Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Suralaya (Indonesia) Economic conditions'

Against the background of Indonesia's ethnic resurgence and social cleavage in the wake of the fall of Soeharto regime in mid-1998, this thesis seeks to identify the factors that have led to a particular incidence of this discord: the perceived inequity in access to economic and governmental resources, i.e., access to jobs in the public sector and to public health services. Taking modernization theory as its framework, the thesis compares the ascribed factor, i.e., Javanese or non-Javanese ethnicity, and certain other factors, i.e., level of education, region of origin and place of residence (urban or rural area) and evaluates the resulting data. The thesis argues that respondents who have a high level of education, live in a region closest to a national center and reside in an urban area, which are relatively more exposed to modernization, are better off in terms of access to economic and governmental resources regardless of their ethnic membership.

In 1965 the New Order Government took office in Indonesia, following years of severe economic turmoil. Since then the Indonesian economy has performed well, owing much to large oil export revenues and appropriate economic policies. This thesis presents a study of the Indonesian economy focused on three main themes: aid, the public sector and the real exchange rate (RER). In particular, we emphasise aid effectiveness on fiscal behaviour and on the RER. The thesis is organised in five chapters. Chapter 1 presents a synthetic overview of the main episodes in Indonesian economic history. Chapter 2 reviews theoretical and empirical issues on aid. Chapter 3 presents a dynamic model of government behaviour aimed at assessing aid’s impact on fiscal budget and on other real variables in the Indonesian economy. Following Heller’s seminal contribution (1975) and White’s new insights (1993), we insert the government sector into a simple macroeconomic framework: a constrained utility maximising framework which allows for feedback effects through higher income and dynamic linkages. The model is tested for the Indonesian case over the period 1968-93 and the estimated parameters are used to carry out a simulation exercise. We conclude with a positive assessment of aid giving, provided it is given in loans. Loans are found to encourage tax collection, public and private investment and consumption. Exchange rate management has played a significant role in Indonesia as an instrument to ensure competitiveness during and after the oil boom. Chapter 4 analyses the behaviour of the RER for the Indonesian rupiah and offers a theoretical and statistical background. Unit root testing has been extensively used to test for stationarity. We have consistently rejected the hypothesis of RER stationarity, except in those cases in which the full sample series have been used and/or two breaks have been allowed. Chapter 5 presents a modelling approach to RER determination. Following Edwards (1989), we present an econometric model of the RER and develop an extension of it in terms of the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM). Central to the analysis is the role of fundamentals, in particular aid and the price of oil, in determining the RER. The estimated parameters are then used to construct the equilibrium RER in order to study RER misalignment. Simulations are also carried out to investigate the impact of exogenous shocks and policy options on the RER. Results show that the Indonesian RER suffered from misalignment especially during the oil boom and until the early 1990’s. We also find that aid and the real price of oil do matter: both act as fundamental determinants of RER behaviour and contribute to RER stability, a finding confirmed by the simulation exercise. Interestingly, aid and government consumption appear to influence in differences and not in levels the RER.

One of the most striking characteristics of Third World countries is political instability. Although not all Third World states are politically unstable, witness for example Saudi Arabia and Nepal, many nations of both democratic and authoritarian leanings have experienced strong political challenges in maintaining established political order and national unity. These political challenges can take the forms of mass demonstration, riots or even coups.

x, 84 p. : ill.
Modernization theory posits that economic growth and democratization are mutually constitutive processes. I extend a recent literature that finds this relationship to be spurious due to the existence of a number of international factors, specifically the role of foreign capital. Through two-stage least square (2SLS) regressions for as wide a sample as the data allow and two case studies (Indonesia and the Philippines), I find that the presence of US capital significantly influences domestic political institutions. This relationship, however, is non-linear and interrelated with exogenous shocks.
Committee in charge: Tuong Vu, Chairperson; Craig Parsons, Member; Karrie Koesel, Member; Will Terry, Member

This research was conducted within the context of smallholder livestock production and government attempts to improve this through a transfer of technology approach. Participatory action research (PAR) was used to enable action for change to emerge, while the research provided understanding and a basis for this action. Tombolo village in South Sulawesi, Indonesia was the location for this research, which first identified the problems and needs of the farmers, and then participatively developed strategies to meet these needs. Fodder security throughout the year was found to be the major constraint to cattle production. Forage technology was introduced, including fodder tree legumes and grasses, resulting in improved livestock production and many associated livelihood benefits. The introduction of these new technologies was adapted by stakeholders to local issues and needs. The extension services had previously aimed to improve livestock production through breeding and veterinary health measures, and had assumed that sufficient fodder was available for livestock. The formation of a learning group of farmers, who used group discussion to set their own agenda, was employed to identify this shortcoming, and how to sustainably overcome it. Participants were able to apply their experience and enhance their cognitive skills to find new meanings and knowledge to plan and take actions to improve their practice and situation. This thesis documents the process of change required to move from a “Transfer of Technology” approach to a “learning approach”. The research has shown that there is considerable potential for the application of PAR to rural community development in Indonesia. More specifically in Tombolo village PAR enabled farmers and extension staff to be empowered by becoming active participants in the research process and take action to improve their own practice. It helped them to analyse the situation to make the technology more appropriate, while also learning how to change the extension methods used towards one in which all stakeholders became partners in developing their situation
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Bibliography: leaves 146-153. This thesis analyses factors influencing farmers use of groundwater pump irrigation in Lombok, Indonesia. It aims to identify the determinants of the speed of technology adoption, to identify factors affecting the levels of water use and to estimate the state of water use by comparing the actual water use to the estimated optimal water use.

This study is about public sector performance measurement in the context of developing economies; more specifically, the study focuses on local government performance measurement systems as applied in Indonesia. Although there have been numerous research studies examining performance measurement, most empirical work has been undertaken in the context of developed economies. Performance measurement research in the milieu of developing economies is still very much underdeveloped and the progress is considerably much slower than those in developed economies. This study adopts an interpretive approach and applied case study research method in order, to develop an understanding of a) what drives the new performance measurement b) how it is designed and c) how it is used? The findings show that performance measurement in the context of developing economies tends to be driven by different reasons than compared to those developed economies. The findings also indicated developing economies encounter various challenges in designing and implementing performance measurement which eventually affected the use and usefulness of performance measurement. This study thus contributes to improve our understanding of the design, implementation and use of performance measurement in the context of developing economies. More specifically, it improves our understanding regarding (i) internal and external driving forces for performance measurement initiatives in the developing economies, (ii) the effectiveness of design, implementation and use, (iii) technical, organisational and institutional factors influencing design, implementation and use and the complex interactive effects of these three categories of factors, (iv) the interdependence between design, implementation and use, and (v) the complex conflicts of interest among different stakeholders in this context.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 444-460). A study based on a case study with integrated macro and micro approaches to investigate some effects of the development and industrialisation processes in Indonesia.

The majority of children in the developing world are suffering from hardship and poverty, and are not able to reach their full potential. This thesis focuses on the relationship between parental resources and children’s outcomes in the areas of nutrition, cognition and physical health in Indonesia. The life-stages early childhood to young adulthood are crucial for human capital formation. Nutrition, cognition and physical health are key human capitals that are important both as a means to achieve wellbeing and as an end in their own right. They have been identified as some of the main routes for changes in well-being over the life-course and as significant pathways for breaking intergenerational poverty cycles. Disadvantages in these domains are especially salient in developing countries. Yet, evidence is still limited due to lack of appropriate data. Here, data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) is used, a rich panel data set consisting of four waves of data spanning a period of 14 years. I study a cohort of children who are less than three years old in the first wave of the IFLS and for whom relevant outcomes can be observed. While the availability of longitudinal data from IFLS is very important, the setup and design of the data presented an enormous challenge: unlike with longitudinal datasets from developed countries, such as the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) or the cohort studies, the IFLS data is presented more or less in raw form. In order to facilitate a critical and careful approach to working with this kind of complicated raw data, I completed two self-organized research stays with the IFLS team in which I witnessed the data collection and interviewed IFLS team members. This helped me to understand the questionnaire and measures better and to identify the strongest parts of the IFLS: the self-collected measures for children – namely the physical health measures height and lung capacity (collected by specially trained nurses) as well as a cognitive measure – the Raven’s coloured progressive matrices. These are unique features for a general household survey in a developing country context and constitute important child outcomes. As a starting point from which to ask more specific research questions concerning the three types of children's outcomes, I synthesized research from relevant domains such as neuroscience, social science, childhood studies and economics. Chapter 1, 2 and 3 constitute the setup of the research by detailing the motivation and background for the research, the conceptual frameworks, literature reviews, data and methodology as well as the research questions. Chapter 4, 5 and 6 are the empirical chapters investigating the aforementioned child outcomes in detail. Chapter 4 entitled: “Children’s nutritional status in early life and dynamics into adolescence” investigates firstly, to what extent parental resources are associated with children experiencing stunting in early childhood and in adolescence. Results for parental resources for stunting in early childhood reveal protective factors which include mother’s height and direct measures of living standards. For stunting in adolescence the importance of parental resources as protective factors increases (mother’s height is stronger related and father’s height is now significant as is household consumption as a measure of financial resources). The association with direct living standards decreases. Secondly, I investigate if there are stunting dynamics – that is, movement in and out of stunting between early childhood and adolescence. For dynamics of stunting I use transition matrices to show that entries and exits from stunting occur over children’s entire life-course (not just in early childhood). Movements into stunted growth decrease the older children get but are still around 6% between middle childhood (7-10 years old) and adolescence (14-17 years old). Movements out of stunted growth occur over the whole life-course of children with the highest exit rates of around 19% between ages 7-10 years and 14-17 years. My results support Adair’s study for the Philippines (1999) and Schott and Crookston’s recent research for Peru (2013). In Chapter 5, I investigate children’s cognitive outcomes – i.e. Raven’s coloured progressive matrices and math scores. Firstly, I examine to what extent children’s growth status in early childhood and change in growth is associated with cognitive test results in adolescence. Secondly, to what extent parental resources are associated with children’s cognitive test results. One key result indicates a significant positive association between initial/early height-for-age (HAZ) and cognitive test scores. This could support the hypothesis on early sensitive periods for cognitive development and the important role of pre– and post natal influences up to the early childhood measure. However, I also find evidence that changes in growth into middle childhood (i.e. the residual HAZ between early and later childhood) is significant positive associated with children’s cognitive test scores. This supports the hypothesis of the plasticity of the brain beyond early years. Chapter 6 is about children’s physical health measure of lung capacity. I investigate to what extent children’s growth status in early life and growth dynamics into adolescence are associated with children’s lung capacity. Further, I examine to what extent parental resources are associated with children’s lung capacity. A key result is that in terms of parental resources there is a strong positive association between father’s and mother’s lung capacity and their children in adolescence. Also maternal years of schooling is significantly associated. I do not find a significant positive association between initial/early height-for-age (HAZ) and lung capacity. This would work against the hypothesis on early sensitive periods and rather point to the importance of changes in growth after early childhood for children’s lung capacity development. The change in growth into middle childhood (residual HAZ) is significant positively associated with children’s lung capacity. These result differ from what I find for cognitive outcomes where early growth status and changes in growth are both relevant. Chapter 7 discusses recommendations for future research; for example, how new data collection efforts in Indonesia could contribute to closing evidence gaps on children’s life chances identified in this thesis by collecting birth cohort data or extending the IFLS. I also address implications for policy covering recommendations for more holistic childhood interventions, the kind of support provided and targeting of vulnerable children. Evidence on children’s life chances from Indonesia is very limited. I set out to make a contribution in providing evidence on child outcomes that are uniquely featured in the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS). My key concern is to study the intergenerational determinants of child outcomes – that is, asking to what extent parental resources are linked to the level of children’s nutrition, cognition, and health but also the intra-generational link – that is to what extent nutritional status is linked to later growth dynamics and other child outcomes such as cognitive and health outcomes. To the best of my knowledge, there are very few previous studies for Indonesia that investigate these important child outcomes, especially with the focus on the intergenerational and life-course determinants.

This study examines the production of a new regional space known as the Growth Triangle. The Growth Triangle represents a (re)integration of the economies of Singapore, the Riau Archipelago in Indonesia and Johor State in Malaysia. It is argued that the Growth Triangle should be seen as an ‘open region.’ The open region is affected by a wide range of ‘external’ influences and is open to shifting representations which are important to its unfolding. The study takes on the interpretation of the open region through a consideration of the unstable and amorphous realm of ‘middle space.’ Middle space is manifold. It includes: 1) the middle spaces between the global and the local; 2) the middle spaces between conceptual divisions (e.g., urban/rural and labour/capital); and 3) the middle spaces of circulation (i.e., connections between individuals, firms and places). The triangulation of these three arenas provides a heuristic device for the examination of the changes sweeping the Growth Triangle. The analysis moves from a time when the region’s global niche was based on the movement of goods to more recent developments where-in the movement of information and capital are crucial. The global flows of information and capital are the ‘winds’ of the title. The region, and various ways of conceptualizing it, are the ‘shadows.’ The main findings are that: 1) global change must be seen in terms of local roots and consequences; 2) local differentiation and the representation of difference are increasingly important, even in the frame of globalization; 3) analytic strength may be gained by dulling the edges of interpretive constructs (such as information or labour); 4) there are strong connections between the circulation of goods, people, money and information (spatial interaction) and the generation of new and distinct geographies (areal differentiation); and 5) there are strong linkages between Singapore’s shift towards advanced world city functions (‘intensive globalization’) and the mega-urbanization of the near-by international hinterlands (‘extensive globalization’). To understand each of the three corners of the Growth Triangle one must engage Singapore as a World City and as an Open Region.

This thesis examines Indonesia's export performance from the 1970s. It provides a rigorous and comprehensive analysis of the currently limited discussion on Indonesia's trade issues. The main research questions are threefold: how good is Indonesia's export performance over the last 30 years?. How does it compare to its close competitors?. What factors contributed to the performance? This thesis begins with a discussion of the economic policy dynamics in Indonesia since the 1970s and focuses on the economic reforms Indonesia has undertaken since the mid 1980s, followed by chapters devoted to discussion on Indonesia's comparative advantage and competitiveness relative to its close competitors and the determinants of exports, at the macro and firm levels. On comparative advantage, this thesis shows that the number of products for which Indonesia has a comparative advantage has increased over time. The increase is mainly due to the manufacturing sector. A closer assessment of the manufacturing sector confirms Indonesia's comparative advantage in labour intensive and resource based labour intensive industries. However, recent data show these industries experienced deterioration in their export strength. On Indonesia's competitive position relative to China, Malaysia, Thailand and Viet Nam, this thesis shows Indonesia is more competitive in the agriculture sector especially in recent times; relatively less competitive in the manufacturing sector; and on a par in the mining sectors except for the last few years when Indonesia has been relatively more competitive. Closer assessment of the manufacturing sector reveals that Indonesia is relatively more competitive in resource based labour intensive and resource based capital-intensive industries. This thesis also shows the long run relationship between exports, the real exchange rate, and demand and supply factors. The signs and the magnitude of the effect of each of the factors differ across sectors and subsectors. For manufacturing exports, the real exchange rate, demand and supply factors are positive and statistically significant. For agriculture exports, the effect of real exchange rate, world demand and supply capacity are also positive. However, only coefficients of world demand and supply capacity are statistically significant. For the mining sectors, although those three variables exhibit positive impacts on exports, only world demand shows a statistically significant impact. This chapter also shows the particular impact of economic reform on the manufacturing sector. It also shows differences in exports performance across sector during the crisis. At the firm level, this thesis shows the impact of firm heterogeneity and spillovers on export decisions and export performance. The results are relatively consistent for pre and post-crisis period. On the export decisions, the effect of labour productivity, size, foreign ownership, sectoral and regional spillovers are positive. On export performance, the effect of firm heterogeneity and spillovers are also relatively consistent for pre and post-crisis, while the magnitudes are generally higher during the post-crisis period, except for sectoral spillovers. Assessment of the labour-intensive sector shows their superior export performance compared to other manufacturing exports. The assessment on Batam also reveals its superior export performance relative to other regions. --provided by Candidate.

The main objective of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive analysis on countercyclical role of fiscal policy in Indonesia. Three main goals are derived in order to address the main objective of the thesis. The first goal is to document and review fiscal policy responses to the different types of economic shocks in Indonesia since the 1970s. The second goal is to conduct an empirical examination of the practical behaviour of fiscal policy in Indonesia in response to economic cycles. Lastly, the third goal is to provide an empirical assessment of the effectiveness of fiscal policy in Indonesia in stimulating economic activities. In addressing the first goal, the thesis documents five major economic shocks that had a major effect on the Indonesian economy along with the typical budgetary policy responses that followed. The policy review suggests that during the oil price related shocks, the government appeared to have no intention to implement countercyclical fiscal policy during oil booms (1974 and 1979), which in turn prevented the government from running fiscal expansion during the oil shock in 1986. However, in both the Asian financial crisis and global financial crisis, the government seemed to have the intention to pursue countercyclical fiscal policy. Nonetheless, a lack of financial resources and weak budget execution hampered its capacity to pursue such a policy. The second goal of the thesis is achieved by conducting empirical examinations using the error correction model and the alternative model. The results conform to the policy review above, in which the government has been unable to implement countercyclical fiscal policy. The third goal of the thesis is addressed by utilizing two different models: the structural vector autoregression (SVAR) and the inter-regional CGE model. Using the SVAR model, the results suggests that total government spending has a positive impact on output. The findings also indicates that the spending composition is important as indicated by the positive impact of government capital spending both on output and private investment, while government consumption spending has a negative impact on output and private consumption. From the inter-regional CGE model, there are three important primary findings. Firstly, the 2009 fiscal stimulus package has a positive impact on output and poverty reduction. Secondly, while in the short-run, the impact on output seems to be distributed unevenly, in the long run, however, a more even distribution across regions is achieved due to the efficiency gain resulted from the infrastructure spending, which benefits more to the relatively less-developed regions. Thirdly, the result points that infrastructure spending is likely to be the most effective tool to stimulate output in the long run as well as to improve equality across regions. However, if the top priority of the Indonesian government is poverty alleviation, cash transfer should then be the optimal policy option. In general, the thesis finds that while the government of Indonesia has difficulty in implementing countercyclical fiscal policy, the evidence suggest that countercyclical fiscal policy has a potential role in stabilizing the economy, especially during a downturn.

This study identifies the Indonesian policies that established large scale, export oriented and externally controlled (LEE)industrialization from the perspective of local people in the industrializing area, the planning that implemented these policies in Central Java and the ways in which the local people's lives are being affected. It identifies the links between the policy and the planning, and between the planning and the impacts. This study is based on data gathered from provincial, municipal and local planners, affected people, factory owners, and workers. LEE industrial development has often been successful in terms of its contribution to Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and to the creation of low wage employment opportunities. However, this success has been accompanied by significant economic, social and environmental impacts on local people. The economic impacts include loss of livelihood and jobs, and decrease of family income. The social impacts comprise the weakening of community cohesion and the disruption of the people's daily lives. The environmental impacts include floods, lack of clean water, water pollution, and air pollution. The impacts of LEE industrialization have been documented by various studies including this one. What has not been adequately analyzed and documented is the process that produces the impacts. This study helps to fill the gap. It concludes that the impacts stem from the following factors. The national development emphasizes large scale and export oriented industrialization. The top-down development planning ensures that this policy is supported at the provincial level regardless of local conditions, needs and priorities. The arbitrary nature of provincial decision-making provides for no popular input. Impact assessment studies fail to provide the information necessary for planners, decision-makers and ideally the local leaders about the likely impacts of industrialization. The way the responsible government agencies solve environmental problems tends to protect factory interests. The impacts are exacerbated by a lack of adequate monitoring and enforcement of environmental regulations. The thesis concludes that substantive policy reform and process restructuring are required to achieve sound planning for industrial development. If quality of life is to be protected and enhanced, industrial policies should be reoriented to strengthening existing local economic activities; and planning restructured to enable local planners and affected people to be fully involved at all stages including impact management.

International trade in electronics and automotive including their parts and components has grown rapidly in the last two decades, but Southeast Asia's largest economy, Indonesia, is lagging behind in its export performance. This research uses a comparative perspective in examining Indonesia's role in electronics and automotive production networks in the context of the contemporary debate on opportunities for reaping gains from economic globalization through engagement in global production networks. This research aims to answer two questions, the first addresses the determinants of a country's participation in the global production network; the second is why Indonesia is being left behind in the global production networks. To the best of the author's knowledge, this study is the first systematic analysis to determine why Indonesia has been left behind in global production networks. The analysis is conducted at two levels: macroeconomic and firm-level analysis. The macroeconomic analysis is based on the Jones and Kierzkowski's fragmentation theory. The unbalanced panel trade data for 98 countries for the period 1988-2007 for the electronics and automotive sectors are estimated using the least square dummy variable method. Meanwhile, the firm-level analysis is based on Robert and Tybout's model on firm heterogeneity and its implications for international trade. The random effect probit dynamic model is adopted for the estimation using Indonesia's firm level data for the both sectors for the period 1990 - 2007. From the macroeconomic analysis, the service link cost variables are a more important determinant than the production cost variables in determining a country's participation. Infrastructure is the most important determinant in developing countries for both sectors, followed by labour quality and FDI openness. For developed countries, trade openness is the most important determinant in the electronics sector and trade cost the most important in the automotive sector. For both, the second most important is labour quality in the electronics sector and infrastructure in the automotive. Indonesia is being left behind in the electronics global production network because of the poor condition of its infrastructure; the relatively more restrictive investment policies towards foreign investment, and the low education level which hampers the absorption capacity in technology which is important in the electronics sector. With the huge domestic market in Indonesia which creates economies of scale, it is expected that the Indonesian automotive industry could participate more in the global production network than it does in its current condition. However its participation is hampered because of its investment policies, trade costs and the continuing high protection in the automotive sector. From the firm-level analysis, a decision to engage in the global production networks through export activities depends on firm characteristics as well as sunk cost and a location spillovers effect. For both electronics and automotive sectors, larger and foreign owned firms with higher labour quality and located in similar locations are more likely to participate in the production networks. It is concluded that Indonesia needs to improve its infrastructure condition, investment policies and education level to increase its participation in the global production networks. -- provided by Candidate.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore the historical and cultural dimensions of contemporary settlement patterns in the southern central highlands of West Timor. The Atoin meto people of this region are subsistent agriculturalists who live out their lives in the restricted world of household and hamlet. Social networks within and between hamlets are organised on the basis of dispersed clan group affiliations and marriage alliance. Knowledge of the past is recorded and expressed through an oral narrative tradition which provides a legitimating discourse for establishing claims in the present. In this thesis I draw on one exemplary oral narrative from the prominent clan group Nabuasa. This provides a basis for reconstructing the former political order in the study area of southern Amanuban. The analysis of the narrative reveals that the Nabuasa clan came to occupy the central position of an autonomous political system founded on an expansionary cult of warfare and headhunting. The history of twentieth century southern Amanuban has been one of diverse change. I argue, however, that Atoin meto communities maintain an orientation to the political order of the past and the central Nabuasa position within it. The legacy of this orientation may be observed in the patterns of land tenure, marriage alliance, and the system of localised political authority. These practical concerns are symbolised and represented through an inherited corpus of metaphorical idioms expressed in a pervasive dyadic form. These recurrent metaphors of life, such as gate and path, trunk and tip, female and male, and inside and outside, express cultural notions of relative precedence and social continuity. In these and other ways the present is constituted in terms of the past. Social reproduction is ordered by a system of asymmetrically structured social relations, articulated by a complex of gift exchange and legitimated and framed by recourse to historical precedent.

Questions about state-society relations currently attract great interest in political science. In the case of Indonesia, much emphasis has been given to the strength of the state and its relative autonomy from societal forces in recent years. This study deals with the nature of the links between business, as one segment of society, and the state in contemporary Indonesia. It is an enquiry about the extent to which societal actors are involved in the shaping of public policy. Dissatisfaction with existing scholarly accounts of the nature of the Indonesian polity was an important stimulus for this research. Insufficient attention has hitherto been paid to questions about societal constraints upon state actors in the formation of policy. What is the scope for various types of societal groups to influence policy outcomes in areas of special concern to them? To the extent that it does take place, how is communication between policy-makers and relevant sections of society organised? Three case studies are used to pursue these themes. Their purpose is to illuminate the processes by which policy is formed in situations where the interests of the relevant sections of the state appaaratus diverge from those of industry groups. The cases used are from the textile, pharmaceutical and insurance industries. There are two main strands to the thesis; one empirical and the other theoretical. The first strand involves an argument about political and economic change in Indonesia, and the increasing complexity of the relations between state and society there. The second is an argument that existing theoretical frameworks for the interpretation of Indonesian politics are excessively state-centred. In this context Indonesian politics and the attaching academic debates take on a wider significance; for one of the main currents in political science today is the proposition that insufficient attention has been accorded to the state. Far from scholarship on Indonesia being insufficiently attentive to the state, precisely the opposite has been the case.

In the light of the interest in transnationalism and other relevant anthropological theories, this thesis reflects on the study of China and contributes to the theoretical discussion and ethnography of China, from the perspectives of qiaoxiang and transnationlism.
Nevertheless, the local peoples' experience with the Chinese Overseas has great impact on shaping their attitudes. There is the spirit of continuing to better their livelihood, and this has encouraged many people in qiaoxiang to continue to emigrate to other countries, establishing a new transnational network in the context of globalization and global market economy, beyond the traditional network of the Chinese Overseas.
Qiaoxiang refers to the ancestral hometown of the Chinese Overseas. Since a century ago, the coastal regions in Fujian and Guangdong have become well-known qiaoxiang. In the beginning, migrants went abroad to make a living, sojourning between the places of residence overseas and hometowns in China. Thus, a transnational network of family ties gradually came into being. People in qiaoxiang usually relied much on their clansmen abroad in aspects ranging from financial support to decisions in local affairs. Due to the influence of the Chinese Overseas, social changes took place in qiaoxiang, and these promoted development in the surrounding areas too.
There are two major foci in this research. One involves vertical analysis of history, explaining how qiaoxiang came into being and how it developed. The other focus is on transnationalism of space, demonstrating the transformation of the transnational network from both the point of view of the Chinese Overseas and the local villagers in China. In this way, I studied the transformation of family structure in Shudou Village, the contributions of the Chinese Overseas to education, public health and medical treatment in qiaoxiang, the dynamics of local organization and local politics, and the economic development of qiaoxiang. The study shows that nowadays people in qiaoxiang no longer rely on financial support from their clansmen abroad. In village affairs, decisions are generally made by the local organizations independent of the Chinese Overseas. Thus qiaoxiang has become increasingly independent.
With the passage of time and changes in national politics, the national identification of Chinese Overseas has changed too. What has happened to the traditional network among the Chinese Overseas? What effect does it have on qiaoxiang? Taking Shudou, a village in Fujian, as an example, this dissertation discusses the transformation of transnational network among Chinese overseas as well as the roles of qiaoxiang in this network, by investigating the relations between the local villagers and their clansmen in Indonesia.
丁毓玲.
Adviser: Chee Beng Tan.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-09, Section: A, page: .
Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong,2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 198-207).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in Chinese and English.
School code: 1307.
Ding Yuling.

The aim of the study was to offer solutions for the enhancement of Indonesia’s HIV and AIDS policy and to suggest future possibilities. In the process, the gendered nature of the epidemic was explored. In light of the relatively lower rates of employment among Indonesian women, this study also sought to gain insights into the possible reasons for many women appearing to be attached to domesticity. In the first phase of the study, interviews with stakeholders in HIV and AIDS prevention were conducted, followed by a Delphi exercise involving 23 HIV and AIDS experts. In the second phase, 28 women from various ethnicities were interviewed, including those in polygamous and contract marriages. The overall results were interpreted through the lens of complexity theory. Fewer than half of the proposed objectives were approved by the experts in the Delphi round. These were interventions mainly aimed at the risk groups while most objectives relating to education about HIV and AIDS and safer sex for the general public failed to obtain consensus. Reasons for the lack of consensus were differences in perceptions associated with human rights, moral reasoning, the unfeasibility of certain statements and personal conviction about the control of the epidemic. Emphasis on men’s and women’s innate characteristics; men’s role as breadwinner; women’s primary role as wife, mother and educator of their children; and unplanned pregnancies emerged as major themes from the qualitative phase. While the adat and Islam revival movements may have endorsed the ideals of the New Order state ideology, Javanese rituals regarded as violating Islam teachings were abandoned. Ignorance about safer sex and HIV and AIDS was also established. Interpretation of the results through the lens of complexity theory revealed that the national HIV and AIDS policy needs to encompass interventions for the general population, which would include comprehensive sex education in schools and media campaigns focusing on women. It was found that women’s vulnerability to HIV and their penchant for domesticity appear to be associated with their perceived primary role as wife and mother, as promoted by the adat-based New Order state ideology.
Sociology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Sociology)