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Journal articles on the topic 'Surface analysis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 May 2024

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1

Chan, Chi-Ming, Lu-Tao Wang, and Lin Li. "Applications of Surface Analysis Techniques in Surface Characterization of Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces." Journal of The Adhesion Society of Japan 38, no. 5 (2002): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11618/adhesion.38.173.

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2

Gautier-Soyer, M., H. Cruguel, M. J. Guittet, O. Kerjan, F. Bart, and L. Bois. "Surface Analysis of Oxide Glass Surfaces:." Journal of Surface Analysis 9, no. 3 (2002): 446–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1384/jsa.9.446.

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3

Bowditch, Brian H. "Atoroidal Surface Bundles Over Surfaces." Geometric and Functional Analysis 19, no. 4 (November 27, 2009): 943–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00039-009-0033-3.

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4

BAYKUR, R. İNANÇ, and DAN MARGALIT. "INDECOMPOSABLE SURFACE BUNDLES OVER SURFACES." Journal of Topology and Analysis 05, no. 02 (May 20, 2013): 161–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179352531350009x.

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For each pair of integers g ≥ 2 and h ≥ 1, we explicitly construct infinitely many fiber sum and section sum indecomposable genus g surface bundles over genus h surfaces whose total spaces are pairwise homotopy inequivalent.

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5

Meshkini Far, R., A. Dyachenko, O. Bieda, and O. Ischenko. "Surface species investigation of Ni-Fe catalysts of CO2 hydrogenation by TD MS analysis." Surface 9(24) (December 30, 2017): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2017.09.104.

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6

Koguchi, Hideo. "Adhesion Analysis Considering Surface Energy and Surface Stresses." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 1736–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.1736.

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A new formulation for an adhesive force between a substrate and an indenter is presented. The boundary condition taking into account surface stresses is used for the present analysis. The surface stress is originated from surface energy. A paraboloidal indenter is pressed to the substrate, and then adhesion occurs between both surfaces. Surface energy and surface stress will vary at the adhesion surface, and then the surfaces deform in a concave way. An attractive force occurs to keep the contact of two adhesion surfaces. In the present paper, an effect of surface stress on the adhesive force will be clarified.

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7

HOSHI, Takahiro. "Surface Analysis." Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 76, no. 5 (2003): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4011/shikizai1937.76.204.

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8

Yarwood, J. "Surface analysis." Analytical Proceedings 30, no. 1 (1993): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ap9933000013.

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9

Lyman, Charles. "Surface Analysis." Microscopy Today 24, no. 2 (March 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929515001285.

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10

Sommer, D., and H. P. Dickhoven. "Surface analysis on industrial surfaces ? now comparable." Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 353, no. 5-8 (1995): 541–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00321318.

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11

Borysenko, M. V., Ya M. Chubenko, I. I. Voitko, and T. S. Chorna. "Thermal analysis as a method for evaluating the quality of regeneration of activated carbon used for purification of glycerin." Surface 12(27) (December 30, 2020): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2020.12.137.

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In this work, we investigated granular and powder activated carbons (AC) – initial and waste with adsorbed impurities after purification of technical glycerin and subsequent washing with water. The aim of this work was to quantify the adsorbed impurities in the spent AC using thermal analysis (TA) and to work out the conditions for thermal regeneration of AC. TA of AC samples was carried out in an atmosphere of helium and air; the specific surface area of AC was measured by the method of low-temperature desorption of argon (SAr). It was established by the TA method that water is released in the temperature range of 20 – 170 °C, and glycerin – 170 – 400 °C. Spent AC contains up to 22.8 wt. % H2O and up to 44.6 wt. % C3H5(OH)3. Based on these data, it was proposed to regenerate spent coal by heating at 400 °C in air. In the case of a granular AC sample, the regeneration proceeds completely, while for a powder AC sample, the specific surface area with respect to argon is restored only by 22 %, from the initial 2170 m2/g. The adsorption isotherms of methylene blue (MB) of the initial samples are located higher than for the spent ones, since in the spent ones part of the surface is occupied by adsorbed glycerin. The SMB values calculated from the adsorption of methylene blue in the spent AC samples are strongly overestimated in comparison with SAr. Probably, MB displaces glycerin from the surface or interacts with it to form complexes.

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12

Kravchenko, A. A., E. M. Demianenko, O. V. Filonenko, A. G. Grebenyuk, V. V. Lobanov, and M. I. Terets. "A quantum chemical analysis of dependence of the protolytic properties of silica primary particles on their composition and spatial structure." Surface 9(24) (December 30, 2017): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2017.09.028.

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13

Oranska, O. I., Yu I. Gornikov, V. M. Gun’ko, and A. V. Brichka. "On the use of model diffraction profiles in the microstructure analysis of nanocrystalline metal oxides based on powder x-ray diffraction data." SURFACE 14(29) (December 30, 2022): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2022.14.148.

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The study of the microstructure of nanocrystalline substances by the method of powder diffractometry based on the physical broadening of diffraction lines involves the use of diffraction data of standard polycrystalline samples, preferably, one nature with the test samples with the size of crystallites exceeding 100 nm. In the absence of such standards, researchers resort to the existing dependence of the width of diffraction peaks on the angle of diffraction for the standard sample or the construction of theoretical instrumental profiles due to the collimation parameters of x -rays used. In this paper a comparative study of the microstructure of nanocrystalline titanium oxide (anatase), tin oxide iron oxide (magnetite), synthesized in various ways, using several methods of analysis of powder diffractograms, was carried out. To evaluate the average crystallite sizes of the studied oxides, the Sherer equation with a graphical method of determining the width of instrumental profile and the influence of dublet radiation was chosen. Methods of profile analysis of diffraction spectra, such as a method of whole profile modeling of powder diffractograms (WPPM) and the chord method, were used to construct crystallite size distribution functions and determine the average size of crystallites of the oxides. Modeling of instrumental diffraction profiles of titanium, tin and iron oxides was performed using X -rays collimation parameters determinated using a polycrystalline silicon as standard and pseudo -Voigt function, which best describes the form of diffraction peak. The crystallite size distribution functions were constructed by means of WPPM and chords methods based on the instrumental profiles. It has been found that the values of average size of the crystallites, obtained by the methods of Sherer, WPPM and chords, differ within the one order of magnitude for each oxide. Thus, for titanium oxide this value is within 12-18 nm, for tin oxide within 7-10 nm, the iron oxide of iron within 9-12 nm. Analysis of size crystallite distribution functions and average sizes of the crystallites of the studied oxides showed the advisability of using different methods of studying microstructure to clarify the true type of the size crystallites distribution and establish its connection with the conditions and the synthesis method.

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14

Michel, E. G. "Fermi surface analysis using surface methods." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19, no. 35 (August 20, 2007): 350301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/19/35/350301.

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15

Strass, Karl-Heinz. "Advanced 3D roughness analysis for the characterization of ceramic surfaces." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2011, CICMT (September 1, 2011): 000207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/cicmt-2011-wp12.

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Advanced processes often hinge on the ability to reproduce specific surface characteristics. While throughout the past century, the mean roughness value, also expressed as Ra has often been used as the main parameter to classify a surface's ability to retain oil and provide a functional bearing surface, the materials, processes and required functionalities of modern surfaces go far beyond that application. Superficial interfaces now often determine the ability of a consecutive layer to adhere to the substrate or, amongst others, enhance a surface's ability to exchange electrons or other elements. In many applications the surface itself enables the process the device is intended to deliver. The paper discusses various approaches to measure surface roughness, and takes a closer look at more advanced surface roughness parameters that allow the user to more accurately and precisely determine a surface's ability to function within its desired boundary conditions. We will review various technologies widely used to measure surface topographies, from the traditional stylus profilometry, to white light interferometry, confocal microscopy to optical systems that combine several of the advantages into one technology. Almost none of the surfaces functions today are based on surface properties of a single line, hence the paper will review the correlation between single line scan metrology and real 3D metrology. Acquiring 3-dimensional data provides the user with significantly more information. Any directionality of surface properties can now be evaluated by taking advantage of more advanced and complex roughness parameters that indicate for instance, anisotropies of surface preparation processes.

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16

Odom, Robert W. "Molecular surface analysis by TOF-SIMS." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1556–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100132418.

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Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) performs surface sensitive analysis of the elemental and molecular composition of solids. TOFSIMS is a relatively new embodiment of static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SSIMS) in which the dose of primary ions incident on the surface is typically less than 1012 ions/cm2. Since typical solid surfaces have an atomic density of 1015 atoms/cm2, this primary ion dose nominally removes less than 0.1% of a monolayer. Hence, SIMS analyses performed under these static conditions represent near surface analysis in which secondary ions are produced from the top few monolayers of the surface. The actual sampling depth is determined by the primary ion momentum, angle of incidence and chemistry of the surface. Since low dose primary ions cause minimal perturbation of the chemistry of the solid surface, SSIMS analyses often produce molecular or pseudo-molecular ions characteristic of the chemical composition of the surface. Thus, molecular ions or structurally significant fragment ions are often observed in SSIMS analyses of surfaces containing inorganic and organic residues, polymers surfaces, coatings, and biological materials such as tissues and membranes.

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17

Spackman, Mark A., and Dylan Jayatilaka. "Hirshfeld surface analysis." CrystEngComm 11, no. 1 (2009): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b818330a.

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18

Ito, Shinzaburo. "Surface Plasmon Analysis." Kobunshi 43, no. 2 (1994): 106–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.43.106.

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19

Umbach, E. "Practical surface analysis." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 11, no. 5 (May 1992): xiii—xiv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-9936(92)87016-d.

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20

Sykes, D. E. "Quantitative surface analysis." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 12, no. 1 (January 1993): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-9936(93)85015-b.

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21

Beck, James, Rida Farouki, and John Hinds. "Surface Analysis Methods." IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 6, no. 12 (1986): 18–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcg.1986.276587.

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22

Müller, Karl-Heinz, Hubert Paulus, and Mark Schülke. "Applied surface analysis." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 405, no. 22 (July 13, 2013): 7117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-013-7169-6.

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23

Le Gressus, C., and G. Blaise. "Insulator surface analysis." Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 59, no. 1 (June 1992): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0368-2048(92)85012-v.

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24

Le Gressus, C., and G. Blaise. "Insulator surface analysis." Surface and Interface Analysis 22, no. 1-12 (July 1994): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.740220155.

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25

Choi, Gary P. T., Di Qiu, and Lok Ming Lui. "Shape analysis via inconsistent surface registration." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 476, no. 2242 (October 2020): 20200147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2020.0147.

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In this work, we develop a framework for shape analysis using inconsistent surface mapping. Traditional landmark-based geometric morphometr- ics methods suffer from the limited degrees of freedom, while most of the more advanced non-rigid surface mapping methods rely on a strong assumption of the global consistency of two surfaces. From a practical point of view, given two anatomical surfaces with prominent feature landmarks, it is more desirable to have a method that automatically detects the most relevant parts of the two surfaces and finds the optimal landmark-matching alignment between these parts, without assuming any global 1–1 correspondence between the two surfaces. Our method is capable of solving this problem using inconsistent surface registration based on quasi-conformal theory. It further enables us to quantify the dissimilarity of two shapes using quasi-conformal distortion and differences in mean and Gaussian curvatures, thereby providing a natural way for shape classification. Experiments on Platyrrhine molars demonstrate the effectiveness of our method and shed light on the interplay between function and shape in nature.

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26

Rafik, Abdellatif, Hafid Zouihri, and Taoufiq Guedira. "Investigation of Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Dihydrogen Phosphate by Hirshfeld Surface Analysis and Quantum Chemical Analysis." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht17.02.244.

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This present work undertakes the study of organic-inorganic hybrid material, which has been obtained successfully by an acid-base reaction at room tem-perature and structurally studied by the single crystal X-ray diffraction method. N-(Dicyclopropylmethylamino)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazolium dihydrogenphosphate [10-CN@DP] crystallizes in the triclinic system with the space group P-1. The X-ray structural analysis supported by a Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the most significant contributions to the crystal packing are from H…H (63.3%), H…O/O…H (32.2%) and H…C/C…H (2.5%) contacts. Density functional theory geometry-optimized calculations were compared to the experimentally determined structure. Using the same level of theory to imagine the chemical reactivity and charge distribution on the molecule, used to determine the HOMO-LUMO energy gap and density of state (DOS) range, the molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) image was drawn. Keywords: HOMO–LUMO, density of state, Hirshfeld surface analysis, electrostatic potential surface.

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27

Pallix, J. B., C. H. Becker, and N. Newman. "Surface Analysis by Laser Ionization." MRS Bulletin 12, no. 6 (September 1987): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400067233.

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AbstractAn overview is presented of a recently developed surface analysis method that combines (1) desorption of neutral atoms and molecules from a sample, typically by sputtering, (2) efficient uniform ionization close to but above the surface by an intense ultraviolet laser beam, and (3) time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This technique, surface analysis by laser ionization, or SALI, provides extremely efficient and sensitive quantitative analysis of surfaces and materials with high depth resolution. Essentially any type of material can be analyzed as evidenced by the examples presented here: the Au-GaAs system, a phosphor-silicate glass, and a bulk polymer.

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28

E, Kanniga, and Sindhuja S. "Analysis of Rectilinear Snake Robots in ISO 8608 Random Surface." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 23, no. 4 (July 20, 2019): 340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v23i4/pr190192.

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29

kaduskar, Vikas, and Shantanu Jagdale. "Analysis of High Impedance Surface Dimensions on Microstrip Patch Antenna." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 4, no. 6 (2012): 790–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2012.v4.485.

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30

Koch, Douglas D., Steve W. Samuelson, and Victoria Dimonie. "Surface analysis of surface-passivated intraocular lenses." Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 17, no. 2 (March 1991): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0886-3350(13)80242-8.

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31

Pfandzelter, R., and M. Schuster. "Surface analysis of crystals by surface channeling." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 33, no. 1-4 (June 1988): 898–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(88)90706-9.

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32

Lee, F., B. Pourdeyhimi, C. Hazzard, and J. Summerville. "Analysis of coatings appearance and durability testing induced surface defects using image capture/processing/analysis." Revista de Metalurgia 39, Extra (December 17, 2003): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.2003.v39.iextra.1121.

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33

Camuz, Soner, Rikard Söderberg, Kristina Wärmefjord, and Mikael Lundblad. "Tolerance Analysis of Surface-to-Surface Contacts Using Finite Element Analysis." Procedia CIRP 75 (2018): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2018.04.029.

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34

Czanderna, A. W. "Standards for surface analysis: ASTM committee E-42 on surface analysis." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 21, no. 4 (July 2003): 973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1580838.

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35

Ichimiya, Ayahiko. "Reflection High-Energy Positron Diffraction for Surface Analysis: Structural Analysis of Surfaces." Journal of Surface Analysis 19, no. 1 (2012): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1384/jsa.19.6.

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36

Dziuk, Gerhard, and Charles M. Elliott. "Finite element methods for surface PDEs." Acta Numerica 22 (April 2, 2013): 289–396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962492913000056.

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In this article we consider finite element methods for approximating the solution of partial differential equations on surfaces. We focus on surface finite elements on triangulated surfaces, implicit surface methods using level set descriptions of the surface, unfitted finite element methods and diffuse interface methods. In order to formulate the methods we present the necessary geometric analysis and, in the context of evolving surfaces, the necessary transport formulae. A wide variety of equations and applications are covered. Some ideas of the numerical analysis are presented along with illustrative numerical examples.

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37

Hoffman, David, and William H. Meeks. "Limits of minimal surfaces and Scherk's Fifth Surface." Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis 111, no. 2 (June 1990): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00375407.

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38

Kim, Young-Dong, Tae-Wan Lee, Heedon Hwang, Youngboo Moon, Euijoon Yoon, and Fumihiko Nakamura. "Analysis of Surface Photoabsorption Spectra of(001)InP Surfaces." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 38, Part 1, No. 9A (September 15, 1999): 5033–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.38.5033.

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39

IKEDA, Susumu, Keizaburo UCHIKAWA, Yoshikatsu NAGASAWA, and Takayuki TAKAHAGI. "Qualitative Surface Analysis of Cleaned Mass Standard Materials Surfaces." Hyomen Kagaku 12, no. 5 (1991): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.12.298.

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40

Kim, Soojin, Young-Hee Lee, Kyu Rang Kim, and Young-San Park. "Analysis of surface energy balance closure over heterogeneous surfaces." Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 50, S1 (October 6, 2014): 553–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13143-014-0045-2.

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41

Krawiec, H., V. Vignal, O. Heintz, P. Ponthiaux, and F. Wenger. "Local Electrochemical Studies and Surface Analysis on Worn Surfaces." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 155, no. 3 (2008): C127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2830954.

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42

Ahmad, Daud, Kiran Naz, Sadia Bashir, and Abdul Bariq. "An Application of Variational Minimization: Quasi-Harmonic Coons Patches." Journal of Function Spaces 2022 (May 17, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8067097.

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For a minimal surface, the mean curvature of the surface vanishes for all possible parameterizations which results in a second-order nonlinear partial differential equation ( p d e ), whose solution in general is the desired surface as the unknown function of surface parameters. The solution of this partial differential equation is known only for very few cases. Instead of solving the corresponding partial differential equation, we exploit an ansatz method (Ahmad et al. (2013), Ahmad et al. (2014) Ahmad et al. (2015)), used for Coons patches spanned by finite number of boundary curves for a quasi-minimal surface as the extremal of r m s of mean curvature. The ansatz method targets a slightly perturbed surface (the rational blending interpolants-based Coons patch, Hermite cubic polynomials interpolants-based Coons patch, and Ferguson surface (vanishing twist vectors) in our case) that comprises initially a nonminimal surface plus the product of a real parameter with a variational function of surface parameters (vanishes at the boundary curves along the unit normal to the slightly perturbed surface). The variational function can be deliberately chosen as the product of linear functions and the mean curvature of the initial nonminimal surface such that it is zero at the boundary curves and then replace this mean curvature by the mean curvature of the resulting surface to find a surface of reduced area, and the process can be repeated for further improvement. In this article, we extend the ansatz method (1) for the rational blending functions interpolants-based Coons patch with a parameter in their form for its different values and (2) for the blending functions comprising Hermite cubic polynomial interpolants-based Coons patch (bicubically blended Coons patch (BBCP) and the Ferguson surface). The ansatz method can be extended for the variational extremal of the surfaces for fuzzy optimal control problems (Filev et al. (1992), Emamizadeh (2005), Farhadinia (2011), Mustafa et al. (2021)).

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43

Guo, Yan, and Ian Tice. "Decay of viscous surface waves without surface tension in horizontally infinite domains." Analysis & PDE 6, no. 6 (November 18, 2013): 1429–533. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/apde.2013.6.1429.

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44

Guo, Yan, and Ian Tice. "Local well-posedness of the viscous surface wave problem without surface tension." Analysis & PDE 6, no. 2 (June 24, 2013): 287–369. http://dx.doi.org/10.2140/apde.2013.6.287.

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45

Davidson, Peter L., Suzanne J. Wilson, David J. Chalmers, Barry D. Wilson, David Eager, and Andrew S. McIntosh. "Analysis of Energy Flow During Playground Surface Impacts." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 29, no. 5 (October 2013): 628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.29.5.628.

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The amount of energy dissipated away from or returned to a child falling onto a surface will influence fracture risk but is not considered in current standards for playground impact-attenuating surfaces. A two-mass rheological computer simulation was used to model energy flow within the wrist and surface during hand impact with playground surfaces, and the potential of this approach to provide insights into such impacts and predict injury risk examined. Acceleration data collected on-site from typical playground surfaces and previously obtained data from children performing an exercise involving freefalling with a fully extended arm provided input. The model identified differences in energy flow properties between playground surfaces and two potentially harmful surface characteristics: more energy was absorbed by (work done on) the wrist during both impact and rebound on rubber surfaces than on bark, and rubber surfaces started to rebound (return energy to the wrist) while the upper limb was still moving downward. Energy flow analysis thus provides information on playground surface characteristics and the impact process, and has the potential to identify fracture risks, inform the development of safer impact-attenuating surfaces, and contribute to development of new energy-based arm fracture injury criteria and tests for use in conjunction with current methods.

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46

Craig, Walter. "Surface Water Waves and Tsunamis." Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations 18, no. 3 (July 18, 2006): 525–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10884-006-9031-4.

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47

KOBAYASHI, Naoki. "Applications of the Surface Analysis in the Field of Industry. Surface Analysis of Semiconductor Growing Surface." Journal of the Surface Finishing Society of Japan 47, no. 4 (1996): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4139/sfj.47.309.

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48

Ouarab, Soukaina. "Smarandache Ruled Surfaces according to Frenet-Serret Frame of a Regular Curve in E 3." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2021 (March 31, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5526536.

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In this paper, we introduce original definitions of Smarandache ruled surfaces according to Frenet-Serret frame of a curve in E 3 . It concerns TN-Smarandache ruled surface, TB-Smarandache ruled surface, and NB-Smarandache ruled surface. We investigate theorems that give necessary and sufficient conditions for those special ruled surfaces to be developable and minimal. Furthermore, we present examples with illustrations.

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49

Ouarab, Soukaina. "Corrigendum to “Smarandache Ruled Surfaces according to Frenet-Serret Frame of a Regular Curve in E 3 ”." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2022 (July 11, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9849574.

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In this paper, we introduce original definitions of Smarandache ruled surfaces according to Frenet-Serret frame of a curve in E 3 . It concerns TN-Smarandache ruled surface, TB-Smarandache ruled surface, and NB-Smarandache ruled surface. We investigate theorems that give necessary and sufficient conditions for those special ruled surfaces to be developable and minimal. Furthermore, we present examples with illustrations.

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50

Jo, S., T. Li, and K. Park. "AFM and Fractal Analysis of Biomaterial Microtopography." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 926–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600024752.

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Abstract:

Although significant advances have been made in the development of biocompatible materials, currently available biomaterials still present a number of problems for in vivo applications. One of the attempts to improve the biocompatibility, especially blood-compatibility, of biomaterials has been surface modification. Typically, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), albumin, heparin, and phospholipid molecules are grafted to the surface to prevent protein adsorption and cell adhesion. We have been modifying biomaterial surfaces by covalent grafting of PEG and albumin. The control and modified surfaces were examined using an atomic force microscope (AFM). In this study, we examined the surface topography changes by surface modification using PEO grafting to glass as a model system.Glass surfaces were modified with PEO using (N-triethoxysilylpropyl)-Omonomethoxy PEG urethane (PEG-Si), a PEG derivative containing a hydrophobic carbon chain and triethoxysilyl group at one end of the PEG chain. The presence of the hydrophobic carbon chain allowed self-assembly on the surface and triethoxysilyl resulted in covalent bonding to glass surfaces

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