Journal articles: 'Surface de la Terre'

1

Arnauld, Marie-Charlotte, and Tristan Saint-Dizier. "Réparer la surface de la Terre." Techniques & culture, no. 65-66 (October 31, 2016): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/tc.7917.

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Nahon, Daniel. "Transferts de matière à la surface de la Terre." Comptes Rendus Geoscience 335, no. 16 (December 2003): 1101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2003.10.009.

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Gambino, Mélanie. "La Terre des autres." Sud-Ouest européen, no. 49 (December 3, 2020): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/soe.6893.

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Mercier, Denis. "Compte rendu d'ouvrage : Le relief de la Terre." Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement 24, no. 1 (April 21, 2018): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.11924.

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Koller, Sylvie. "George Orwell, l’homme qui aimait la surface de la Terre." Études Mars, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/etu.4280.0103.

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6

Decharme, Bertrand, and Jean-François Mahfouf. "Les schémas de surface continentale pour le suivi et la prévision du système Terre au CEPMMT." La Météorologie, no. 108 (2020): 077. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2020-0019.

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Cet article présente les développements récents au Centre européen pour les prévisions météorologiques à moyen terme (CEPMMT) concernant la représentation des surfaces continentales pour la modélisation globale en prévision du temps à diverses échelles (de quelques jours à la saison), ainsi que pour les réanalyses de l'atmosphère. Les représentations de l'hydrologie, de la végétation, de la neige et des lacs ont été améliorées en s'appuyant sur des mesures in situ et des observations de télédétection spatiale. Les progrès récents en vue d'une initialisation réaliste des différentes composantes sont décrits. Plusieurs défis posés par la modélisation du système Terre sont finalement exposés. This paper describes recent developments undertaken at the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) regarding the description of land surfaces at global scale for numerical weather prediction at various forecast ranges (from few days to several months) including atmospheric reanalyses. As a result, physical processes describing hydrology, vegetation snow and lakes have been revised and improved using in-situ measurements and space observations. The importance of a realistic initialisation of the various components of the land surface is underlined, including recent progress in this area. Finally, a number of challenges raised by the Earth System Modelling are presented.

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Arènes, Alexandra, and Axelle Grégoire. "Terra Forma Speculative Mapping." FOOTPRINT 17, no. 2 (April 3, 2024): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.59490/footprint.17.2.7089.

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This visual essay discusses an object-map of Paris basin soil and subsoil, commissioned for the Element Terre exhibition within the Architecture and Landscape Biennial 2022 (Versailles, France). To create this map, we contacted actors and researchers whose work is related to soil: earth scientists, materials specialists, and human habitat specialists. Using a model from the book Terra Forma: A Book of Speculative Maps, we designed a specific reference system, the ‘soil’ model, to map entities, movements and conflicts in the underground environment(s). The resulting map aims to reveal what is going on beneath our feet, what is hidden from view, to go beyond representations that are limited to the surface.

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Clout, H. D., Philippe Pinchemel, and Genevieve Pinchemel. "La Face de la Terre: Elements de Geographie." Geographical Journal 157, no. 1 (March 1991): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/635189.

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9

Legrand, Michel, and Robert J. Delmas. "Spatial and Temporal Variations of Snow Chemistry in Terre Adélie (East Antarctica)." Annals of Glaciology 7 (1985): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500005851.

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The chemistry of recently deposited snow sampled in 1982–83 along a 430 km coast-interior traverse in Terre Adelie, East Antarctica, is reported. In addition, three firn samples, covering the same time period (1959 to 1969) and collected on the traverse at D 55, D 80 and Dome C stations, respectively at 200, 430 and 1070 km from the sea, are also studied. Concentrations of major soluble impurities (H+, , Na+, K+, Cl−, and ) were determined by ion chromatography (except H+ which was titrated) on more than 200 samples. Conditions of sampling and analysis were carefully controlled in order to avoid contamination problems. A balanced ionic budget was generally obtained for each of the samples. For stations occupying an intermediary position between the coastal areas and the central Antarctic plateau, our results demonstrate that the two major impurities are H2SO4 and HNO3. HCl is also present, but at a lower level of concentration; the sea-salt contribution is dominant only at the most coastal sites (within 40 km) of the sea. The degree of neutralization of the snow acidity by NH3 is always very low as indicated by the values of content. The mean concentrations of H2SO4 along the traverse are relatively constant whereas an increase of the HNO3 concentrations is observed when going inland. It decreases, however, in most central areas. These results are discussed in relation to the glaciochemical data published for other locations on the Antarctic plateau, in particular the sulphate concentrations which depend strongly on explosive volcanic activity.

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Legrand, Michel, and Robert J. Delmas. "Spatial and Temporal Variations of Snow Chemistry in Terre Adélie (East Antarctica)." Annals of Glaciology 7 (1985): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500005851.

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The chemistry of recently deposited snow sampled in 1982–83 along a 430 km coast-interior traverse in Terre Adelie, East Antarctica, is reported. In addition, three firn samples, covering the same time period (1959 to 1969) and collected on the traverse at D 55, D 80 and Dome C stations, respectively at 200, 430 and 1070 km from the sea, are also studied. Concentrations of major soluble impurities (H+, , Na+, K+, Cl−, and ) were determined by ion chromatography (except H+ which was titrated) on more than 200 samples. Conditions of sampling and analysis were carefully controlled in order to avoid contamination problems. A balanced ionic budget was generally obtained for each of the samples. For stations occupying an intermediary position between the coastal areas and the central Antarctic plateau, our results demonstrate that the two major impurities are H2SO4 and HNO3. HCl is also present, but at a lower level of concentration; the sea-salt contribution is dominant only at the most coastal sites (within 40 km) of the sea. The degree of neutralization of the snow acidity by NH3 is always very low as indicated by the values of content. The mean concentrations of H2SO4 along the traverse are relatively constant whereas an increase of the HNO3 concentrations is observed when going inland. It decreases, however, in most central areas. These results are discussed in relation to the glaciochemical data published for other locations on the Antarctic plateau, in particular the sulphate concentrations which depend strongly on explosive volcanic activity.

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11

Lefort, Isabelle, and Philippe Pelletier. "Élisée Reclus ou la condition géographique : habiter la terre." Annales de géographie 704, no. 4 (2015): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ag.704.0338.

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12

Alcaraz, Françoise. "L'environnement et le paysage au secours de deux viticultures héroïques : l'évolution récente des vignobles en terrasses de Banyuls et des Cinque Terre." Sud-Ouest européen 5, no. 1 (1999): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rgpso.1999.5110.

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Les vignobles de Banyuls et des Cinque Terre sont entièrement aménagés en terrasses de culture. Réputés depuis longtemps, ils connaissent aujourd'hui des situations très différentes. Après une période très critique, le vignoble de Banyuls semble avoir retrouvé une relative prospérité. Celui des Cinque Terre, en revanche, est en proie à un phénomène de déprise apparemment irréversible. Dans les deux cas, les terroirs de terrasses deviennent un enjeu majeur, en raison de leur fonction environnementale et paysagère.

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13

Legrésy, Benoît, and Frédérique Rémy. "Altimetric observations of surface characteristics of the Antarctic ice sheet." Journal of Glaciology 43, no. 144 (1997): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s002214300000321x.

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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to investigate the geophysical characteristics of the Antarctic ice sheet using radar altimetric observations. To do this, we use an altimetric waveform simulator, in situ observations, ERS-1 (European remote-sensing satellite) data and SPOT (Satellite pour l’observation de la terre) images. The small-scale study takes place at Dome C, Terre Adélie, which is a relatively flat region with gentle undulations and low wind speed. Despite this, the altimetric waveform parameters (height, energy, leading edge and trailing edge) are highly noisy. The effect of undulations on the waveform parameters is found to be dominant. The combination of a subsurface signal and a rough surface produces a linear effect on the altimetric backscattering or on the trailing edge of the waveform, but a strongly non-linear effect on the leading edge of the waveform or height estimation. As a consequence, the height measurement is very sensitive to the altimeter technical or orbital characteristics and is not reproducible from one mission to another. Observations show sastrugi fields that enhance the leading edge and affect the whole waveform. Observed local backscattering changes, probably due to local variations in surface microroughness, enhance the backscattered energy and may artificially create a topographic signal. The continental-scale study shows coherent patterns. Even if both surface and subsurface components affect the altimetric observation, the large-scale signal is mostly controlled by surface backscattering variations. The surface or near-subsurface characteristics of the snowpack may then be reached by altimetric observations.

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14

Legrésy, Benoît, and Frédérique Rémy. "Altimetric observations of surface characteristics of the Antarctic ice sheet." Journal of Glaciology 43, no. 144 (1997): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002214300000321x.

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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to investigate the geophysical characteristics of the Antarctic ice sheet using radar altimetric observations. To do this, we use an altimetric waveform simulator, in situ observations, ERS-1 (European remote-sensing satellite) data and SPOT (Satellite pour l’observation de la terre) images. The small-scale study takes place at Dome C, Terre Adélie, which is a relatively flat region with gentle undulations and low wind speed. Despite this, the altimetric waveform parameters (height, energy, leading edge and trailing edge) are highly noisy. The effect of undulations on the waveform parameters is found to be dominant. The combination of a subsurface signal and a rough surface produces a linear effect on the altimetric backscattering or on the trailing edge of the waveform, but a strongly non-linear effect on the leading edge of the waveform or height estimation. As a consequence, the height measurement is very sensitive to the altimeter technical or orbital characteristics and is not reproducible from one mission to another. Observations show sastrugi fields that enhance the leading edge and affect the whole waveform. Observed local backscattering changes, probably due to local variations in surface microroughness, enhance the backscattered energy and may artificially create a topographic signal. The continental-scale study shows coherent patterns. Even if both surface and subsurface components affect the altimetric observation, the large-scale signal is mostly controlled by surface backscattering variations. The surface or near-subsurface characteristics of the snowpack may then be reached by altimetric observations.

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15

Nomade, Sébastien. "Recommandation sur l’utilisation des unités de temps en sciences de la terre." Quaternaire, no. 28/2 (May 29, 2017): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/quaternaire.7972.

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16

Luchetta, Sara. "Ritorni narrativi alla montagna. Prospettive geo-letterarie sulle terre alte." RIVISTA GEOGRAFICA ITALIANA, no. 2 (May 2019): 101–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rgi2019-002005.

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17

PEŠIĆ, VLADIMIR G., and HARRY SMIT. "Fourth contribution to the knowledge of water mites from the Comoros, with the description of two new species (Acari: Hydrachnidia)." Zootaxa 4052, no. 5 (December 7, 2015): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4052.5.8.

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During a hydrobiological survey conducted by Nathalie Mary a number of water mites were collected on the Comoros. Aim of this research was to monitor temporal water quality trends in major surface streams throughout the Grande Terre of Mayotte, a French overseas department, and to monitor water quality trends in selected reference and very polluted sites, in order to develop a biotic index.

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18

Lenaerts, Jan T. M., Michiel R. Van Den Broeke, Claudio Scarchilli, and Cécile Agosta. "Impact of model resolution on simulated wind, drifting snow and surface mass balance in Terre Adélie, East Antarctica." Journal of Glaciology 58, no. 211 (2012): 821–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2012jog12j020.

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AbstractThis paper presents the impact of model resolution on the simulated wind speed, drifting snow climate and surface mass balance (SMB) of Terre Adélie and its surroundings, East Antarctica. We compare regional climate model simulations at 27 and 5.5 km resolution for the year 2009. The wind speed maxima in Terre Adélie and the narrow glacial valleys of Victoria Land are better represented at 5.5 km resolution, because the topography is better resolved. Drifting snow sublimation is >100 mm a-1 in regions with high wind speeds. Our results indicate a strong feedback between topography, wind gradients and drifting snow erosion. As a result, SMB shows much more local spatial variability at 5.5 km resolution that is controlled by drifting snow erosion, whereas the large-scale SMB gradient is largely determined by precipitation. Drifting snow processes lead to ablation in the narrow glacial valleys of Victoria Land. The integrated SMB equals 86 Gt. Although wind climate, drifting snow processes and SMB variability are better represented at 5.5 km, the area-integrated SMB is not significantly different between the simulations at 27 and 5.5 km. A horizontal resolution of 27 km is sufficient to realistically simulate ice-sheet wide SMB.

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19

McCafferty, D. J., C. Gilbert, A. M. Thierry, J. Currie, Y. Le Maho, and A. Ancel. "Emperor penguin body surfaces cool below air temperature." Biology Letters 9, no. 3 (June 23, 2013): 20121192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.1192.

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Emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri are able to survive the harsh Antarctic climate because of specialized anatomical, physiological and behavioural adaptations for minimizing heat loss. Heat transfer theory predicts that metabolic heat loss in this species will mostly depend on radiative and convective cooling. To examine this, thermal imaging of emperor penguins was undertaken at the breeding colony of Pointe Géologie in Terre Adélie (66°40′ S 140° 01′ E), Antarctica in June 2008. During clear sky conditions, most outer surfaces of the body were colder than surrounding sub-zero air owing to radiative cooling. In these conditions, the feather surface will paradoxically gain heat by convection from surrounding air. However, owing to the low thermal conductivity of plumage any heat transfer to the skin surface will be negligible. Future thermal imaging studies are likely to yield further insights into the adaptations of this species to the Antarctic climate.

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20

Legrand, Marine. "En terre-ventre. Une approche organique de la métropolisation." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 10, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2019.10.2.3082.

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Prenant la forme d’une navigation en dérive au travers de la métropole parisienne, ce texte propose un essai à propos des linéaments qui se tissent entre le ventre humain et la terre, en contexte urbain. Il s’intéresse à la circulation, au sein de ce territoire, de certaines des matières qui le façonnent : des transports en commun dans les sous-sols, à l’excavation des sols et des roches, en passant par l’assimilation des nutriments au sein des corps des citadins. La terre est ici considérée du sol sous nos pieds à la planète elle-même, comme entité multiple, qui à la fois dévore, avale, et se voit digérée par la métropole qui s’étend en surface. Dans le même temps et comme en miroir, cette proposition revient également à explorer ce que le ventre humain, lieu et milieu, cache et passe sous silence, et ce qu’il recèle aussi, en puissance. Les personnages convoqués, tour à tour contenus et contenants, déplacent ainsi la lecture d’une échelle à l’autre, de la plus petite cellule du corps d’un organisme singulier jusqu’à la substance de la région entière. Cette proposition fait partie d'une série d'expérimentations textuelles qui s'appuient sur une approche poétique pour aborder la complexité des phénomènes écologiques et des imaginaires qui leur sont associés. En laissant une place au chaos, l’objectif est de les présenter tels qu’ils traversent les contrées humaines, intimes, en glissant d’une dimension à l’autre, du grand au petit, du symbolique au matériel, du scientifique au sensible. Tourné vers les fonctions alimentaires et digestives, cet essai vise à explorer le dialogue qui s’installe entre la terre et le ventre humain de façon à nous permettre de puiser dans les racines de la figure de la Terre Mère pour la réactualiser sans en revenir à une féminité essentialisée. In fine il s'agit de pouvoir aborder les questions environnementales contemporaines via une approche renouvelée du corps considéré comme une matrice relationnelle.

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Tricart, Jean. "Le relief de la planète Mars, comparaison avec celui de la Terre." Annales de Géographie 95, no. 530 (1986): 401–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/geo.1986.20433.

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22

Cubizolle, Hervé. "Clément Mathieu, Les principaux sols du monde. Voyage au centre de l’épiderme de la planète Terre." Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement 16, no. 3 (October 1, 2010): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/geomorphologie.8029.

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23

Pettre, P., J. F. Pinglot, M. Pourchet, and L. Reynaud. "Accumulation distribution in terre adélie, antarctica: effect of meteorological parameters." Journal of Glaciology 32, no. 112 (1986): 486–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002214300001220x.

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AbstractAlong the 1040 km extending from Cape Prud’homme (lat. 66°41’S., long. 139°55’ E.), near Dumont d’Urville station, to Dome C (lat. 74°39’S., long. 124°10’E.), the variations in annual accumulation can be analysed by a division of the entire data set into three sub-sets depending on the types of measurements and the character of the spatial distribution. Along the first 33 km, from the coast to stake E40, annual measurements show considerable inter-annual variability, 52% of which can be explained by the spatio-temporal homogeneity of the balance distribution. However, we obtain a better result (64%) for the fluctuation homogeneity standardized using the standard deviation. This means that there is a strong space-time dis-tribution structure, characterized by an equal variation of the balance around the mean value specific to each location. This is so in spite of the existence of considerable surface roughness (sastrugi), the influence of which should be reduced by averaging values around each stake. From stake E40 to stake R60, a distance of 170 km, the almost periodic oscillations in the accumulation with a wavelength close to 40 km can be explained by the formation of a gravity-inertia wave, disturbing the geostrophic equilibrium, occurring at the break in slope 200 km from the coast. The very low values of accumulation for stakes D55 and D58S show that the oscillations were almost stationary during the study period (about 25 years). Finally, along the 840 km from stake R60 to Dome C we can observe a decrease in accumulation resulting from the decrease in mean temperature.

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Pettre, P., J. F. Pinglot, M. Pourchet, and L. Reynaud. "Accumulation distribution in terre adélie, antarctica: effect of meteorological parameters." Journal of Glaciology 32, no. 112 (1986): 486–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s002214300001220x.

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AbstractAlong the 1040 km extending from Cape Prud’homme (lat. 66°41’S., long. 139°55’ E.), near Dumont d’Urville station, to Dome C (lat. 74°39’S., long. 124°10’E.), the variations in annual accumulation can be analysed by a division of the entire data set into three sub-sets depending on the types of measurements and the character of the spatial distribution. Along the first 33 km, from the coast to stake E40, annual measurements show considerable inter-annual variability, 52% of which can be explained by the spatio-temporal homogeneity of the balance distribution. However, we obtain a better result (64%) for the fluctuation homogeneity standardized using the standard deviation. This means that there is a strong space-time dis-tribution structure, characterized by an equal variation of the balance around the mean value specific to each location. This is so in spite of the existence of considerable surface roughness (sastrugi), the influence of which should be reduced by averaging values around each stake. From stake E40 to stake R60, a distance of 170 km, the almost periodic oscillations in the accumulation with a wavelength close to 40 km can be explained by the formation of a gravity-inertia wave, disturbing the geostrophic equilibrium, occurring at the break in slope 200 km from the coast. The very low values of accumulation for stakes D55 and D58S show that the oscillations were almost stationary during the study period (about 25 years). Finally, along the 840 km from stake R60 to Dome C we can observe a decrease in accumulation resulting from the decrease in mean temperature.

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Oliveira, Edvaldo, Gerson dos Santos Lisboa, and Vinícius de Amorim Silva. "O terroir como categoria geográfica: origem e abordagens conceituais." Geopauta 6 (November 7, 2022): 11291. http://dx.doi.org/10.22481/rg.v6.e2022.e11291.

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O conceito de terroir, traduzido como “gut da terre”, tem sido debatido nas esferas da teoria da produção agrícola tradicional versus globalização da agricultura. Sem uma tradução clara, sua origem é antiga, mas consolidada na França, especificamente na viticultura e traz muitas questões quando aplicado a outras culturas. O artigo busca nas refrências estrangeiras o conceito e as formas de manutenção do terroir denominado natural em contraposição do que convencionou chamar de terroir tecnológico, baseadao na grande produção. Busca relacionar o terroir com o território com a categoria geográfica. Defende a pequena propriedade como exemplo para o terroir natural a partir das condicionantes físicas como solo e clima.

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Hourcade, Nicolas. "Bordeaux et Toulouse, Des supporters de football en terre de rugby." Sud-Ouest européen 13, no. 1 (2002): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rgpso.2002.2782.

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Les Girondins de Bordeaux et le Toulouse Football Club sont les deux seuls clubs de football de haut niveau du Sud-Ouest. Toulouse se considère comme une ville de rugby, du fait des résultats médiocres du TFC et des grandes performances de l'équipe de rugby locale, alors que les Girondins sont le club emblématique de Bordeaux. Par conséquent, le public des Girondins est plus nombreux et plus engagé que celui du TFC. Plutôt que du public, il convient de parler des publics puisque les comportements varient selon les tribunes. Notre enquête porte sur les associations de supporters de ces deux clubs. Elle met en évidence la diversité des formes du supportérisme organisé toulousain et les oppositions entre elles. À Bordeaux, elle se centre sur les groupes ultras, qui sont de loin les plus actifs, et elle analyse leur évolution. Si les mêmes types de supportérisme se retrouvent auprès des deux clubs, le contexte local leur donne des formes et des enjeux particuliers.

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27

Genthon, Christophe, Pierre Lardeux, and Gerhard Krinner. "The surface accumulation and ablation of a coastal blue-ice area near Cap Prudhomme, Terre Adélie, Antarctica." Journal of Glaciology 53, no. 183 (2007): 635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214307784409333.

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A record of accumulation and ablation from a network of 47 stakes at a coastal blue-ice area in Terre Adélie, Antarctica, is presented and analyzed. The record covers early 2004 to early 2006, from 25 field surveys including some in austral winter. The two years are very different, with a virtually null surface mass balance during the 2004 winter but large accumulation during the 2005 winter. A snow/ice energy- and mass-balance model is used to reproduce the accumulation and ablation record. A parameterization for snow erosion by wind is included. Input meteorology is from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses and forecasts, corrected using 1 year of local meteorological observations from an automatic weather station. Model results agree reasonably well with the observations. Wind erosion is the largest contributor to ablation, removing much of the precipitation. Sublimation and, to a lesser extent, melt/runoff together account for >60 cm w.e. of ablation in 2 years, mainly in summer. Although the record is short, it confirms high interannual variability and thus high sensitivity to meteorology and climate. Monitoring and understanding the mass balance of such coastal blue-ice areas may help monitor and detect climate change in the Antarctic coastal regions.

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Trottier, Julie. "Les trajectoires de l’eau et de la terre dans la construction des territoires." Espace géographique 44, no. 2 (2015): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/eg.442.0097.

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29

Limondin-Lozouet, Nicole. "Michel, J.P., Carpenter, M.S.N., Fairbridge, R.W., Dictionnaire des sciences de la Terre. Anglais/Français, Français/Anglais." Quaternaire, no. 16/1 (March 1, 2005): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/quaternaire.257.

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30

Bascou, Jérôme, Bernard Henry, René-Pierre Ménot, Minoru Funaki, and Guilhem Barruol. "Contribution of AMS measurements in understanding the migmatitic terrains of Pointe Géologie, Terre Adélie (East-Antarctica)." Tectonophysics 603 (September 2013): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.05.021.

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31

Hardin, Perry J., and Ryan R. Jensen. "The effect of urban leaf area on summertime urban surface kinetic temperatures: A Terre Haute case study." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 6, no. 2 (May 2007): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2007.01.005.

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32

Giband, David. "Gérard Soutadé, Quand la terre s’est ouverte en Roussillon. L’aiguat – octobre 1940." Sud-Ouest européen, no. 30 (December 1, 2010): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/soe.1330.

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33

Cerutti, Stefania. "Geografie perdute, storie ritrovate: percorsi di partecipazione e sviluppo locale nelle Terre di Mezzo." RIVISTA GEOGRAFICA ITALIANA, no. 3 (July 2019): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rgi2019-003003.

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34

Richard, Yann. "Grataloup C. (2009). L’Invention des continents. Paris : Larousse, coll. « Terre et nature », 224 p." L’Espace géographique Vol. 39, no. 2 (July 7, 2010): II. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/eg.392.0181b.

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35

Claveirole, Cécile. "Pourquoi le sol est important ?" Administration N° 280, no. 4 (January 18, 2024): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/admi.280.0039.

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La question foncière soulève beaucoup de débats aussi passionnés que controversés. Au risque d’oublier les fondamentaux : sur quoi sommes-nous debout ? Quelle surface foulons-nous de nos pieds, sur laquelle nous construisons nos maisons, nos routes, nos usines ? Le sol est, avant toute chose, le fondement même de la vie sur terre : c’est lui qui permet la production de la matière organique qui nourrit les êtres vivants ; il abrite une multitude de réactions biologiques et chimiques qui créent la vie. C’est pourquoi nous avons choisi ici de vous présenter ces caractéristiques du sol, qui méritent tout notre respect et nos attentions.

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Grieve, Richard A. F. "Logan Medallist 4. Large-Scale Impact and Earth History." Geoscience Canada 44, no. 1 (April 20, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2017.44.113.

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The current record of large-scale impact on Earth consists of close to 200 impact structures and some 30 impact events recorded in the stratigraphic record, only some of which are related to known structures. It is a preservation sample of a much larger production population, with the impact rate on Earth being higher than that of the moon. This is due to the Earth’s larger physical and gravitational cross-sections, with respect to asteroidal and cometary bodies entering the inner solar system. While terrestrial impact structures have been studied as the only source of ground-truth data on impact as a planetary process, it is becoming increasingly acknowledged that large-scale impact has had its effects on the geologic history of the Earth, itself. As extremely high energy events, impacts redistribute, disrupt and reprocess target lithologies, resulting in topographic, structural and thermal anomalies in the upper crust. This has resulted in many impact structures being the source of natural resources, including some world-class examples, such as gold and uranium at Vredefort, South Africa, Ni–Cu–PGE sulphides at Sudbury, Canada and hydrocarbons from the Campeche Bank, Mexico. Large-scale impact also has the potential to disrupt the terrestrial biosphere. The most devastating known example is the evidence for the role of impact in the Cretaceous–Paleocene (K–Pg) mass extinction event and the formation of the Chicxulub structure, Mexico. It also likely had a role in other, less dramatic, climatic excursions, such as the Paleocene–Eocene–Thermal Maximum (PETM) event. The impact rate was much higher in early Earth history and, while based on reasoned speculation, it is argued that the early surface of the Hadean Earth was replete with massive impact melt pools, in place of the large multiring basins that formed on the lower gravity moon in the same time-period. These melt pools would differentiate to form more felsic upper lithologies and, thus, are a potential source for Hadean-aged zircons, without invoking more modern geodynamic scenarios. The Earth-moon system is unique in the inner solar system and currently the best working hypothesis for its origin is a planetary-scale impact with the proto-Earth, after core formation at ca. 4.43 Ga. Future large-scale impact is a low probability event but with high consequences and has the potential to create a natural disaster of proportions unequalled by other geologic processes and threaten the extended future of human civilization, itself.RÉSUMÉLe bilan actuel de traces de grands impacts sur la Terre se compose de près de 200 astroblèmes et d'une trentaine d’impacts enregistrés dans la stratigraphie, dont seulement certains sont liés à des astroblèmes connus. Il s'agit d'échantillons préservés sur une population d’événements beaucoup plus importante, le taux d'impact sur Terre étant supérieur à celui de la lune. Cela tient aux plus grandes sections transversales physiques et gravitationnelles de la Terre sur la trajectoire des astéroïdes et comètes qui pénètrent le système solaire interne. Alors que les astroblèmes terrestres ont été étudiés comme étant la seule source de données avérée d’impacts en tant que processus planétaire, de plus en plus on reconnaît que les grands impacts ont eu des effets sur l'histoire géologique de la Terre. À l’instar des événements d'énergie extrême, les impacts redistribuent, perturbent et remanient les lithologies impliquées, provoquant dans la croûte terrestre supérieure des anomalies topographiques, structurelles et thermiques. Il en a résulté de nombreux astroblèmes à l’origine de ressources naturelles, dont certains exemples de classe mondiale tels que l'or et l'uranium à Vredefort en Afrique du Sud, les sulfures de Ni–Cu–PGE à Sudbury au Canada, et les hydrocarbures du Banc de Campeche au Mexique. Les grands impacts peuvent également perturber la biosphère terrestre. L'exemple le plus dévastateur connu nous est donné des indices du rôle de l'impact dans l'extinction de masse au Crétacé–Paléogène (K–Pg) et la formation de la structure de Chicxulub, au Mexique. Il a également probablement joué un rôle dans d'autres événements climatiques extraordinaires moins dramatiques, comme le Maximum thermal du Paleocène–Eocène (PETM). Le taux d'impact était beaucoup plus élevé au début de l'histoire de la Terre et, tout en étant basé sur une spéculation raisonnée, on fait valoir que la surface précoce de la Terre à l’Hadéen était tapissée de grands bassins en fusion, au lieu de grands bassins à couronnes multiples tels ceux qui se sont formés à la même période sur la lune ayant une gravité inférieure. Ces bassins en fusion se seraient différenciées pour constituer des lithologies plus felsiques sur le dessus, devenant ainsi une source potentielle de zircons d’âge Hadéen, sans qu’il soit nécessaire d’invoquer des scénarios géodynamiques plus récents. Le système Terre-lune est unique dans le système solaire interne. Actuellement la meilleure hypothèse de travail pour son origine est un impact planétaire avec la proto-Terre, après la formation du noyau à env. 4,43 Ga. La probabilité d’un futur grand impact est faible mais comporte des conséquences capables d’engendrer un désastre naturel aux proportions inégalées comparé à d'autres processus géologiques, menaçant l'avenir de la civilisation humaine elle-même.

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Remy, F., P. Mazzega, S. Houry, C. Brossier, and J. F. Minster. "Mapping of the Topography of Continental Ice by Inversion of Satellite-altimeter Data." Journal of Glaciology 35, no. 119 (1989): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214389793701419.

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AbstractSatellite-altimeter data over ice sheets provide the best tool for mapping their topography and its possible climatic variations. However, these data are affected by measurement errors, orbit errors, and slope errors. We develop here a three-step inversion technique which accommodates the a priori information on the expected topography and correctly handles and propagates the data errors: it estimates first a large-scale reference surface, then maps the residuals related to undulations, and finally iteratively corrects the slope error. The method is tested on overlapping small fragments of the Antarctic ice sheet, using a sub-set of Seasat data. Finally, a topographic map of Terre Adélie is produced. Over areas of small slopes, the a posteriori error should be of the order of 0.4 m. Using ERS-I data, it is therefore expected that climatic variations in the ice-sheet topography since the introduction of Seasat will be observable.

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Odin, Gilles S., Nicole Limondin-Lozouet, and Jean-Philip Brugal. "Principes de subdivision stratigraphique de l’histoire de la terre ; le cas du Quaternaire, sa signification et son rang hiérarchique." Quaternaire, no. 18/1 (March 1, 2007): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/quaternaire.937.

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Tison, J. L., J. R. Petit, J. M. Barnola, and W. C. Mahaney. "Debris entrainment at the ice-bedrock interface in sub-freezing temperature conditions (Terre Adélie, Antarctica)." Journal of Glaciology 39, no. 132 (1993): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000015963.

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AbstractThe debris-rich ice from the bottom 6 m of the 82 m deep CAROLINE (Coastal Antarctic Record of Last Interglacial Natural Environment) ice core reaching bedrock, and from five 2 m long surface cores at Moraine Prudhomme in Terre Adélie (Antarctica) is described and compared to debris-laden ice from the core-drilling site DIO. Isotopic, total-gas content, CO2concentration and SEM investigations of embedded particles, together with ice textures and fabrics, rule out “pressure-melting” regelation around bed obstacles or “freezing-on” as possible mechanisms for the debris entrainment at the ice-bedrock interface. It is suggested that the debris entrapment by purely mechanical means (e.g. shearing) is an efficient process in forming basal ice layers (BIL) at sub-freezing temperatures. This process might be dominant at the margin of the Antarctic ice sheet where no ice shelf exists and where a ramp terminus or a buttressing coastal relief induces compressive flow.

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Tison, J. L., J. R. Petit, J. M. Barnola, and W. C. Mahaney. "Debris entrainment at the ice-bedrock interface in sub-freezing temperature conditions (Terre Adélie, Antarctica)." Journal of Glaciology 39, no. 132 (1993): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000015963.

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AbstractThe debris-rich ice from the bottom 6 m of the 82 m deep CAROLINE (Coastal Antarctic Record of Last Interglacial Natural Environment) ice core reaching bedrock, and from five 2 m long surface cores at Moraine Prudhomme in Terre Adélie (Antarctica) is described and compared to debris-laden ice from the core-drilling site DIO. Isotopic, total-gas content, CO2 concentration and SEM investigations of embedded particles, together with ice textures and fabrics, rule out “pressure-melting” regelation around bed obstacles or “freezing-on” as possible mechanisms for the debris entrainment at the ice-bedrock interface. It is suggested that the debris entrapment by purely mechanical means (e.g. shearing) is an efficient process in forming basal ice layers (BIL) at sub-freezing temperatures. This process might be dominant at the margin of the Antarctic ice sheet where no ice shelf exists and where a ramp terminus or a buttressing coastal relief induces compressive flow.

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Le Meur, E., M. Sacchettini, S. Garambois, E. Berthier, A. S. Drouet, G. Durand, D. Young, et al. "Two independent methods for mapping the grounding line of an outlet glacier – example from the Astrolabe Glacier, Terre Adélie, Antarctica." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 4 (August 8, 2013): 3969–4014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-3969-2013.

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Abstract. The grounding line is a key element acting on the dynamics of coastal outlet glaciers. Knowing its position accurately is fundamental for both modelling the glacier dynamics and establishing a benchmark to which one can later refer in case of change. Here we map the grounding line of the Astrolabe Glacier in East Antarctica (66°41´ S; 140°05´ E), using hydrostatic and tidal methods. The first method is based on new surface and ice thickness data from which the line of buoyant flotation is found. We compare this hydrostatic map with kinematic GPS measurements of the tidal response of the ice surface. By detecting the transitions where the ice starts to move vertically in response to the tidal forcing we find control points for the grounding line position along GPS profiles. %If it can be shown that the long-term viscous mechanical behaviour of the ice slab validates the hydrostatic approach, mapping the grounding line from the ice supper surface displacements conversely requires correcting for the rigid elastic slab effect that dominates at tidal frequencies. With the help of a 2-dimensional elastic plate model, rigid elastic deviations are computed and applied to these control points. Once the extent of the grounding zone, the kinematic approach is consistent with the hydrostatic map. These two approaches lead us to propose a grounding line for the Astrolabe Glacier that significantly deviates from those obtained so far from satellite imagery.

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Koumoï, Achraf. "Caractérisation spatiale et état de conservation des ilots de forêts communautaires du bassin versant de Klikpa au Togo." Revue Ecosystèmes et Paysages 3, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.59384/recopays.tg3213.

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La présente étude menée sur les ilots de forêts communautaires du bassin versant de Klikpa dans la préfecture de l’Avé a pour objectif de contribuer à la gestion durable des forêts communautaires au Togo. Sur la base des images Spot 6 en date de 2020 fournit à Google Inc par Astrium Services, une cartographie des différentes unités d’occupation des terres a été réalisée sous le logiciel Google Earth Pro et QGIS 3.10. A l’échelle du Bassin Versant de Klikpa, les terres cultivées représentent la matrice paysagère recelant les autres formes d’occupation des terres. Trois (3) types d’occupation majeur de terre ont été identifiés et cartographiés. Il s’agit des installations humaines (18,24 %), les terres cultivables (58,81 %) et les terres forestières (22,95%). Les inventaires floristiques, couplés aux inventaires forestiers et écologiques (50 m x 20 m) réalisés dans 63 relevés ont permis d’identifier quatre (4) groupements végétaux suite aux analyses factorielles par correspondance. Il s’agit des groupements à dominance Azar-dirachta indica A.Juss et à Senna siamea (Lam) H.S.Irwin & Barneby (G1), Senna siamea (Lam) H.S.Irwin & Barneby et à Tectona grandis L.f. (G2), Albizia zygia (DC.) J.F. Macbr et à Holarrhena floribunda (G.Don). Durand et Schinz (G3) Senna siamea (Lam) H.S. Irwin & Barneby et à Caesalpinia pulcherima L. (G4). La plus grande hauteur moyenne (15,73± 0,4 m) ainsi que le diamètre moyen et la surface terrière sont plus élevés dans G3. Cependant, le G1 à une densité (382,5±0,32 pieds/ha) plus élevée que les autres. La distribution par classe de hauteur des individus du Bassin Versant de Klikpa (BVK) présente une allure en cloche. Elle donne par ajustement de Weibull, un « c » supérieur à 3,6 traduisant la présence des individus de hauteurs moyennes. La distribution des individus par classe de diamètre donne une allure en « L » dans les différentes formations traduisant une forte présence des individus jeunes. En fin les deux sources de données (spatiale et écologique) ont été croisées après une codification pour évaluer le niveau de conservation des ilots.

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Decharme, Bertrand, Christine Delire, and Aaron Boone. "La représentation des surfaces continentales dans la modélisation du climat à Météo-France." La Météorologie, no. 108 (2020): 067. http://dx.doi.org/10.37053/lameteorologie-2020-0018.

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Les surfaces continentales jouent un rôle non négligeable dans le système climatique de la Terre. Elles occupent d'ailleurs une place majeure dans les cycles globaux de l'eau et du carbone. Elles ont été prises en compte dès les premiers modèles numériques de climat et, avec l'évolution des connaissances, des capacités de calcul et de la demande sociétale, leur représentation s'est aujourd'hui considérablement complexifiée. Nous présentons ici une brève histoire de l'évolution du modèle de surfaces Isba (Interactions sol-biosphère-atmosphère) de Météo-France dans son utilisation à l'échelle du globe en la replaçant dans le contexte international de la modélisation climatique. Land surfaces play a significant role in the Earth climate system, and they are a major component of the global carbon and water cycles. The first numerical climate models took them into account in very simple ways. Through time the complexity of their representation has increased a lot owing to improved knowledge, larger computational resources and changing societal demands. We present here a brief history of the ISBA (Interactions Soil-Biosphere-Atmosphere) land surface model developed at Météo-France when used at the global scale and how it evolved in the context of international climate modelling.

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Park, Na-Yeon, Jae-Dong Jang, Youngmi Kim, Eun-Ha Sohn, Mi-Lim Ou, Jun-Dong Park, Minji Seo, Kyeong-Sang Lee, and Kyung-Soo Han. "COMS-Based Retrieval of Daily Actual Evapotranspiration over Korea." Journal of Sensors 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2151809.

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Evapotranspiration (ET) from the land surface is an important hydrometeorological factor in the exchange of energy between the atmosphere and land surface. The accurate quantification for management of water resources and understanding of climate change are crucial, requiring continuous temporal and spatial monitoring. The objective of this study is to apply and estimate daily actual ET using semiempirical method, B-method, which is based on surface energy balance over heterogeneous area, Korea. To estimate daily ET, we used geostationary meteorological satellite data (Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite, COMS) and polar-orbiting satellite data (Système Pour ľObservation de la Terre, SPOT). Estimated daily ET using only satellite data was relatively accurate and reflects land surface characteristics. It had high periodicity and spatial resolution over a wide area on clear-sky days. The daily ET was overestimated by about 1 mm/day at the two flux tower measurements sites, but the simulated seasonal variation and pattern were in good agreement with flux tower measurements. In the mixed forest, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) was 0.94 mm/day and the bias was 1.05 mm/day, while, in the rice paddy, RMSE was 1.12 mm/day and bias was 1.21 mm/day.

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Mudau, Naledzani, and Paidamwoyo Mhangara. "Assessment of the Ecological Condition of Informal Settlements Using the Settlement Surface Ecological Index." Land 12, no. 8 (August 17, 2023): 1622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12081622.

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To manage urban ecological ecosystems adequately, understanding the urban areas’ biophysical characteristics is required. This study developed a settlement surface ecological index (SSEI) using tree, soil, impervious surface and grass covers, land surface temperature (LST), and soil moisture derived from Satellite Pour L’Observation de la Terre (SPOT) 7 and Landsat 8 satellite images. The assessment of the SSEI was conducted over twelve sites of 300 m by 300 m. The selected sites contained formal and informal settlements of varying building densities. The SSEI values ranged from −0.3 to 0.54. Seven assessed areas are in the worst ecological condition with an SSEI below zero. Only three settlement types had an SSEI index value of 0.2 and above, and two of these areas were informal settlements. The formal low-density settlement with higher tree coverage displayed the highest index value of 0.54, slightly higher than the medium-density informal settlement. Overall, there is no significant difference in the SSEI values between the surface ecological condition of formal and informal settlements. The results achieved in this study can be used to understand urban ecology better and develop urban greening strategies at a city or settlement level.

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Feo Parrondo, Francisco. "Propiedad rústica en Cantabria en los años treinta, según el Registro de la Propiedad Expropiable." Estudios Geográficos 55, no. 215 (June 30, 1994): 283–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/egeogr.1994.i215.283.

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El presente artículo aborda el estudio de la distribución de la tierra en los años treinta del siglo XX en Cantabria a partir del Registro de la Propiedad Expropiable (1933), centrándose en el análisis de la estructura de la propiedad, parcelación, residencia de los propietarios, formas de adquisición y usos del suelo. [fr] Le présent article aborde l'étude de la distribution de la terre dans Cantabna en les années trente du XXe siecle, a partir du Registre de la Propiété Foncière Expropiable (1933), étude axée sur l'analyse de la structure de la propiété, le parcellement, la résidence des propiétaires, les formes d'acquisition et les usages deu sol.

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Goodwin, Ian D. "Snow-accumulation variability from seasonal surface observations and firn-core stratigraphy, eastern Wilkes Land, Antarctica." Journal of Glaciology 37, no. 127 (1991): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000005815.

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AbstractAnnual accumulation records were derived from two firn cores drilled at GD03 (69° 00’S, 115° 30’E, 1835m) and GD15 (69° 00’S, 130° 48’E, 2155m), which are separated by 750 km along the 2000 m contour in eastern Wilkes Land. The accumulation records, spanning the period 1930–85, show that annual accumulation has increased by 25% from 1960 to 1985, resulting in the highest accumulation rates in the 55 year records. Annual accumulation layers were identified in the firn cores using a firn-stratigraphic model (based on the observed characteristics and variability of the seasonal snow-surface layer) together with seasonal oxygen-isotope ratios. The accumulation records support other evidence for a similar recent increase across Antarctica. The greater increase over the long-term mean for 1930–85 in eastern Wilkes Land was observed at GD15 which is located on a northeast aspect slope near Terre Adèlie. It is suggested that the increase is the result of changes in the general atmospheric circulation pattern which have produced a higher annual frequency of precipitation events.

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48

Goodwin, Ian D. "Snow-accumulation variability from seasonal surface observations and firn-core stratigraphy, eastern Wilkes Land, Antarctica." Journal of Glaciology 37, no. 127 (1991): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000005815.

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AbstractAnnual accumulation records were derived from two firn cores drilled at GD03 (69° 00’S, 115° 30’E, 1835m) and GD15 (69° 00’S, 130° 48’E, 2155m), which are separated by 750 km along the 2000 m contour in eastern Wilkes Land. The accumulation records, spanning the period 1930–85, show that annual accumulation has increased by 25% from 1960 to 1985, resulting in the highest accumulation rates in the 55 year records. Annual accumulation layers were identified in the firn cores using a firn-stratigraphic model (based on the observed characteristics and variability of the seasonal snow-surface layer) together with seasonal oxygen-isotope ratios. The accumulation records support other evidence for a similar recent increase across Antarctica. The greater increase over the long-term mean for 1930–85 in eastern Wilkes Land was observed at GD15 which is located on a northeast aspect slope near Terre Adèlie. It is suggested that the increase is the result of changes in the general atmospheric circulation pattern which have produced a higher annual frequency of precipitation events.

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Ménager, Hervé. "Les deux faces de l'équitation moderne dans le Sud-Ouest." Sud-Ouest européen 13, no. 1 (2002): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rgpso.2002.2786.

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Le cheval, moyen principal de déplacement des hommes sur terre jusqu'au XIXe siècle, a été supplanté par l'automobile. Grâce au mouvement olympique, l'équitation a survécu dans les stades. Les sociétés urbanisées recherchent maintenant la pratique de l'équitation dans les campagnes. Aquitaine et Midi-Pyrénées, deux régions du Sud- Ouest, présentent deux profils de pratiques équestres. L'Aquitaine maintient une équitation classique et Midi-Pyrénées anticipe une équitation alternative. Cette dichotomie traduit des comportements sociaux différents alors qu'une interactivité est nécessaire pour les aménagements du territoire.

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Bintanja, Richard. "The contribution of snowdrift sublimation to the surface mass balance of Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 27 (1998): 251–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog27-1-251-259.

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This paper presents model calculations of snowdrift sublimation rates for year-round automatic weather station (AWS) data in Terre Adélie, Antarctica. The model calculates vertical profiles of wind speed, temperature, humidity and suspended-snow particles in the atmospheric surface layer, and takes into account the buoyancy effects induced by the stably stratified suspended-snow profile by means of an appropriate Richardson number. The model is able to simulate accurately vertical profiles of sublimation rate derived from direct measurements. The model is used to parameterise snowdrift-sublimation rates in terms of wind speed and air temperature. This parameterisation is then used to calculate snowdrift-sublimation rates from 3 hourly data of six AWSs along a transect from Dumont d'Urville to South Pole during one year. Results show that sublimation of suspended snow is negligible in the interior of Antarctica where wind speeds and temperatures are low, whereas near the windy and relatively warm coast its contribution is significant (up to 17cmw.e. a−1). Snowdrift-sublimation rates are highest during summer, when temperatures are highest, in spite of the fact that wind speeds are not as high as in winter. It is concluded that snowdrift sublimation is one of the major terms in the surface mass balance of Antarctica, in particular in the coastal regions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Surface de la Terre'

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