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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Surface active agents – Analysis'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 January 2023

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1

Staggemeier, Bethany Ann. "Dynamic surface tension detection : novel applications to continuous flow analysis and interfacial analysis /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11584.

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2

Choi, Pik Kwan. "Development and application of surfactant-mediated methods for the extraction and analysis of biological and herbal materials." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2002. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/427.

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3

Cheng, Ka Yu. "Effects of surfactants and organic amendments on phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soil." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2005. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/630.

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4

Olson, Nels A. "Development of an analyzer for surface active species in flow injection and liquid chromatography environments /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8547.

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5

Rajatanavin, Pajaree, and pajaree@sympatico ca. "Solid-stabilised foams produced using a mixed surfactant system." Swinburne University of Technology, 2005. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20060504.153041.

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Studies involving solids-stabilised foams have been limited and few have focused on the benefits of complex systems such as those involving mixtures of more than one surfactant. Little is known about the effectiveness of using mixed surfactant systems as foam stabilisers at the bulk level. The purpose of this project was to gain further understanding and insight into foam stability, on a bulk scale, in the absence, and in the presence, of solid colloidal particles, and for systems involving single or mixed surfactants. Foams were produced using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), dodecanoic acid (DA), or a mixture of both surfactants at varying molar ratios. The surface tension at a given concentration, the limiting surface tension (at high concentrations), the critical micelle concentration, foamability and foam stability were all significantly affected by the molar ratio of SDS to DA. The initial pH of mixed surfactant solutions played a role in the shift of surface tension and CMC. The higher pH values, the lower surface activity, therefore resulted in higher surface tension. At a given pH, however, the mixed surfactant solutions with higher molar ratio of SDS to DA appeared to have lower CMC. The foam stabilising ability of colloidal dispersions of four hydrous metal oxides, namely hydrous iron oxide (formed by hydrolysis of Fe(III) solutions and referred to as HFO), hydrous zinc oxide (formed by hydrolysis of Zn(II) solutions and referred to as HZO), hydrous chromium oxide (formed by hydrolysis of Cr(III) solutions and referred to as HCO), and hydrous nickel oxide (formed by hydrolysis of Ni(II) solutions and referred to as HNO) were studied at varying concentrations. Generally foam stability increased as the solid concentration increased. Foams stabilised by HNO were found to be the most stable. Foams stabilised by HFO were found to be unstable regardless of the solid concentration. It is believed that the instability of such foams is primarily due to the large aggregated size of HFO flocs. The aggregate size of hydrous metal oxides was influenced by the concentration of NaOH used to hydrolyse the metal ion solution, and by sonication treatment immediately following solid formation. However, the final pH of the colloidal dispersions did not significantly change the aggregate size. Solids stabilised foams are believed to be highly dependent on the state of hydrophobicity of the solids used, and this is in turn controlled by adjustment of the pH dependent surface charge and potential. Electrophoretic mobility is a commonly used tool to probe the potential near the surface and was used in this thesis to determine the affect of surfactant adsorption (particularly from solutions containing mixtures of SDS and DA) on surface properties of the solids. The electrophoretic mobility of all hydrous metal oxide aggregates decreased as the concentration of SDS/DA increased. Specific adsorption was evident in all cases and resulted in charge reversal for most cases. Electrophoretic mobility data for surfactant adsorption, as a function of total surfactant concentration, was consistent with a three-stage model of surfactant adsorption involving (1) electrostatic adsorption, (2) cooperative adsorption and (3) surface saturation. The influence of surfactant adsorption on electrophoretic mobility was found to be consistent with models requiring the stabilising solids to be in a controlled state of flocculation, where the zeta potential (as probed by electrophoretic mobility) must be sufficiently high to prevent total flocculation of the solid and thus collapse of the foam, but sufficiently low that the solids have some degree of hydrophobicity such that they prefer to be only partially wetted (and thus reside at the air/water interface). The total percentage adsorption of SDS/DA surfactant mixtures on both hydrous iron oxide and hydrous nickel oxide was found to be independent of time. However, the proportion of adsorption due to SDS and DA was dependent on time. Moreover, the initial and final ratio of SDS to DA adsorption did not reflect their ratio in solution. SDS adsorbed, initially, to a greater extent that would be predicted from its solution concentration, but this trend was reversed after a period of time.

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6

Desbrosses, Mickaël. "Contribution de la Spectrométrie de Masse d’Ions Secondaires à Temps de Vol au développement de textiles industriels fonctionnels impliquant des agents actifs cosmétiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1117.

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La Spectrométrie de Masse d'Ions Secondaires à Temps de Vol (ToF-SIMS) permet la caractérisation de l'extrême surface à haute sensibilité via la détection d'ions secondaires atomiques et moléculaires. Ces travaux ont visé à étudier son application pour l'analyse de textiles industriels auxquels ont été conférées des propriétés dermatologiques (cosmétotextiles). Trois démarches analytiques adaptées aux spécificités des agents actifs et des technologies utilisées ont été présentées. Elles ont nécessité un développement particulier des méthodes employées (étude préliminaire, calibration, traitement et interprétation des données) et de tenir compte des possibilités et des limites de la technique ou de l'appareillage utilisé dans le contexte particulier de l'analyse des fibres textiles (topographie, effet de charge localisé, contaminations, formulations complexes, ségrégation et concentration de certains constituants des traitements en extrême surface).Dans la première démarche, la cartographie chimique ToF-SIMS a été utilisée avec succès pour illustrer l'existence d'un gradient de concentration en agent actif près de l'extrême surface de matrices polyamides. La capacité à identifier les signatures caractéristiques des agents actifs et valider leur présence en surface des échantillons textiles a pu être confirmée dans la majorité des cas. Cependant l'utilisation de signatures différentes de celles de l'agent actif a été nécessaire pour valider la présence de traitement dans le cas des textiles traités par co-précipitation. Enfin, un protocole de décapage doux a été testé pour faire face au problème particulier du recouvrement des textiles industriels par des apprêts siliconés
Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) allows the characterization of the outermost surface with high sensitivity by mass detection of atomic and molecular secondary ions. The objective of this work was to study its application in the context of the analysis of industrial textiles on which dermatological properties are given (cosmetotextiles). Three analytical approaches based on the specific properties of the active agents and technologies are presented. They required peculiar developments of methods (preliminary study, calibration, data processing and interpretation ...) and to consider the possibilities and limitations of the technique or the equipment in the particular context of these textile fibers analysis (topography, localized charge effect, contamination, complex formulations, segregation and concentration of some components from the treatments at the outermost surface ...).In the first approach, ToF-SIMS chemical mapping was used to successfully illustrate an active agent concentration gradient close to the outermost surface of polyamide matrices. The ability to identify the characteristic signatures of active agents and to validate their presence at the surface of textile samples was confirmed in most cases. However, signatures different from those from the active agent were needed to validate the treatment in the case of textiles treated by co-precipitation. Finally, a gentle sputtering protocol was tested to address the particular issue of industrial textiles covered with silicone based textile finishing

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7

Auberlet, Delle-Vedove Agnès. "Synthèse et étude structurale de n-benzoyl-n'-phenylurees, insecticides, en vue d'établir une relation entre la structure, la rétention dans des adsorbants modèles et le mode de dégradation. Suivi de recherches sur l'enseignement expérimental de la formulation : étude d'une famille de tensioactifs." Angers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ANGE0002.

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Dans une première partie, cinq n-benzoyl-n'-phenylurees sont synthétisées, en vue de modéliser leurs interactions avec l’environnement : rétention dans les sols, dégradation. Ces molécules sont des insecticides rémanents agissant par inhibition de la biosynthèse de la chitine. L'analyse d'extraits d'adsorbants modèles traites avec ces molécules est effectuée par chromatographie liquide haute pression en phase inverse. L'étude structurale de ces molécules est réalisée par la combinaison de diverses techniques spectroscopiques : spectrométrie de masse, spectroscopie de rayons X, RMN du proton, du carbone 13, de l'azote 15, spectroscopies U. V. Et infra-rouge, ainsi que par chromatographie sur couche mince, mécanique moléculaire et calcul semi-empirique am1. D'une part nous en déduisons une relation entre la coplaneite du groupe urée et du groupe 4- chlorophényle et la rétention sur adsorbants. D'autre part les indices de liaison, la fragmentation de masse et les études conformationnelle permettent d'interpréter la dégradation du composé, '- difluoré en urée et acide benzoïque tandis que dans les mêmes conditions le composé, '- dichlore est dégradé en benzamide et aniline substituées. Dans une seconde partie, nous présentons un projet didactique d'enseignement expérimental de la formulation, portant sur une famille de tensio-actifs utilisés dans les préparations phytosanitaires : détermination de la concentration micellaire critique, de la H. L. B. , de la température de trouble.

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8

Wahlgren, Marie. "Adsorption of proteins and interactions with surfactants at the solid/liquid interface." [Lund : Dept. of Food Technology, Lund University], 1992. http://books.google.com/books?id=zfxqAAAAMAAJ.

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9

Mobbs, Tamara Leah. "Effects of four soil surfactants on four soil-water properties in sand and silt loam." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/t_mobbs_050110.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in biological and agricultural engineering)--Washington State University, May 2010.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 23, 2010). "Department of Biological Systems Engineering." Includes bibliographical references (p. 16-22).

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10

Mendoza, Alvaro. "The synthesis and characterization of novel surfactants." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1296090131&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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11

Jose, Robin. "Synthesis and characterization of novel amphiphiles." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1296090121&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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12

Topp, Kathryn A. "Cationic oligomeric surfactants novel synthesis and characterization /." Connect to full text, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1728.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 2006.
Title from title screen (viewed 13 January 2009). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.

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13

Stellner, Kevin Lance. "Precipitation of surfactants and surfactant mixtures in aqueous solutions /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1987.

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14

Flower, C. "Factors influencing the prediction of ocular irritation by surface-active agents." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377557.

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15

Gould, Larissa Anne. "Some factors influencing the effects of surface active agents on membranes." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338742.

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16

Xu, Juanbao. "Fabrication of Osmotic Distillation Membranes for Feeds Containing Surface-Active Agents." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16049/1/Juanbao_Xu_Thesis.pdf.

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The present work was undertaken to develop a composite osmotic distillation (OD) membrane consisting of a thin hydrogel coating on a microporous hydrophobic substrate for the concentration of aqueous feeds containing surface-active agents. The range of OD applications using the hydrophobic membrane alone have been severely limited by the propensity for membrane wet-out when contacted by amphiphilic agents such as oils, fats and detergents. Wet-out allows the feed solution to track freely through the membrane pores with a resulting loss of solutes and a decrease in selectivity. The rationale for the approach taken was based on the hypothesis that the high water selectivity of the hydrophilic coating would maintain good water mass transfer to the underlying hydrophobic substrate but exclude other components including surface-active agents. The first stage of this work involved the identification of potential coating materials and the fabrication and structural characterization of films of these materials to determine their suitability. The second stage involved the development of techniques to facilitate adhesion of the hydrophilic coatings to the hydrophobic substrate, and the testing of the resulting composite membranes for OD performance and resistance to wet-out by surface-active agents. Sodium alginate was selected as the major coating component on the basis of its non-toxicity and its potential for stable hydrogel formation. Structural characterization of noncrosslinked films and films crosslinked using a water-soluble carbodiimide (WSC) was carried out using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and swelling measurements. Maximum crosslinking through esterification of hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups on adjacent polymer strands using the film immersion method was achieved with a non-solvent (ethanol) concentration of 60 vol % and a WSC concentration of 100 mM at pH 4. These conditions resulted in a hydrogel with an equilibrium water content of 60 wt %. DSC measurements of noncrosslinked and crosslinked alginate films showed an increase in crystallinity and hence rigidity on crosslinking. Therefore, several coatings were prepared as blends of sodium alginate and amorphous highly flexible carrageenan gum in order to meet the flexibility requirements of a membrane subjected to varying operating pressures in an industrial OD plant. Structural characterization with respect to polymer blend ratio was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), DSC, X-ray diffraction (XRD). The optimisation for crosslinking conditions was undertaken as for sodium alginate alone. Optimum conditions for film preparation were 20 wt % carrageenan content and a crosslinking medium containing 60 vol % non-solvent (ethanol) and 120 mM WSC at pH 4. These conditions produced a hydrogel with an equilibrium water content of 85 wt %. Two different techniques were employed to anchor the coatings on substrate PTFE membranes. For membranes with a nominal diameter of 0.2 µm, the technique involved surface tension adjustment of the coating solution by ethanol addition in order to enhance penetration of the coating solution meniscus into the substrate pores. This was followed by polymer precipitation by the selective removal of water using OD to provide structural interlocking. T-peel strength measurements showed that this technique resulted in a ten-fold increase in adhesion strength when compared with a coating cast without surface tension adjustments. For membranes with a nominal diameter of 0.1µm, an interfacial bonding agent, myristyltrimethylammonium bromide (MTMA), was used. This technique gave a three-fold increase in adhesion strength relative to that of coating cast without the use of MTMA. The composite membranes were tested in extended OD trials using pure water and feeds containing limonene, the major surface-active components of orange oil. The sodium alginate-carrageenan blend membrane, which was the preferred membrane based on flexibility and water sorption considerations, was also tested against full-cream milk and an industrial detergent, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS). The results indicated that the coatings offered little resistance to water transport and were effective in providing protection against membrane wet-out. Durability trials showed that the composite membranes retained their integrity in water for a minimum of 30 days. Overall, this study has expanded the potential applications of OD to include many important industrial concentration steps that are currently being undertaken by conventional processes with unsatisfactory results. These include the concentration of citrus juices, full-cream milk and nuclear power plant liquid waste. These feeds contain limonene, fats and detergents respectively, all of which wet out unprotected hydrophobic membranes.

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17

Xu, Juanbao. "Fabrication of Osmotic Distillation Membranes for Feeds Containing Surface-Active Agents." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16049/.

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The present work was undertaken to develop a composite osmotic distillation (OD) membrane consisting of a thin hydrogel coating on a microporous hydrophobic substrate for the concentration of aqueous feeds containing surface-active agents. The range of OD applications using the hydrophobic membrane alone have been severely limited by the propensity for membrane wet-out when contacted by amphiphilic agents such as oils, fats and detergents. Wet-out allows the feed solution to track freely through the membrane pores with a resulting loss of solutes and a decrease in selectivity. The rationale for the approach taken was based on the hypothesis that the high water selectivity of the hydrophilic coating would maintain good water mass transfer to the underlying hydrophobic substrate but exclude other components including surface-active agents. The first stage of this work involved the identification of potential coating materials and the fabrication and structural characterization of films of these materials to determine their suitability. The second stage involved the development of techniques to facilitate adhesion of the hydrophilic coatings to the hydrophobic substrate, and the testing of the resulting composite membranes for OD performance and resistance to wet-out by surface-active agents. Sodium alginate was selected as the major coating component on the basis of its non-toxicity and its potential for stable hydrogel formation. Structural characterization of noncrosslinked films and films crosslinked using a water-soluble carbodiimide (WSC) was carried out using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and swelling measurements. Maximum crosslinking through esterification of hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups on adjacent polymer strands using the film immersion method was achieved with a non-solvent (ethanol) concentration of 60 vol % and a WSC concentration of 100 mM at pH 4. These conditions resulted in a hydrogel with an equilibrium water content of 60 wt %. DSC measurements of noncrosslinked and crosslinked alginate films showed an increase in crystallinity and hence rigidity on crosslinking. Therefore, several coatings were prepared as blends of sodium alginate and amorphous highly flexible carrageenan gum in order to meet the flexibility requirements of a membrane subjected to varying operating pressures in an industrial OD plant. Structural characterization with respect to polymer blend ratio was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), DSC, X-ray diffraction (XRD). The optimisation for crosslinking conditions was undertaken as for sodium alginate alone. Optimum conditions for film preparation were 20 wt % carrageenan content and a crosslinking medium containing 60 vol % non-solvent (ethanol) and 120 mM WSC at pH 4. These conditions produced a hydrogel with an equilibrium water content of 85 wt %. Two different techniques were employed to anchor the coatings on substrate PTFE membranes. For membranes with a nominal diameter of 0.2 µm, the technique involved surface tension adjustment of the coating solution by ethanol addition in order to enhance penetration of the coating solution meniscus into the substrate pores. This was followed by polymer precipitation by the selective removal of water using OD to provide structural interlocking. T-peel strength measurements showed that this technique resulted in a ten-fold increase in adhesion strength when compared with a coating cast without surface tension adjustments. For membranes with a nominal diameter of 0.1µm, an interfacial bonding agent, myristyltrimethylammonium bromide (MTMA), was used. This technique gave a three-fold increase in adhesion strength relative to that of coating cast without the use of MTMA. The composite membranes were tested in extended OD trials using pure water and feeds containing limonene, the major surface-active components of orange oil. The sodium alginate-carrageenan blend membrane, which was the preferred membrane based on flexibility and water sorption considerations, was also tested against full-cream milk and an industrial detergent, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS). The results indicated that the coatings offered little resistance to water transport and were effective in providing protection against membrane wet-out. Durability trials showed that the composite membranes retained their integrity in water for a minimum of 30 days. Overall, this study has expanded the potential applications of OD to include many important industrial concentration steps that are currently being undertaken by conventional processes with unsatisfactory results. These include the concentration of citrus juices, full-cream milk and nuclear power plant liquid waste. These feeds contain limonene, fats and detergents respectively, all of which wet out unprotected hydrophobic membranes.

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18

Palla, Byron Joseph. "Mixed surfactant systems to control dispersion stability in severe environments for enhancing chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of metal surfaces." [Florida] : State University System of Florida, 2000. http://etd.fcla.edu/etd/uf/2000/ana6408/byronpalla.PDF.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Florida, 2000.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 174 p.; also contains graphics. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-173).

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19

Frye, Gregory Charles. "Interactions between surface active components in the promotion and destruction of foams /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9826.

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20

Prokkola, H. (Hanna). "Biodegradation studies of recycled vegetable oils, surface-active agents, and condensing wastewaters." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2015. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526209869.

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Abstract Biodegradation is an aerobic or anaerobic degradation reaction where bacteria use organic materials as an energy source. In the aerobic biodegradation reaction, bacteria need oxygen as an electron acceptor, whereas an anaerobic reaction takes place in the absence of oxygen. Compounds degrade totally or partially, and produce simple inorganic species, such as CO2, CH4, NH3, NO3−, and H2O, as well as by-products that may be non-biodegradable and/or toxic. In this thesis, the biodegradability of recycled vegetable oils, surface-active agents, and condensing waters from the process of wood drying were studied using the manometric respirometric BOD OxiTop method. The biodegradation of organic compounds was measured under the standard conditions (OECD 301F), and also in other matrices, such as different waters and soils. These are very different environments with respect to the biodegradation reaction in nature. The main differences in waters and soils are their organic and inorganic nutrient contents, bacteria strains, and temperatures. The BOD OxiTop method is based on automatic pressure detection in a closed reactor vessel. Oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is formed in the aerobic reaction. The pressure decrease is detected after the carbon dioxide is adsorbed into a NaOH pellet or solution. The pressure change is dependent on oxygen consumption. The degree of biodegradation is calculated from the BOD value of the sample. The studied recycled vegetable oils were found to be 60–83% biodegradable, and the added surface-active agent did not affect their biodegradation. Biodegradation of tall oil soaps was also examined in sand, topsoil, groundwater, and surface water, as well as under OECD 301F standard conditions. Tall oil soaps were proven to be 50–85% biodegradable. Concrete solvent agent (CSA) was also proven to be 78–83% biodegradable under standard conditions. Another detergent, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), was found to be toxic, whereas Triton X-100 biodegraded by only 6% in solution. Biodegradation of the soil matrix was found to be enhanced with added surface-active agents. This can be explained by better wetting of small pores with surface-active agents, as compared to the behavior of pure water. The biodegradation of the matrix occurred even with toxic surface-active agents. Organic pollutants of wastewaters from the process of wood drying were 25–61% biodegradable during a 28-day period, and were proven to be quite pure when considering the carbon content of the samples. Based on these results, the disposal into drainage of condensing waters from wood drying may be regarded as safe, which from an economical viewpoint is a very important conclusion
Tiivistelmä Biohajoavuus on luonnollinen aerobinen tai anaerobinen hajoamisprosessi, jossa bakteerit käyttävät orgaanista materiaalia energian lähteenä. Aerobisessa reaktiossa bakteerit tarvitsevat happea elektronien vastaanottajaksi, kun taas anaerobinen reaktio tapahtuu hapettomissa olosuhteissa. Yhdisteet hajoavat joko täysin tai osittain sekä tuottavat yksinkertaisia epäorgaanisia yhdisteitä, kuten CO2, CH4, NH3, NO3− tai H2O. Reaktiossa voi myös muodostua sivutuotteita, jotka voivat olla biohajoamattomia ja/tai toksisia. Tässä työssä on tutkittu kierrätettyjen kasviöljyjen, pinta-aktiivisten aineiden sekä jätevesien sisältämien orgaanisen aineksien biohajoavuuksia käyttäen manometristä respirometristä BOD OxiTop-menetelmää. Biohajoavuutta mitattiin standardiolosuhteiden (OECD 301F) lisäksi muissakin olosuhteissa, kuten erilaisissa maissa ja vesissä. Nämä ovat kaikki hyvin erilaisia ympäristöjä luonnossa tapahtuville biohajoavuusreaktioille. Pääasialliset erot ovat sekä orgaanisten että epäorgaanisten ravinteiden määrässä, bakteerikannoissa ja lämpötilassa. BOD OxiTop-menetelmä perustuu automaattiseen paineen muutoksen havainnointiin suljetussa astiassa. Aerobisessa reaktiossa kuluu happea ja muodostuu hiilidioksidia, joka imeytetään NaOH-pelletteihin tai -liuokseen ja tästä muodostuu alipaine. Paineen muutokset muunnetaan hapenkulutuksen arvoiksi, joista lasketaan biohajoavuusaste. Tutkittujen kierrätettyjen kasviöljyjen biohajoavuusasteet vaihtelivat välillä 60–83 %, eikä lisätty pinta-aktiivinen aine vaikuttanut kyseisten ekoöljyjen biohajoavuuteen. Mäntysaippuoiden biohajoavuus tutkittiin standardiolosuhteiden lisäksi hiekassa, mullassa, pohjavedessä sekä pintavedessä. Niiden biohajoavuusasteet vaihtelivat välillä 50–85 %. Betoninpesuaineen biohajoavuusaste standardiolosuhteissa oli 78–83 %. Kahdesta tutkituista pinta-aktiivisista aineista setrimoniumbromidi (CTAB) oli myrkyllinen liuosolosuhteissa eikä täten biohajonnut ja Triton X-100 biohajosi vain 6 %. Pinta-aktiivisen aineen lisääminen maahan aiheutti matriisina käytetyn maan biohajoamisen. Tämä voitiin selittää siten, että pintajännityksen laskemisen jälkeen neste voi paremmin tunkeutua maan pieniin huokosiin ja näin tuoda hajoamatonta orgaanista ainesta ja uusia bakteereita biohajoavuuskäyttöön. Tämä ilmiö havaittiin myös myrkyllisen pinta-aktiivisen aineen lisäyksen jälkeen. Jätevesien sisältämät orgaaniset ainekset hajosivat 25–61 % 28 päivän aikana ja niiden havaittiin olevan hiilen määrän huomioon ottaen hyvin puhtaita. Tässä tutkimuksessa saatujen tulosten perusteella tutkitut puunkuivauksen kondenssivedet voidaan laskea viemäriin, mikä on erittäin tärkeä tulos ekologiselta ja taloudelliselta kannalta katsottuna

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21

Slaymaker, Elizabeth Ann. "Effects of surface active agents on drop size in liquid-liquid systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10260.

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22

Lapitsky, Yakov. "Interactions of oppositely charged surfactants and polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions and gels." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 6.51 Mb., 240 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3220721.

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23

Kowal, Mark George. "Effect of surfactants on the likelihood and severity of vapor explosions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15810.

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24

Skelton, William T. W. "Effect of additives on the likelihood and severity of vapor explosions." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18933.

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25

Goldenberg, Beena G. "Investigation of the production of microbial bioemulsifiers." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65465.

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26

Wates, Julia M. "Solution behaviour of cationic surfactants relevant to industrial applications." Thesis, University of Salford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.258424.

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Kankavi, Orhan. "Surfactant proteins in epithelial tissues emphasising skin /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16893.pdf.

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Ho, Hung Hei. "Adsorption of ionic surfactants on active carbon cloth /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CENG%202006%20HO.

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29

Weiss, Michael. "Surfactant adsorption and Marangoni flow in liquid jets." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7e313dbf-30b6-4ad7-8607-c75e89b084eb.

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30

Wood, Philip. "Control of pulmonary surfactant secretion : an evolutionary perspective /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw878.pdf.

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31

Kuo, Betsy P. "Narrowing the molecular weight distribution of linear alcohol ethoxylates." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11773.

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32

Christopher, Lisa Joy. "Enhancement of polyether biodegradation in activated sludge." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25378.

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33

Su, Tsueu-Ju. "Neutron and X-ray scattering from interfaces." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319060.

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Purcell, Isabella Pauline. "Specular reflection from interfaces." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386624.

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35

Mousseau, Kenneth Scott. "Determination of critical micelle concentration of an amphiphilic siderophore." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/mousseau/MousseauK0809.pdf.

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The sodachelins are a group of six amphiphilic siderophores produced by a halophilic bacterium. Amphiphilic siderophores, such as the sodachelins, are important in the solubilization and sequestration of iron related to microbial metabolism and are also unique in their ability to form micelle and vesicular structures. This professional paper describes siderophore importance in iron bioavailability, siderophore chemistry and biological function and a thermodynamic analysis of forces that drive micellization and vesicle formation. A description of experiments conducted to isolate, separate and purify the sodachelins for the purpose of measuring their critical micelle concentration (CMC) follows the review of literature. Initial siderophore isolation was achieved using XAD-2 resin to generate a crude extract. This crude extract was then purified by HPLC, and the measurement of CMC of a single siderophore, sodachelin E, was performed with a tensiomat instrument. Crude separation by XAD resin was proven successful; XAD resin has a strong affinity for siderophores as shown by experiment with the siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFB) as a control. Purification of the crude siderophore extract by only one pass on the HPLC was proven insufficient to generate a single, pure siderophore. At least a second pass on the HPLC is required to remove all contaminants. The protocol developed for CMC analysis is consistent and accurate based on a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) control experiment. An approximate CMC value of 140 micron for sodachelin E was obtained, however, HPLC analysis showed contamination of another sodachelin and possible other organic solutes, indicating that this value may be inaccurate.

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36

Tucker, Ian Malcolm. "The surface and solution properties of complex mixed surfactant systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670103.

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37

Li, Haiyan. "IR Studies of the Interaction of Surfactants and Polyelectrolytes Adsorbed on TIO2 Particles." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/LiH2004.pdf.

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38

Kitchens, Christopher Lawrence Roberts Christopher B. "Metallic nanoparticle synthesis within reverse micellar micromulsion systems." Auburn, Ala., 2004. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2004/FALL/Chemical_Engineering/Dissertation/kitchcl_13_Dissertation(abbrv).pdf.

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39

Kostarelos, Konstantinos. "Surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation at neutral buoyancy /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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40

Nilsson, Frederik. "Alkylglucosides physical-chemical properties /." Lund : Physical Chemistry 1, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/39761789.html.

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41

Ngwenya, Carol Zethu. "Enhanced biosurfactant production by Bacillus licheniformis stk 01 for hydrocarbons targeted for bioremediation." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2341.

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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
Environmental remediation of organic and inorganic contaminants such as hydrocarbons has been a research focus area of interest. Chemical surfactants have been extensively used for the remediation of contaminated sites for immobilisation of hydrocarbons from environmental matrices. The focus has been on the impact of chemical surfactants on the environment. These petroleum-based chemical surfactants have raised serious environmental concerns as: 1) they are toxic, 2) they deteriorate the environment owing to their non-biodegradability, 3) they are costly, and 4) most are not intended for environmental applications. As such, alternatives had to be found to mitigate concerns associated with the application of such synthetic surfactants in bioremediation. Biosurfactants produced by microorganisms are a potential alternative to these synthetic surfactants. They have minimal environmental impact, are biodegradable and can withstand extreme conditions. However, biosurfactants are associated with high production costs and low production yield. Currently, large-scale production of biosurfactants cannot be achieved. Most research focuses on improving production yield which will contribute to the reduction in production costs. A lichenysin lipopeptide biosurfactant producing Bacillus sp., which grew exclusively on Beta vulgaris agrowaste, was identified. The microorganism was found to be an effective emulsifier for high molecular weight hydrocarbons such as, lubricant oil and diesel. The aim of this study was to improve biosurfactant production yield from this Bacillus sp., including emulsification efficacy by optimising fermentation conditions by supplementing the broth with biocompatible nanoparticles synthesised using a green chemistry approach with B. vulgaris (B. vulgaris) extracts. This study also aimed at reducing production costs by using B. vulgaris agrowaste exclusively as the production medium, both for the biosurfactant and the nanoparticles.

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42

Pedley, Michael Ewan. "Vibrational spectroscopy and surface characterisation of polymer films and surfactants." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611288.

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43

Howell, Desiree Pearl. "Evaluation of surfactants for the enhancement of PCB degradation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20746.

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44

Perrier, SeÌbastien. "Synthesis of novel surface active agents via copper mediated living radical polymerisation : synthetic and mechanistic study." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246763.

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45

Hill, Gavin T. H. "The preparation and testing of novel biodegradable surfactants using poly(lactic acid) as the backbone, by a one-step ring opening polymerisation reaction /." St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/746.

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46

Mo, Young Keun. "Surfactant proteins in extra pulmonary sites /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19083.pdf.

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47

Góes, Ana Paula. "The effects of surfactants on the solid substrate fermentation of potato starch." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0021/NQ50175.pdf.

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48

Fitzgerald, Paul A. "Solution behaviour of polyethylene oxide, nonionic gemini surfactants." Connect to full text, 2002. http://setis.library.usyd.edu.au/adt/public_html/adt-NU/public/adt-NU20031219.162500/index.html.

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49

Moresoli, Christine. "The production of surfactin by Bacillus subtilis /." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65329.

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50

Kracht, Gajardo Willy Andrés 1979. "Effect of frother on bubble coalescence, break-up, and initial rise velocity." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111911.

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Frothers are used in flotation to aid generation of small bubbles, but little is known about the mechanisms that take place in the flotation machine to produce such an effect. Coalescence prevention is the common explanation, although the exact mechanism is obscure and almost no attention has been paid to a frother effect on bubble break-up, the other possible mechanism. This thesis presents a technique to study the effect of frothers on bubble coalescence at the generation stage (at a capillary tube) and a technique to study the effect of frothers on bubble coalescence and break-up in a turbulent field. The first technique is based on the sound bubbles emit when they form and coalesce. The sound signal was linked to bubble formation and coalescence events using high-speed cinematography. The technique has a resolution capable of detecting coalescence events that occur within 1-2 ms. The second technique allows discriminating between coalescence and break-up and is based on the exposure of a mono-size distribution of bubbles to a turbulent field generated by a three-bladed axial flow impeller. Analysis of bubble size distributions after contact with the turbulent field gives the coalescence and break-up fraction. The results show frothers reduce coalescence and alter the bubble size distribution of bubbles generated by break-up.
In the course of high-speed imaging an effect of frother on bubble shape and motion after formation was detected. Analysis of this forms the third major component of the work. A dependence of velocity on bubble aspect ratio is shown, which is in line with recent literature.

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