Relevant bibliographies by topics / Surface Blasts

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Academic literature on the topic 'Surface Blasts'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Surface Blasts"

1

Cross, AH, RM Goorha, R. Nuss, FG Behm, SB Murphy, DK Kalwinsky, S. Raimondi, GR Kitchingman, and J. Jr Mirro. "Acute myeloid leukemia with T-lymphoid features: a distinct biologic and clinical entity." Blood 72, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.2.579.579.

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Abstract We studied the clinical and biologic features of 10 cases of acute leukemia that met standard French-American-British (FAB) criteria for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but in which the blast cells also expressed the T-cell-associated CD2 surface antigen. All cases had greater than 3% myeloperoxidase and Sudan black B-positive leukemic blasts, and blasts from seven cases contained Auer rods. Reactivity of the cells with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) indicated that leukemic cells in all cases expressed myeloid-associated (CD11b, CD13) surface antigens, further supporting the diagnosis of AML. However, blasts from every patient coexpressed the T-cell-associated surface CD2 and CD7 as well as cytoplasmic CD3 antigens. Blasts from five patients expressed surface CD25, whereas blasts from only one expressed surface CD3. Five patients had rearranged T-cell receptor beta-chain genes, whereas only three had rearranged T-cell receptor gamma-chain genes. This pattern of lineage-related gene expression appears to define a distinct subtype of AML with T-lymphoid features (CD2+ AML) and could reflect either aberrant gene expression in leukemic blasts or transformation of a pluripotent stem cell having a flexible pattern of gene expression. Clinically, these 10 patients presented at an older age with a higher leukocyte count and a higher frequency of lymphadenopathy than did children whose blast cells were characteristic of myeloid leukemia. Patients with CD2+ AML also had poorer responses to remission induction therapy (50% v 80% entered complete remission, P = .05). However, each of the five children who failed induction chemotherapy on AML protocols had a striking response to drug combinations usually reserved for lymphoid leukemia. We conclude that this leukemia with mixed lymphoid and myeloid characteristics is a distinct biologic and clinical entity.
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Cross, AH, RM Goorha, R. Nuss, FG Behm, SB Murphy, DK Kalwinsky, S. Raimondi, GR Kitchingman, and J. Jr Mirro. "Acute myeloid leukemia with T-lymphoid features: a distinct biologic and clinical entity." Blood 72, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 579–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v72.2.579.bloodjournal722579.

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We studied the clinical and biologic features of 10 cases of acute leukemia that met standard French-American-British (FAB) criteria for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but in which the blast cells also expressed the T-cell-associated CD2 surface antigen. All cases had greater than 3% myeloperoxidase and Sudan black B-positive leukemic blasts, and blasts from seven cases contained Auer rods. Reactivity of the cells with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) indicated that leukemic cells in all cases expressed myeloid-associated (CD11b, CD13) surface antigens, further supporting the diagnosis of AML. However, blasts from every patient coexpressed the T-cell-associated surface CD2 and CD7 as well as cytoplasmic CD3 antigens. Blasts from five patients expressed surface CD25, whereas blasts from only one expressed surface CD3. Five patients had rearranged T-cell receptor beta-chain genes, whereas only three had rearranged T-cell receptor gamma-chain genes. This pattern of lineage-related gene expression appears to define a distinct subtype of AML with T-lymphoid features (CD2+ AML) and could reflect either aberrant gene expression in leukemic blasts or transformation of a pluripotent stem cell having a flexible pattern of gene expression. Clinically, these 10 patients presented at an older age with a higher leukocyte count and a higher frequency of lymphadenopathy than did children whose blast cells were characteristic of myeloid leukemia. Patients with CD2+ AML also had poorer responses to remission induction therapy (50% v 80% entered complete remission, P = .05). However, each of the five children who failed induction chemotherapy on AML protocols had a striking response to drug combinations usually reserved for lymphoid leukemia. We conclude that this leukemia with mixed lymphoid and myeloid characteristics is a distinct biologic and clinical entity.
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Isakson, P. C., D. D'Angelo, J. Schetz, L. Tardelli, and E. Puré. "Anti-Ig-stimulated B lymphoblasts can be restimulated via their surface Ig." Journal of Immunology 143, no. 12 (December 15, 1989): 3901–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.143.12.3901.

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Abstract Engaging AgR (surface Ig) on B lymphocytes leads to rapid inositol phosphate turnover and elevation of intracellular [Ca2+]. Continuous receptor occupancy (greater than 18 h) by anti-Ig leads to transit of most B lymphocytes from G0 to G1 stage of the cell cycle (blast transformation); a fraction of cells continue into S phase but do not proliferate continuously in the absence of growth factors. Prolonged exposure to ligand can induce receptor desensitization of some receptors. We therefore investigated whether such desensitization occurs in B cells activated by insolubilized anti-Ig. Resting B cells and anti-Ig-activated blasts were examined for their potential to elevate [Ca2+]i, maintain viability, and synthesize DNA in response to reexposure to anti-Ig. B cells and anti-Ig blasts had similar basal [Ca2+]i levels. Anti-Ig blasts retained the capacity to increase [Ca2+]i in response to anti-Ig; the magnitude of the increase was equal to or greater than that observed with resting B cells and occurred in more than 90% of cells. Isolated anti-Ig blasts subcultured in the presence of T cell-derived growth factors for 3 to 5 days responded to restimulation by anti-Ig with an increase in [Ca2+]i similar to that observed in freshly isolated blasts. The B cell and B lymphoblast ion channels were found to be permeable to Ca2+ but impermeable to Mn2+. Finally, blasts restimulated by anti-Ig retained viability and incorporated low levels of [3H]thymidine for 24 h. These results suggest that AgR on activated B lymphocytes can remain functionally coupled to intracellular signaling pathways and can participate in immune responses subsequent to initial activation.
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Smith, FO, BC Lampkin, C. Versteeg, DA Flowers, PA Dinndorf, JD Buckley, WG Woods, GD Hammond, and ID Bernstein. "Expression of lymphoid-associated cell surface antigens by childhood acute myeloid leukemia cells lacks prognostic significance." Blood 79, no. 9 (May 1, 1992): 2415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v79.9.2415.2415.

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Abstract The prognostic significance of cell surface antigens associated with lymphoid and myeloid lineage differentiation on the blasts of children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was evaluated. Leukemic blasts from 176 patients enrolled on Childrens Cancer Study Group Protocol 213 determined to have AML by standard morphologic and cytochemical criteria were immunophenotyped. Cell surface antigens associated with myeloid differentiation were found on blasts from 88.1% of patients (CD15, 44%; CD33, 65%; CD36, 53%; glycoprotein Ib, 9.3%). However, blasts from 30.7% of patients expressed surface antigens thought to be specific for lymphoid lineage differentiation (CD2, 9.4%; CD5, 2.7%; CD19, 34.5%; CD20, 0.8%). In addition, CD34, a glycoprotein found on immature cells of both myeloid and lymphoid lineages, was expressed on the blast cells of 48.2% of patients. With the exception of the lymphoid lineage nonspecific antigen CD4, no correlation was found between white blood cell count at diagnosis, age, and French-American- British morphology, and the expression of any of the lymphoid- or myeloid-associated cell surface antigens studied. Nor was the expression of these antigens prognostically significant with respect to response to induction therapy, death during induction, survival, event- free survival, or survival/event-free survival following remission induction. Multivariate analysis showed that CD4 expression was not an independent predictor of outcome. Thus, this prospective study suggests that expression of lymphoid-associated cell surface antigens as well as myeloid-associated antigens by childhood AML blasts lacks prognostic significance.
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Smith, FO, BC Lampkin, C. Versteeg, DA Flowers, PA Dinndorf, JD Buckley, WG Woods, GD Hammond, and ID Bernstein. "Expression of lymphoid-associated cell surface antigens by childhood acute myeloid leukemia cells lacks prognostic significance." Blood 79, no. 9 (May 1, 1992): 2415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v79.9.2415.bloodjournal7992415.

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The prognostic significance of cell surface antigens associated with lymphoid and myeloid lineage differentiation on the blasts of children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was evaluated. Leukemic blasts from 176 patients enrolled on Childrens Cancer Study Group Protocol 213 determined to have AML by standard morphologic and cytochemical criteria were immunophenotyped. Cell surface antigens associated with myeloid differentiation were found on blasts from 88.1% of patients (CD15, 44%; CD33, 65%; CD36, 53%; glycoprotein Ib, 9.3%). However, blasts from 30.7% of patients expressed surface antigens thought to be specific for lymphoid lineage differentiation (CD2, 9.4%; CD5, 2.7%; CD19, 34.5%; CD20, 0.8%). In addition, CD34, a glycoprotein found on immature cells of both myeloid and lymphoid lineages, was expressed on the blast cells of 48.2% of patients. With the exception of the lymphoid lineage nonspecific antigen CD4, no correlation was found between white blood cell count at diagnosis, age, and French-American- British morphology, and the expression of any of the lymphoid- or myeloid-associated cell surface antigens studied. Nor was the expression of these antigens prognostically significant with respect to response to induction therapy, death during induction, survival, event- free survival, or survival/event-free survival following remission induction. Multivariate analysis showed that CD4 expression was not an independent predictor of outcome. Thus, this prospective study suggests that expression of lymphoid-associated cell surface antigens as well as myeloid-associated antigens by childhood AML blasts lacks prognostic significance.
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van Luijn, Marvin M., Maaike E. Ressing, Emmanuel J. H. J. Wiertz, Adri Zevenbergen, Martine E. D. Chamuleau, Yuri Souwer, Suzanne Ostrand-Rosenberg, Gert J. Ossenkoppele, Arjan A. van de Loosdrecht, and S. Marieke van Ham. "TAP- and Proteasome-Dependent Endogenous Antigen Loading of HLA Class II in Leukemic Blasts Introduces a Promising New Target for Generating Leukemia-Specific CD4+ T Cells." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 5443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.5443.5443.

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Abstract According to the classical HLA class II antigen presentation pathway, exogenous antigens are processed in the endosomal/lysosomal pathway and associate with HLA class II after exchange with the class II-associated invariant chain peptide (CLIP). For this reason, the relative amount of CLIP presented by HLA-DR (DR) molecules (CLIP/DR amount) can be considered as an indicator for HLA class II antigen loading. Previously, we showed that Invariant Chain (Ii) down-modulation in the Kasumi-1 and THP-1 AML cell lines led to marked declines in CLIP/DR amount [Van Luijn et al., Haematologica2008; 93(s1), Abstract 0029]. In addition, the total amount of cell surface-expressed DR was reduced on Kasumi-1 blasts, in line with the need of Ii for the transport of newly synthesized HLA class II molecules into the endosomal/lysosomal pathway. Surprisingly, in THP-1 blasts, Ii down-modulation hardly affected DR expression at the cell surface. In the present study, we further explored the Ii-independent pathway of HLA class II antigen presentation in leukemic blasts. Not only in the THP-1, but also in another AML cell line, the KG-1, Ii down-modulation had no effect on DR expression levels, as determined by flow cytometry. Since DR expression does require peptide binding, Ii-independency in these AML blasts may be achieved by endogenous antigen loading in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To test this hypothesis, supply of endogenously derived peptides into the ER was blocked by viral proteins interfering with the function of the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). As expected, TAP inhibition in KG-1 blasts by the viral UL49.5 protein (which changes the conformation of TAP and mediates its degradation) resulted in a strong down-regulation (7.7-fold) of HLA class I. Strikingly, TAP inhibition also induced a clear DR− KG-1 blast population (52.3% of total; MFI=1.4) next to the original DR+ KG-1 blast population (36.5% of total; MFI=288.9), demonstrating that DR expression is partly TAP-dependent in KG-1 blasts. Upon sorting of both populations, TAP−DR− blasts had a decreased expression of intracellular Ii as compared to TAP−DR+ blasts (3.9-fold) and wild type blasts (4.7-fold). Additionally, confocal microscopy revealed that in TAP−DR+ blasts, DR localised to the cell surface, indicating that Ii is able to rescue cell surface expression of DR. Indeed, Ii down-modulation in TAP−DR+ blasts caused a 2.3-fold decline in DR expression. The observed differences in TAP, Ii and DR expression between these KG-1 variants were confirmed by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, blocking of proteasome function by the specific inhibitors MG-132 and Bortezomib also caused a marked decrease of DR expression on KG-1 blasts (MFI declined from 289.2 to respectively 76.4 and 114.5). Accompanying reduction in HLA class I levels ascertained specific proteasome inhibition. This confirmed that at least part of the antigens presented by DR on KG-1 blasts was derived from endogenous sources. Similar results were obtained with THP-1 blasts, as both TAP and proteasome inhibition clearly affected DR expression. In line with our observations that in Kasumi-1 blasts, DR expression is Ii-dependent, addition of the TAP and proteasome inhibitors to Kasumi-1 blasts did not affect cell surface expression of DR. In conclusion, our data reveal an alternative Ii-independent, but TAP- and proteasome-dependent cross-presentation pathway in different AML cell lines, which involves HLA class II loading of endogenous antigens in the ER. Therefore, this alternative pathway may serve as a potent immunomodulatory target in leukemic blasts to activate CD4+ T cells specific for a broad range of leukemia-associated antigens.
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He, Shun, Carolyn Cheney, Susan P. Whitman, Jianhua Yu, Sumithira Vasu, William Blum, Karl-Heinz Heider, Guido Marcucci, and Natarajan Muthusamy. "Decitabine Or 5-Azacitidine Pre-Treatment Does Not Compromise The Novel Fc-Engineered Antibody Mab 33.1-Mediated ADCC Against Primary AML Blasts - A Rationale For Combination Therapy." Blood 122, no. 21 (November 15, 2013): 3959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.3959.3959.

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Abstract Introduction Acute Myeloid leukemia (AML) in patients older than 60 years is a devastating diagnosis with long-term survival rates of 10%. Elderly patients have poor survival both due to chemoresistance and presence of concomitant comorbidities rendering them ineligible for induction chemotherapy. Hence novel treatment options are warranted in this patient population. Promising activity of monoclonal antibodies such as alemtuzumab and rituximab for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and rituximab for lymphomas has raised the potential use of antibody therapies in AML. CD33 is expressed on greater than 90% of AML blast cells while absent from all non-hematopoietic tissues. Hence CD33 is a viable target for antibody-based therapeutics in AML. Here, we tested the ex vivo efficacy of the mAb 33.1, a fully human anti-CD33 antibody Fc-engineered for increased binding to Fcγ receptors on AML cell lines and primary AML blasts. The goals of this study are to evaluate 1) the efficacy of mAb33.1 on purified allogeneic and autologous natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against primary AML Blasts; 2) to evaluate efficacy of mAb 33.1 in combination with azanucleosides (i.e. decitabine, 5-azacitidine) that are currently used in AML therapy on NK cell-mediated ADCC against primary AML blasts; and 3) to correlate the levels of surface expression of CD33 on AML blasts to the mAb 33.1 mediated ADCC. Methods mAb 33.1 mediated NK cell activation was determined by NK degranulation as determined by CD107a induction, and ADCC was determined by standard 4-hour 51Cr-release assay. An AML cell line HL60 and a total of 15 AML blast samples were used as targets in this study. NK cells enriched from normal donor PBMC (for allogeneic assays) or sorted from AML blast samples (for autologous assays) were used as effector cells. Results The mAb 33.1 induced potent ADCC activity (>40%) compared to control non-Fc engineered antibody at the concentration of 10 μg/ml in the HL60 cell line. For the AML blasts, mAb 33.1 mediated significantly higher ADCC activity when compared to the control antibody (p<0.05). The relative cytotoxicity mediated by mAb 33.1 varied among different patients, ranging from 4.4% to 65.8%. Subsequent quantification of CD33 showed that there is a positive correlation between ADCC activity and the number of surface CD33 molecules on the AML blasts. Induction of CD107a expression was also observed in both allogeneic and autologous NK cells when the blasts were labeled with mAb 33.1. Pre-treatment of the NK cells and/or target blasts with decitabine or 5-azacitidine for 48hrs, did not alter the mAb 33.1 mediated ADCC activity or CD107 induction. Conclusion mAb33.1 mediated potent ADCC activity and NK activation against AML cell lines and primary AML blasts. Both autologous and allogeneic NK cell-mediated ADCC against primary blast cells from AML patients was observed. The level of NK cell-mediated ADCC was positively associated with the levels of the surface CD33 expression on target AML blasts. Pre-treatment of either AML blasts and/or NK effector cells with Decitabine or 5-azacitidine did not compromise mAb 33.1-mediated ADCC. These pre-clinical studies support further clinical development of mAb 33.1 in combination with relevant anti-AML therapies such as decitabine or 5-azacitidine in patients with CD33 expression. Disclosures: Heider: boehringer-ingelheim: Employment.
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Galski, Hanan, Masha Simanovsky, Sagi Berlinsky, and Arnon Nagler. "P-Glycoprotein (Pgp) - Dependent Drug Resistance to Imatinib at CML-BC Is Exclusively Developed in Aggressive Minor Blast Subpopulation (MS) and Can Be Reversed by Pgp Modulators." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.721.721.

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Abstract CML is considered as a model of multi step-developing malignancies. Although very effective in chronic phase CML, imatinib mesylate (IM) and second generation TK inhibitors treatment are usually less effective in advanced CML (accelerated and blast crisis phases) since drug-resistant clones inevitably shortly emerge. In a recent study (Simanovsky M et al, Differentiation. 2008 Apr 29 [Epub ahead of print]), we have demonstrated that at blast crisis CML (CML-BC), blood circulating blasts of the same CML clone are heterogeneous, containing a small cell-fraction (1–3%) of blasts that are significantly more aggressive than the major malignant population. Briefly, we found that these minor subsets (MS) of blasts (both from patients and human CML-BC cell lines) have a typical highly repopulating ability, increased clonogenicity, and over expression of BCR-ABL and few other cancer-related genes. To evaluate whether the MS blasts also exhibit differential drug resistance mechanisms toward IM, we compared the two blast subsets for the level of resistance to IM in relation to expression of a functional Pgp, an ABC transporter that is the product of the ABCB1 (MDR1) gene. In the current study, we found that the MDR1 gene (but not several other ABC transporter genes) is significantly (5–7 fold) upregulated in the MS blasts, relatively to the major population. Moreover, FACS and Western analyses revealed that while Pgp could not be detected on the cell surface of the major blast subsets, Pgp is exclusively highly expressed in the MS blasts. Moreover, functional Pgp assays in the MS blasts (efflux, dose-dependent competitions, and UIC2 Pgp-specific shift assays) indicated unequivocally that IM is a substrate for Pgp. While IM efficiently inhibited the proliferation of the major blasts in dose-dependent manner, the proliferation rate of the MS blasts was essentially not affected. Furthermore, the anti-proliferative effect of IM on the MS blasts could be restored by addition of the Pgp inhibitor, R-verapamil, in dose-dependent manner. While relatively long, gradual selection in culture of the major CML-BC subsets resulted in some Pgp-independent IM-resistant clones, Pgp activity levels were shortly further elevated (by 1-order magnitude) in the MS blasts. Interestingly, FACS analyses, using different monoclonal antibodies that bind specifically to different known extra cellular epitopes of Pgp, indicated differential antibodies-epitopes binding ratios after IM selection. These stoichiometric changes suggest a topological folding shift of Pgp between its moderate to high activity (proposed model, Figure 1). In conclusion, the existence of a minor “pool” of CML blasts of both greater clonogenicity and high expression and activity levels of Pgp, apparently signify clonal evolution toward both increased malignancy and lower therapeutic sensitivity. Moreover, as both IM and Dasatinb are transported by Pgp, this study suggests that their combination therapy with Pgp-modulateors might also be clinically effective in targeting this aggressive blast population. FIGURE 1: The proposed model of topological folding of Pgp in relation to activity. FIGURE 1:. The proposed model of topological folding of Pgp in relation to activity.
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Su, F., K. Aki, and N. N. Biswas. "Discriminating quarry blasts from earthquakes using coda waves." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 81, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 162–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0810010162.

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Abstract A new quarry blast-earthquake discrimination method is presented based on the analysis of seismic coda waves. Quarry blasts and local earthquakes in the area encompassing the south-central Mojave Desert and Eastern Transverse Ranges were used to test this method. We found that the coda decay rate Qc−1 is significantly higher for quarry blasts than earthquakes for lower frequencies (1.5 and 3 Hz) for lapse time up to about 30 sec. This result is attributed to the greater contribution of surface waves to quarry blasts due to the shallowness of their source depth. The difference in Qc−1, however, disappears for lapse time greater than 30 sec for the same frequency range as well as for higher frequencies (6 and 12 Hz) for lapse time greater than 20 sec. This suggests that the coda waves, at the lapse time greater than these critical values, are dominated by the same type of body waves, probably S waves, for both quarry blasts and earthquakes. The power spectrum P0(ω) obtained after the correction for attenuation was compared between earthquakes and quarry blasts at the same stations, and a significant difference was found in the spectral shape between these two data sets. The curves of power spectrum P0(ω) versus frequency for quarry blasts decrease more sharply than for earthquakes at high frequencies, indicating a lack of energy in high frequencies for quarry blasts as compared to earthquakes. The different frequency dependence of power spectrum P0(ω) between quarry blasts and earthquakes is attributed to their different source properties and can be used for seismic discrimination of quarry blasts from earthquakes.
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Mirro, J., TF Zipf, CH Pui, G. Kitchingman, D. Williams, S. Melvin, SB Murphy, and S. Stass. "Acute mixed lineage leukemia: clinicopathologic correlations and prognostic significance." Blood 66, no. 5 (November 1, 1985): 1115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v66.5.1115.1115.

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Abstract The frequency and clinical significance of acute leukemia displaying both lymphoid and myeloid characteristics was determined in 123 consecutive children using a panel of lineage-associated markers. The leukemic blasts from 18 of 95 children (19%) with the diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by standard diagnostic criteria expressed myeloid-associated cell surface antigens. Despite immunological evidence of lymphoid differentiation (17 CALLA + and one T cell-associated antigen +) and findings of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement, blasts from these patients reacted with one to five monoclonal antibodies identifying myeloid-associated cell surface antigens (My-1, MCS.2, Mo1, SJ-D1, or 5F1). Dual staining with microsphere-conjugated antibodies and analysis by flow cytometry confirmed that some blasts were simultaneously expressing lymphoid- and myeloid-associated antigens. Conversely, blasts from seven of 28 patients (25%) with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), diagnosed by otherwise standard morphological and cytochemical criteria, expressed lymphoid-associated surface antigens. Dual staining of individual blasts demonstrated simultaneous expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) (including Auer rods) in association with either T-11, CALLA, or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Blasts from one patient with ANLL demonstrated T cell receptor gene rearrangement, while blasts from another patient demonstrated characteristics associated with T (T-11), B (CALLA and heavy-chain immunoglobulin gene rearrangement), and myeloid (MPO) lineage. There were no consistent cytogenetic abnormalities, and no patient demonstrated independent leukemic clones. Each patient with typical ALL, except for myeloid-associated antigens, achieved complete remission with conventional induction therapy for ALL. By contrast, three of the seven children with ANLL whose blasts expressed the T-11 surface antigen failed ANLL induction therapy. These three patients subsequently achieved remission with ALL therapy.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Surface Blasts"

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Andrieux, Patrick. "Application of rock engineering systems to large-scale confined destress blasts in underground mine pillars." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33185.

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Cette thèse décrit le développement d’une nouvelle méthodologie qui quantifie les chances de succès d’un tir confiné à grande échelle de relâchement des contraintes dans un pilier de mine souterraine, pour une masse rocheuse et un régime de contraintes donnés. L’approche est basée sur huit paramètres qui sont considérés comme contrôlant ultimement le processus, et dont l’influence et les interactions ont été quantifiées dans un premier temps avec la méthode des Systèmes d’ingénierie du roc (“Rock Engineering Systems”). Ces interactions et degrés d’influence ont ensuite été utilisés pour élaborer la nouvelle méthodologie, qui est basée sur un nouveau paramètre appelé l’Indice de relâchement, qui peut être ‘Faible’, ‘Moyen’, ‘Bon’ ou ‘Excellent’. Il est conclu que cette méthodologie a une valeur pratique élevée de par sa capacité à concevoir adéquatement un tir confiné à grande échelle de relâchement des contraintes dans un pilier de mine, en prenant simplement des mesures qui résultent en une augmentation de l’Indice de relâchement et, donc, des chances de succès du tir
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Dreyßig, Julia. "Surface marker expression profiles of dendritic cells (DC) generated from blasts in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are valuable tools to characterize and quantify DC in experimental settings." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-117006.

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Sun, Wei. "Surface mine blast design and consultant system." Ohio : Ohio University, 1987. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1183062985.

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Kigozi, Gladys Nabagala. "Surface reconstruction of a blast plate using stereo vision." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14798.

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Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis presents method for reconstructing and measuring the profile of a blast metal plate. Among the many methods in computer vision, stereo vision using two cameras is chosen as the range finding method in this thesis. This is because it is a non-contact method and hence eliminates the need to calibrate moving parts. A stereo-rig consists of two calibrated cameras and hence gives two view geometry. Stereoscopic reconstruction relies on epipolar geometry to constrain the relationship between the views. The 3-D point is then estimated using triangulation of the corresponding points from the two views. The blast plates that are reconstructed have highly reflective surfaces. This causes a problem due to specular reflection. This thesis further studies the reflective properties of the metal plate surface. Different methods of scanning the plate using the stereo-rig are investigated. The reconstructions obtained from these methods are analyzed for accuracy and consistency. Since low cost cameras are used in constructing the stereo-rig, the point cloud data obtained is further investigated for consistency by aligning different instances of the reconstruction. This is done using the Iterative Closest Programme (ICP) algorithm which tries to align two sets of data iteratively.
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Abdul-Hussain, Najlaa. "The Geotechnical Response of Retaining Walls to Surface Explosion." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42596.

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Retaining walls (RW) are among the most common geotechnical structures. They have been widely used in railways, bridges (e.g. bridges abutment), buildings, hydraulic and harbor engineering. Once built, the RW can be exposed to dynamic loads, such as those produced by earthquakes, machines, vehicles and explosions. They must remain operational in aftermath of the natural or human-induced dynamic events. Hence, the understanding of the geotechnical response of RW to these dynamic loads is critical for the safe design of several civil engineering structures such as railways, highways, bridges, and buildings. Although fairly reliable methods have been developed for assessing and predicting the response of RW to dynamic loads induced by earthquakes, there is very little information to guide engineers in the design of RW that are exposed to surface explosions (surface blast loadings). These methods for assessing RW response to earthquake loads cannot directly be applied to the design of RW subjected to surface blast loads. Indeed, blast loads are short duration dynamic loads and their durations are very much shorter than those of earthquakes. The predominant frequencies of a blast wave are usually 2-3 orders of magnitudes higher than those of earthquake wave, and the same can be said for blast wave acceleration as compared to the peak acceleration that results from an earthquake. Thus, RW response under blast loading could be significantly different from that under a loading with much longer duration such as an earthquake. There is a need to increase our understanding of the response of RW to surface explosion loadings since there is a significant increase of terrorist threat on important buildings and some lifeline infrastructures. Transportation structures (bridges, highway, and railway) are unquestionably being regarded as potential targets for terrorist attacks. The purpose of this PhD research is to investigate the geotechnical response of reinforced concrete retaining wall (RCRW) with sand as a backfill material to surface blast loads. The soil-RW model was subjected to a simulated blast load using a shock tube. The influence of the backfill relative density, backfill saturation, blast load intensity, and live load surcharge on the behaviour of RCRW with sand backfill was studied. The dimensions of the stem and heel of the retaining wall in this study were 650 mm (height) x 500 mm (width) x 60 mm (thickness) and 400 mm (width) x 500 mm (length) x 60 mm (thickness), respectively. Soil-RW model was placed inside a wooden box. The overall height of the box was 1565 mm. The retained backfill extended behind the wall for 1300 mm. Based on the results, it is found that the maximum dynamic earth pressures were recorded at a time greater than the positive phase duration regardless of the backfill condition. The total earth pressure distribution along the height of the wall showed that the magnitude of total earth pressure for loose and medium backfill at the mid-height of the wall slightly exceeded the dense backfill. In addition, the lateral earth pressures increased with the increase in the blast load intensities. On the other hand, under the same load conditions, an increase in the wall movement was noticed in loose backfill, and a translation response mode was evident in this condition. The mobilized passive resistance of the RW backfill induced by blast load was used to determine the force-displacement relationship. Finally, the susceptibility of the RW with saturated dense sand to liquefaction was examined, and it was ascertained that liquefaction was not triggered when the RW was subjected to a blast load of 50 kPa. The results and findings of this PhD research will provide valuable information that can be used to evaluate the vulnerability of transportation structures to surface blast events as well as to develop guidance for their design.
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Koneshwaran, Sivalingam. "Blast response and sensitivity analysis of segmental tunnel." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/78619/1/Sivalingam_Koneshwaran_Thesis.pdf.

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This research treated the response of underground transportation tunnels to surface blast loads using advanced computer simulation techniques. The influences of important parameters, such as tunnel material, geometrical configuration of segments and surrounding soil were investigated. The findings of this research offer significant new information on the blast performance of underground tunnels and will contribute towards future civil engineering applications.
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Gahagan, Shane G. "Pressure-sensitive paint measurements on a rotor disk surface at high speeds." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1997. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA333428.

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Thesis (M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering) Naval Postgraduate School, June 1997.
Thesis advisor, Raymond P. Shreeve. AD-A333 428. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-50). Also available online.
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Blaess, Guido [Verfasser]. "Häusung von Surface-acoustic-wave-Sensoren für die Bioanalytik / G. Blaess." Karlsruhe : Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, 2006. http://d-nb.info/983159173/34.

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Mustafa, Kamal. "Cellular responses to titanium surfaces blasted with TiO₂ particles /." Stockholm, 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-628-4951-4/.

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Roger, Eve. "Mines buried in dry and saturated soils : blast experiments, soil modeling and simulations." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI054/document.

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Au cours des conflits récents, les véhicules ont été sujet à des attaques impliquant une grande quantité d'explosif enterré. En général, les planchers sont visés, et leurs déformations absorbent une partie de l'énergie. Le véhicule subit également une impulsion, transmise par la détonation, qui peut blesser gravement les occupants. L'intensité de l'impulsion dépend principalement de trois paramètres: le degré de saturation du sol, la nature du sol dans lequel l'explosif est enterré, et la profondeur d'enfouissement de la charge. Les simulations numériques doivent reproduire le processus intégral de l'explosion, incluant l'initiale interaction entre la charge et le sol, l'expansion des produits de détonation, la propagation de l'onde de choc jusqu'au plancher du véhicule, et la grande déformation des projections de sol. L'information mécanique transmise jusqu'au niveau du plancher doit être suffisamment précise car les effets sur le véhicule constituent l'objectif des simulations. Développer un modèle constitutif de sol est par conséquent délicat.%délicat. un défi. tâche difficile. Le modèle de sol est visco-plastique avec un cap écrouissable, une surface de rupture pour limiter les contraintes de cisaillement et un cut off contre les contraintes excessives de tension. La surface de charge est entièrement lisse afin que les incréments de déformation plastique soient continus. Un mécanisme de rigidification est présenté pour tenir compte de la compression de l'air et des très grandes contraintes dans l'environnement immédiat de la charge. Le taux d'humidité du sol est également pris en compte. Deux séries d'essais ont été réalisés à DGA TT pour servir de référence pour les simulations numériques. Une première campagne a mis en jeu de petites quantités d'explosif à plusieurs profondeurs d'enfouissement. Les pressions aériennes ont été mesurées à plusieurs hauteurs et comparées aux simulations. Un moyen d'essai a été utilisé lors de la seconde campagne d'essais pour mesurer à la fois la déformation d'une plaque représentant un plancher de véhicule, mais aussi l'impulsion transmise par l'explosion enfouie. Un certain nombre de taux d'humidité, profondeurs d'enfouissement, épaisseurs de plaques et gardes au sol a été étudié. Au cours des essais, le sol STANAG, composé de sable et de graviers, défini dans l'AEP 55 relatif au STANAG 4569, a été utilisé. Des simulations Eulériennes ont été réalisées et sont en accord avec les résultats d'essais. Le rôle des trois parties de la surface de charge, des mécanismes de rigidification élastique et d'écrouissage plastique a été évalué. La masse volumique initiale du sol et la position initiale du cap sont les paramètres ayant la plus grande influence sur les pressions aériennes. Quant à l'impulsion, elle est principalement contrôlée par le degré de saturation du sol
In recent conflicts, vehicles have been facing underbelly attacks involving a large quantity of buried explosive. A part of the energy is absorbed by the deformation of the belly. Still the vehicle is subjected to the impulse transmitted by the detonation which may severely injure occupants. The intensity of the impulse is highly dependent on three main parameters which are the degree of saturation of the soil, the nature of the soil in which the explosive is buried and the depth of burial of the charge. Computer simulations should follow the complete process of the explosion, including the early interaction of the charge with the soil, the expansion of the detonation products, the propagation of the shock wave up to the vehicle floor, and the large deformation of the soil projections. The mechanical information transmitted up to the floor level should be sufficiently accurate because the impact on the vehicle is the key target of the simulations. Developing a constitutive soil model is therefore a challenging task. The soil model is visco-plastic with a hardening cap surface, a failure surface to limit shear stresses and a cut off surface against excessive tension. The entire yield surface is smooth so that the plastic strain increments are continuous. A stiffening mechanism is introduced to account for air compression and accommodate the huge stresses in the immediate neighborhood of the charge. The water content of the soil is also taken into account. Two sets of experiments were carried out at DGA TT to serve as a reference for computer simulations. A first campaign involved small quantity of explosive at several depths of burial. The aerial pressures were measured at various heights and compared to simulations. The second set of experiments used a test rig to measure both the deformation of a floor simulating plate and the impulse transmitted by the buried explosion. A range of soil water contents, depths of burial of the explosive, plate thicknesses and stand off distances has been explored. For all the experiments, the sandy gravel STANAG soil defined in AEP 55 of STANAG 4569 has been used. Eulerian simulations were run and fit with these experiments. The roles of the three parts of the yield surface, of the elastic stiffening and plastic hardening mechanisms could be assessed. The initial soil density and the initial cap position were found to have the largest influence on aerial pressures. As for the impulse transmitted to the metallic plate, it was observed to be mostly controlled by the degree of saturation of the soil
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Books on the topic "Surface Blasts"

1

J, Walter Edward, ed. Surface blast design. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1990.

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National Association of Corrosion Engineers., ed. Field measurement of surface profile of abrasive blast-cleaned surfaces using a replica tape. Houston: NACE, 2002.

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H, Finlayson M., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Evaluation of copper slag blast media for railcar maintenance: Final report. Brigham City, Utah: Morton Thiokol, Inc., Aerospace Group, 1989.

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National Association of Corrosion Engineers., ed. Joint surface preparation standard: NACE No. 8/SSPC-SP 14 industrial blast cleaning. Houston: NACE, 1999.

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National Association of Corrosion Engineers., ed. Joint surface preparation standard: NACE No. 3/SSPC-SP 6 commercial blast cleaning. Houston: NACE, 1999.

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Williams, Marc H. An unsteady lifting surface method for single rotation propellers. Cleveland, Ohio: Lewis Research Center, 1990.

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Engineers, National Association of Corrosion. Field measurement of surface profile of abrasive blast cleaned steelsurfaces using a replica tape. Houston: NACE, 1995.

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National Association of Corrosion Engineers., ed. Joint surface preparation standard: NACE No. 4/SSPC-SP 7 brush-off blast cleaning. Houston: NACE, 2000.

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Connolly, Michael David. Effects of air abrasives on the surface texture of metals. København: Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi, 1986.

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Dunn, Mark H. The solution of a singular integral equation arising from a lifting surface theory for rotating blades. [S.l.]: Old Dominion University, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Surface Blasts"

1

Mohanty, B., and S. H. Chung. "Production blasts in open pit mines and their effect on slope stability." In Geotechnical Stability in Surface Mining, 133–40. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003079286-20.

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Raina, Autar K. "Blast Danger Zone." In Flyrock in Surface Mining, 141–60. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003327653-5.

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Stout, K. J., E. J. Davis, and P. J. Sullivan. "Sand Blast Surfaces." In Atlas of Machined Surfaces, 67–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7772-6_5.

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Kumar, R. Deepak Suresh, Justin Joseph, K. B. Vigneshwara, K. T. Yugendheran, and N. Adithya. "Performance analysis of tidal turbine blades for different composite materials." In Surface Engineering, 219–31. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003319375-12.

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Kumar, Satyajeet, and Shailesh Mani Pandey. "Effects of performance parameters, surface failure and mitigation techniques on steam turbine blades." In Surface Engineering, 205–18. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003319375-11.

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Elder, J. E., R. Pishva, W. Doswell, G. Weatherly, and W. Wallace. "The Effect of Ion Implantation on the Fretting Fatigue Properties of Titanium Alloy Fan and Compressor Blades." In Surface Engineering, 156–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0773-7_17.

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Tönshoff, H. K., and A. R. Rosenthal. "Laser Surface Heat Treatment Used for Induction of Residual Stresses into Circular Saw Blades for Better Working Behaviour." In Surface Engineering, 291–302. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0773-7_30.

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Schmitt-Thomas, Kh G., and Th Happle. "Corrosion and Wear Protection of Compressor Blades by Aluminum Coatings and a New Method for Testing their Erosion Resistance." In Surface Engineering, 252–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0773-7_26.

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Großmann, David, and Bert Jüttler. "Volumetric Geometry Reconstruction of Turbine Blades for Aircraft Engines." In Curves and Surfaces, 280–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27413-8_18.

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Vivek, P., T. G. Sitharam, Gopalan Jagadeesh, and K. P. J. Reddy. "Response of Embedded Pipeline to Surface Blast Loading." In 30th International Symposium on Shock Waves 1, 749–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46213-4_129.

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Conference papers on the topic "Surface Blasts"

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Mohamed, A. "Quarry Blasts Assessment and Their Environmental Impacts on the Nearby Oil Pipelines." In Near Surface Geoscience 2014 - 20th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20141963.

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Ojetola, Deji, and Hamid R. Hamidzadeh. "Dynamic Response of a Rigid Foundation Subjected to a Distance Blast." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86282.

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Blasts and explosions occur in many activities that are either man-made or nature induced. The effect of the blasts could have a residual or devastating effect on the buildings at some distance within the vicinity of the explosion. In this investigation, an analytical solution for the time response of a rigid foundation subjected to a distant blast is considered. The medium is considered to be an elastic half space. A formal solution to the wave propagations on the medium is obtained by the integral transform method. To achieve numerical results for this case, an effective numerical technique has been developed for calculation of the integrals represented in the inversion of the transformed relations. Time functions for the vertical and radial displacements of the surface of the elastic half space due to a distant blast load are determined. Mathematical procedures for determination of the dynamic response of the surface of an elastic half-space subjected to the blast along with numerical results for displacements of a rigid foundation are provided.
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Zhao, Xiaoxian, Sarah Pogue, Jeffrey Lin, Mingying Bi, David Wilson, and Eric D. Hsi. "Abstract 2525: JL1 is a cell surface molecule of acute leukemia blasts: Potential for targeted immunotherapy." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-2525.

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Tan, X. G., R. Kannan, and Andrzej J. Przekwas. "A Comparative Study of the Human Body Finite Element Model Under Blast Loadings." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89072.

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Until today the modeling of human body biomechanics poses many great challenges because of the complex geometry and the substantial heterogeneity of human body. We developed a detailed human body finite element model in which the human body is represented realistically in both the geometry and the material properties. The model includes the detailed head (face, skull, brain, and spinal cord), the skeleton, and air cavities (including the lung). Hence it can be used to accurately acquire the stress wave propagation in the human body under various loading conditions. The blast loading on the human surface was generated from the simulated C4 blast explosions, via a novel combination of 1-D and 3-D numerical formulations. We used the explicit finite element solver in the multi-physics code CoBi for the human body biomechanics. This is capable of solving the resulting large system containing millions of unknowns in an extremely scalable fashion. The meshes generated for these simulations are of good quality. This enables us to employ relatively large time step sizes, without resorting to the artificial time scaling treatment. In order to study the human body dynamic response under the blast loading, we also developed an interface to apply the blast pressure loading on the external human body surface. These newly developed models were used to conduct parametric simulations to find out the brain biomechanical response when the blasts impact the human body. Under the same blast loading we also show the differences of brain response when having different material properties for the skeleton, the existence of other body parts such as torso.
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Hardas, Tejaswini, Hyun-Jeong Ra, James Sheridan, Maria Kovalenko, and Catherine Tribouley. "Abstract 408: Quantification of cell surface HLA-A2 and intracellular Survivin protein levels for tumor blasts and non-blast immune cells in multiple myeloma bone marrow aspirates using a rapid sample preservation methodology followed by 10-color FACS assay." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2021; April 10-15, 2021 and May 17-21, 2021; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-408.

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Ganpule, Shailesh, Robert Salzar, and Namas Chandra. "Response of Post-Mortem Human Head Under Primary Blast Loading Conditions: Effect of Blast Overpressures." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63910.

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Blast induced neurotrauma (BINT), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are identified as the “signature injuries” of recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. The occurrence of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) in blasts is controversial in the medical and scientific communities because the manifesting symptoms occur without visible injuries. Whether the primary blast waves alone can cause TBI is still an open question, and this work is aimed to address this issue. We hypothesize that if a significant level of intracranial pressure (ICP) pulse occurs within the brain parenchyma when the head is subjected to pure primary blast, then blast induced TBI is likely to occur. In order to test this hypothesis, three post mortem human heads are subjected to simulated primary blast loading conditions of varying intensities (70 kPa, 140 kPa and 200 kPa) at the Trauma Mechanics Research Facility (TMRF), University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The specimens are placed inside the 711 mm × 711 mm square shock tube at a section where known profiles of incident primary blast (Friedlander waveform in this case) are obtained. These profiles correspond to specific field conditions (explosive strength and stand-off distance). The specimen is filled with a brain simulant prior to experiments. ICPs, surface pressures, and surface strains are measured at 11 different locations on each post mortem human head. A total of 27 experiments are included in the analysis. Experimental results show that significant levels of ICP occur throughout the brain simulant. The maximum peak ICP is measured at the coup site (nearest to the blast) and gradually decreases towards the countercoup site. When the incident blast intensity is increased, there is a statistically significant increase in the peak ICP and total impulse (p<0.05). Even after five decades of research, the brain injury threshold values for blunt impact cases are based on limited experiments and extensive numerical simulations; these are still evolving for sports-related concussion injuries. Ward in 1980 suggested that no brain injury will occur when the ICP<173 kPa, moderate to severe injury will occur when 173 kPa<ICP<235 kPa and severe injury will occur when ICP>235 kPa for blunt impacts. Based on these criteria, no injury will occur at incident blast overpressure level of 70 kPa, moderate to severe injuries will occur at 140 kPa and severe head injury will occur at the incident blast overpressure intensity of 200 kPa. However, more work is needed to confirm this finding since peak ICP alone may not be sufficient to predict the injury outcome.
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van der Wal, R., A. G. van Erkel, C. S. Smit, and J. M. Parent. "Affordable Protection of Ships Against Blast & Fragments." In Warship 2006: Future Surface Ships. RINA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.ws.2006.05.

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Kolak, John J. "An Electical Arc-Flash Hazard Analysis Primer: Reducing Arc-Flash Hazard Exposures Through Engineering Controls." In ASME 2007 Citrus Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cec2007-5307.

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The problem of electrical workers being injured or killed by electrical arcs and blasts is one of the most significant safety issues in the industry today. Accident data reveals that over 2,000 people are severely burned annually by electrical arc blasts on the job (1) and many others receive less severe burns that still result in significant pain and suffering to the victim. The purpose of this presentation is to provide an overview of the arc-flash hazard analysis (AFHA) process and general guidance for those organizations wishing to integrate AFHA into their overall electrical safety program. The electric utility industry was the first non-academic group to study arc-flash hazards (AFH) when they noted that electrical workers often received the most severe burns from their clothing igniting and continuing to burn long after the initiating arc had extinguished. In particular, man-made fibers such as polyester, nylon, and rayon were known to melt and stick to the worker’s skin following an AF, and this resulted in burns many times worse than had the injured worker been wearing no clothing at all (2). Subsequent studies were performed by private organizations and they impacted both the engineering and safe work practices associated with industrial plant operations. The primary standards or studies included: • IEEE 1584 Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations • NFPA 70E Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace • OSHA 29 CFR 1910.269: Electrical Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution Standard Of these documents, the IEEE 1584 Guide was most influential to engineers because it provided formulas for calculating incident energy levels, arc-flash protection boundaries, and a host of other important variables necessary to evaluate AFH in the work place. The term ‘incident energy’ refers to the amount of heat concentrated per unit-area of the skin. Incident energy is measured in calories per square centimeter (cal/cm2) of skin surface area. For reference, a value of 1.2 cal/cm2 will result in a second-degree burn of human skin (3). The principal reason why AFHA is necessary is that studies revealed that electrical arcs are somewhat unpredictable events (4), and there were many cases where seemingly innocuous energy sources (small transformers) produced incident energy levels that far exceeded the limitations of flame resistant (FR) clothing or other forms of personal protective equipment. It became obvious that the best method for protecting employees from AFH would be to evaluate the hazard level and then mitigate it through the use of engineering controls. Paper published with permission.
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Qingwen Hou, Xianzhong Chen, and Zhiwei Xu. "Research on inversion for blast furnace surface distribution." In 2012 24th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2012.6244143.

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Giltner, Scott G., and Paul N. Worsey. "High Speed Video Applications For Surface Blast Design." In 17th Int'l Conference on High Speed Photography and Photonics, edited by Donald Hollingworth and Maurice W. McDowell. SPIE, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.975570.

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Reports on the topic "Surface Blasts"

1

Schumacher. PR-333-06202-R01 Ultrasonic Inspection of RB211-24C Blades. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010756.

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The service lives of RB211-24C HP turbine blades are limited by the formation of cracks on the cooling passages. Currently the presence of such cracking is determined by the destructive evaluation of several blades from each set when they are removed from service. The objective of this project was to develop a non-destructive inspection technique capable of detecting cracks on the surfaces of RB211-24C HP blades.
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Barlo, Thomas, and Alan Zdnek. PR-208-004-R01 Cathodic Protection Under Disbonded Coatings. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011415.

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The objective of this research was to: - To quantify the relative ability of disbonded pipeline coatings to transmit cathodic-protection current and provide corrosion control to the steel beneath, - To provide a clearer understanding of the current paths that control cathodic protection to the steel under disbonded coatings, - To identify coatings that may be less restrictive to cathodic protection current, - To determine cathodic protection system designs and procedures to maximize the effectiveness of cathodic protection to the steel surface under disbonded coatings. Laboratory experiments were conducted on six, representative, pipeline anticorrosion coatings applied to steel plates with and without intentional disbondments. The six coatings studied were coal-tar enamel, asphalt enamel, coal-tar epoxy, fusion-bond epoxy, coal-tar urethane, and polyethylene tape. The 30-inch-long (76 cm) coated-steel plates were exposed to two electrolytes, a 1,000- and 8,000-ohm-cm soil leachate, and encompassed several conditions; a grit-blasted surface with no holiday in the coating, a mill-scaled surface with no holiday but with a disbondment underneath the coating, and a grit-blasted surface with a disbondment and a holiday of either 1/8" (0.3 cm) or 1" (2.54 cm) width.
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Mazza, James J., Jason B. Avram, and Ronald J. Kuhbander. Grit-Blast/Silane (GBS) Aluminum Surface Preparation for Structural Adhesive Bonding. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada415239.

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Ulrich, George B., and Hu Foster Longmire. Metallurgical Evaluation of Grit Blasted Versus Non-Grit Blasted Iridium Alloy Clad Vent Set Cup Surfaces. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/972028.

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Fessler. PR-313-063527-R01 Define Operating Conditions in Which No SCC Exists. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010814.

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A survey was conducted of gas and liquid pipeline operators to determine if there were any kinds of coating, surface preparation, design pressure, or years of construction that could be identified with conditions under which no stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) has occurred. The only condition that was identified was pipe coated with fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) following a thorough grit blast. The probability for high-pH SCC was found to be low at distances greater than 20 miles (32 km) downstream of compressor stations, under asphalt coatings, and in liquid pipelines and at stresses below 60 % of specified minimum yield strength (SMYS). The probability of near-neutral pH SCC was found to be low under coal tar coatings and at stresses below 60 % SMYS. Trends for liquid pipelines differed from those for gas pipelines, possibly because corrosion fatigue cannot be differentiated from SCC, and corrosion fatigue is much less likely to occur on gas pipelines than on liquid pipelines.
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Prevey, Paul S., N. Jayaraman, and Michael J. Shepard. Improved HCF Performance and FOD Tolerance of Surface Treated Ti-6-2-4-6 Compressor Blades. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada444573.

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Prevey, Paul S., N. Jayaraman, and Ravi Ravindranath. Mitigation of FOD and Corrosion Fatigue Damage in 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Compressor Blades With Surface Treatment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada444576.

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Hisley, Dixie M. BLAST2D Computations of the Reflection of Planar Shocks from Wedge Surfaces with Comparison to SHARC and STEALTH Results. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada227261.

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Breitbarth, Marco, Anja Hentschel, and Simon Kaser. Kunststoffeinträge von Kunstrasenplätzen in Entwässerungssystem - Aufkommen, Rahmenbedingungen und Möglichkeiten der Eintragsminderung. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627994.

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Abstract:
Plastics as an environmental problem have been in the focus of science, politics and the public for a long time. Various sources and pathways have already been identified and a wide range of measures have been developed to reduce and, if possible, avoid inputs into the environment. Artificial grass pitches represent a special source of plastic inputs into the environment. Artificial grass with different infill materials has been widely used for some time now on surfaces for a wide range of sports, both amateur and professional. It is characterised by various advantages over natural grass. However, the use of artificial grass on sports surfaces also has its downsides, especially for the environment. On the one hand, the synthetic grass fibres themselves, which become detached through wear, are problematic. On the other hand, synthetic granulate is used as infill material on these pitches to reduce the risk of injury to players, to support the blades of artificial grass and to improve the playing characteristics of the field. However, this granulate can enter the environment in various ways - indirectly via drainage systems or directly. The following comments reflect research results from the InRePlast project. In the following chapter 2, the results of our own investigations on the topic are presented. In Chapter 3, these are compared to other publications and evaluated with regard to their significance. Chapter 4 is devoted to technical and organisational measures to reduce discharges as well as legal approaches to regulation. Finally, Chapter 5 draws a conclusion. Among other things, the study concludes that artificial grass pitches are less relevant as a specific source of plastic inputs than previously discussed. It should also be noted that the input into drainage systems via the collection of dirty water has a significantly higher relevance than the input via the collection of precipitation at the edge of the pitch and that measures should therefore focus on the carry-over on players' clothing and shoes.
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Surface profiling system optimized for inspection of turbine blades. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/184273.

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