/29413.

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Ocean circulation and storm surge models have neglected mass contributions from precipitation and can have a systematic bias in sea surface height (SSH). Here, a new rainfall scheme has been set up in the ocean circulation model Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) to incorporate the effects of precipitation mass. When precipitation is added to the sea surface, it spreads out via surface gravity waves that increase in propagation speed with increasing water depth. Over several days, the increase in SSH due to the precipitation mass added created a geostrophic adjustment, generating clockwise-rotating geostrophic currents around the SSH increase. The transfer of momentum from precipitation to the sea surface, or rain stress, is investigated in ROMS. An error in the existing implementation of rain stress has been uncovered and corrected. The existing ROMS code generated an error in the direction of rain stress by up to 45° and systematically overestimated its magnitude by 41%. The SSH response to wind stress is examined. Positive and negative surges are generally generated by onshore and offshore winds respectively. While positive surges are widely studied, negative surges are less well understood. Negative surges are larger in magnitude and extend further across the coastline than positive surges. It is shown for the first time that the alongshore component of the wind stress is the main contributor to the asymmetrical surge response. Without this component, the ratio of negative to positive surge can decrease by more than half. This asymmetry also increases with increasing latitude and decreasing depth. In the case study of a real tropical cyclone, Monica, the effect of incorporating precipitation mass is compared with other processes affecting storm surge: surface wind, inverse barometer effect and rain stress. The maximum SSH response is 170.6 cm for the wind effect, 61.5 cm for the inverse barometer effect, 7.5 cm for the effect of rain stress and 6.4 cm for the effect of rain mass. Each process has been shown to have different spatial influences. The effect of rain mass has a strong remote influence compared to the inverse barometer effect and the effect of rain stress. This is particularly seen in semi-enclosed bays.
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Rogers, Kerrylee. "Mangrove and saltmarsh surface elevation dynamics in relation to environmental variables in Southeastern Australia." Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20050816.145618/index.html.

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Candela, Salvatore G. "Greenland Ice Sheet Changes in Rates of Surface Elevation Change between 1978 and 2015." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1543498988161871.

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Favey, Etienne. "Investigation and improvement of airborne laser scanning technique for monitoring surface elevation changes of glaciers /." Zürich, 2000. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=14045.

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Books on the topic "Surface elevations"

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Claar, David V. Ground-water and surface-water elevations in the Fairbanks International Airport area, Alaska, 1990-94. Fairbanks, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Wolfe, William J. Water-surface elevations of wetlands and nearby wells at Arnold Air Force Base, near Manchester, Tennessee. Nashville, Tenn: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Wolfe, William J. Water-surface elevations of wetlands and nearby wells at Arnold Air Force Base, near Manchester, Tennessee. Nashville, Tenn: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Wolfe, William J. Water-surface elevations of wetlands and nearby wells at Arnold Air Force Base, near Manchester, Tennessee. Nashville, Tenn: U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Wolfe, William J. Water-surface elevations of wetlands and nearby wells at Arnold Air Force Base, near Manchester, Tennessee. Nashville, Tenn: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Wolfe, William J. Water-surface elevations of wetlands and nearby wells at Arnold Air Force Base, near Manchester, Tennessee. Nashville, Tenn: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Nelson, Leonard M. Water-surface elevations for the high tide of December 15, 1977, in the Puget Sound region, Washington. Tacoma, Wash: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.

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Claar, David V. Ground-water and surface-water elevations in the Fairbanks International Airport area, Alaska, 1990-96, and selected geohydrologic report references. Fairbanks, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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Gilbert, J. Josh. Effects of proposed highway embankment modifications on water-surface elevations in the lower Pearl River flood plain near Slidell, Louisiana. Baton Rouge, La: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1987.

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Claar, David V. Ground-water and surface-water elevations in the Fairbanks International Airport area, Alaska, 1990-96, and selected geohydrologic report references. Fairbanks, Alaska: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Surface elevations"

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Zapevalov, Alexander, Konstantin Pokazeev, and Tatiana Chaplina. "Statistical Distributions of Sea Surface Elevations." In Simulation of the Sea Surface for Remote Sensing, 1–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58752-9_1.

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Voronina, N. N., and A. S. Zapevalov. "T Retracking Skewness of the Sea Surface Elevations from Altimeter Return Waveforms." In Springer Geology, 183–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76328-2_20.

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Zapevalov, A. S. "Development of Model of Sea Surface Elevations Distributions Created by Wind Waves and Swell." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 107–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11533-3_11.

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Singer, D. "Mode of Action, Efficacy, and Safety of Radiant Warmers in Neonatology." In Water-filtered Infrared A (wIRA) Irradiation, 167–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92880-3_13.

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AbstractGiven the serious adverse effects of hypothermia in term and preterm infants, thermal protection is of paramount importance in neonatal care. To compare potential benefits of wIRA radiators with conventional radiant warmers in neonatology, physical investigations (agar phantoms) and clinical observations (term and preterm neonates) were performed. Physical investigations revealed a fundamental difference in the mode of action between the two types of radiation: Whereas with conventional radiant warmers, the increase in core temperature (phantoms) is preceded by marked elevations in surface temperature, wIRA leads to more direct rises in core temperature and results in smaller amounts of evaporative water loss from the surface. Clinical observations reveal that wIRA causes less skin surface warming than conventional heat irradiation at equal power densities (irradiances). wIRA used as a supplementary source of heat during primary care in the delivery room was found to exert a preventive effect against unintentional heat loss during the subsequent incubator transport of preterm neonates to the intensive care unit. Overall, due to its specific physical properties (“enhanced depth effect with less surface overheating”), wIRA seems to be particularly suited to replace the extra heat losses occurring in preterm or otherwise compromised neonates without undue risk of superficial burns.
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Zapevalov, A. S. "Selection of the Distribution of Sea Surface Elevations for Modeling the Reflected Pulse of the Radio Altimeter." In Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, 21–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99504-1_3.

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Mukherji, Shyamalee. "Surface Reconstruction from Contour Lines or LIDAR elevations by Least Squared-error Approximation using Tensor-Product Cubic B-splines." In Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, 213–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72135-2_13.

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Shekhar, Shashi, and Hui Xiong. "Elevation Reference Surface (Datum)." In Encyclopedia of GIS, 261. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_340.

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Godt, J., and R. Mayer. "Deposition Rates of Airborne Substances to Forest Canopies in Relation to Surface Structure." In Acid Deposition at High Elevation Sites, 593–606. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3079-7_36.

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Larsen, B. Richter. "Chemical and Physical Processes in Acid Rain Drops on Leaf Surfaces." In Acid Deposition at High Elevation Sites, 651–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3079-7_40.

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Crossley, A. "Particles in Orographic Cloud and the Implications of their Transfer to Plant Surfaces." In Acid Deposition at High Elevation Sites, 453–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3079-7_26.

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Conference papers on the topic "Surface elevations"

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Shelley, John. "Correlation between Water Surface Elevations and Bed Elevations for Degradation Analysis." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41173(414)414.

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Tayfun, M. A., and M. A. Alkhalidi. "Distribution of Surface Elevations in Nonlinear Seas." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. Offshore Technology Conference, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/26436-ms.

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"Managing Lake Hartwell through Modeling of Lake Water Surface Elevations." In 2014 ASABE Annual International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20141908128.

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Batcheldor, D., and J. Mantovani. "Mapping Lunar Lander Plume Ejecta Trajectories to Lunar Surface Elevations." In 18th Biennial International Conference on Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484470.002.

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Desmars, Nicolas, Yves Pérignon, Guillaume Ducrozet, Charles-Antoine Guérin, Stephan T. Grilli, and Pierre Ferrant. "Phase-Resolved Reconstruction Algorithm and Deterministic Prediction of Nonlinear Ocean Waves From Spatio-Temporal Optical Measurements." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-78367.

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We investigate a nonlinear phase-resolved reconstruction algorithm and models for the deterministic prediction of ocean waves based on a large number of spatio-temporal optical measurements of surface elevations. We consider a single sensor (e.g., LIDAR, stereo-video, etc.) mounted on a fixed offshore structure and remotely measuring fields of free surface elevations. Assuming a uniform distribution of measurement points over the sensor aperture angles, the density of free surface observation points geometrically decreases with the distance from the sensor. Additionally, wave shadowing effects occur, which become more important at small viewing angles (i.e., grazing incidence on the surface). These effects result in observations of surface elevation that are sparsely distributed. Here, based on earlier work by [1], we present and discuss the characteristics of an algorithm, aimed at assimilating such sparse data and able to deterministically reconstruct and propagate ocean surface elevations for their prediction in time and space. This algorithm could assist in the automatic steering and control of a variety of surface vehicles. Specifically, we compare prediction results using linear wave theory and the weakly nonlinear Choppy Wave Model [2, 3], extended here to an “improved” second order formulation. The latter model is based on an efficient Lagrangian formulation of the free surface and was shown to be able to model wave properties that are important to the proper representation of nonlinear free surfaces, namely wave shape and celerity. Synthetic datasets from highly nonlinear High Order Spectral simulations are used as reference oceanic surfaces. Predicted results are analyzed over an area that evolves in time, using the theoretical amount of information assimilated during the reconstruction of the wave field. For typical horizons of prediction, we discuss the capabilities of our assimilation process for each wave model considered.
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Lin, Yen-Pin, Ching-Jer Huang, and Sheng-Hsueh Chen. "Development of a GPS-buoy for monitoring water surface elevations at estuaries." In OCEANS 2014 - TAIPEI. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans-taipei.2014.6964453.

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Chen, Jialun, Wenhua Zhao, Ian Milne, and Scott Draper. "Short-Term Forecasting of Surface Wave Elevation Based On an Autoregressive Model." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-81298.

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Abstract Predicting ocean wave elevations on a wave-by-wave basis has been gaining increased attention recently. It has the potential to improve the efficiency and safety of a wide range of offshore operations, such as crane lifts and control of wave energy converters. This study investigates the use of a data-driven technique, specifically the autoregressive model, to predict surface wave elevation in the ocean based only on past measurements at a specific location. The confidence interval of the prediction is provided to quantify uncertainty. The influence of bandwidth on prediction and the cut-off frequency, which is a compromise between improvement in the prediction accuracy and the quantity of discarded wave components is also explored. In this study, the data are digitally filtered into low- and high-pass components. The prediction demonstrates significant improvement in accuracy and prediction horizon compared to the original unfiltered prediction results.
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Cieślikiewicz, Witold. "Maximum-Entropy Probability Distribution of Free-Surface Elevations of Wind-Generated Coastal Waves." In 27th International Conference on Coastal Engineering (ICCE). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40549(276)89.

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Olivieri, A., F. Pistani, and R. Penna. "Towing Tank Experiments of Boundary Layer, Wake and Free Surface Flow Around a Naval Combatant." In SNAME 26th American Towing Tank Conference. SNAME, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/attc-2001-019.

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Results from towing tank experiments regarding far field wave pattern and boundary layer and wake of the 2340 INSEAN model are presented. Wave elevations have been carried out at two Froude numbers namely Fr= 0.28 and Fr= b.41. Mean velocity field and total head in the boundary layer and wake have been measured by 5-hole Pitot probe at Fr = 0.28. The test design, measurement system and the uncertainty assessment have been described both for wave elevation and velocity fields. The uncertainty assessment methodology follows the AIAA Standard S-071-1995 [4]. The data contributes to the surface-ship resistance and . propulsion model-stale database for computational fluid dym1mics validation, as part of an international collaborative project between INSEAN, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research (IIHR) and David Taylor Model Basin (DTMB) on experimental and computational fluid dynamics and uncertainty assessment for a combatant geometry [1].
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Roland Kjærgaard Qwist, Jesper, and Erik Damgaard Christensen. "Solitary Wave Propagation Using a Novel Single Fluid Finite Volume Method for Free Surface Gravity Waves." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-80255.

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Abstract Accurate prediction of wave loads from extreme waves on individual beams in offshore jacket structures are important to ensure the structural integrity. As the load distribution along a beam is strongly tied to the wave kinematics it is crucial to have an accurate prediction of the surface elevation and the velocity field. The open-source CFD code OpenFOAM contains two solution algorithms (interFoam and interIsoFoam), which are used for ocean wave simulations and wave load predictions. The algorithms are often applied using a too coarse spatial discretisation, which violates the assumption of a continuous solution at the free surface. The consequence is inaccurate and unphysical predictions even for propagation of a steady wave. Our recently developed Direct Surface Description (DSD) solution algorithm in OpenFOAM is used to simulate a solitary wave with different cell aspect ratios. The solitary wave case shows that the DSD method provides accurate velocity fields and surface elevations both for square and horizontally elongated cells.
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Reports on the topic "Surface elevations"

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Berenbrock, C., and L. C. Kjelstrom. Simulation of water-surface elevations for a hypothetical 100-year peak flow in Birch Creek at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/578513.

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Donohue, Patrick, Ronald Copeland, and James Lewis. Technical assessment of the Old, Mississippi, Atchafalaya, and Red (OMAR) Rivers : Atchafalaya River HEC-6T model. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45161.

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The HEC-6T one-dimensional numerical sedimentation model was used to evaluate the long-term and system-wide sedimentation effects of modifying the operation schedule at the Old River Control Complex (ORCC). The changes evaluated were increasing and decreasing the percentage of flow that is diverted to the Atchafalaya River from the Mississippi River at the ORCC and modifying the distributions through the four ORCC structures. Sedimentation effects for several operation scenarios were compared to a Base Condition that represented the existing operation protocols. Additionally, a dredging scenario was developed and analyzed. This scenario featured dredging material from the Mississippi River and depositing it into the Outflow Channel, downstream of the ORCC. The predictive simulations extended for 50 years. The model was used to calculate and compare sand transport past various gages along the Atchafalaya River. Also, the model compared differences in water surface elevations and bed elevations using a specific gage analysis at several gages along the Atchafalaya River. Last, the effects of the various scenarios on annual dredging requirements in Berwick Bay were also determined.
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Shevenell, L., and J. Switek. Annual report of 1991 groundwater monitoring data for the Kerr Hollow Quarry and Chestnut Ridge Sediment Disposal Basin at the Y-12 Plant: Ground water surface elevations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10193393.

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May, David, David Biedenharn, Tate McAlpin, and Ty Wamsley. Hydraulic dike effects investigation on the Mississippi River : Natchez to Baton Rouge. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40539.

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This report documents an investigation of the hydraulic effects of dikes on water levels in the Mississippi River between Natchez, MS, and Baton Rouge, LA, conducted for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mississippi Valley Division, Vicksburg, MS. The investigation was conducted using a previously calibrated Natchez-to-Baton Rouge Adaptive Hydraulics numerical model. The objectives were to alter roughness and height variables associated with the dikes and overbanks encompassed in the numerical model and evaluate their effects on water surface elevations. This academic exercise provides an indication of the relative level of impact associated with modifications to the dikes and overbanks for this portion of the Mississippi River and does not represent future plans or recommendations by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Steady flow simulations were simulated for 12 May 2011 to investigate the variation in model results during the peak of the 2011 flood on the Mississippi River.
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Salmon, Thomas O., Corina Van dePol, and Nina Jones. ORBSCAN Accuracy in Measuring Corneal Surface Elevation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada378677.

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Blundell, S. User guide : the DEM Breakline and Differencing Analysis Tool—gridded elevation model analysis with a convenient graphical user interface. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45040.

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Gridded elevation models of the earth’s surface derived from airborne lidar data or other sources can provide qualitative and quantitative information about the terrain and its surface features through analysis of the local spatial variation in elevation. The DEM Breakline and Differencing Analysis Tool was developed to extract and display micro-terrain features and vegetative cover based on the numerical modeling of elevation discontinuities or breaklines (breaks-in-slope), slope, terrain ruggedness, local surface optima, and the local elevation difference between first surface and bare earth input models. Using numerical algorithms developed in-house at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Geospatial Research Laboratory, various parameters are calculated for each cell in the model matrix in an initial processing phase. The results are combined and thresholded by the user in different ways for display and analysis. A graphical user interface provides control of input models, processing, and display as color-mapped overlays. Output displays can be saved as images, and the overlay data can be saved as raster layers for input into geographic information systems for further analysis.
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Getzlaff, Klaus. Simulated near-surface speed combined with ice cover from VIKING20X simulation. GEOMAR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/iatlantic_viking20x_5day_2000_2009.

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Bell, Gary, David Abraham, Nathan Clifton, and Lamkin Kenneth. Wabash and Ohio River confluence hydraulic and sediment transport model investigation : a report for US Army Corps of Engineers, Louisville District. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43441.

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Avulsions of the Wabash River in 2008 through 2011 at its confluence with the Ohio River resulted in significant shoaling in the Ohio River. This caused a re-alignment of the navigation channel and the need for frequent dredging. A two-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic model, Adaptive Hydraulics (AdH), was developed to simulate base (existing) conditions and then altered to simulate multiple alternative scenarios to address these sediment issues. The study was conducted in two phases, Phase 1 in 2013 – 2015 and Phase 2 in 2018 – 2020. Field data were collected and consisted of multi-beam bathymetric elevations, bed sediment samples, suspended sediment samples, and discharge and velocity measurements. The model hydrodynamic and sediment transport computations adequately replicated the water surface slope, flow splits, bed sediment gradations, and suspended sediment concentrations when compared with field data. Thus, it was shown to be dependable as a predictive tool. The alternative that produced the most desirable results included a combination of three level-crested emergent dikes on Wabash Island and four submerged dikes on the Illinois shore with a level crest from the bank to the tip of the dike. The selected alternative produced an improved sailing line while maintaining authorized channel depths.
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Hurlow, Hugh A., Paul C. Inkenbrandt, and Trevor H. Schlossnagle. Hydrogeology, Groundwater Chemistry, and Water Budget of Juab Valley, Eastern Juab County, Utah. Utah Geological Survey, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ss-170.

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Juab Valley is a north-south-trending basin in the eastern Basin and Range Province. Juab Valley is bounded on the east by the Wasatch normal fault and the Wasatch Range and San Pitch Mountains, bounded on the west by Long Ridge and the West Hills. Juab Valley is at the southern end of Utah’s Wasatch Front, an area of projected rapid population growth and increased groundwater use. East-west-trending surface-water, groundwater, and water-rights boundaries approximately coincide along the valley’s geographic midline at Levan Ridge, an east-west trending watershed divide that separates the north and south parts of Juab Valley. The basin includes, from north to south, the towns of Mona, Nephi, and Levan, which support local agricultural and light-industrial businesses. Groundwater use is essential to Juab Valley’s economy. The Juab Valley study area consists of surficial unconsolidated basin-fill deposits at lower elevations and various bedrock units surrounding and underlying the basin-fill deposits. Quaternary-Tertiary basin-fill deposits form Juab Valley’s primary aquifer. Tertiary volcanic rocks underlie some of the basinfill deposits and form the central part of Long Ridge on the northwest side of the valley. Paleozoic carbonate rocks that crop out in the Mount Nebo area of the Wasatch Range, which receives the greatest average annual precipitation in the study area, likely accommodate infiltration of snowmelt and subsurface groundwater flow to the basin-fill aquifer. The Jurassic Arapien Formation also crops out in the Wasatch Range and San Pitch Mountains, and dissolution of gypsum and halite in the formation and sediments derived from it increases the sulfate, sodium, and total-dissolved-solids concentrations of surface water and groundwater. We grouped the stratigraphy of the Juab Valley study area into 19 hydrostratigraphic units based on known and interpreted hydraulic properties.
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Blundell, S. Micro-terrain and canopy feature extraction by breakline and differencing analysis of gridded elevation models : identifying terrain model discontinuities with application to off-road mobility modeling. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40185.

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Elevation models derived from high-resolution airborne lidar scanners provide an added dimension for identification and extraction of micro-terrain features characterized by topographic discontinuities or breaklines. Gridded digital surface models created from first-return lidar pulses are often combined with lidar-derived bare-earth models to extract vegetation features by model differencing. However, vegetative canopy can also be extracted from the digital surface model alone through breakline analysis by taking advantage of the fine-scale changes in slope that are detectable in high-resolution elevation models of canopy. The identification and mapping of canopy cover and micro-terrain features in areas of sparse vegetation is demonstrated with an elevation model for a region of western Montana, using algorithms for breaklines, elevation differencing, slope, terrain ruggedness, and breakline gradient direction. These algorithms were created at the U.S. Army Engineer Research Center – Geospatial Research Laboratory (ERDC-GRL) and can be accessed through an in-house tool constructed in the ENVI/IDL environment. After breakline processing, products from these algorithms are brought into a Geographic Information System as analytical layers and applied to a mobility routing model, demonstrating the effect of breaklines as obstacles in the calculation of optimal, off-road routes. Elevation model breakline analysis can serve as significant added value to micro-terrain feature and canopy mapping, obstacle identification, and route planning.
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