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Journal articles on the topic 'Supraspinatus tendon'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Andarawis-Puri, Nelly, Eric T. Ricchetti, and Louis J. Soslowsky. "Interaction between the Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus Tendons: Effect of Anterior Supraspinatus Tendon Full-Thickness Tears on Infraspinatus Tendon Strain." American Journal of Sports Medicine 37, no. 9 (May 29, 2009): 1831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546509334222.

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Background Rotator cuff tears are common and not well-understood shoulder problems. Structural and mechanical inhomogeneity of the supraspinatus tendon complicates accurate prediction of risk of tear propagation and may affect appropriate clinical treatment. Hypothesis We propose that interactions between the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons are critical to load bearing at the glenohumeral joint and warrant investigation. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Principal strains in the infraspinatus tendon of cadaveric human shoulders were evaluated with increasing anterior full-thickness supraspinatus tendon tear sizes and loading to evaluate whether a mechanical interaction between the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons exists. A constant nominal load was attached to the infraspinatus throughout all experimental conditions. Results Increasing supraspinatus tendon tear width from intact and 33% to 66% and increasing supraspinatus tendon load caused an increase in maximum and a decrease in minimum principal strain in the infraspinatus tendon. Increasing the supraspinatus tendon tear size from intact to 33% of the width had no significant effect on infraspinatus tendon strain. Conclusion Supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons mechanically interact. The observed significant increase in maximum and decrease in minimum principal strain was concurrent in both the infraspinatus and supraspinatus tendons. Clinical Relevance Changes in infraspinatus tendon strain associated with increases in supraspinatus tendon tear size and loading may shield a torn supraspinatus tendon from further injury or may have an effect on the load-bearing capacity of the infraspinatus tendon. Results also imply that the effect of a small tear that does not compromise the confluent region between the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendon may be localized, eliminating its effect on infraspinatus tendon strain.
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2

Hackett, Lisa, Ricardo Aveledo, Patrick H. Lam, and George AC Murrell. "Reliability of shear wave elastography ultrasound to assess the supraspinatus tendon: An intra and inter-rater in vivo study." Shoulder & Elbow 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758573218819828.

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Introduction Shear wave elastography ultrasound is a relatively new technique that evaluates the tissue elasticity by applying an acoustic radiation force impulse. It is undetermined how reliable this modality is in assessing rotator cuff tendons. The aim of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the reliability of shear wave elastography ultrasound to assess the stiffness of normal and tendinopathic supraspinatus tendons. Methods An inter- and intra-rater reliability trial was carried out using shear wave elastography to assess the supraspinatus tendon at its distal insertion, by measuring shear wave velocity and elasticity. Twenty participants with a mean age of 37 (21–69) years old were evaluated. Ten subjects with normal supraspinatus tendon and 10 subjects with tendinopathic tendon were selected. The Virtual Touch Imaging Quantification program was used to generate the acoustic radiation force impulse and to obtain the elastography data. Three raters with different experience in conventional ultrasound were used for the inter-rater trial in normal tendons and the most experienced rater examined all subjects for the intra-rater reliability evaluation. Each rater obtained three readings in three different examinations per subject over a one-week period. Results The mean (±SEM) shear wave velocity for the normal supraspinatus tendon was 9.96 ± 0.02 m/s (=297 kPa), while in the tendinopathic supraspinatus tendon was 8.3 ± 0.2 m/s (=207 kPa) (p < 0.001). The intra-rater trial agreement was excellent, with an intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.96. In the inter-rater testing, the mean shear wave velocity in normal tendons was 9.90 ± 0.07 m/s (=294 kPa), with intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.45. Conclusion Shear wave elastography ultrasound was able to show that tendinopathic tendons were less stiff than normal tendons. It was a reliable imaging technique to assess the supraspinatus tendon, especially when used by a single experienced musculoskeletal sonographer.
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3

Mistieri, Maria Ligia A., Antje Wigger, Julio C. Canola, João G. P. Filho, and Martin Kramer. "Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Canine Supraspinatus Calcifying Tendinosis." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 48, no. 6 (November 1, 2012): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-5818.

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Supraspinatus calcifying tendinosis is an uncommon finding in dogs. Although its radiographic appearance has been described previously, radiographs alone do not provide detailed information about the tendon parenchyma. Tendon ultrasonography has been widely applied for the diagnosis of human tendinosis, but it remains underused in dogs. This article reviews the ultrasonographic technique and variable appearance of canine supraspinatus calcifying tendinosis observed in 33 tendons. The ultrasonographic findings are described. The most common ultrasonographic finding was a hyperechoic area accompanied by distal acoustic shadowing. No relationship with bicipital tenosynovitis was found. A color Doppler examination was possible in only five of the tendons, revealing no blood flow in those tendons. There was evidence that the presence of a hypoechoic area surrounding the calcification was related to clinical signs of pain, suggesting an active inflammatory process. Ultrasonography was an excellent technique to evaluate lesions of the supraspinatus tendon and it revealed details not apparent on radiographs.
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4

Thompson, Simon M., Joe A. I. Prinold, Adam M. Hill, Peter Reilly, Roger J. H. Emery, and Anthony M. J. Bull. "The influence of full-thickness supraspinatus tears on abduction moments: the importance of the central tendon." Shoulder & Elbow 11, no. 1_suppl (July 10, 2017): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758573217717104.

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Background Detachment of the central tendon of the supraspinatus from its insertion is considered to be crucial to functional deficit. The aim of the present study was to assess the function of the supraspinatus in terms of abduction moments by introducing different tear configurations to assess the functional effect of the central tendon insertion. Methods Ten fresh frozen shoulders from five cadavers were prepared for testing. A testing protocol was established to measure the abduction moment of the supraspinatus under physiological loading tailored to the anthropometrics of each specimen. Four conditions were tested: intact supraspinatus; complete detachment of portion of the supraspinatus tendon anterior to the main central tendon; detachment of the main central tendon; and detachment of the region of the supraspinatus posterior to the main central tendon. Results There was a significant and large reduction in abduction moment when the central tendon was sectioned ( p < 0.05). A smaller reduction in abduction moment was found when the regions anterior and posterior to the main central tendon were sectioned ( p < 0.05). Conclusions The central tendon is vital in the role of functional arm abduction through force transmission through the intact rotator cuff. Reinsertion of the central tendon in the correct anatomical location is desirable to optimize functional outcome of surgery.
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5

Kriegleder, H. "Mineralization of the Supraspinatus Tendon: Clinical Observations in Seven Dogs." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 08, no. 02 (1995): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632435.

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SummaryMineral-like densities in the supraspinatus tendon were determined to have different clinical significance according to their location. Those identified radiographically and surgically, near the biceps tendon sheath reflecting a deep location in the supraspinatus tendon, caused chronic and acute lameness in five large breed dogs. Pain in the shoulder and biceps tendon was elicited on examination in acute cases whilst chronic cases were painfree. Systemic and local anti-inflammatory treatment failed to improve any of the cases. Surgical removal was curative with slight lameness after exercise observed in some dogs during the longterm follow-up. Recurrence of lesions were not seen radiologically. It is suggested that mineralizations, located deep in the supraspinatus tendon, cause secondary tenosynovitis of the biceps brachii through mechanical irritation.Mineralizations found radiographically distant to the biceps tendon sheath in five cases reflecting a superficial location in the supraspinatus were determined not to be a primary cause of lameness.Similarities in the pathomechanism, aetiopathogenesis and clinical significance of mineralizations in the supraspinatus tendon in dogs and humans were noted.Mineralizations located deep in the supraspinatus tendon near the biceps tendon sheath caused lameness in large breed dogs. Diagnosis was established through physical examination, radiography, and surgical exploration of the lesion. Systemic steroidal and non-steroidal therapy and local steroid injection into the intertubercular groove failed to resolve any of the cases but surgical curettage of the mineralization resulted in clinical improvement. A secondary mechanical tenosynovitis of the biceps brachii as the cause of lameness, is suggested.Mineralizations located superficially in the supraspinatus tendon were found not to be a primary cause of lameness.
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Brage, Karen, Birgit Juul-Kristensen, John Hjarbaek, Eleanor Boyle, Per Kjaer, and Kim Gordon Ingwersen. "Strain Elastography and Tendon Response to an Exercise Program in Patients With Supraspinatus Tendinopathy: An Exploratory Study." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 232596712096518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120965185.

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Background: Shoulder pain is common, with a lifetime prevalence of up to 67%. Evidence is conflicting in relation to imaging findings and pain in the shoulder. Sonoelastography can be used to estimate tissue stiffness and may be a clinically relevant technique for diagnosing and monitoring tendon healing. Purpose: To evaluate changes in supraspinatus tendon stiffness using strain elastography (SEL) and associations with changes in patient-reported outcomes, supraspinatus tendon thickness, and grade of tendinopathy after 12 weeks of unilateral shoulder exercises in patients with supraspinatus tendinopathy. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 23 patients with unilateral clinical supraspinatus tendinopathy performed 12 weeks of “standard care” exercises. At baseline and follow-up, supraspinatus tendon stiffness was measured bilaterally using SEL and compared with tendinopathy grading on magnetic resonance imaging scans and tendon thickness measured using conventional ultrasound. Patient-reported outcome measures included physical function and symptoms from the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire and pain rating (visual analog scale). Results: No significant changes in SEL within or between groups (asymptomatic vs symptomatic tendon) were seen. All patient-reported outcomes showed significant improvement from baseline to follow-up, but with no change in tendinopathy grading and tendon thickness. No significant differences in the proportion of patients changing above the minimal detectable change in SEL and PROM were seen, except for discomfort while sleeping. Conclusion: Despite no significant within-group or between-group changes in SEL, significant improvements were found in patient-reported outcomes. An acceptable agreement between patients changing above the minimal detectable change in SEL and patient-reported outcome measure was seen. Further studies should explore the use of SEL to detect changes after tendon repair and long-term training potentially in subgroups of different tendinopathy phases. Clinical Relevance: In the short term, structural changes in supraspinatus tendons could not be visualized using SEL, indicating that a longer time span should be expected in order to observe structural changes, which should be considered before return to sports. Subgrouping based on stage of tendinopathy may also be important in order to evaluate changes over time with SEL among patients with supraspinatus tendinopathy. Registration: NCT03425357 ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
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7

Strafun, S. S., S. V. Bohdan, and S. M. Abbasov. "Bone Densitometry Indices of Humerus Bone in Patients with Partial Rupture of the Supraspinatus Tendon." Visnyk Ortopedii Travmatologii Protezuvannia, no. 1(104) (June 30, 2020): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37647/0132-2486-2020-104-1-71-77.

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Summary. Bone density is an important factor that affects the strength of the suture of the tendons of the rotator cuff. The higher the bone density is, the greater is the strength of fixation of the supraspinatus tendon to the bone, since the anchor is more securely fixed in the bone. Objective: to determine the bone mineral density of the proximal humeral epiphysis in patients with partial tear of the supraspinatus tendon. Materials and Methods. An X-ray examination of 48 shoulder joints (24 with partial tear of the supraspinatus tendon and 24 intact contralateral) was performed in 24 patients with partial tear of the supraspinatus tendon. On the electronic photographic prints of X-rays with the help of the specified software, 2 standard for all patients zones of determination of mineral density of bone tissue, both on the extremity with partial rupture of the supraspinatus tendon and on similar parts of the contralateral limb, were found. The bone mineral density (BMD) measurement zones were placed as follows: 1st zone - the greater tubercle of the humerus; 2nd zone - the middle of the humeral head. Each zone had a square shape and corresponded to 0.9±0.15 cm² of the area of the standard radiograph. Also, all patients underwent standard radiographic examination of the hip joints and lumbar spine. Conclusions: In zone 1 (the greater tubercle of the humerus), the bone mineral density of the limb with partial tear of the supraspinatus tendon reached 0.167±0.155 g/cm² and was slightly lower than that on the healthy limb 0.238±0.115 g/cm² (p<0.05). This indicates the effect of partial rupture of the supraspinatus tendon on the development of osteoporotic processes in the area of the greater tubercle of the humerus. In the 2nd zone (the middle of the humeral head), the average bone mineral density of the limb with partial rupture of the supraspinatus tendon reached 0.193±0.109 g/cm² and was also less than 0.245±0.159 g/cm² on the contralateral limb. In the 1st zone (the greater tubercle of the humerus), the dependence of changes in bone mineral density on the total changes in bone mineral density (r=0.62; p<0.01) was revealed. In zone 2 (r=0.14; p<0.01), bone mineral density was independent of overall changes in bone mineral density.
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Wako, Masanori, Jiro Ichikawa, Kensuke Koyama, Yoshihiro Takayama, and Hirotaka Haro. "Calcific Tendinitis of the Supraspinatus Tendon in an Infant." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2020 (July 3, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9842489.

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Calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus tendon in adults is common, but it is extremely rare in children. This report presents an unusual case of a 2-year-old boy with calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus tendon. A mother brought her 2-year-old son to our hospital with a fever and severe left shoulder pain. Examination revealed a temperature of 38.6°C accompanied by a swollen shoulder with extreme pain and restricted movement. The radiographs of his left shoulder showed a large radio-opacity in the subacrominal region, and magnetic resonance imaging showed an elongated T1 and T2 hypointense signal above the supraspinatus tendon. Although these images were suggestive of calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus tendon, we performed an open biopsy and resection in order to differentiate between a suspected diagnosis of calcific tendinitis, which is incredibly rare within pediatric patients, and infection or a soft tissue tumor. Finally, calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus tendon was diagnosed by pathologic experiment and successfully treated, with complete resolution of pain and movement. Because only four other pediatric cases of calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus tendon have ever been reported, there is a lack of information on the diagnostic process, management, and treatment of such a condition in young patients. Calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus tendon still should be considered when encountering cases with typical findings even if the patient is a child.
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Zobitz, Mark E., Zong-Ping Luo, and Kai-Nan An. "Determination of the Compressive Material Properties of the Supraspinatus Tendon." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 123, no. 1 (October 3, 2000): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1339816.

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A methodology was developed for determining the compressive properties of the supraspinatus tendon, based on finite element principles. Simplified three-dimensional models were created based on anatomical thickness measurements of unloaded supraspinatus tendons over 15 points. The tendon material was characterized as a composite structure of longitudinally arranged collagen fibers within an extrafibrillar matrix. The matrix was formulated as a hyperelastic material described by the Ogden form of the strain energy potential. The hyperelastic material parameters were parametrically manipulated until the analytical load-displacement results were similar to the results obtained from indentation testing. In the geometrically averaged tendon, the average ratio of experimental to theoretical maximum indentation displacement was 1.00 (SD: 0.01). The average normalization of residuals was 2.1g (SD: 0.9g). Therefore, the compressive material properties of the supraspinatus tendon extrafibrillar matrix were adequately derived with a first-order hyperelastic formulation. The initial compressive elastic modulus ranged from 0.024 to 0.090 MPa over the tendon surface and increased nonlinearly with additional compression. Using these material properties, the stresses induced during acromional impingement can be analyzed.
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Chen, Si, Yuanyuan Shi, Pan Xue, and Xue Chen. "Application Value of Magnetic Resonance Arthrography of the Shoulder in Nursing and Diagnosis of Patients with Shoulder Joint Injury." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (August 23, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3051578.

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Supraspinatus tendon injury is a common clinical shoulder joint disease and is one of the most common causes of shoulder pain and dysfunction. Supraspinatus tendon injury will lead to articular cartilage injury and degeneration, then cause joint disease, seriously affect the quality of life of patients, and bring a huge burden to the family and society. This paper mainly studies and evaluates the application value of special signs of shoulder joint and indirect MR imaging in the diagnosis of supraspinatus tendon injury. Through a series of special examinations for the diagnosis of supraspinatus tendon injury in 90 patients, including zero degree abduction resistance test, arm drop test, Jobe test, Neer sign, and Hawkins sign, all patients in the study underwent indirect magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder joint. Finally, arthroscopic examination results were used as the “gold standard” to evaluate and analyze the diagnosis. The results showed that among the special signs, the specificity of the falling-arm test was the highest (72.2%) in the diagnosis of full-thickness supraspinatus tendon injury. Hawkins sign had the highest sensitivity (84.0%). In the diagnosis of partial supraspinatus tendon injury, the specificity of the Jobe test was the highest, which was 66.6%. The Neer sign had the highest sensitivity of 50.0%. In the diagnosis of full-thickness supraspinatus tendon injury, there was no significant difference in sensitivity between indirect MRI and Hawkins sign, but the diagnostic specificity of indirect MRI was higher than that of special sign examination. In the diagnosis of partial supraspinatus tendon injury, the sensitivity and specificity of indirect MR imaging are higher than those of special sign examination.
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Halder, Andreas M., Mark E. Zobitz, Fred Schultz, and Kai-Nan An. "STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF THE SUPRASPINATUS TENDON IN TWO JOINT POSITIONS." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 05, no. 02 (June 2001): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957701000489.

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The supraspinatus tendon is frequently involved in rotator cuff tears. It has been suggested that joint position affects the structural mechanics of the tendon–bone complex. The purpose of this study was to determine regional variations in structural properties of the supraspinatus tendon in two glenohumeral positions. Supraspinatus tendons from 17 fresh frozen cadavers were divided into three strips of equal width and tested with a material-testing machine. The arm orientation was either in hanging position or 60 degrees glenohumeral abduction corresponding to 90 degrees arm abduction assuming 30 degrees scapular rotation. Tensile force, tendon elongation and failure mode were recorded. Overall, there was no significant difference in structural properties between hanging arm position and 60 degrees of glenohumeral abduction (p>0.05). However, the mean ultimate load (385 N, SD 56 N) and mean ultimate stress (14 MPa, SD 3 MPa) of the anterior tendon section with the arm in glenohumeral abduction were lower in 60 degrees abduction than in the hanging arm position (611 N, SD 276 N; 24 MPa, SD 10 MPa). In hanging arm position, the anterior tendon portion had a significantly greater ultimate load and stiffness than the middle and posterior portions (p<0.05). The regional variation in structural properties substantiates the clinical finding that rotator cuff ruptures easily extend posteriorly. Our study suggests that glenohumeral abduction reduces the failure strength of the supraspinatus tendon, specifically of its anterior portion. In our study, the maximum load of the anterior portion was substantially higher than predicted maximum loads transmitted physiologically through the entire tendon.
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Nakajima, T., J. Liu, and Kai-Nan An. "ABDUCTION MOMENT ARMS OF ROTATOR CUFF TENDONS AND DELTOID MUSCLES AFTER ACROMIOPLASTY AND CORACOACROMIAL LIGAMENT SECTION." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 06, no. 03n04 (September 2002): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957702000903.

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Scientifically, it has been questioned if the coracoacromial ligament has a significant role of serving as a pulley for the supraspinatus tendon. The purpose of this study was to examine the changes of abduction moment arms of the rotator cuff and deltoid muscle after anterior acromioplasty. In normal condition and after sectioning of the coracoacromial ligament and acromioplasty, abduction moment arms of four cuff tendons and three portions of the deltoid were obtained with four cadaver shoulders by computing the slope of the tendon excursion versus the glenohumeral abduction angle curve using a magnetic tracking device. In intact joints, the abduction moment arms of the supraspinatus increased from 20 mm to 27 mm with the arm abducted from 0° to 30°, which showed a better condition of the glenohumeral abduction. Then, they decreased to 23 mm with arm in 60° abduction. After sectioning of the coracoacromial ligament and acromioplasty less than 4 mm thick, the abduction moment arms of supraspinatus did not increase. This finding suggested that the coracoacromial ligament and acromion, anatomically, did not serve as pulleys for the supraspinatus tendon. However, the abduction moment arm of the middle deltoid decreased after an acromioplasty.
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Nakajima, Tomotaka, Richard E. Hughes, and Kai-Nan An. "VALIDATION OF MRI-BASED MEASUREMENTS OF SUPRASPINATUS MORPHOLOGY." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 07, no. 01 (March 2003): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021895770300096x.

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The goal of this study was to visualize the supraspinatus tendon three-dimensionally using fast spin-echo (FSE) MRI and validate the accuracy of measuring the dimensions of the supraspinatus tendon based on 3D reconstructed images. Nine cadaver shoulders (51–84 y/o, mean 70.0 y/o) were imaged at conventional T2-weighted spin-echo (CSE), gradient echo (GRE), and 3D T2-weighted FSE sequences. Each "object" of the supraspinatus muscle, tendon and scapula was three-dimensionally reconstructed using ANALYZE™ image data processing software. The FSE images revealed significantly higher contrast of the tendon and contrast-to-noise ratios of the fat-to-tendon and fat-to-muscle. The length of the anterior, middle, and posterior portions of the tendon were measured in two ways: (1) from the three-dimensional reconstructed images, and (2) directly from the cadaver specimen using calipers. No statistically significant differences were found between the ANALYZE™ and caliper measurements using a paired t-test for the anterior (p = 0.55), middle (p = 0.57) and posterior (p = 0.44) portions of the supraspinatus. The 3D FSE sequence exhibits higher spatial resolution, spends shorter acquisition time, and constructs a voxel data set. These advantages can prevent blurring artifacts when imaging the supraspinatus tendon of a human body. Tendon length measurements derived from three-dimensional reconstructions using ANALYZE™ were found to be good estimates of actual tendon length. Therefore, the combination of FSE sequence and 3D image data processing provides a method for noninvasive quantitative analysis of supraspinatus tendon morphology. The results lay the groundwork for future quantitative studies of cuff pathology.
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Mihata, Teruhisa, Rei Morikura, Akihiko Hasegawa, Kunimoto Fukunishi, Takeshi Kawakami, Yukitaka Fujisawa, Mutsumi Ohue, and Masashi Neo. "Partial-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tear by Itself Does Not Cause Shoulder Pain or Muscle Weakness in Baseball Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 14 (October 14, 2019): 3476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519878141.

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Background: Partial-thickness rotator cuff tears are common shoulder injuries in baseball players. For some tears, the symptoms can be relieved through physical therapy or debridement without rotator cuff repair. Purpose: To assess whether partial-thickness rotator cuff tear by itself causes shoulder pain and muscle weakness in baseball players. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We studied 87 university baseball players (age, 19.5 ± 0.8 years; baseball career, 11.5 ± 1.6 years). All data were obtained during a full-participation annual medical check in 1 team. Rotator cuff tendons were examined ultrasonographically and allocated to 4 groups: (1) no tear, (2) supraspinatus tendon tear, (3) infraspinatus tendon tear, and (4) both supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendon tears. Current shoulder pain and shoulder muscle strength (dominant/nondominant) in abduction, external rotation, and internal rotation were compared by using chi-square and t tests. All players could play baseball with or without shoulder pain in this study. Results: Of the 87 players, 41 (47%) had articular-sided partial-thickness rotator cuff tears diagnosed on ultrasonography; the remaining 46 athletes were tear-free. Of the 41 affected patients, 19 had tears in the supraspinatus, 13 in the infraspinatus, and 9 in both the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons. Tear depth (mean ± SD) was 4.6 ± 2.3 mm in the supraspinatus and 6.2 ± 3.6 mm in the infraspinatus. Neither the rate of shoulder pain nor muscle strength differed significantly among the 4 groups ( P = .96 and P = .15-.70, respectively). Conclusion: Articular-sided partial-thickness rotator cuff tear—by itself—did not cause shoulder pain and muscle weakness in university baseball players. Most so-called articular-sided partial-thickness rotator cuff tears may not be pathologic tendon tears.
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Kanno, Yohei, Hajime Toda, Tsutomu Horiuchi, and Masaki Katayose. "INTRA-RATER AND INTER-RATER RELIABILITY STUDY OF A MEASUREMENT METHOD FOR THE PATHWAY OF THE SUPRASPINATUS INTRAMUSCULAR TENDON BY 3.0 TESLA MRI IMAGES: THE SHEAR FORCE ANGLE ANTERIOR POSTERIOR." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 21, no. 02 (June 2018): 1850009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957718500094.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to establish intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of a measurement method for the pathway of the supraspinatus intramuscular tendon by 3.0 tesla MRI images. Methods: The scapula and intramuscular tendon extraction DICOM data was made to extract only a scapula domain and intramuscular tendon domain. The shear force angle anterior posterior (SFA-AP) was measured as the pathway of supraspinatus intramuscular tendon with respect to the glenoid plane on three-dimensional (3D) models of the bone and intramuscular tendon. SFA-AP of supraspinatus was measured on 3D models of the bone and intramuscular tendon. The mean and standard deviation of SFA-AP of supraspinatus was calculated. Intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability were evaluated by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), the standard error of the mean (SEM) and the minimal detectable change (MDC). Inter-rater reliability was evaluated by three raters. Results: As for intra-rater reliability, SFA-AP of supraspinatus measured averaged [Formula: see text], with ICC (1,1) of 0.978, with ICC (1,3) of 0.993, with SEM of 0.53, with MDC of 1.46[Formula: see text]. As for inter-rater reliability, SFA-AP of supraspinatus measured averaged [Formula: see text] (rater1), SFA-AP measured averaged [Formula: see text] (rater2), SFA-AP measured averaged [Formula: see text] (rater3), with ICC (2,1) of 0.896, with ICC (2,3) of 0.963, with SEM of 1.11, with MDC of 3.09[Formula: see text]. Conclusions: 3D models of the bone and intramuscular tendon were evaluated as intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities. SFA-AP of supraspinatus is guaranteed by one measurement.
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Shingh, Shashi Shekhar, Birendra Raj Joshi, and Sunil S. Thapa. "Comparison of Sonographic Findings of the Rotator Cuff Between Diabetic and Non-diabetic Patients with Shoulder Pain." Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 19, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v19i1.2449.

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Background: The aim of study is to evaluate the shoulder by sonography in patients presenting with shoulder pain and correlate the findings observed with the diabetic patient. Methods: Study was done in 60 patients who presented in the Department of Orthopedics with a history of the shoulder pain. Shoulder ultrasound was performed according to standard protocol, thickness of the supraspinatus tendon, presence of the tear, biceps tendon subacromial subdeltoid effusion and subacromial impingement were assessed. Results: Of the 60 patients, 46 were male and 14 were female. Among them 15 patients were diabetics, 12 patient were male and 3 patient were female. Supraspinatus(SST) tendon thickness was greater in diabetics than in non-diabetics. Similarly, Subacromial bursal effusion, Biceps tendon effusion and Subacromial impingement were also seen in greater frequency in diabetic patients. However, no significant correlation was found between tear and the diabetes.Conclusions: There was increased supraspinatus tendon thickness, subacromial impingement, subacromial bursal effusion and biceps tendon effusion in diabetic patient compared to non-diabetic patient.Keywords: Diabetes; rotator cuff; supraspinatus tendon; ultrasound
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Mihata, Teruhisa, Rei Morikura, Kunimoto Fukunishi, Yukitaka Fujisawa, Takeshi Kawakami, Akihiko Hasegawa, and Masashi Neo. "Partial-thickness Rotator Cuff Tear Itself Did Not Cause Shoulder Pain Or Muscle Weakness In Baseball Players." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 7_suppl5 (July 2019): 2325967119S0043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00430.

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Objectives: Rotator cuff tears are common shoulder injuries in baseball players. In some severe tears (i.e. through more than 50% of the cuff’s thickness), conservative treatment does not work well, and surgical treatment is sometimes chosen in an effort to ensure return to play. In contrast, some partial thickness rotator cuff tears do not cause shoulder symptoms, even during throwing motion. The objective of this study was to assess whether partial thickness rotator cuff tears cause shoulder pain and muscle weakness in baseball players. Methods: We studied 87 university baseball players (age: 19.5±0.8 years; baseball career: 11.5±1.6 years). Rotator cuff tendons were ultrasonographically examined (Fig 1), then divided into 4 groups; (1) no tear, (2) supraspinatus tendon tear, (3) infraspinatus tendon tear, (4) both supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons tear. Current shoulder pain and shoulder muscle strength (Dominant/Non-dominant) in abduction, external rotation, and internal rotation were compared using Chi square test and t-test. Results: Forty-one (47%) players were diagnosed with articular-sided partial-thickness rotator cuff tears using ultrasonography. Nineteen tears were in the supraspinatus, 13 in the infraspinatus, and 9 in both the supraspinatus and the infraspinatus. Tear depth was 4.6±2.3 mm in the supraspinatus and 6.2±3.6 mm in the infraspinatus. There was no significant difference in rate of shoulder pain (p=0.96) and muscle strength among four groups (p=0.15 - 0.70). Conclusion: In this study, articular-sided partial-thickness rotator cuff tears did not cause shoulder pain and muscle weakness in university baseball players. Most of articular-sided partial-thickness rotator cuff tears are tears of the superior capsule but not the rotator cuff tendons, because the superior capsule is attached in the articular half of the greater tuberosity. Therefore, most so-called articular-sided partial-thickness rotator cuff tears may not be pathological tendon tear.
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Hackl, Michael, Julia Nacov, Sandra Kammerlohr, Manfred Staat, Eduard Buess, Tim Leschinger, Lars P. Müller, and Kilian Wegmann. "Intratendinous Strain Variations of the Supraspinatus Tendon Depending on Repair Technique: A Biomechanical Analysis Regarding the Cause of Medial Cuff Failure." American Journal of Sports Medicine 49, no. 7 (April 19, 2021): 1847–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465211006138.

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Background: Double-row (DR) and transosseous-equivalent (TOE) techniques for rotator cuff repair offer more stability and promote better tendon healing compared with single-row (SR) repairs and are preferred by many surgeons. However, they can lead to more disastrous retear patterns with failure at the medial anchor row or the musculotendinous junction. The biomechanics of medial cuff failure have not been thoroughly investigated thus far. Purpose: To investigate the intratendinous strain distribution within the supraspinatus tendon depending on repair technique. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Twelve fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were used. The intratendinous strain within the supraspinatus tendon was analyzed in 2 regions—(1) at the footprint at the greater tuberosity and (2) medial to the footprint up to the musculotendinous junction—using a high-resolution 3-dimensional camera system. Testing was performed at submaximal loads of 40 N, 60 N, and 80 N for intact tendons, after SR repair, after DR repair, and after TOE repair. Results: The tendon strain of the SR group differed significantly in both regions from that of the intact tendons and the TOE group at 40 N ( P≤ .043) and from the intact tendons, the DR group, and the TOE group at 60 N and 80 N ( P≤ .048). SR repairs showed more tendon elongation at the footprint and less elongation medial to the footprint. DR and TOE repairs did not provide significant differences in tendon strain when compared with the intact tendons. However, the increase in tendon strain medial to the footprint from 40 N to 80 N was significantly more pronounced in the DR and TOE group ( P≤ .029). Conclusion: While DR and TOE repair techniques more closely reproduced the strains of the supraspinatus tendon than did SR repair in a cadaveric model, they showed a significantly increased tendon strain at the musculotendinous junction with higher loads in comparison with the intact tendon. Clinical Relevance: DR and TOE rotator cuff reconstructions lead to a more anatomic tendon repair. However, their use has to be carefully evaluated whenever tendon quality is diminished, as they lead to a more drastic increase in tendon strain medial to the footprint, putting these repairs at risk of medial cuff failure.
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Piras, Alessandro, Laura Hakala, and Karoliina Mikola. "Isolated Avulsion of the Tendon of Insertion of the Infraspinatus and Supraspinatus Muscles in Five Juvenile Labrador Retrievers." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 31, no. 04 (June 2, 2018): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1641132.

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Case History Five juvenile Labrador Retrievers between the ages of 6 and 8 months were presented to our referral centres with a history of intermittent forelimb lameness. Clinical Examination The clinical examination revealed the presence of bilateral orthopaedic problems in four out of five cases. Diagnostic Imaging Findings Radiographic and computed tomography examinations showed the presence of a radiolucent defect corresponding to the area of insertion of the infraspinatus or supraspinatus tendons on the proximal humerus. Three dogs were concurrently affected by elbow disease on the contralateral forelimb and one dog with bilateral infraspinatus avulsion also had osteochondritis dissecans affecting both shoulder joints. Diagnosis Avulsion of the insertion of the infraspinatus tendon in four dogs and of the supraspinatus tendon in one dog. Clinical Relevance According to the current literature, the incidence of infraspinatus and supraspinatus tendinopathies in adult Labrador Retrievers is higher than in other breeds. In our five cases, the patients were juvenile and the nature of the injury was an avulsion of the tendinous insertion. Avulsion of the tendon of insertion of the infraspinatus or supraspinatus has been poorly described in the veterinary literature, and this would represent the first series of cases affecting juvenile Labrador Retrievers.
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Yokota, Atsushi, Jonathan A. Gimbel, Gerald R. Williams, and Louis J. Soslowsky. "Supraspinatus tendon composition remains altered long after tendon detachment." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 14, no. 1 (January 2005): S72—S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2004.09.021.

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Sano, Hirotaka, Takeshi Yamashita, Ikuko Wakabayashi, and Eiji Itoi. "Stress Distribution in the Supraspinatus Tendon after Tendon Repair." American Journal of Sports Medicine 35, no. 4 (April 2007): 542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546506296310.

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Fallon, Jonathan, Field T. Blevins, Kathryn Vogel, and John Trotter. "Functional morphology of the supraspinatus tendon." Journal of Orthopaedic Research 20, no. 5 (September 2002): 920–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0736-0266(02)00032-2.

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Itoi, E., LJ Berglund, JJ Grabowski, FM Schultz, ES Growney, BF Morrey, and KN An. "Tensile properties of the supraspinatus tendon." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 5, no. 2 (March 1996): S28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1058-2746(96)80162-5.

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Porter, K., P. Blanch, H. Walker, and A. Shield. "Supraspinatus tendon response to swimming training." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 20 (January 2017): e126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.01.223.

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Wang, Vincent M., FanChia Wang, Allison G. McNickle, Nicole A. Friel, Adam B. Yanke, Susan Chubinskaya, Anthony A. Romeo, Nikhil N. Verma, and Brian J. Cole. "Medial versus Lateral Supraspinatus Tendon Properties." American Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 12 (October 7, 2010): 2456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546510376817.

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RILEY, G. P., R. L. HARRALL, B. L. HAZLEMAN, and R. A. MACIEWICZ. "Aggrecan degradation in human supraspinatus tendon." International Journal of Experimental Pathology 79, no. 5 (May 16, 2002): A43—A44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2613.1998.t01-5-750408.x.

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Itoi, Eiji, Lawrence J. Berglund, John J. Grabowski, Fredrick M. Schultz, Eric S. Growney, Bernard F. Morrey, and Kai-Nan An. "Tensile properties of the supraspinatus tendon." Journal of Orthopaedic Research 13, no. 4 (July 1995): 578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100130413.

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Beaver, D. P., C. Hooper, R. G. Nicoll, and K. A. Johnson. "Mineralized Osteochondritis Dissecans Cartilage Flap Mimicking Supraspinatus Tendon Mineralization." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 08, no. 04 (1995): 200–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632456.

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SummaryA four-year-old Labrador-mix dog had chronic forelimb lameness due to a mineralized osteochondritis dissecans cartilage flap that was adherent to the synovial membrane, deep to the supraspinatus tendon. This seems to be an unusual site for the lodgment of migrating flaps; most have been found in the caudal compartment of the shoulder joint or in the bicipital tendon sheath. Radiographically, the mineralized flap was indistinguishable from supraspinatus tendon mineralization, which is another cause of chronic lameness in adult large breed dogs.Mineralized cartilage within the shoulder was radiographi-cally indistinguishable from supraspinatus mineralization and caused chronic lameness.
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Shin, Dong-Ju, Seung-Oh Nam, Tae-Eun Kim, and Ki-Hong Park. "Intramuscular Lipoma of the Supraspinatus Muscle with Supraspinatus Tendon Partial Tear." Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association 50, no. 1 (2015): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.2015.50.1.49.

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Rooney, Sarah Ilkhanipour, Daniel J. Torino, Rachel Baskin, Rameen P. Vafa, Andrew F. Kuntz, and Louis J. Soslowsky. "Rat supraspinatus tendon responds acutely and chronically to exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 123, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00368.2017.

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The objective of this study was to identify acute responses and chronic adaptations of supraspinatus tendon to noninjurious exercise. We hypothesized that chronic exercise (EX) increases tendon mechanical properties, and a single exercise bout increases matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity acutely. Rats were divided into acute or chronic EX or cage activity groups. Animals in acute EX groups were euthanized, 3, 12, 24, 48, or 72 h upon completion of a single bout of exercise (10 m/min, 1 h) on a flat treadmill. Animals in chronic EX groups walked on a flat treadmill for 3 days or 1, 2, or 8 wk. Tendon histology, MMP activity, and mechanics were measured. A single bout of exercise trended toward reducing tendon mechanical properties, but 2 or 8 wk of chronic EX increased tendon mechanics. Cell density was not affected. Cells became rounder with chronic EX. All tendons were highly organized. MMP activity decreased after a single bout of exercise and returned to baseline by 72 h. MMP activity decreased after 8 wk of chronic EX. Decreased MMP activity may indicate an anabolic instead of catabolic response in contrast to injury. Results suggest that mild, acute decreases in MMP activity and tendon mechanics following a single exercise bout lead to enhanced tendon mechanical adaptations with repeated exercise bouts. This study defines acute and chronic changes of MMP activity, mechanical properties, and histology of the rat supraspinatus tendon in response to beneficial exercise and proposes a mechanism by which acute responses translate to chronic adaptations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The line between beneficial exercise and overuse has not been elucidated. This study defines the acute and chronic temporal response to exercise of supraspinatus tendon in an in vivo model. We found that decreased matrix metalloproteinase activity and tendon mechanics after a single bout of exercise are followed by beneficial chronic adaptations of the tendon with repeated bouts. How the acute responses to exercise lead to chronic adaptations may distinguish beneficial exercise from overuse.
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Kim, Eun Yeol, Byung Yoon Park, and In Bo Kim. "Preoperative Korean Shoulder Scoring System Correlates with Preoperative Factors of Rotator Cuff Tears." Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5397/cise.2018.21.1.30.

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BACKGROUND: The Korean Shoulder Scoring System (KSS) is a reliable and valid procedure for discriminative assessment of the clinical status of patients with rotator cuff tears. This study evaluates the correlation between the preoperative KSS and factors in patients with rotator cuff tears.METHODS: From November 2009 to June 2016, 970 patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were retrospectively evaluated. A total of 490 patients met the study criteria. Preoperative factors included age, sex, symptom duration, mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP) tear size, acromiohumeral distance (AHD), tangent sign, tendon involvement (type I, supraspinatus; type II, supraspinatus and subscapularis; type III, supraspinatus and infraspinatus; type IV, all 3 tendons), fatty infiltration of rotator cuff muscles (group I, Goutallier stages 0 and 1; group II, Goutallier stages 2, 3, and 4), and KSS.RESULTS: Old age, ML tear size, and AP tear size negatively correlated with the preoperative KSS (p < 0.001). AHD showed a positive correlation with the preoperative KSS (p < 0.001). A significantly inferior preoperative KSS was found in females and type III tendon involvement (p < 0.001). For supraspinatus and infraspinatus, the preoperative KSS of group II fatty infiltration showed a significantly lower score than group I fatty infiltration (p < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS: A relatively lower preoperative KSS was associated with old age, large tear size, narrow AHD, female, type III tendon involvement, and group II fatty infiltration of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus. Our study indicates that preoperative KSS can be a good measurement for the preoperative status of patients with rotator cuff tears.
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Lädermann, Alexandre, Muriel Genevay, Sophie Abrassart, and Adrien Jean-Pierre Schwitzguébel. "Supraspinatus Intramuscular Calcified Hematoma or Necrosis Associated with Tendon Tear." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/496313.

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Introduction. Rotator cuff intramuscular calcification is a rare condition usually caused by heterotopic ossification and myositis ossificans.Case Presentation. We describe a patient with voluminous calcified mass entrapped in supraspinatus muscle associated with corresponding tendon tear. Histological examination corresponded to a calcified hematoma or necrosis. Patient was surgically managed with open excision of the calcified hematoma and rotator cuff arthroscopic repair. At 6 months, supraspinatus muscle was healed, and functional outcome was good.Discussion and Conclusion. We hypothesized that supraspinatus intramuscular calcified hematoma was responsible for mechanical stress on the tendon. This association has never been described.
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Dischler, Jack D., Timothy G. Baumer, Evan Finkelstein, Daniel S. Siegal, and Michael J. Bey. "Association Between Years of Competition and Shoulder Function in Collegiate Swimmers." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 10, no. 2 (August 22, 2017): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738117726771.

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Background: Shoulder injuries are common among competitive swimmers, and the progression of shoulder pathology is not well understood. The objective of this study was to assess the extent to which years of competitive swim training were associated with physical properties of the supraspinatus muscle and tendon, shoulder strength, and self-reported assessments of shoulder pain and function. Hypothesis: Increasing years of competition will be associated with declining physical properties of the supraspinatus muscle/tendon and declining self-reported assessments of pain and function. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: After institutional approval, 18 collegiate female swimmers enrolled in the study. For each swimmer, supraspinatus tendon thickness was measured; tendinosis was assessed using ultrasound imaging, supraspinatus muscle shear wave velocity was assessed using shear wave elastography, isometric shoulder strength was measured using a Biodex system, and self-reported assessments of pain/function were assessed using the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff (WORC) score. All subjects were tested before the start of the collegiate swim season. Linear regression was used to assess the association between years of competition and the outcome measures. Results: Years of participation was positively associated with tendon thickness ( P = 0.01) and negatively associated with shear wave velocity ( P = 0.04) and WORC score ( P < 0.01). Shoulder strength was not associated with years of participation ( P > 0.39). Conclusion: Long-term competitive swim training is associated with declining measures of supraspinatus muscle/tendon properties and self-reported measures of pain and function. Although specific injury mechanisms are still not fully understood, these findings lend additional insight into the development of rotator cuff pathology in swimmers. Clinical Relevance: Lengthy swimming careers may lead to a chronic condition of reduced mechanical properties in the supraspinatus muscle and tendon, thereby increasing the likelihood of rotator cuff pathology.
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Oliva, Francesco, Loredana Zocchi, Andrea Codispoti, Eleonora Candi, Monica Celi, Gerry Melino, Nicola Maffulli, and Umberto Tarantino. "Transglutaminases expression in human supraspinatus tendon ruptures and in mouse tendons." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 379, no. 4 (February 2009): 887–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.188.

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Kim, Hyoung Seop, Seung Ho Joo, Hyun Sun Lim, and Hye Won Kim. "Feasibility of the acromion index as a reference of severity of stratified supraspinatus tendon injury: a secondary analysis." Acta Radiologica 61, no. 12 (March 22, 2020): 1661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0284185120911188.

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Background The acromion index (AI) is the acromial lateral extension above the head of the humerus. Some researchers have advocated that the AI indicates the severity of the tear size of the full-thickness supraspinatus tendon. Purpose To validate the reproducibility of the AI between shoulder magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and standard X-ray and to verify whether the AI is a useful index for stratifying the severity of supraspinatus tendon injuries, as well as full-thickness tears. Material and Methods We enrolled 200 patients with impingement syndrome who were subsequently evaluated with standard X-ray of the shoulder in the anteroposterior view, as well as an MRI. We performed a pilot study to validate the reproducibility of the AI using standard X-ray and MRI, and to compare the AI between these imaging modalities. The severity of supraspinatus tendon injury was classified into four groups (0 = no evidence of injury, 1 = partial tear, 2 = full-thickness tear, and 3 = complete rupture) based on an official reading of the shoulder MRI. We compared the AIs of both modalities between the groups. Results Intraclass correlation coefficients of the AIs between the two examiners were 0.819 for MRI and 0.808 for plain X-ray. The mean AI from standard X-ray was greater than that from MRI ( P<0.0001). There was no statistical correlation between the AI and the severity of supraspinatus tendon injury. Conclusion Our findings indicate that the AI cannot be generally used as a predictive reference for the stratified severities of supraspinatus tendon injury.
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Georgousis, H., H. Witzer, M. Rickert, and T. Patsalis. "The native strength of the supraspinatus tendon." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 4 (January 1995): S40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1058-2746(95)80155-3.

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Walsh, W. R., D. H. Sonnabend, D. Lundz, A. Wallace, J. Goldberg, and K. Shea. "Biomechanical characterisation of a reconstructed supraspinatus tendon." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 5, no. 2 (March 1996): S99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1058-2746(96)80432-0.

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38

Geffard, B., M. Andrieu, V. Pineau, V. Rouleau, J. M. Elissalde, and E. Salamé. "Microvascularisation fœtale du tendon du muscle supraspinatus." Morphologie 91, no. 293 (July 2007): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.morpho.2007.09.100.

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39

Barton, Elisabeth R., Jonathan A. Gimbel, Gerald R. Williams, and Louis J. Soslowsky. "Rat supraspinatus muscle atrophy after tendon detachment." Journal of Orthopaedic Research 23, no. 2 (March 2005): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orthres.2004.08.018.

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Jones, AO. "Magnetic resonance imaging of the supraspinatus tendon." Clinical Imaging 22, no. 5 (September 1998): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-7071(98)00044-8.

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Spargoli, Guido. "SUPRASPINATUS TENDON PATHOMECHANICS: A CURRENT CONCEPTS REVIEW." International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 13, no. 6 (December 2018): 1083–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20181083.

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Magee, Thomas, and David Williams. "3.0-T MRI of the Supraspinatus Tendon." American Journal of Roentgenology 187, no. 4 (October 2006): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.05.1047.

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Murphy, R. J., K. Kliskey, K. Wheway, E. B. Watkins, D. J. Beard, and A. J. Carr. "AGE-RELATED CHANGES IN THE SUPRASPINATUS TENDON." British Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 9 (May 10, 2013): e2.5-e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092459.13.

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Prabu, VNN, S. Agrawal, JK Kishore, and G. Narsimulu. "Supraspinatus tendon rupture in lupus: a rarity." Lupus 18, no. 11 (September 17, 2009): 1026–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203309103099.

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LOHR, J. F., and H. K. UHTHOFF. "The Microvascular Pattern of the Supraspinatus Tendon." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research &NA;, no. 254 (May 1990): 35???38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003086-199005000-00005.

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Guo, Li-Ping, Wei-Ming Wang, Ye-Hong Wang, Yu-Peng Liu, Xiao-Bin Yu, and Xiao-Jun Ma. "Ultrasound in Assessment of Supraspinatus Tendon Injury." Chinese Medical Journal 129, no. 3 (February 2016): 361–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.174486.

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Strobbe, Leonie, Roger J. M. Brüggemann, Peter J. Donnelly, and Nicole M. A. Blijlevens. "A rare case of supraspinatus tendon rupture." Annals of Hematology 91, no. 1 (March 29, 2011): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00277-011-1220-5.

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Longo, Umile Giuseppe, Francesco Franceschi, Laura Ruzzini, Carla Rabitti, Sergio Morini, Nicola Maffulli, Francisco Forriol, and Vincenzo Denaro. "Light microscopic histology of supraspinatus tendon ruptures." Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy 15, no. 11 (August 25, 2007): 1390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00167-007-0395-8.

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49

Vaz, André, Camila Pietroski Reifegerste, Cesar Rodrigo Trippia, Lucas Savaris Linhares, Fábio Bordin Trindade, and José Eduardo Thomaz. "Effect of the acromial inferolateral tilt on subacromial impingement syndrome: a retrospective magnetic resonance imaging assessment." Radiologia Brasileira 53, no. 6 (December 2020): 366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-3984.2019.0127.

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Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of acromial inferolateral tilt on subacromial impingement syndrome. Materials and Methods: The acromial inferolateral tilt was retrospectively quantified by two researchers on 346 shoulder magnetic resonance images using the glenoacromial (between the inferior proximal acromial surface and the glenoidal face) and acromioclavicular (between the axis of the proximal acromion and distal clavicle) angles. Results: The glenoacromial angle was associated with subacromial impingement syndrome (p < 0.001) and complete supraspinatus tendon rupture (p < 0.001), and the acromioclavicular angle was associated with partial or complete supraspinatus tendon rupture (p = 0.003). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), best cut-off angle, and odds ratio (OR) of the glenoacromial angle for impingement syndrome were 0.579 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.508-0.649; p = 0.032), 72°, and 2.1 (95% CI: 1.136-4.053), respectively. For complete supraspinatus tendon rupture, the AUC, best cut-off angle, and OR of the glenoacromial angle were 0.731 (95% CI: 0.626-0.837; p = 0.001), 69°, and 8.496 (95% CI: 2.883-28.33), respectively. For partial or complete supraspinatus tendon rupture, the AUC, best cut-off angle and OR of the acromioclavicular angle were 0.617 (95% CI: 0.539-0.694; p = 0.002), 17°, and 3.288 (95% CI: 1.886-5.768), respectively. Interobserver agreement found for the glenoacromial and acromioclavicular angles were 0.737 (95% CI: 0.676-0.787; p < 0.001) and 0.507 (95% CI: 0.391-0.601; p = 0.001), respectively. Conclusion: Inferolateral acromial tilt may have some impact on subacromial impingement syndrome; however, the best quantification method identified (glenoacromial angle) showed a moderate interobserver agreement and a fair performance to assess the risk of complete supraspinatus tendon rupture.
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Hsu, Yi-Chih, Ru-Yu Pan, Yen-Yu I. Shih, Meei-Shyuan Lee, and Guo-Shu Huang. "Superior-capsular elongation and its significance in atraumatic posteroinferior multidirectional shoulder instability in magnetic resonance arthrography." Acta Radiologica 51, no. 3 (April 2010): 302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02841850903524421.

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Abstract:
Background: Redundancy of the capsule has been considered to be the main pathologic condition responsible for atraumatic posteroinferior multidirectional shoulder instability; however, there is a paucity of measurements providing quantitative diagnosis. Purpose: To determine the significance of superior-capsular elongation and its relevance to atraumatic posteroinferior multidirectional shoulder instability at magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography. Material and Methods: MR arthrography was performed in 21 patients with atraumatic posteroinferior multidirectional shoulder instability and 21 patients without shoulder instability. One observer made the measurements in duplicate and was blinded to the two groups. The superior-capsular measurements (linear distance and cross-sectional area) under the supraspinatus tendon, and the rotator interval were determined on MR arthrography and evaluated for each of the two groups. Results: For the superior-capsular measurements, the linear distance under the supraspinatus tendon was significantly longer in patients with atraumatic posteroinferior multidirectional shoulder instability than in control subjects ( P<0.001). The cross-sectional area under the supraspinatus tendon, and the rotator interval were significantly increased in patients with atraumatic posteroinferior multidirectional shoulder instability compared to control subjects ( P<0.001 and P=0.01, respectively). Linear distance greater than 1.6 mm under the supraspinatus tendon had a specificity of 95% and a sensitivity of 90% for diagnosing atraumatic posteroinferior multidirectional shoulder instability. Cross-sectional area under the supraspinatus tendon greater than 0.3 cm2, or an area under the rotator interval greater than 1.4 cm2 had a specificity of more than 80% and a sensitivity of 90%. Conclusion: The superior-capsular elongation as well as its diagnostic criteria of measurements by MR arthrography revealed in the present study could serve as references for diagnosing atraumatic posteroinferior shoulder instability and offer insight into the spectrum of imaging findings corresponding to the pathologies encountered at clinical presentation.
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